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EMUN II – 2020 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS EMUN II – 2020 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Background Guides Chair Members President: Mateo Santos Guerrero [email protected] Moderator: Regina Gómez Vega [email protected] Conference Officer: Mariana Goldsmit Valdespino [email protected] Topic A: Abstract: Securing the The world’s waters are becoming increasingly important in Mediterranean regards to the development of innovation and trade. In the present, Sea approximately 85% of manufactured goods reach their destinations through oceanic routes, traveling through many bodies of water. The Mediterranean Sea is the most congested international body in such a manner. Maritime exploration and regulation are of utter importance to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the cluster is committed to assuring the security and protection from threats in the Mediterranean Sea and the allied extremists that are established nearby. This committee is, therefore, determined to lead a meaningful debate and analysis of the organization’s strategies and presence in the area. It is evident that the organization faces a problematic landscape in the Mediterranean Sea. The Alliance has been driven to discuss topics such as Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War, the disturbance of trade routes by illicit drug trafficking ships and weapon traders, the growing immigration crisis across the region, and the threat of extremist militia; all of them influencing the climate of the area. NATO must promote engagement with partnering nations, seek to balance adversary strongholds in the eastern bloc of the Mediterranean Sea, such as the ones in Syria, and focus on the design and repair of its maritime security approach. Historical Background: The Mediterranean region has consistently been a cradle for trade, culture, and humanity. However, these virtues have not always been manifested in peaceful ways, and recently, violence and death rates in the surrounding countries have seen an exponential increase compared to previous years. Out of the top 30 mortality rates across the world, 15 countries are in either Southern Europe, Northern Africa, or the Middle East. ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS The migration crisis is a crucial point to discuss in order to solve the Mediterranean security issues. Massive migration from Asia and the Middle East to Europe creates instability in host countries within the European Union, including the increasing threat of extremist groups devising attacks against Western countries and interests, as has happened in France and Belgium, with the November 2015 Paris attacks and the March 2016 suicide bombings in Brussels. It can thus be inferred, that migration is a crucial issue that must be addressed in order to create favorable conditions for the prospect of future social stability in Europe. Furthermore, migration is not only a major concern in regards to security; it may also give rise to tensions between Europeans and ethnic minorities, as well as the introduction of illicit material into the Schengen Area. Fragile states have become vectors for belligerent groups, such as Al Qaeda, independent jihadists and right-wing protesters. For example, Syria and Libya may never function as “states” in an exact sense again, as militancy could turn into “institutionalized warlordism” in these countries. Furthermore, embedded in the context of such disputes, exists the crisis in the Aegean Sea. The Aegean dispute is a set of interrelated decades-long controversial issues between Greece and Turkey over sovereignty and related rights in the area of the Aegean Sea. This set of conflicts has had a large effect on Greek–Turkish relations since the 1970s and is crucial in the development of security in the Mediterranean Sea. These disputes are irrationally affected by the migrant flows coming into Greece from Turkey, as a way to reach the European Union and establish a settlement in the Schengen Area. In 2018, terrorism continued to constitute a major threat to security in states surrounding the Mediterranean. Attacks perpetrated by jihadists such as those in Trèbes, Paris, Liège, and Strasbourg killed a total of thirteen people and injured many more. In addition, one terrorist attack by a right-wing extremist group in Italy and numerous arrests of suspected right-wing terrorists for attack planning across ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS the European Union (EU), indicate that extremists of diverging orientation increasingly consider violence as a justified means of confrontation. Terrorists not only aim to kill and maim but also to divide societies and spread hatred. In Europe, the feeling of insecurity that terrorists create must be of the greatest concern because it has the potential to undermine the cohesion of societies. Increasing polarization and the rise of extremist views is a concern for the EU Member States. The public debate about sensitive phenomena like terrorism, therefore, must be based on facts before reaching conclusions. The EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) has provided verified facts on terrorism in Europe since 2006. The report has been accepted as a benchmark in discussions about EU counterterrorism policies and academic studies. As a means to solve some of these issues, the Mediterranean Dialogue has been an annual meeting serving as a platform for discussion of security issues in the surrounding Mediterranean areas. It began in 1994 and currently consists of all members of NATO and the following nations: Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. This strategic compound was created to foster political dialogue and practical cooperation between NATO and other countries in the Mediterranean regions. The annual Work Programme for the Mediterranean Dialogue includes seminars, workshops, and other practical activities in the fields of modernization of the armed forces, civil emergency planning, crisis management, border security, small arms and light weapons, public diplomacy, scientific and environmental cooperation, as well as consultations on terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Against the backdrop of Russia’s interventions in Georgia and Ukraine, the NATO’s eastern flank has been the geopolitical epi- center of contention against Russia, whereas the southern flank has ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS taken a passive stance. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation enjoy clear superiority in their Western Military District over the Baltic members of NATO (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and Poland. Moreover, the powerful arms utilized and the mobilization capabilities of the Russian military aggravate this correlation of forces. Namely, RAND’s Arroyo Center conducted a series of war games in 2014 and 2015 simulating a Russian incursion into the Baltics. Their findings, published in a special report in 2016, highlighted how Russian forces could reach the outskirts of Tallinn and Riga within 60 hours and depicted nightmare scenarios for capitals in the eastern flank. This issue has prioritized NATO’s eastern flank affairs, while the southern flank —where the Mediterranean region is located— remains an overshadowed flashpoint. However, key metropolises of NATO have already witnessed devastating terrorist attacks stemming from the south. As underlined in the 2018 Brussels Summit Declaration, Turkey has been hit three times in the last four years by missiles launched from Syria, and, additionally, the Mediterranean has witnessed the most dangerous chemical weapons use of the 21st century, which triggered US-led punitive strikes against the Syrian Ba’ath regime. These strikes took place in different strategic points throughout Syria on April 14, 2018, starting at 4:00 p.m. Syrian time, with the United Kingdom and France participating alongside the United States. Overall, NATO faces two risk categories coming from the Mediterranean. First: 1) the rise of violent non-state actors and attacks, as well as human security issues; 2) the state-led challenges emanating from Russia’s rising military posture in the eastern Mediterranean. Unlike the broadly accepted eastern flank narrative, the members of NATO have yet to reach a consensus in the south. Measures are taken to reduce problems in the Mediterranean: • The Alliance Maritime Strategy, created in 2011, identifies the parameters for NATO’s maritime activities. Drawing from ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS the Strategic Concept, maritime activities can cover collective defense, crisis management, cooperative security, and maritime security. • Maritime forces increasingly contribute to deterrence, defense, and the projection of stability through three primary functions: strategy, security, and warfighting. • NATO is taking concrete steps to improve the Alliance’s overall Part 8. maritime situational awareness. Points and • The Alliance has Standing Naval Forces – NATO’s highly trained Motions maritime, immediate-response capacity. • NATO’s maritime and joint exercise program is key to interoperability and improving core warfighting competencies. • NATO is currently leading Operation Sea Guardian in the Mediterranean and is providing assistance to help deal with the refugee and migrant crisis in the Aegean Sea. • Cooperation with non-NATO partners, including other international organizations, such as the European Union, is fundamental in the effort to control the Mediterranean Sea. ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS NATO operations are not limited only to zones of conflict. In the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist
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