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Annotated Bibliography Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources "April 3, 1974 -- 'Day of the Killer Tornadoes.'" YouTube, uploaded by NWSWilmingtonOH, 30 ​ ​ Mar. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=bVHcvaWAoks&feature=emb_logo This was a great video to watch, as it was made in 1978, which was only four years after the outbreak. It had many clips from cities and neighborhoods directly after a tornado struck, showing the destruction and the people affected. There were also clips from The National Weather Service on the day of the outbreak. "April 3, 1974 Super Outbreak." National Weather Service, 6 Oct. 2016, ​ ​ www.weather.gov/ohx/19740403 This source provided me with pictures of the tornadoes, maps, and documents of the tornadoes. It also included pictures of newspaper articles from when the outbreak occurred. "April 3, 1974 Super Outbreak." National Weather Service, ​ ​ www.weather.gov/ind/april3_1974tor This was a great website that gave me pictures of tornadoes, maps, and statistics of the outbreak including things like property damages to money losses. Chiotakis, Steve. "Super Outbreak of '74." WBHM, 27 Oct. 2005, ​ ​ wbhm.org/feature/2005/super-outbreak-of-74/ This website was an amazing source as it had personal stories of people who had been involved in the outbreak. There were meteorologists who told about what they were doing that day and what survivors experienced. It also gives some examples of the advances made since then, such as Doppler Radar. Elam, Phillip. "Xenia Tornado of 1974." Out of the Box, 26 Feb. 2019, ​ ​ www.libraries.wright.edu/community/outofthebox/2011/04/19/xenia-tornado-of-1974/ This website provided me with many great pictures which were taken in Xenia, Ohio right after the most destructive tornado of the outbreak struck. It showed the true extent of the tornado's power. Fujita, T. Theodore. "Graphic Examples of Tornadoes." Bulletin of the American Meteorological ​ ​ ​ Society, vol. 57, no. 4, 1976, pp. 401-12. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26216239 This article by ​ ​ ​ Theodore Fujita provided me with great pictures, which debunked several tornado myths that many people believed in before the outbreak. Descriptions of some of the most violent tornadoes produced by the outbreak were also provided. "1974 Tornado Outbreak - Interviews." YouTube, uploaded by NWSNashville, 3 Apr. 2014, ​ ​ www.youtube.com/watch?v=a94zZV_iYPQ This online video contained interviews with people who survived the outbreak, personal stories, and several facts about the storms. It was a great primary source to use. "1974: Xenia Tornado Photo Album." Ohio Historical Society, ​ ​ ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/swio/pages/albums/1974_tornado/1974_tornado_albumPage14.html This was a great photo album from Ohio History that provided me with an amazing selection of photos to use of the destruction caused by the outbreak in Ohio. "Personal Experiences during the April 3, 1974 Super Outbreak." National Weather Service, 25 ​ ​ ​ ​ May 2015, www.weather.gov/lmk/april31974_personal_experiences This website was a very useful primary source, as it had stories directly quoted from various survivors of the outbreak. It helped me get quotes and to learn more about what happened on the day of the outbreak, the destruction it caused, and the people who survived it. I was able to learn more about what happened from the viewpoints of different people which helped me better build my website. "The Super Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974." National Weather Service, 3 Apr. 2019, ​ ​ www.weather.gov/iln/19740403 On this website, there were many helpful pieces of information such as statistics of the Xenia, Ohio tornado, pictures, and some of the lessons we learned from the day of the outbreak. It also showed newspapers and pictures written and taken at the time of the outbreak, and even a map of the outbreak hand-drawn by Dr. Theodore Fujita. Tornado in the 1974 Super Outbreak. Business Insider, 27 Oct. 2012, ​ ​ www.businessinsider.com/super-outbreak-tornadoes-of-1974-2012-10 This was a good photo of one of the many tornadoes of the Super Outbreak that I used on my page about the Outbreak itself. Secondary Sources 45th Anniversary of the Super Outbreak. 4 Apr. 2014, ​ www.weatherworksinc.com/1974-super-outbreak This website also provided me with several good pictures. It gave me some statistics that helped me better understand the severity of the outbreak. "Analysis and Reconstruction of the 1974 Tornado Super Outbreak RMS Special Report." National Weather Service, 2 Apr. 2004, ​ www.weather.gov/media/hun/stormsurveys/1974-04-03/documents/1974supertornadoreport.pdf This report of the Super Outbreak was a great source of information that provided me with statistics of the outbreak, the impact it had on technology, and what would happen if the outbreak were to occur today. The Development of Mobile Radar: Doppler on Wheels. Center for Severe Weather Research, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ www.cswr.org/contents/aboutdows.php This was a great image to use that depicts a mobile Doppler Radar truck, which was one of the advancements in weather forecasting that was shaped by the outbreak. Dr. Ted Fujita performing a weather experiment. National Geographic, ​ ​ www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/oct23/happy-birthday-mr-tornado/ This was an amazing picture of Dr. Ted Fujita performing an experiment that I was able to use on my page about Ted Fujita. "The Enhanced Fujita Scale: How Tornadoes Are Rated." The Weather Channel, 10 Apr. 2015, ​ ​ weather.com/storms/tornado/news/enhanced-fujita-scale-20130206#1 This website had good information about Dr. Ted Fujita and his Fujita scale, which is used to rank tornadoes based on their destruction and winds. It gave me information on the Enhanced version of the scale as well. Erdman, Jon. "The April 3-4, 1974 Super Outbreak: 8 Things It Taught Us about Tornadoes." The Weather Channel, 3 Apr. 2017, ​ weather.com/storms/tornado/news/superoutbreak-1974-eight-things-it-taught-us-about-tornadoes This article aided my research by listing some of the things that were learned from the outbreak, such as what we needed to change in warnings and forecasts, myths debunked, and much more. It was a great source that helped me write the main focus of my website. Eschner, Kat. "How 148 Tornadoes in One Day in 1974 Changed Emergency Preparedness." Smithsonian.com, 3 Apr. 2017, ​ www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-148-tornadoes-one-day-1974-changed-emergency-p reparedness-180962706/ This website gave me information on why the Super Outbreak occurred. There were quotes from real meteorologists explaining what conditions were in place for the outbreak to happen. It also listed what improved after the storms, which is something I am focusing on. "Five Tornado Myths Debunked." Expeditions, 19 Oct. 2017, ​ ​ www.tornadicexpeditions.com/single-post/Five-Tornado-Myths-Debunked On this website, there was a list of myths about tornadoes that have been debunked and an explanation of each. I found this website to be helpful while developing my own website. Halasz, Scott. "Tornado Remembered 44 Years Later." Xenia Gazette, 3 Apr. 2018, ​ ​ www.xeniagazette.com/news/28250/tornado-remembered-44-years-later This web page provided some great pictures of the infamous Xenia tornado and the damage it caused. It also gave information about the tornado and described the damage done to the city. Kahn, Brian. "Tornado Technology Innovation Born from 1974 Tragedy." Climate Central, 3 ​ ​ ​ ​ Apr. 2014, www.climatecentral.org/news/innovation-in-tornado-technology-born-from-1974-tragedy-17258 This article talked about some of the major improvements that were made after the 1974 Super Outbreak occurred. It provided me with some of the discoveries that meteorologists were able to make because of the outbreak, such as microbursts and suction vortices, and listed various technologies that stemmed from the outbreak. Several well-known technologies such as Doppler Radar was also implemented in the aftermath. In addition to this, there were also statistics and images to be used. Levine, Mark. F5: Devastation, Survival, and the Most Violent Tornado Outbreak of the ​ Twentieth Century. Hyperion, 2007 This book was an amazing read and it was useful to my ​ research. It involved narratives of stories of survivors, and it also had a section on Dr. Ted Fujita, who is an important part of my project. It helped me understand more of what people went through and it gave me information about someone who I wanted to focus on in my project. "Looking Back at the April 3-4, 1974 Super Outbreak." U.S. Tornadoes, 3 Apr. 2016, ​ ​ www.ustornadoes.com/2013/04/03/looking-back-at-the-april-3-4-1974-super-outbreak/ This source provided me with several maps and charts that were helpful in my research. It included several different hand-drawn maps of all the tornadoes and their strengths. There was also a comparison between the more recent 2011 Super Outbreak and showed that while 2011 had more tornadoes, 1974 had an unprecedented amount of violent ones. Misachi, John. "What Was the 2008 Super Tuesday Tornado Outbreak?" WorldAtlas, 20 May ​ ​ 2018, worldatlas.com/articles/what-was-the-2008-super-tuesday-tornado-outbreak.html This website gave me information about the 2008 Super Tuesday Outbreak, which helped me write about how the changes we made during the 1974 Super Outbreak were put to the test. It was great to know what happened during this outbreak as well as the 974 outbreak so that I could compare the two and see how well the innovations worked. "1974 Super Outbreak Part 1: A History." YouTube, uploaded by Storm Shield App, 2 Apr. 2014, ​ ​ www.youtube.com/watch?v=5TKTxH9H9j8&list=PLURELZWwFm8c4pE6AA8XYexNEb0Z mtjCw This video gave me a brief history of what exactly happened during the outbreak and what conditions were in place for the violent storms to form.
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