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Chapter Iv Bosnian Crisis: Post-Formation Problems and Issues Chapter Iv

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Chapter Iv Bosnian Crisis: Post-Formation Problems and Issues Chapter Iv CHAPTER IV BOSNIAN CRISIS: POST-FORMATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES CHAPTER IV BOSNIAN CRISIS : POST-FORMATION, PROBLEMS AND ISSUES Bosnia and ~erzegovina' located in the Balkans is surrounded by Croatia in the north and west and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in the east and south. A narrow strip of land gives Bosnia access to the Adriatic Sea. Ethnically, it is 40 per cent Muslims, 33 per cent Serbs and 18 per cent Croats and 9 per cent others. 2 [see map 11 The strength of Serb population in Bosnia and Herzegovina never reached majority since 1941, when there was a big massacre perpetrated by Croats. Since then, there has been an abrupt growth of muslim population and equally abrupt regression of the Serb and Croat population. In the 20 years period between 1961 ancl 1981 the number of Serbs in Bosnia was reduced by 05413. In I-oughly the same period the Muslim population got doubled so that for the first time since 1941 massacr'e they becamr t,he 1a1yt.st ethnic group in Bosnia and l3t~rrec~ovina. iZcrtr1~1iny to 1981 (-enslls thc Scr-LIS in Rosliia ill~tlHerz,t-1gC)virld dc~i.c~(lrlte~1 for 32.02 prr('.?nt, the' Yl~sliin~;I 3q5 I (,(.tit dr~d the, Cr (ILIIs for IR.4 v~r <.,.tit of t hr? pullI. Tn the ;t~tI t 11,. t trt~;jl nurnbc~~of Se1.11:; i r~r?.~iisetl11111 1 heir t~(?rC'crllr~(j~. Source: Keesing' s Rewrd of Mrld Events, 199 3. decreased so that according to 1991 census they accounted for only 31.33 percent of the total population. 1 Disintegration Process of Bosnia The seeds of Bosnian conflict were deeply rooted in the history of Yugoslavia itself, the state set up in 1918 after the end of first world war. Yugoslavia was a pawn in the power game of mighty during second world war. During the war period when small Serb nationalities clamoured for recognition, Tito somehow maintained unity among the constituent nationalities of Yugoslavia. But with the thawing of cold war ancl the crisis in Soviet Union, discontent among the minorities again asserted to the embarrassment of the central government. However, the Yugoslav leadership could not check this upsurge and the country disintegrated in 1991; the first break away was Macedonia that declared its independence on 25 January 1991 fvllowed by Slovenia and Croatia on 25 June 1991 and by Bosnia and Herzegovina on 5 April 1992. Yugoslavia's formal disintegrat ion occl~rred aftel. the EuroDean Community's recognition of Slovenia and Crclatiii url 15 January 199% and that of Bosnia and Herzeyovirra c!rr f, .April 1992.' Irl severdl nlor~ths after thi- f~lisintegratiorl of Y~lc~oslavinit was apu;ll en1 that a ItI I the Yliyoslav re[111t11i(,r; wo111dt~e t111. 0111 1 ~~,ayI (I 1)r c~s~:r\'i~~uquslavia. RIII t 110 Serh 111t i111.11 11111 t )lilt 200 all Serbs residing within the adjoining territories would live together within one state, alarmed the Bosnian Muslims. According to 1991 census Bosnia with a total population of 4.35 million, had two million Serbo- Croatian-speaking Slavs of Muslim nationality corresponding to 43.7 percent of the Republic's total population. While technically a minority in absolute terms, the Muslim Slavs outnumbered both the Bosnian orthodox Serbs and the Catholic Croats accounting for 31.3 percent and 17.3 percent respectively. 5 [see map 21 However, the Bosnian Muslims were alarmed to know that the Serbs wanted Bosnia to join their wider community which would render them much smaller minority in their own country. This prospect they visualised with great fear. On 15 October 1991, the Bosnians declared Bosnia and Herzegovina a sovereign independent state. Th? Bosnian declaration was adopted by Muslim and Croat legislators after the Serbian delegates walked out. of the Nat ional Assembly. ' Shortly thereafter, in October 1991. Bosnian Serbs establishecl a separate 'National Assernt~ly'. Now there were two legislatures and two governments each responsible t.o it.s Assembly members. In this cclntext it. may t~enot ~cl1 hat Cioat ];I rlf fe! ntl to ~(IIIIIa Confedrrat ion with Bosnia. This ~Y'oLI~I!;~1 was Map shodng ethnic divisions in the former Yugoslavia, before the break-up in 1991. Source: International Institute for Strategic Stdies ( IISS), ' A comprehensive peace for Bosnia and Herzegovina? ' Strategic Comnents, no. 10, (13 DeC. 1995). P. 4. 20 2 rejected by Bosnian leaders because it again would have reduced Bosnians to the status of a minority. Bosnians were dead determined to have a state in which Muslims would be in majority as against any proposal from the Serbs to join hands with them. So were the Serbs who claimed that more than half of Bosnia-Herzegovina was Serb majority region and as such it must go to them. It is strange that in this context both the parties forgot the terms of agreement signed by them in 1991 whereby they had agreed in principle to the division of Bosnia- Herzegovina the details of which were left out for further negotiations. Serb Rejection of Power Sharing in Bosnia and Herzegovina After the disintegration of the League of Communist of Yugoslavia (LCY) in January 1990, while major political parties were created in Bosnia and Herzegovina along national lines, the Muslim community organized itself into the Party for Democratic Action (PDA). The PDA which regarded itself as a 'centrist party influenced by Islam and highly sensitive to Muslim religious. political and cultural rights', received almost all of the Muslim votes. thus indicating the existence of a strong Muslim national consciousness in the republic. 1 The Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina formed the Croatian Democratic Union (CDU-BH), a counterpart to CDII. The local Serbs formed Serbian Democratic Party of Bosnia- Herzegovina (SPD). Although the SPDs in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia did not have formal links they were infact both closely coordinated with the political parties in Serbia proper. In November 1990, Bosnia and Herzegovina held free elections for the first time in its history. All the candidates were chosen either by their national identity or by their party affiliation. The Muslim dominated PDA won 86 seats: the SPD won 72 seats; and the CDU won 44 seats. In the two chambers of Bosnian Parliament Muslim Slavs numbered 99, Serbs 85, Bosnian 49 and Yugoslavs 7, a distribution closely reflecting the ethnic profile of the repub1ic.l Though the Serbs agreed to share power with other ethnic groups in Bosnia-Herzegovina, this arrangement could not last long. This was because of the Serb reactions to the events in Croatia in September 1990. The Serbpopulation living in Serb dominated areas like Knin had organized armed rebellion against the Croatian Government. On 1 October 1990 the Serb National Council in Croatia declared the autonomy of those areas inhabited primarily by Serbs, by proclaiming the "Republic of ~rajina". This was the first step towards rsreat.inya Greater Serbia. Meanwhile. in March/April 1991 the SPD leaders in Bosnia and Herzegovina were 20 4 actively promoting the secession of those parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina which according to their calculation,belonged to Serb dominated area with a view to leading their merger with the Serbian autonomous region in Croatia. At the same time SPD in Bosnia began demanding the secession of large parts of northern and western Bosnia which would join up vith the Croatian "Krajina" to form a new republic. The three areas of Bosnia with predominantly Serb population also were declared "Serb Autonomous Regions" by the Serbian Democratic Party of Croatia (SDS) on the lines on which the Serbs had used their tactics in Croatia. 9 In September 1991, the Bosnian Serbs asked the Serb- dominated federal army to protect the 'Serb Autonomous Regions" which they had earlier declared. In response, YPA forces from Yugoslavia (Montenegro and Serbia) started moving through Bosnia and Herzegovina on 20 September 1991, to reinforce units in Croatia and asked the local Serbs to join them.lo During the march several villages inhabited primarily by Croats were destroyed. Bosnian croats concluded that the atrocities committed by the Serhian army was a warning to them to accept Serbian terms of allegiance or face a similar fate. Thus began the implementation of what was called Plan Ram (Frame), which would establish the framework fol the new borders of a third Yugoslavia, in which 'all Serbs would live together in the same state'. 1I Plan R~B The announcement of Plan Ram (FRM), which was revealed by Yugoslav Prime Minister Markovic in September 1991 created more tension among all non-Eerbs. This was the framework of the new borders of a third Yugoslavia, in which a home land for all Serbs was promised. The announcement of Plan Ram was made much before the European Community's OX) recognition of Croatia and Slovenia in January 1993 and later its recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina in April 1992. International recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina was essentially a pretext exploited by Serbia to justify its act of aggression against the Bosnian Government. This would mean that if Plan Ram was implemented the Serbs living in other republics would becomes citizens of new Serb republics. Alarmed by the existence of Plan Ram and its possible implementation on 15 October 1991 the Bosnian Government declared Bosnia and Herzegovina a sovereign and independent state. This declaration was adopted by Muslim and Croat legislators after 73 Serbian delegates had walked o~~tof the National Assembly. l2 Shortly thereafter, in October 1991, Bosnian Serbs established a 'Serb National Assembly' to match exactly what had been done in Croatia earlier.
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