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Characteristics of Strong Ground Motions in the 2014 Ms 6.5 Ludian Earthquake, Yunnan, China

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Characteristics of Strong Ground Motions in the 2014 Ms 6.5 Ludian Earthquake, Yunnan, China JSeismol DOI 10.1007/s10950-015-9532-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Characteristics of strong ground motions in the 2014 Ms 6.5 Ludian earthquake, Yunnan, China J. J. Hu & Q. Zhang & Z. J. Jiang & L. L. Xie & B. F. Zhou Received: 7 July 2015 /Accepted: 16 October 2015 # The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The 2014 Ms 6.5 (Mw6.1) Ludian earthquake site amplification factors are dominated by linear site occurred in the eastern Sichuan–Yunnan border region response for lower reference ground motion, but the of western China. This earthquake caused much more nonlinearity becomes notable for higher reference severe engineering damage than the usual earthquakes ground motion. This feature is basically consistent with with the same magnitude in China. The National Strong the empirical model for western China. All the results Motion Network obtained large set of ground motion indicate that the spatial distribution of ground motion, recordings during the earthquake. To investigate the the attenuation characteristics, and the site amplification engineering interested characteristics of ground motion effect should be considered in characterization of near- from Ludian earthquake and compare it with the Mw 7.9 field ground motion. Wenchuan and the Mw 6.6 Lushan earthquakes in west- ern China, studies on the ground motion field, attenua- Keywords Ludian earthquake . Ground motion . tion relationship, distance dependence of significant Attenuation relationship . Significant duration . Site duration, and site amplification were carried out. Some amplification conclusion is drawn. Specifically, the ground motion field reveals a directional feature, and the distribution characteristics of the two horizontal components are 1 Introduction similar. The attenuation relationship for Ludian earth- quake is basically consistent with the ground motion The M 6.5 (M 6.1) Ludian earthquake occurred at prediction equation (GMPE) for western China, except s w 16:30 on August 3, 2014 (UTC+08:00) in Yunnan prov- the slight smaller than the GMPE predicted at short ince, China. The epicenter was located at latitude 27.189 periods. The distance dependences of ground motion °N, longitude 103.409 °E, with a focal depth of 12 km duration are different in Sichuan and Yunnan regions according to the US Geological Survey (USGS). As a due to the local physical dispersion and Q value. The result of high vulnerability of most of the structures in this region, the earthquake caused huge engineering damage. More than 600 fatalities and,3000 injuries had been reported as of a week after the earth- * : : : : J. J. Hu ( ) Q. Zhang Z. J. Jiang L. L. Xie B. F. Zhou quake. The seismic intensity from field survey in the Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake magistoseismic area reached IX, and the affected area Administration, 29 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150080, China with the seismic intensity over VI is about 10,350 km2. e-mail: [email protected] In recent years, there have been several destructive L. L. Xie earthquakes (M>6.0) occurred in western China, such Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China as the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 (Mw7.9) earthquake in 2008, J Seismol the Lushan Ms 7.0 (Mw 6.6) earthquake in 2013, the 2 The 2014 Ms 6.5 Ludian earthquake Minxian–Zhangxian Ms 6.6 (Mw 6.0) earthquake in 2013, and this Mw 6.1 Ludian earthquake in 2014. 2.1 Tectonic background and fault model Recordings from destructive earthquakes were signifi- cantly useful for study of strong ground motion charac- The 2014 Ms 6.5Ludianearthquakeoccurredinthe teristics and developing new ground motion prediction Zhaotong–Ludian fault zone. This fault zone is com- equation (GMPE) for this high seismic risk region. posed of two NE directional faults located in the eastern Empirical ground motion attenuation relationships Sichuan–Yunnan border region (see Fig. 1)(adopted are mainly developed from real strong ground motion from Wen et al. 2013). In the last decades, a series of recordings. The Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) earthquakes had occurred in this region. Such as the project developed a set of updated attenuation relation- Ludian Ms 5.0 and Ms 5.1 earthquakes in 2003, the ships, which greatly promoted the worldwide study of Ludian Ms 5.6 earthquake in 2004, the twice Yanjin Ms new ground motion attenuation relationships 5.1 earthquakes in 2006, the Yiliang Ms 5.6 and Ms 5.7 (Abrahamson et al. 2013; Boore et al. 2013; Campbell earthquakes in 2012, and the Yongjia Ms 5.3 earthquake and Bozorgnia 2013; Chiou and Youngs 2013;Idriss in 2014. The frequently occurred earthquakes reflect the 2013). In China, due to the lack of strong motion re- high seismicity in this tectonic region (Liu et al. 2014). cordings before the great Wenchuan earthquake, the Figure 1 shows the earthquakes for Ms>5.0 in the last traditional ground motion attenuation relationships were decades, where the solid line represents the active fault. mainly transformed from the seismic intensity attenua- For the 2014 Ms 6.5 Ludian earthquake, according to tion relationships indirectly (Yu and Wang 2006). This the source inversion results (Zhang et al. 2014; Liu transforming method is based on the assumption that et al. 2014), the rupture slips was mainly distributed there exists a correspondence between the ground mo- in an area with about 15 km length and 10 km width on tion attenuation and seismic intensity attenuation. Ap- the fault plane, the azimuth strike angle is 162°, the dip parently, this approach lacks of physical and theoretical angle is 86°, and the rake angle is 6°. Figure 2 shows background and it cannot reflect the significance fea- the finite fault model by Zhang et al. (2014), all details tures of near-fault effect, site condition effect, and fault of the fault parameters are shown in Table 1. mechanics on ground motions. After the Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, some attempts have 2.2 Engineering damage and typical ground motion been made to build ground motion attenuation relation- ships from ground motion recordings of the Wenchuan The 2014 Ms 6.5 Ludian earthquake caused serious main and aftershocks (Lu et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2012; engineering damage and huge economic losses. It Hu et al. 2015). caused a death toll of 617 with 112 people missing. However, the Wenchuan earthquake database was The engineering structures in the epicenter areas include too limited for lacking of earthquake events for 6.0– masonry structures, reinforced concrete (RC) structures, 7.0 magnitude (Zhang et al. 2013), thus the developed wood structures, and adobe structures. Figure 3 shows attenuation relationships are basically only applicable the intensity map of the 2014 Ludian earthquake derived for small to moderate magnitude earthquakes. Conse- from field survey, strong ground motion data, and re- quently, their results can hardly be used in the near fault mote sensing image by the China Earthquake Adminis- regions for large earthquakes which are more interested tration (Ji et al. 2014). The intensity contour map shows in engineering. Therefore, in this paper, we aimed at a distinct NNE distribution of engineering damage characterizing the ground motion features of the Ms 6.5 along the fault strike. Ludian earthquake. Specifically, the distribution of Except the destroys and collapses of many rural ground motion, the attenuation of ground motion am- constructions with no consideration of seismic design, plitude, the distance-dependence of ground motion du- some new built RC structures and masonry structures ration, and the site amplification characteristics were were also destroyed in the seismic intensity IX areas. As studied. In addition, these characteristics are compared a typical example, Fig. 4 shows the damage of a RC with those of the Mw 7.9 Wenchuan and Mw 6.6 Lushan frame structure under construction and the collapse of an earthquakes to study the differences and similarities of adjacent masonry structures in Loutoushan town close strong motion in western China. to the epicenter. In Fig. 4a, lots of plastic hinges JSeismol Fig. 1 Tectonic background of 102˚E 103˚E 104˚E the 2014 Ms 6.5 Ludian Daliangshan Fault earthquake (adopted from Liu Fault Anninghe et al. 2014). The red star Sichuan represents the epicenter of the Province 2014 Ms 6.5 Lushan earthquake; the green stars represent the other 28˚N Zhaojue Yongshan 28˚N earthquakes Daguan Jinyang Zemuhe Fault Lianfeng Fault ongshu Fault L Zhaotong Baogunao-xiaoh Ludian otong-Ludian Fault eFa Zha ult 2014.08.03 27˚N Guizhou 27˚N Qiaojia Province -Ludian Fault g Xiaojiang F on Zhaot Huize-Yiliang Fault a ult Huize Yunnan Province km 02040 26˚N 26˚N 102˚E 103˚E 104˚E appeared at the top and the foot of the frame columns the topography and profile, but there is no detailed in the first floor, the expected beam hinge failure borehole profile or shear wave velocity data for this mechanism did not show up (Lu et al. 2014;Zhou station. It can be seen from Fig. 6 the station located in and Zhang 2014). In Fig. 4b, as a contrast, the first a valley and on the alluvium which could induce the floor of an adjacent masonry building was completely amplification effect. collapsed. Figure 4 shows the acceleration and velocity time histories of the Loutoushan strong motion station (53LLT) which is about 0.2 km to the destroyed build- 3 Strong ground motion database ing in Fig. 4. The fault-normal (FN), fault-parallel (FP), and vertical (UD) components of the 53LLT station are During the main shock, a total of 74 strong motion given in Fig. 5. The site condition is complicated for seismometers owning to the China Digital Strong Mo- this station, Fig.
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