ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS

EMUN II – 2020

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Background Guides

Chair Members

President: Mateo Santos Guerrero [email protected] Moderator: Regina Gómez Vega [email protected] Conference Officer: Mariana Goldsmit Valdespino [email protected] Topic A: Abstract: Securing the The world’s waters are becoming increasingly important in Mediterranean regards to the development of innovation and trade. In the present, Sea approximately 85% of manufactured goods reach their destinations through oceanic routes, traveling through many bodies of water. The Mediterranean Sea is the most congested international body in such a manner. Maritime exploration and regulation are of utter importance to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the cluster is committed to assuring the security and protection from threats in the Mediterranean Sea and the allied extremists that are established nearby. This committee is, therefore, determined to lead a meaningful debate and analysis of the organization’s strategies and presence in the area. It is evident that the organization faces a problematic landscape in the Mediterranean Sea. The Alliance has been driven to discuss topics such as Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War, the disturbance of trade routes by illicit drug trafficking ships and weapon traders, the growing immigration crisis across the region, and the threat of extremist militia; all of them influencing the climate of the area. NATO must promote engagement with partnering nations, seek to balance adversary strongholds in the eastern bloc of the Mediterranean Sea, such as the ones in Syria, and focus on the design and repair of its maritime security approach.

Historical Background: The Mediterranean region has consistently been a cradle for trade, culture, and humanity. However, these virtues have not always been manifested in peaceful ways, and recently, violence and death rates in the surrounding countries have seen an exponential increase compared to previous years. Out of the top 30 mortality rates across the world, 15 countries are in either Southern Europe, Northern Africa, or the Middle East.

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS The migration crisis is a crucial point to discuss in order to solve the Mediterranean security issues. Massive migration from Asia and the Middle East to Europe creates instability in host countries within the European Union, including the increasing threat of extremist groups devising attacks against Western countries and interests, as has happened in France and Belgium, with the November 2015 Paris attacks and the March 2016 suicide bombings in Brussels. It can thus be inferred, that migration is a crucial issue that must be addressed in order to create favorable conditions for the prospect of future social stability in Europe. Furthermore, migration is not only a major concern in regards to security; it may also give rise to tensions between Europeans and ethnic minorities, as well as the introduction of illicit material into the Schengen Area. Fragile states have become vectors for belligerent groups, such as Al Qaeda, independent jihadists and right-wing protesters. For example, Syria and Libya may never function as “states” in an exact sense again, as militancy could turn into “institutionalized warlordism” in these countries. Furthermore, embedded in the context of such disputes, exists the crisis in the Aegean Sea. The Aegean dispute is a set of interrelated decades-long controversial issues between Greece and Turkey over sovereignty and related rights in the area of the Aegean Sea. This set of conflicts has had a large effect on Greek–Turkish relations since the 1970s and is crucial in the development of security in the Mediterranean Sea. These disputes are irrationally affected by the migrant flows coming into Greece from Turkey, as a way to reach the European Union and establish a settlement in the Schengen Area. In 2018, terrorism continued to constitute a major threat to security in states surrounding the Mediterranean. Attacks perpetrated by jihadists such as those in Trèbes, Paris, Liège, and Strasbourg killed a total of thirteen people and injured many more. In addition, one terrorist attack by a right-wing extremist group in Italy and numerous arrests of suspected right-wing terrorists for attack planning across

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS the European Union (EU), indicate that extremists of diverging orientation increasingly consider violence as a justified means of confrontation. Terrorists not only aim to kill and maim but also to divide societies and spread hatred. In Europe, the feeling of insecurity that terrorists create must be of the greatest concern because it has the potential to undermine the cohesion of societies. Increasing polarization and the rise of extremist views is a concern for the EU Member States. The public debate about sensitive phenomena like terrorism, therefore, must be based on facts before reaching conclusions. The EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) has provided verified facts on terrorism in Europe since 2006. The report has been accepted as a benchmark in discussions about EU counterterrorism policies and academic studies. As a means to solve some of these issues, the Mediterranean Dialogue has been an annual meeting serving as a platform for discussion of security issues in the surrounding Mediterranean areas. It began in 1994 and currently consists of all members of NATO and the following nations: Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. This strategic compound was created to foster political dialogue and practical cooperation between NATO and other countries in the Mediterranean regions. The annual Work Programme for the Mediterranean Dialogue includes seminars, workshops, and other practical activities in the fields of modernization of the armed forces, civil emergency planning, crisis management, border security, small arms and light weapons, public diplomacy, scientific and environmental cooperation, as well as consultations on terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Against the backdrop of Russia’s interventions in Georgia and Ukraine, the NATO’s eastern flank has been the geopolitical epi­ center of contention against Russia, whereas the southern flank has

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS taken a passive stance. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation enjoy clear superiority in their Western Military District over the Baltic members of NATO (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and Poland. Moreover, the powerful arms utilized and the mobilization capabilities of the Russian military aggravate this correlation of forces. Namely, RAND’s Arroyo Center conducted a series of war games in 2014 and 2015 simulating a Russian incursion into the Baltics. Their findings, published in a special report in 2016, highlighted how Russian forces could reach the outskirts of Tallinn and Riga within 60 hours and depicted nightmare scenarios for capitals in the eastern flank. This issue has prioritized NATO’s eastern flank affairs, while the southern flank —where the Mediterranean region is located— remains an overshadowed flashpoint. However, key metropolises of NATO have already witnessed devastating terrorist attacks stemming from the south. As underlined in the 2018 Brussels Summit Declaration, Turkey has been hit three times in the last four years by missiles launched from Syria, and, additionally, the Mediterranean has witnessed the most dangerous chemical weapons use of the 21st century, which triggered US-led punitive strikes against the Syrian Ba’ath regime. These strikes took place in different strategic points throughout Syria on April 14, 2018, starting at 4:00 p.m. Syrian time, with the United Kingdom and France participating alongside the United States. Overall, NATO faces two risk categories coming from the Mediterranean. First: 1) the rise of violent non-state actors and attacks, as well as human security issues; 2) the state-led challenges emanating from Russia’s rising military posture in the eastern Mediterranean. Unlike the broadly accepted eastern flank narrative, the members of NATO have yet to reach a consensus in the south.

Measures are taken to reduce problems in the Mediterranean: • The Alliance Maritime Strategy, created in 2011, identifies the parameters for NATO’s maritime activities. Drawing from

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS the Strategic Concept, maritime activities can cover collective defense, crisis management, cooperative security, and maritime security. • Maritime forces increasingly contribute to deterrence, defense, and the projection of stability through three primary functions: strategy, security, and warfighting. • NATO is taking concrete steps to improve the Alliance’s overall Part 8. maritime situational awareness. Points and • The Alliance has Standing Naval Forces – NATO’s highly trained Motions maritime, immediate-response capacity. • NATO’s maritime and joint exercise program is key to interoperability and improving core warfighting competencies. • NATO is currently leading Operation Sea Guardian in the Mediterranean and is providing assistance to help deal with the refugee and migrant crisis in the Aegean Sea. • Cooperation with non-NATO partners, including other international organizations, such as the European Union, is fundamental in the effort to control the Mediterranean Sea.

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS NATO operations are not limited only to zones of conflict. In the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, NATO immediately began to take measures to expand the options available to counter the threat of international terrorism. In October 2001, it launched the maritime surveillance Operation Active Endeavour, focused on detecting and deterring extremist activity in the Mediterranean. The operation was terminated in October 2016 and was succeeded by Sea Guardian, a flexible maritime operation able to perform the full range of maritime security operations tasks. Sea Guardian is currently performing three tasks in the Mediterranean Sea: maritime situational awareness, counter-terrorism at sea, and support to capacity building. If decided by Allies, it could also perform other tasks such as upholding freedom of navigation, conducting interdiction tasks, and protecting critical infrastructure. More generally speaking, it is helping to maintain a secure and safe maritime environment while supporting the Alliance’s three core tasks: collective defense, crisis management, and cooperative security.

(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS Development: The Mediterranean topic is a priority for NATO. The organization considers that the numerous challenges faced to achieve the proper regulations of such an incredibly broad and diverse area must be treated with the utmost importance, as it involves several aspects of the societies that inhabit the area, including global trade and economics, human security, and demographics. Although NATO considers that the collaboration between all member and non-member states is fundamental, it foremost urges the countries of Italy, Greece, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the United States of America, Turkey, Libya, Tunisia, Syria, and the Russian Federation to engage in meaningful conversations which can lead to measures that safeguard the communities within the area from any possible case of extremism, drug trafficking, and weapons smuggling.

Key Concepts: • Schengen Area: The Schengen Area is an area comprised of 26 European states that have officially abolished all types of border control at their joining borders. • Syrian Ba’ath Regime: The Syrian Ba’ath Regime is a Syrian po- Part 9. litical party that adopted Ba’athism, an ideology that mixes Arab Rules of nationalism, pan-Arabism, Arab socialism, and anti-imperialist in- Procedure terests. • Strategic Concept: The Strategic Concept is an official document that outlines NATO’s enduring purpose and nature and its funda- mental security tasks. • Mediterranean Dialogue: The Mediterranean Dialogue is a forum involving NATO members and another seven states. Its main pur- pose is to create and promote regional stability and security.

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS Key Questions: • How has your country taken measures to regulate the migration flow coming from the Mediterranean? What measures can it take in the future? • Which could be the State’s future solutions and/or contributions regarding the topic of security in this area? • What security measures does your nation take against extre- mism? How can these regulations be applied to this topic? • What resources can your country and the organization provide to accomplish these precepts?

Topic B: Abstract: Training NATO Training Mission Iraq (NMI, NTM-I) is a mission conducted by missions in NATO with the sole purpose of non-combat training and capacity- Iraq building for the military forces of Iraq, so that they can be prepared to prevent the return of ISIS and their extremist agenda within the region. NMI was requested by the Iraqi government and in no way violates Iraq’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. NMI is designed to help strengthen Iraqi security forces and Iraqi military education institutions by providing training and advice to relevant Iraqi defense and security officials within the Ministry of Defense, the Office of the National Security Advisor, and Iraqi military schools and military education institutions. The mission will help Iraq develop its capacity to build more sustainable, transparent, inclusive, and effective national security structures and professional military References education institutions. The mission was put on hold as of January Nato. (2019, May 3). NATO’s maritime acti- vities. Retrieved December 12, 2019, from 2020 due to current tensions in the Middle East concerning Iran and https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/to- pics_70759.htm the United States, but it will end when it has succeeded in increasing Why and How NATO Should Adapt to a New Mediterranean Security Environment. and securing Iraq’s political stability in a long-term fashion. (2019, March 15). Retrieved December 12, 2019, from https://www.swp-berlin.or- NATO’s mission maximizes cooperation with others by integrating g/10.18449/2019C15/ Nato. (2015, February 13). NATO Mediterra- civil and military personnel. The NMI also aids in international efforts nean Dialogue. Retrieved from https://www. nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_60021. to increase Iraq’s long-term stability by coordinating its support with htm

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS other international partners, such as the European Union, the United Nations, and the Global Coalition. The European Union has a mission called EUJUST LEX with the purpose of supporting and training judges, prison officials, and other justice-sector workers in Iraq, to improve the rule of law and protection of human rights. The United Nations oversees peacekeeping training activities and provides technical support as well as developing and delivering crosscutting peacekeeping training. Beyond the military campaign in Iraq and Syria, the Coalition is committed to tackling Daesh’s (also known as ISIS) financing and economic infrastructure, preventing the flow of foreign terrorist fighters across borders, supporting stabilization and the restoration of essential public services to areas liberated from Daesh, and countering the group’s propaganda.

Historical Background: The NATO training mission in Iraq, also known as NMI or NTM-I, was established in Baghdad in October 2018 and involves around 500 trainers, advisors, and supporting personnel from the Allied and partner countries, which include Sweden, Australia, and Finland. Under the agreement, NATO may not deploy its personnel during combat operations alongside Iraqi forces, as it only trains said forces under the direct control and support of their government. The advisory activities, consisting of providing training and advice to relevant Iraqi defense and security officials, are held in Baghdad and involve national security institutions such as the Iraqi Ministry of Defense. The training activities, consisting of capacitating soldiers to combat ISIS, are held at Iraqi military schools in Baghdad, Besmaya, and Taji. With the objective of creating more inclusive national institutions, a gender advisor has also been deployed as part of the senior advisory group, in order to consider gender issues throughout the planning and guidance of the NMI, as well as the future review and assessment

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS processes. This integrates gender perspectives into every stage of NMI. Paul Smith is NATO’s Senior Civilian in Iraq, representing the NATO Secretary-General and the Alliance at large. He is also in charge of the NATO Training and Capacity Building presence in Iraq.

Measures taken by the members of NATO to assist the NMI: • The United States of America sent sixty instructors, a protection company, airlift support, and logistics to the NTM-I. They also donated $500, 000 USD in cash for an NTM-I trust fund. • The United Kingdom deployed 11 soldiers to Iraq. • Germany, Japan, and the United Arab Emirates conducted a training program in the UAE for Iraqi police officers, to which Belgium offered ten instructors. Germany also trained Iraqi logistics troops separately. • The Italian Army deployed 90 soldiers to Iraq under NTM-I, as well as a Major General and a Deputy Commander of the mission. They also sent a senior officer and advisor of the Iraqi Minister of Defense, in an advisory capacity for training and liaising; a senior officer of the Carabinieri with a team of about 60 Carabinieri, who provide training for Iraqi police officers at Camp Dublin.

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS The “NATO Training Mission Iraq” was formally launched at the Brussels Summit in July 2018, at the request of the Iraqi government and in coordination with the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS. It is a non-combat training and capacity-building mission that involves several hundred NATO trainers. The trainers are helping Iraqi forces secure their country and the wider region against extremism, and prevent the re-emergence of ISIS. Training focuses on areas such as countering improvised explosive devices (IEDs), civil-military planning, armored vehicles, maintenance, and military medicine. It is also helping Iraqi instructors to build more sustainable, transparent, and inclusive national security structures to strengthen Iraqi military institutions. From 2004 to 2011, NATO conducted a relatively small but important support operation in Iraq that consisted of training, mentoring, and assisting the Iraqi Security Forces. It was known as the NATO Training Mission in Iraq (NTM-I).

(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS Development: This topic involves all nations, given that it is a matter of international security. Nevertheless, the countries that have participated the most until now are the United States, Italy, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Germany, Japan, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Ukraine. NATO members should agree and establish all specifications needed to continue, or, in such case, end the NATO Training Missions in Iraq. The conclusion achieved by the committee should, at all times, take into consideration human rights and the region’s stability, as well as the opinion of those nations that are observers to NATO.

Key Concepts: • Peacekeeping training missions: Peacekeeping training missions enable UN staff members to implement increasingly multifaceted mandates. • Extremism: According to the United Nations General Assembly, extremist acts are: “Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons, or particular persons for political purposes that are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious, or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them.” • Belligerent groups: A gathering of people who develop extremist acts. • Improvised explosive devices (IEDs): An improvised explosive device (IED) is a type of unconventional explosive weapon that can take any form and be activated in a variety of ways. • Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS: The Global Coalition against Daesh (aka ISIS) is committed to ensuring that ISIS is permanently defeated and that it does not resurface in any way. It is conformed of 82 partners, including Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the European Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS Key Questions: • What have been your nation’s main contributions to NATO in the NMI? • Which could be your nation’s future solutions and contributions? • What security measures does the nation take against extremism? How can these measures be applied to this topic?

ETON MODEL UNITED NATIONS

References United Nations Peacekeeping Resource Hub. (n.d.). Research Guides at the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library. Retrieved from https://research.un.org/en/peacekee- ping-community/training North American Treaty Organization. (2018, November 12). Improvised explosive devices. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/cps/ en/natohq/topics_72809.htm Nato. (2019, September 17). NATO Mission Iraq. Retrieved December 16, 2019, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/to- pics_166936.htm The Global Coalition. (n.d.). Mission. Retrieved December 16, 2019, from https://theglo- balcoalition.org/en/mission/ NATO. (2018, July). NATO Mission Iraq (NMI). Retrieved December 16, 2019, from https://www.nato.int/ nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pd- f_2018_07/20180709_1807-backgroun- der-NTCB-Iraq-en.pdf