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Taxonomía Y Florística Botanical Sciences 98(2): 393-416. 2020 Recibido: 28 de noviembre de 2019, Aceptado: 27 de febrero de 2020 DOI: 10.17129/botsci.2525 Primero en línea: 26 de mayo de 2020 Taxonomía y Florística APOCINÁCEAS DE AYER Y HOY. CONOCIMIENTO HISTÓRICO Y REEVALUACIÓN DE LA DIVERSIDAD Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE APOCYNACEAE EN MÉXICO APOCYNACEAE OF YESTERDAY AND TODAY. HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE AND REEVALUATION OF THE DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF APOCYNACEAE IN MEXICO ID LEONARDO O. ALVARADO-CÁRDENAS*, ID LUCIO LOZADA-PÉREZ, ID C. SOFIA ISLAS-HERNÁNDEZ, ID ERICKA B. CORTEZ, ID KAREN G. MAYA-MANDUJANO, ID MARÍA G. CHÁVEZ-HERNÁNDEZ Departamento de Biología Comparada, Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México *Autor de correspondencia: [email protected] Resumen Antecedentes: La familia Apocynaceae está entre las 13 más diversas de México y su conocimiento taxonómico ha tenido una atención creciente con la implementación de filogenias y otras herramientas para resolver su sistemática. Con más de 10 años del último listado enfocado en la familia, resulta necesario actualizar el conocimiento sistemático del grupo. Pregunta: ¿Cómo se ha consolidado hasta nuestros días el conocimiento sistemático del grupo en México? ¿Cómo ha cambiado el número de géneros y especies de Apocynaceae en el país y su distribución geográfica por estado? Especie de estudio: Apocynaceae Sitio de estudio: México Método: Revisión de herbarios nacionales e internacionales, bases de datos y una búsqueda intensiva de literatura. Así como colectas en diferentes partes del país. Resultados: Apocynaceae presenta 52 géneros y 418 especies nativas, 204 de ellas endémicas. La subfamilia Asclepiadoideae destaca con 27 géneros y 315 especies. Los estados con más especies y endemismos son Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz y Guerrero. Los estados con más microendemismos son Oaxaca (17 spp.), Chiapas y Jalisco (7 spp.), Baja California Sur y Veracruz (5 spp.). Se proporciona una clave de géneros y un listado actualizado. Conclusiones: Apocynaceae se ubica en el lugar número 12 de las familias más diversas del país. Esto reitera al país como un centro de diversidad del grupo. La integración de más estudios relacionados a la aplicación de herramientas filogenéticas, modelos de distribución y redes de interacción biológica permitirá entender mejor a la familia y proporcionar una historia natural más completa. Palabras clave: Asclepiadoideae, conservación, endemismo, sistemática. Abstract Background: In Mexico, Apocynaceae is among the 13 most diverse families. The taxonomic knowledge of the family has had increasing attention with the implementation of phylogenies and other tools to solve its systematics. Therefore, more than 10 years after the last list focused on the family, it is necessary to update the systematic knowledge of the group. Questions: How the systematic knowledge of the group has been consolidated to this day? Compared to what we knew 10 years ago of Apocynaceae in Mexico, has the number of genera and species changed? Is so, how? And what's their geographical distribution by state? Species study: Apocynaceae Study site and dates: Mexico Methods: Revision of national and international herbaria, databases and an intensive literature search. As well as collecting in different parts of the country. Results: Apocynaceae registered 52 genera and 418 native species, 204 of them are endemic. The Asclepiadoideae subfamily contributed 27 genera and 315 species. The states with more species and endemisms are Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz and Guerrero. The states with more microendemisms are Oaxaca (17 spp.), Chiapas and Jalisco (7 spp.), and Baja California Sur and Veracruz (5 spp.). Conclusions: Apocynaceae is in the 12th place of the most species diverse families in Mexico. This reiterates the country as a center of apocynaceous diversity. The integration of people interested in the group, the application of phylogenetic tools, distribution models and biological interaction networks will allow us to better understand the family and provide a more complete natural history. Keywords: Asclepiadoideae, conservation, endemism, systematics. ________________ Este artículo se encuentra bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Attribution License CCBY-NC (4.0) internacional. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 393 Apocynaceae en México La familia Apocynaceae se encuentra entre los grupos más debido a sus atributos morfológicos distintivos (Tabla 1). La diversos del mundo con alrededor de 4,500 especies (Rapini familia tiene una distribución pantropical y muchas de sus 2012, Endress et al. 2014, 2018). Es un grupo monofilético especies cuentan con importancia económica, medicinal o dentro del orden Gentianales junto con Gelsemiaceae, cultural (Gaillard et al. 2004, Wong et al. 2013). Algunos de Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae y Rubiaceae (Stevens 2001, los centros de mayor diversidad del grupo se encuentran en APG IV 2016, Yang et al. 2016). Se distingue del resto de Brasil, China, México y Sudáfrica, cada uno con más de las familias por la presencia de laticíferos, ovario bicarpelar, 400 especies (Ping-Tao et al. 1995a, b, Bruyns 2005, BFG apocárpico y súpero, presencia de un ginostegio (fusión del 2015, Villaseñor 2016). El conocimiento taxonómico de androceo y gineceo), polinios en muchas de sus especies, Apocynaceae ha tenido una creciente atención con la además de frutos foliculares y semillas comosas (Endress & implementación de filogenias con datos moleculares y Bruyns 2000, Juárez-Jaimes et al. 2007). Actualmente se morfológicos, así como de otras herramientas para resolver reconocen tres subfamilias, Asclepiadoideae, Periplocoideae la sistemática dentro de la familia, esto ha generado y Secamonoideae; y dos grupos informales, no numerosos cambios en la circunscripción de muchos de sus monofiléticos: las rauvolfioides y apocynoides, que taxones. correspondían a Rauvolfioideae y Apocynoideae (Simões et En México, las Apocynaceae están representadas por los al. 2016) y que aún se reconocen de forma provisional grupos rauvolfioides, apocynoides y Asclepiadoideae Tabla 1. Comparación de los atributos generales de los grupos de Apocynaceae presentes en México. Las ilustraciones corresponden a Aspidosperma megalocarpon, Prestonia portobellensis y Asclepias melantha. Acuarelas de Aldi de Oyarzabal. Atributos/ Rauvolfioides Apocynoides Asclepiadoideae Subfamilia Especies representativas Prestonia portobellensis Aspidosperma megalocarpon Asclepias melantha Hábito Árboles, arbustos y hierbas Trepadoras, hierbas y arbustos Trepadoras, hierbas y arbustos, suculentas Filotaxia Alterna, opuestas y verticilada Opuestas y verticilada Opuestas, verticilada y alterna Estivación Levocontorta Dextrocontorta Dextrocontorta, valvada Corona corolina Presente en algunos géneros Presente en algunos géneros (Prestonia Presente en algunos géneros (Cameraria, Cascabela, Thoreauea). (Gonolobus, Ruehssia). Tabernaemontana). Sinorganización Libres de la cabeza estilar Unidas a la cabeza estilar por medio de Adnadas congénitamente a la cabeza de las anteras tricomas, formando un ginostegio estilar, formando un ginostegio Granos de polen Libres o aglutinados en masas sobre la Libres o aglutinados en masas sobre la Agrupados en polinios cabeza estilar cabeza estilar Tipo de frutos Folículos, bayas, drupas, sámaras Folículos Folículos Forma de las Ovoides, discoides, lineares, fusiformes Lineares a fusiformes Ovadas u obovadas aplanadas semillas Apéndices en las Desnudas, comosas, ciliadas, aladas, Comosas Comosas semillas ariladas Diversidad 11 gen/46 spp. 14 gen/57 spp. 27 gen/315 spp. 394 Alvarado-Cárdenas et al. / Botanical Sciences 98(2): 393-416. 2020 (figuras 1-3, Tabla 1) (Juárez-Jaimes et al. 2007) y se ubica de la familia en México, así como los cambios entre las 13 familias con más diversidad específica nomenclaturales más recientes. Se integra una clave (Villaseñor 2016, Sosa et al. 2018). El grupo constituyen un taxonómica para determinar los géneros registrados en el elemento típico en la composición del bosque tropical país y se documenta su distribución geográfica por estado. caducifolio (Rzedowski & Calderón de Rzedowski 2013) y Por último, se presentan algunas de las líneas de es la familia con más especies de lianas en México (Ibarra- investigación que requieren mayor análisis e imágenes de Manríquez et al. 2015); además, muchas de sus especies taxones representativos. tienen importancia económica y cultural (Fernández-Brewer et al. 2008, Alvarado-Cárdenas et al. 2017). Materiales y métodos El conocimiento del grupo en México cuenta con importantes aportes taxonómicos, por ejemplo, listados de Para desarrollar el recuento histórico sobre el estado de especies para diferentes estados del país (Williams 1996, arte de las Apocynaceae en México y la construcción de una Alvarado-Cárdenas 2004, Juárez-Jaimes et al. 2007, línea temporal de descubrimientos, se tomaron en cuenta las Alvarado-Cárdenas & Juárez-Jaimes 2011), revisiones a fechas de publicación de todos los nombres aceptados nivel genérico (Juárez-Jaimes & Ángeles-Trujillo 2013, actualmente y sus sinonimias. Se realizó la búsqueda de Alvarado-Cárdenas & Morales 2014, Alvarado-Cárdenas et protólogos y de documentos históricos donde se ha hecho al. 2017, 2019) y tratamientos taxonómicos regionales mención de las especies de Apocynaceae, como la (Rodríguez-Morales 2015, Cortez-Castro 2018, Hernández- Biblioteca Digital Mundial (2016), Biodiversity Heritage Barón et al. 2019),
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