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Challenges of Multiculturalism Challenges of Multiculturalism in Cooperation With CHALLENGES OF MULTICULTURALISM Challenges of Multiculturalism In cooperation with: Published by the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Regional Office for Southeastern Europe ©Authors and the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Regional Office for Southeastern Europe All rights reserved. For the publisher: Andreas Poltermann Editing: Milan Podunavac Corrector and Proofreader: Jelena Mićović Coordination: Paola Petrić Graphic design: Dušan Šević Printing: Art print, Novi Sad Copies: 300 Views and opinions presented in this text are the author´s own and do not reflect the views and opinions of the publisher. ISBN 978-86-86793-10-2 This publication can be ordered at: Fondacija Heinrich Böll, Regionalna kancelarija za Jugoistočnu Evropu, Dobračina 43, 11000 Beograd, Srbija T +381 11 3033833 F +381 11 2180049 E [email protected] W www.boell.rs Challenges Of Multiculturalism Belgrade, 2012 CONTENTS CHALLENGES OF MULTICULTURALISM I Introduction 7 II Multiculturalism in the European Political Discourse 9 1. Milan Podunavac: What is Good about Multiculturalism? 11 2. Lidija Basta: Fleiner Can Constitutionalism Become „More Communitarian, Less Individualist”, and Remain Liberal? 21 3. Thomas Fleiner: Territorial Concept of Multiculturalism – Legacy and Challenges of Switzerland 35 4. Miodrag Jovanović: Minority Territorial Autonomy in Eastern Europe – a Closed Chapter? 47 5. Alpar Lošonc: Late capitalism, Europeanization: Dusk of Multiculturalism, or Something Else? 63 6. András Jakab: The Concept of the Nation 7. Kristin Henrard: The Intractable Relationship Between the Concepts „Integration” and „Multiculturalism” 107 8. Biljana Đorđević: On the Relation between Constituent Power, Constituent People, and National Minorities in Serbia 125 9. Bojan Žalec: Multiculturalism, Liberalism and Christianity: Some Elucidations 141 III Political Structure of Multiculturalism in Southeastern Europe 161 1. Vojislav Stanovčić: Multiculturalism and Consociation – South East European Perspective 163 2. Drago Roksandić: Multiculturalism, Interculturalism and Transculturalism in Southeastern Europe: Legacy and Challenges 181 3. Nermina Mujagić, Asim Mujkić: Multiculturalism in the Ideology of Ethno-nationalism 189 4. Davor Marko: Minority Languages in a Public Multicultural Space: „Ghettoized” vs. „Integrated” Minority Media 199 5. Ivana Jelić: Minority Rights Protection and Majority-Minority Relations in Montenegro 209 6. Nikola Beljinac: Political Structures of Multiculturalism and Majority-Minority Relations: the Case of Serbia 221 7. Tijana Dokić: Multiculturalism and Collective Memory 231 8. Duško Radosavljević: Political Representation of Minorities and Preservation of Multiethnic Identity of Vojvodina 247 Contents I INTRODUCTION As recent debate on collective identity and security of national state demonstrates, multiculturalism represents a problem today for both politics and political theory. Multiculturalism is not the central principle of the European state. Given the process of state and nation building, it is not surprising that multiculturalism is regarded as heretical novelty rather than traditional principle. The modern European state presupposes that peace and stability in the state is based on a common, dominant culture. That strategy is strongly backed on the liberal conception of a political nation, arguing that there is equality of law and rule of law. Equality by law is upgraded by the cultural hegemony of the dominant nation. In the sense of culture, the nation state is not neutral, but in terms of law constitution of the political nation it is colorblind and has no sense for otherness. This volume of papers delivered at the International conference „The Challenges of Multiculturalism: SEE Perspectives in the European Discourse”, held in Belgrade (22-24 March 2012), focuses on the challenges of multiculturalism and politics of recognition from the perspective of political societies today. The volume particularly explores the implications of the recent European debate on multiculturalism and the strategies on how new democracies deal with the imperative of diversity. The first part of volume („Multiculturalism in the European political discourse”), written mostly in terms of normative political theory, tries to provide answers to: „What is good about multiculturalism?” The second part of the volume is written from an empirical and comparative perspective („Political structure of multiculturalism in SEE”), providing the answer to another question: „What have we learned from the European experience and what would be the innovation of regional political legacy?” This volume is published with the support and assistance of the Heinrich Böll Foundation. Wolfgang Klotz , the former director of the Regional office of HBS and Paola Petrić, the project coordinator at HBS, provided not only logistic but in many sense substantive suggestions. Finally, my closest disciple, Žarko Paunović, Secretary in General of SAPS and Tijana Dokić, the project coordinator gave a great input for the quality of this volume. Belgrade, 29 January 2013 Milan Podunavac, Editor ntroduction I 7 II MULTICULTURALISM IN THE EUROPEAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE Challenges of Multiculturalism What is Good about Multiculturalism? MILAN PodUNAVAC UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE In legendary vision of the United States as „orchestration of mankind”, Horace Kallen produced probably the most beautiful picture of a democratic, pluralist and cultural society. According to his view, just as every instrument „has its appropriate theme and melody in the whole symphony, so in society, each ethnic group may be a natural instrument, its temper and culture may be its theme and melody, and harmony and dissonance and discord of them all make the symphony of civilization”1. Although, not everyone agrees with such an idealistic vision of multicultural utopia, one may agree that freedom of cultural expression is an essential precondition of democratic politi- cal society. Elsewhere, multiculturalism has become an integral part of contemporary politics and even more, as resent contestation both in political theory and public dis- course demonstrate, multiculturalism has become the subject of divergent interpreta- tions, very specific political and ideological battleground with far reaching theoretical and political consequences. It is my intention to raise mostly in language of political theory some of them and provide modest normative justification of multiculturalism. In order to sharpen my normative and theoretical position I will make the distinction between the terms „multicultural society” and „multiculturalism”. The first one refers to the fact of cultural diversity, the other, „multiculturalism”, to the normative response to that fact. Only the latter belongs to the field of political theory. In modern societies, particularly liberal and democratic ones, cultural diversity poses a challenge, trying to understand how it might be possible for people of different ways to live together. They have demanded not simply recognition of their claims to just share the social pie, but more importantly, recognition of their distinct identities as members of particular cultural communities within the society. My present argument focuses narrowly on normative question of political and constitutional theory. The central issue is briefly ood about Multiculturalism? G this: Should citizens’ identities as members of cultural, ethnic, or religious groups pub- licly matter, and if so, how can collective identities make a difference within the frame What is of a democratic society? Are collective identities and cultural membership politically relevant, and if so, how can they legitimately affect their distribution of rights and the Kallen Horace, Culture and Democracy in the United States, N. York, Boni and Liveright, 1924, p. Milan Podunavac 124. 11 recognition of legal claims? I would like to remind you that this problem has preoccu- pied liberalism and the communitarian binary in the political theory in last decade of last century, in a span over ten years. At the level of that binary opposition, opposing sides present themselves as follows: liberalism generally marks „Entitlement” which in turn, stresses the „universal” values of reason, neutrality of public institutions and the ideal of universal citizenship rights, „unitary”, „autonomous” and „abstract” universal- ism. The communitarian side of binary generally marks group identity and member- ship, citizens’ virtue and stresses the normative status of political community. Though, that theoretical contestation is almost behind us, I would stress two important fruits of that debate. First one is the importance and centrality of citizenship for the political theory, another one very specific form of transformation of liberal communitarian con- ceptual apparatus into the terrain state and nation building, and democratic theory. In the first step it is my intention to frame the alternative approaches to politics of citizenship, using as starting point Kymlicka’s „liberal multicultural thesis”2 According to this hypothesis, states can adopt multiculturalism policies by fairly recognizing the legitimate interest of minorities in their identity and culture, without eroding liberal and democratic values. Starting from such underlying assumption, I would attempt to challenge what is identified as dominant „culturalist discourse” which in some way shares Kymlicka himself. Seen from such a perspective, „multiculturalism” signifies a social condition in which, together with the politicization
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