Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan

Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board and the Cedar Lake Park Association

June 21, 1997 Acknowledgments

Minneapolis Park and Cedar Lake Park Association Citizen Advisory Committees Recreation Board Officers Phase 1: Members attending Janci Curiskis John Herman Leonard Martinetto John Richter President: Brian Willette, President Conceptual Trail at least three of five Dan Dailey Sandra Hunter Peter Mason Donna Seline Scott L. Neiman Keith Prussing, Vice President Design (1992) meetings: David Dayton Dean Kaese Beryl Miller Jeanette Sobania Dan Dailey, Treasurer Ann Barksdale Bob Ganz David Kelliher Steve Mueller Neil Trembley Neil Trembley, Secretary Dave Carlson Kathryn Glessing Doug Kline Solveig Olson Brian Willette Vice President: Will Craig Jeff Haberer David Klopp Doris Peterson Ben Wright Patricia Hillmeyer Jean Crocker Dick Hartman Cotty Lowry Jim Preston Steering Committee & Board Joe Crocker Geoffrey Hellman Laurie Lundy George Puzak Commissioners: (❧ denotes service on the Board) Thomas W. Baker Bob Andrews Wally Marx Rochelle Berry Graves Don Beimborn Jim McConkey Members attending Dan Dailey Ruth Jones Keith Prussing Neil Trembley George Puzak Darrel Brand Mary Mcgee ❧ Phase 2: at least four of nine David Dayton Doug Kline George Puzak Carol White Dan Christenson John McLaughlin Philosophy and Edward Solomon meetings: Gary Findell Laurie Lundy John Richter Brian Willette Annie Young Janci Curiskis John Moe Design Principles (1992 & 1993) Dave Carlson Martin Fowler Leonard Martinetto Martin Richmond Ben Wright Dean Zimmerman Juris Curiskis Steve Mueller Will Craig Kathryn Glessing Mary McGee Eric Roth Dan Dailey ❧ Sara Mushlitz ❧ Jean Crocker Jeff Haberer Solveig Olson Dorene Scriven Superintendent and Secretary: Bob Day Solveig Olson Joe Crocker Dick Hartman Doris Peterson Donna Seline David L. Fisher David Dayton ❧ John Perentesis ❧ Juris Curiskis Sandra Hunter Jim Preston Tim Springer Frank Dosal ❧ Gary Perrault Ron Ercolani Doris Peterson ❧ Members attending David Dayton Ruth Jones Jim Preston Tim Springer Professional Advisors Martin Fowler Jack Phillips Phase 3: Park at least four of eleven Gary Findell Doug Kline Keith Prussing Neil Trembley Bob Ganz Steve Pratt and Trail Planning (1993) meetings: Martin Fowler Laurie Lundy George Puzak Carol White Jones & Jones Kathryn Glessing Jim Preston ❧ Dave Carlson Kathryn Glessing Leonard Martinetto John Richter Brian Willette Grant Jones, Principal Dick Hartman Keith Prussing ❧ Jean Crocker Jeff Haberer Mary McGee Martin Richmond Ben Wright Steve Durant, Partner John Herman ❧ George Puzak ❧ Joe Crocker Dick Hartman Solveig Olson Dorene Scriven Mario Campos, Partner Joel Itman Henry Rauenhorst Dan Dailey Sandra Hunter Doris Peterson Donna Seline Penny Jacobs John Richter ❧ Richard Haag Associates Sol Jacobs Paula Richey Richard Haag, Principal Kevin Johnson Erik Roth Phase 4: Park Members attending Bob Day Dick Hartman Solveig Olson Carol White Ward Johnson Doreen Scriven ❧ and Trail at least seven of David Dayton Ruth Jones Keith Prussing Brian Willette ❧ seventeen meetings: Gary Findell Marissa Lasky John Richter Balmori Associates Ruth Jones Jeanette Sobania ❧ Planning (1994 - Diana Balmori, Principal Jean Crocker Martin Fowler Laurie Lundy Eric Roth Terry Klepinski Ellen Sturgis ❧ 1996) Susan Kline Joe Crocker Kathryn Glessing Leonard Martinetto Dorene Scriven Neil Trembley ❧ Dan Dailey Jeff Haberer Mary McGee Neil Trembley Brauer and Associates Doug Kline Sue Verret George Watson, Principal David Klopp Sara Rothholtz Weiner Jeff Schoenbauer, Partner Rich Lillehei Carol White Laurie Lundy ❧ Brian Willette ❧ Wirth Design Associates Dee Marx Document Writing Team Theodore Wirth II, Principal Ben Wright Dan Dailey, CLPA Laurie Lundy, CLPA Keith Prussing, CLPA Erik Roth, CLPA Al Singer, MPRB Neil Trembley, CLPA Brian Willette, CLPA

Mark Simonson, Graphic Design

2 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan Introduction

From its beginning, the City of Minneapolis ous attempts to establish a park system park. For nearly a century, the land north March, 1989, to discuss the future of this and other public agencies. Eventually this developed in large part because of the in Minneapolis, citizens took their cause and east of Cedar Lake had been used as large tract of land less than two miles loose knit group of citizens formed an wealth of natural resources found through- directly to the Minnesota State Legislature a major train switching yard to serve the from downtown Minneapolis. At the ini- organization, “Save Cedar Lake Park” out the region. Vast pine forests provided On February 27, 1883, the Legislature growing needs of the Minneapolis/St. tial meeting, citizens proclaimed that this (now known as the Cedar Lake Park the raw materials, the only waterfalls of established the Minneapolis Board of Park Paul region. Despite the presence of the wonderful place had to be preserved in Association), to lead the acquisition the Mississippi River generated power and Commissioners as an independent, elect- railroad, land was purchased around the the best interest of the public. efforts. They vowed to raise the neces- the numerous rivers offered a ready-made ed board with its own taxing authority. A perimeter of Cedar Lake between 1908 sary funds and create the support neces- transportation system for commerce. The city election ratifying the park act took and 1975 and the lake was eventually Within a short time, an increasing num- sary to make this idea a reality. expansion of the railroads and the farming place April 3rd, and on April 27th, the connected to the other nearby lakes to ber of interested citizens determined that of the fertile soils throughout the region City Council transferred all existing park create the well-known “Chain of Lakes.” the best use of the land would be to Through the efforts and contributions of continued fueling the growth and properties to the custody of the Board. combine it with the existing parkland those initial few and many hundreds of Minneapolis soon became a lumber and Like grain milling and other industries criti- along the lakeshore and call it “Cedar people to follow, the property was pur- grain milling center. Although the relative Spearheaded by the new Board of cal to the growth of the region, the rail Lake Park.” This would be a new kind of chased as park land in 1991. Important as importance of lumber and grain diminished Commissioners, a bold 100-year vision for industry underwent significant changes park: a wild, yet urban, nature preserve that accomplishment was, it was not the over time, Minneapolis continues to thrive parks was born. An eminent landscape during this period. Although the linked by trails to the Mississippi River end of the story. Rather, it marked the as a regional center of commerce, trans- architect, Horace W. S. Cleveland, was Burlington Northern Railroad still contin- and other portions of Chain of Lakes beginning of a long-range process portation, and culture. hired to design the park system. The con- ues to operate daily trains north of Cedar Regional Park. In the process, the group through which the lands and water cept that emerged was to preserve the nat- Lake, most of the major railroad facilities developed organizational values designed of Cedar Lake Park are being Of the city’s many attributes, its natural ural features of the city—the river, streams were closed in the mid 1980’s. Tracks were to involve the greatest number of people restored and developed. beauty has been cited by both residents and lakes —in large picturesque, country- removed, buildings razed, and the area possible while minimizing possibilities for and visitors alike. The Mississippi River, like parks and then link these parks by a slowly was reclaimed by nature. Flowers, conflict. They expressed a desire to work three creeks, and numerous lakes truly system of boulevards and parkways called grasses, shrubs, and trees had taken root in partnership with the Minneapolis Park made Minneapolis a city of water. the “Grand Rounds.” By 1905, over 1800 on the land and were beginning to trans- and Recreation Board Fortunately, most of these natural features acres of land and waters had been acquired form the area. Wildlife such as deer, foxes, have been preserved through a highly and preserved including Loring, song birds, hawks, and many other species acclaimed system of parks. Although the Powderhorn, Logan, Elliot and Farview had returned; and people were amazed to first park was established in 1857 with Parks, portions of parkland in what is now discover these creatures thriving in the the donation of an undeveloped cow pas- known as Minnehaha, Columbia and shadow of the city! ture by Edward Murphy, the early devel- Theodore Wirth Parks, along the opment of the park system would not Mississippi River, Minnehaha Creek and With this excess land no longer needed, occur for nearly 25 more years. Despite Lakes Harriet, Calhoun and Isles. the railroad began preparations to sell 28 the establishment of the great urban acres there. Survey stakes soon appeared parks such as Central Park in New York During this early history of Minneapolis, and developers began inquiring about the City and Grant Park in Chicago, Cedar Lake, located northeast of Lake of property. Concerned about the fate of Minneapolis officials were more focused the Isles, figured more prominently in the this land adjacent to Cedar Lake park on other priorities. Frustrated by numer- early history of the railroads than as a land, sixty five residents came together in Concept Master Plan

The purpose of this Concept Master over the next several decades and by potential for the park are described in Plan is to express the shared vision that many others yet to come. Instead, this the first section. A description of the has emerged through an eight year concept master plan describes the current landscapes and associated process of community learning, organiz- major considerations for future park issues follow with recommendations on ing and consensus-building, and to sug- development and suggests how to access, circulation, and use within the gest direction to guide future planning approach them. It provides both the park. The third section contains histori- and stewardship activities. Purposely, inspiration and broad ideas that will cal background on the lands comprising the document does not specify how to result in many park improvements. Cedar Lake Park. The final section achieve this vision. Design details and describes the lakes and plans to restore exact locations for trails, amenities, etc. The plan is divided into several sec- the native plant communities once are likewise not included. Those fea- tions. The vision for Cedar Lake Park found in the area and throughout the tures should be determined in stages and processes to achieve the long-term region.

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 3 Geographic Context

4 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan Cedar Lake Park in 20 Years

Prairie Savanna Maple/Basswood Wet Forest Wetlands Trails

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 5 Vision, Goal, and Process

Atoms spin, planets orbit, galaxies rotate.

Spiral movement is reflected in the entire physical universe.

Diana Balmori’s spiral-inspired designs for sites in land bridge connecting Cedar Lake and Bassett’s Creek Trails... and a design for a metaphorical spring at Cedar Lake Park The Earth is and near Cedar Lake Park: spiral mound on north shore... enveloped in spiral currents of air and water Cedar Lake Park is situated within the which sustain all Our vision for Cedar Lake Park is life and growth. banks of an ancient riverbed. A glacial to restore the lands and waters river flowed here over ten thousand years and create a new Community with Nature ago, until the river cut a new channel where the Mississippi River now flows. through which we can transform Remaining along the river’s old route was ourselves, our city, and our society. a series of depressions which eventually Spirals appear in became the Minneapolis Chain of Lakes. the structures of countless living Of the lakes within the chain, only Cedar things including the nautilus, Our Goal for Cedar Lake Park is Lake’s marshes and nearby woodlands and an uncoiling fern, meadows reflect a natural character. The and even your to bring people and nature together park contains remnants of diverse, native fingerprint. in harmonious community... plant communities, and holds the poten- tial for restoring a wide range of regional a goal symbolized by the spiral. landscapes and wildlife communities.

We have adopted Cedar Lake Park is a place to preserve, nur- the spiral as a symbol of humans ture, and sustain through the next century and nature existing and beyond. Moreover, it is a fitting place as one in balance where the greater urban community can and harmony. invest its attention, efforts, and resources Design for Cedar Grove Step 1. Establish a Sanctuary in the in learning how cities can exist and flourish by Steve Durrant of Jones & Jones Center of the Park while in harmony with nature. We will establish the heart and Within the dry and ancient riverbed, a center of the park where a spring of river of earth awareness can symbolically water once flowed. You might bring flow from Cedar Lake Park, to touch and a pebble here as an offering. We’ll transform our urban environment. plant a grove of trees here to honor those we love.

6 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan A variety of special sites will be places where people can become developed to help people become physically, mentally,emotionally, connected with and marvel at the and spiritually connected with the amazing “web of life.” Some of land, geographically oriented to it these places will be quiet, contem- and more familiar with the plants plative sites that frame a beautiful and animals living there. view, celebrate the mystery of our existence, or offer a sense of spiri- All sites and, indeed the entire tual well-being. Some will provide park, will offer sufficient physical trail amenities offering hospitality design features, amenities, and to park sojourners; others will pro- communication components neces- nificant involvement of citizens vide outdoor ‘laboratories’ which sary to promote learning, respect, who will act in leadership, plan- will engage children, families and and civility among park users. In ning, funding, and volunteer labor adults in formal environmental order to establish a strong bond capacities. inquiry. Most sites will function as between people and the land, every site will be developed with the sig-

Step 2. Establish a System of Trails Step 3. Establish Destinations Step 4. Establish Community along the Trails Connections We will create a system of trails that will facilitate walking, quiet, Along the trails we will enhance By connecting many people, places, and contemplation. The trail system and create sites to engage people and communities with nature and one will also promote the use of bicy- with nature. These will be places another, we will contribute to the cles and other non-motorized forms which foster physical, intellectual, city’s regeneration and higher quality of life. of transportation. It will link the and spiritual growth. park to all parts of the urban area.

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 7 People, Parks, and a Process

1989 1990 1991 1992

Surveyor stakes appear on land MPRB commissions Wirth Design SCLP commits to raising one third of Metropolitan Council’s Park and Open Citizens spearhead efforts at MN MN Legislature approves the SCLP and MPRB form partnership to Hennepin County Regional Railroad Associates to prepare a feasibility funds needed for acquisition Space Commission approves addition Legislature to raise awareness and expenditure of $1.1 million for continue park and trail development Authority joins partnership and Citizens form “Save Cedar Lake Park” study and establishes the first Citizen of park and trail to Regional Park and public funds acquiring the 28 acres approves use of their land for trail (SCLP) Advisory Committee to evaluate idea of Major donors pledge $335,000 toward Trail master Plan. Citizen Advisory Committee formed to Cedar Lake Park and Trail. purchasing the property Minneapolis Star Tribune endorses James Ford Bell Foundation awards work with Brauer and Associates to MN Legislature, as recommended by Over 800 people sign vision SCLP receives a Neighborhood creation of Cedar Lake Park and Trail $5,000 grant and interim, interest-free develop conceptual trail design LCMR, awards MPRB and SCLP endorsement Wirth study concludes the park and Key civic leaders and legislators pledge Environmental Award financing $610,000 for Cedar Lake Trail trail would be beneficial in keeping support Audubon Chapter of Minneapolis Minneapolis Dept. of Public Works “Nurture Nature” T-shirts and “Save with H.W.S. Cleveland’s vision for the Minneapolis City Council amends land pledges entire sanctuary fund, $15,000 SCLP presents a check for $473,700 in applies on behalf of the partnership for SCLP wins Minneapolis CUE (Committee Cedar Lake Park” Buttons sold to raise park system. The circular Grand use plan to”park and open space” toward land purchase private funds to the MPRB for land federal ISTEA funds for trail on Urban Environment) Award money Rounds could become a figure 8 acquisition construction through this new connection between St. Louis Park High School group, “Save First annual volunteer clean-up Mayor of Minneapolis endorses vision the lakes and the Mississippi River. Our Surroundings” donates proceeds Land purchased on November 25th! Hedberg Family Foundation pledges and makes personal contribution from Bowlathon $200,000 toward Cedar Lake Trail 17 eastern bluebirds hatched and development fledged in park through Bluebird Benefit Concert raises money for SCLP Recovery Program

Civic Partnerships The Cedar Lake Park Association and the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board Vision The restoration of the lands Enroll The vision was first shared coordinated an organized effort to formed a partnership to study the fea- sibility of creating Cedar Lake Park and and waters now known as Cedar Lake with those people aware that the rail keep citizens, community and busi- Trail. This partnership then actively Park began with an idea, a vision. yards were being removed and the ness leaders, public officials, and pursued funding for acquiring the land. Seldom is there an opportunity to land was going to be sold on the elected office holders informed. Organize Enlivened by the shared Hundreds of people stepped forward reclaim a large tract of land in center open market. These people embraced to contribute, and today, over 3000 Educate Good decision-making vision, citizens organized as “Save The Minneapolis Department of Public of a major metropolitan area, create a the vision with enthusiasm and urged Cedar Lake Park” (SCLP) to advance households belong to the Works joined the MPRB and SCLP in requires that all of the participants nature preserve, and develop a major a wider sharing of this opportunity. the idea of developing the old train Association. seeking funds for Cedar Lake Trail. are well informed. Information was trail system. A small number of citi- yards into a nature park and connect- Hennepin County Regional Railroad exchanged through formal and infor- zens, familiar with the land on the Communicate The vision, ing trail system. Now known as Shared Leadership and Authority and Burlington Northern mal networks. Special education progress, action steps, and other “Cedar Lake Park Association,” the Consensus From the very begin- Railroad joined the partnership in north and east side of Cedar Lake, events were held, topics researched, information were shared widely with group soon established and began ning, all interested participants were overseeing the design and construc- saw the possibility of creating a and tours were conducted in the many people. Slide/video presenta- implementing the following goals: invited to participate in the leader- tion of the trail. “Cellular One,” now nature park and a system of trails to park. These efforts led to the forma- tions, landscape renderings, and ship of the organization through an Air Touch Cellular, became an addi- connect the Chain of Lakes, the tion of several Citizen Advisory • Share the vision widely information packets were shared at tional contributing partner by con- Mississippi River, neighborhoods, Committees which advised both the open steering committee and neighborhood meetings and with • Enroll supportive and enthusiastic structing the Linden Yard trail station surrounding suburbs, and the historic Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board through a consensus model of deci- other organizations concerned about people into the organization just east of I-394. Ongoing partner- and downtown business districts. and Cedar Lake Park Association on sion-making. These forms of power- environmental and park issues. The • Invite all people to share their ships such as these will be essential if the many issues and decisions con- sharing and participation continue Association was formed, began regu- ideas, skills, time and talents to the full vision for Cedar Lake Park and cerning the park and trail. today. lar publication of a newsletter, and turn the idea into reality. Trail is to be realized.

8 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan 1993 1994 1995 1996

SCLP receives North Star State Bicycle City of Mpls receives $500,000 federal Cellular One (now Air Touch Cellular) Federal highway funds approved for Trail ground-breaking ceremony MPRB Teen Teamworks crew removes Fifth annual clean-up Tree planting project by Cash on Plus Award ISTEA funds for the first phase of Cedar works with the partnership on the completion of trail to Mississippi River several tons of debris from north shore and Twin Cities Tree Trust along Lake Trail creation of Linden Yard Station Presentation of Cedar Lake Trail to U.S. Kenwood-Isles Neighborhood northwest lakeshore CAC completes “Statement of Secretary of Transportation SCLP awarded $10,000 DNR Association allocates $95,000 for Philosophy and Design Principles” Second annual clean-up Third annual clean-up Conservation Partnership Grant to for planning and improvements near 21st Cedar Grove tree planting ceremony Prairie re-contoured and seeded native plant community restoration and Upton Avenue Partnership conducts national search Ospreys reintroduced for design team, and select Jones & Trail Partnership received 1st Annual Completion of first trail construction Chain of Lakes comprehensive planning Jones, Richard Haag and Stragar- Design team completes schematic trail Environmental Award from Federal phase process begins Roscoe-Fausch, Inc. design Highway Admin. in Washington D.C. Trail Opening ceremony on September Fourth annual clean-up 9th

Fundraising During the early 1990’s and continuing today, limited financial resources created a real chal- lenge for acquiring and adding a large piece of land to the park system. However, the importance of this land and its possibilities created the need for greater collaboration between the private and public sectors, without which there would likely not be a park Volunteerism Active and ongo- or trail. To demonstrate its commit- ing citizen involvement continues to ment, the Cedar Lake Park Association be the key to this project’s success. raised one third of the $1.7 million From park clean-ups to creating the required to purchase the land. The Concept Master Plan, volunteers have remaining two thirds was appropriated been the driving force behind the by the Minnesota Legislature in 1991. development of Cedar Lake Park and Additional private funds were also Trail. In one capacity or another, near- raised as matching grants for the fed- ly 1000 people have worked directly eral and state trail funding. By 1996, on this project. An estimated nearly 1,300 individual citizens have 120,000 volunteer hours have been made large and small financial contri- contributed by citizens and profes- butions to Cedar Lake Park and Trail. sionals over the last eight years.

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 9 100 Year Potentials

In 1897, few people could have imag- ined the tremendous changes that would occur to Cedar Lake, Brownie Lake, and the surrounding area over the next 100 years. Reflecting upon those changes and what has been learned, one can wonder what the next 100 years might be like. While the future cannot be predicted with any certainty, the potential of several key aspects will shape the future of Cedar Lake Park. The Potential for Parks

One of America’s great abiding tradi- tions is the development of parks. Ranging from large national parks to small local parks, these special places are much more than just land and water, The open, inclusive and thoughtful into community- learning activities and trees and wildlife, paths and structures. learning process used to guide consen- can significantly reduce maintenance They are primary sites where people can sus-based decisions must continue in costs. Success will, in part, be measured strive to achieve an ideal state—where future park development. Park-based on the level of plant and animal diversity higher standards for individuals and the learning, and funding and operating flourishing in the park. community are established and held. In partnerships between citizens, corpo- concept and deed, parks are a state of rations, civic institutions, and govern- Within the current boundaries of the mind through which our finest and ment this will inspire and create more park, several landscape units found on highest aspirations can be achieved. socially, ecologically, and economically the north and northeast side of Cedar sustainable communities. Lake have been collectively called the At the outset, the efforts to create and “conservancy.” This area includes the People will continue to seek the water’s will be coordinated with residents and This plan strongly urges that the entire develop Cedar Lake Park were focused The Potential for Place mound, the ridge and many plant com- edge here. Yet, it is important to retain other adjacent property owners such as property or, at a minimum, a linear trail on the principle of “Nurturing Nature.” munities which converge to create the the relatively secluded character of this Dayton-Hudson, Burlington Northern corridor and open space buffer become While much environmental attention Over the next few decades a variety of most biological and topographical diversi- area by minimizing negative human Railroad, Jones-Harrison Residence, an official part of Cedar Lake Park. continues to be focused on remote native plant communities will be estab- ty within the park. It is here that the land impacts. Sanctioned activities would be and others. In essence, property own- wilderness areas untouched by human lished throughout Cedar Lake Park. and natural resource ethic will be given concentrated in the beach and gateway ers are within the park rather than next The Potential for hands, citizens were moved to take an Expansive prairies, stately maple-bass- the highest priority. As a park center, areas by realigning the main trail, to it . The likelihood for greater stew- Connections active role in restoring and protecting wood and oak forests, the transitional people can experience tranquillity and removing excess trails, strategically ardship and involvement in park-related nature within the city. Here, it was rea- remoteness and yet look up and see the oak savanna and functional wetlands revegetating, and sensitively developing activities is thusincreased. Over time, the stewardship ethic estab- soned, if people could repair and heal a downtown Minneapolis skyline just a few will once again be part of the city land- associated amenities. lished at Cedar Lake Park can be extend- portion of the lands and waters which miles away. In the short term, many of Within this context, the disposition of scape. In some areas, this will require ed to other places in the region via an had been altered and damaged by pre- the initial development and restoration Over the long term, it is envisioned the Hennepin County Regional Railroad significant, immediately observable expanding network of linear parks. Like vious and current generations, a signifi- efforts such as the spiraling cedar grove that the park will extend from the tree- Authority land adjacent to the entire changes such as the removal of non- rhizomes stretching out from the moth- cant change could take place among a will be focused in this area. Over time, tops that line the bluffs to the north east side of the park is of major con- native and invasive vegetation, closing er plant, these linear parks will be born multitude of people. Thus, from the shoreline improvements will be extended and east. Defined this way, Cedar Lake cern. This land includes the proposed paths and eliminating human activities from the ongoing changes in transporta- beginning, the process of environmen- to enwrap both lakes including them as Park would visually transcend the Kenilworth Trail and facilitates trail that adversely affect the natural envi- tion, industry, communication, and tal inquiry and associated activities has part of the conservancy. boundaries with private property. These connections to the Midtown Greenway, ronment. In other cases, the changes other land-use decisions. These new been community-based. surrounding property owners would be Lake of the Isles and nearby neighbor- will be more subtle over many years. parks will reach their pitch of social sig- Adjacent to the ‘sanctuary -like’ aspects invited to enter into voluntary hoods. The site of the former New seeds will sprout, old trees will die, nificance, and consequently their politi- Through past efforts, a place has now of the conservancy, Upton Woods is covenants that complement the sus- Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad repair and native tree plantings will eventually cal challenge, where they converge on been established where a harmonious likely to emphasize social gathering, tainable nature of the park and mini- shops were located on this land should dominate existing woodlands. Natural the city center. Here they will truly balance between people and nature in a harmonious recreational activities and, mize negative impacts. Wildlife, vege- be studied for evidence of industrial resource management, based upon eco- come into their own as they bridge the thriving, urban setting can be achieved. increasingly, environmental learning. tation and other management practices pollution and mitigated as necessary. logical principles, will be incorporated divisions between people and nature,

10 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan munities. Quality and excellence in * The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Cedar Lake Park will depend on a conti- Board is legally and functionally nuity of vision that is held by the com- responsible for park planning, opera- munity and not solely by a governmen- tions, enforcement, and interpretation tal agency. With adequate opportuni- within the park. As such, MPRB staff ties for gathering information and dis- are integral to the continued and future cussing ideas, the majority of people do success of the park and community. make sound, often profound, decisions. Without this community knowledge, The Potential for trust and participation, parks(and Partnerships cities) cannot reach their full potential. The future years will be a challenging Cedar Lake Park has traditionally been a period of diminishing resources and remote and wild place where people escalating demands on local govern- have come to escape the trappings and ment and non-profit organizations. At constraints of everyday city life. They the same time, cities of the future will have come to experience freedom. Our be very different from present cities goal is to preserve this tradition of per- because they will face a new set of sonal freedom while influencing park socio-economic, technological, envi- visitors to practice respect, restraint, ronmental and global forces unlike and responsibility. The combination of those affecting cities today. These excellent design, effective communica- changes will affect the way that people tion, opportunities for learning and par- live in their communities, after their and the creation of design features which impound lot. While the land bridge would ticipation, as well as citizen and police physical form and function, and, most would further enhance and interpret the span the railroad at Bryn Mawr Meadows, enforcement, will all be necessary to critically, influence how they are historical character of the district. These the greenways would provide an ideal ensure that this balance can be attained. ideas need to be brought forward in an buffer between light industrial and resi- planned and (re)developed. Making open and creative public process that dential sections and raise the property Environmental awareness, understand- wise choices will mean sharing will ensure design excellence. values within sections of the Near North ing, and stewardship will be the basis for resources and reducing waste. It means neighborhood. In the process, an addi- community involvement at Cedar Lake harmoniously integrating people, The development of the Bassett Creek tional length of Bassett Creek would be Park. A rich “learning and doing” envi- knowledge, and resources for the com- and Kenilworth Trails as part of the City “day lighted” and diverted into a new ronment will be established through the mon and greatest good. of Minneapolis’ Five Year Bicycle Plan wetland flowing into Spring Lake. coordination of three principal entities: should be vigorously supported, as The success of land acquisition efforts should the St. Louis Park trail connec- The Potential of People * A “Council of Stewards” will be and subsequent development strategy for tion west of Highway 100. Additional formed by people who have con- Cedar Lake Park is attributable in great neighborhood trail linkages to these In parks, we expect a higher standard tributed significantly to the park. This measure to the spirit of partnership, commuter trails should be encouraged of civility and respect among park users will include citizens, Park Board offi- trust, and working relationships between to foster non-motorized transportation. than that which is experienced in the cials, ecologists, landscape architects citizens, businesses, governmental juris- Significant efforts to study, plan, and everyday world. By tradition, parks are and others who can act as trustees of dictions, and private and public institu- implement comprehensive improve- consensual spaces. From baseball to the shared vision for Cedar Lake Park. tions. Central to this partnership has ments to the area surrounding the aged biking, from birdwatching to picnicking, This council will participate in ongoing been the unprecedented collaboration Cedar Lake Parkway bridge between multi-cultural and inter-generational information and learning activities and between Cedar Lake Park Association and Brownie and Cedar Lakes should be park users recreate in parks according meet in the park at least twice a year. the Minneapolis Park and Recreation between country and city. Human activ- The most immediate task is to complete undertaken to facilitate safer and more to rules that establish a common basis Board. The many awards received to date * “Stewardship Volunteers” will work ities already attuned to nature and high the extension of the Cedar Lake Trail to pleasant pedestrian, bicycle, canoe, for cooperation and consensus. attest, in small part, to the value of this quality design based upon ecological the Mississippi River. There have been automobile, bus, and train usage. in cooperation with the Minneapolis partnership model. More importantly, a principles will be further integrated into numerous suggestions for encouraging A very high priority on consensus- Park and Recreation Board, Cedar Lake vibrant partnership must continue in institutions of learning, the arts, new public-private development of contigu- One of the most inspiring connections making has been placed in all aspects Park Steering Committee, and the order to meet the future challenges facing business, and technological advance- ous open spaces in the historic ware- calls for the creation of greenways and an of planning because shared knowledge, Council of Stewards to integrate and the City of Minneapolis, its park system, ments to create more livable cities. house district, promotion of new com- earthen “land bridge” to reconnect north beliefs, and values are the foundation implement the shared values that guide and Cedar Lake Park. mercial enterprises serving trail users, and south Minneapolis near the city’s for harmonious and sustainable com- planning and operational activities.

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 11 Restoration of Native Plant Communities

Oak Forest

Maple-Basswood Forest TREES Red Oak quercus borealis Wet Forest TREES White Oak quercus alba Sugar Maple acer saccharum Bur Oak quercus macrocarpa TREES American Basswood tilia americana Black Cherry prunus serotina Black Willow salix nigra Ironwood ostrya virginiana Bitternut Hickory carya cordiformis Wetland Silver Maple acer saccharinum Blue Beech carpinus caroliniana Bigtooth Aspen populus grandidentata Eastern Cottonwood populus deltoides Black Walnut juglans nigra Quaking Aspen populus tremuloides GRASSES American Elm ulnus americana Red Oak quercus borealis Pin Cherry prunus pennsylvanica Cattail typha latifolia Green Ash fraxinus pennsylvania Giant Bur-reed sparganium eurypcarpum Hackberry celtis occidentalis SHRUBS/VINES SHRUBS Hardstem Bulrush scirpus acutus Common Elderberry sambucus pubens Juneberry amelancier laevis Needle Spike-rush eleocharis acicularis SHRUBS/VINES Prickly Gooseberry ribes cynosbati Chokecherry prunus virginiana Reed Grass phragmites australis Speckled Alder alnus incana Wild Plum prunus americana Wool Grass scirpus cyperinus Red Alder alnus rugosa FERNS/FORBS American Hazel corylus americana Red-osier Dogwood cornus sericea Maidenhair Fern adiantum pedatum Beaked Hazel corylus cornuta Ostrich Fern matteuccia struthiopteris Gray Dogwood cornus racemosa FORBS Common Elderberry sambucus pubens Jack-in-the Pulpit arisamea triphylum Raspberry rubus sp. Sweet Flag acorus calamus Highbush Cranberry viburnum trilobum Dutchman’s Breeches dicentra cucullaria Smooth Sumac rhus glabra Bladderwort utricularia vulgaris Buttonbush cephalanthus occidentalis Wild Ginger asarum canadensis Marsh Marigold calthra palustris Virginia Creeper parthenocissus quinquefolia Hepatica hepatica americana FORBS Yellow Water Lily nuphar variegatum Wild Grape vitis riparia Wild Geranium geranium maculatum Virginia Strawberry fragaria virginiana Water Plantain alisma plantago-aquatica Bloodroot sanguinaria canadensis Wild Geranium geranium maculatum Duck Potato saggitaria latifolia FORBS Lady Fern athryium felix-femina Wild Iris iris versicolor Horsetails equisetum sp. Interupted Fern osmunda claytoniana Jewelweed impatiens capensis Wood Nettle urtica sp. Cardinal Flower lobelia cardinalis Showy Trillium trillium grandiflora Virginia Waterleaf hydrophyllum virgianum Spring Beauty claytonia virginica Jewelweed impatiens capensis Canada May Flower anemone canadensis Sensitive Fern onoclea sensibilis White Trout Lily erythonium albidum Virginia Bluebells mertensia virginica Solomon’s Seal polygonatum biflorum

12 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan Oak Savanna Prairie TREES GRASSES Bur Oak quercus macrocarpa Switch Grass panicum virgatum GRASSES FORBS Red Cedar juniperus virginiana Side Oats Grama bouteloua curtipendula White Prairie Clover dalea candidum Little Bluestem andropogon scoparius Little Bluestem andropogon scoparius Prairie Larkspur delphinium virescens Blue Grama bouteloua gracilis Prairie Dropseed sprobolus heterolepsis SHRUBS Lupine lupinus perenis June Grass koelaria macrantha Sideoats Grama bouteloua curtipendula Chokecherry prunus virginiana Black-eyed Susan rudebeckia hirta Canada Wild Rye elymus canadensis Kalm’s Brome bromus kalmi Gray Dogwood cornus foemina Big Bluestem andropogon gerardii Showy Goldenrod solidago speciosa American Hazlenut corylus americana Rough Blazingstar liatris aspera FORBS Prairie Cordgrass spartina pectinata Leadplant amorpha canescens Bush Clover lespedeza capitata Butterfly Milkweed asclepias tuberosa Bluejoint Grass calamogrostis canadensis New England Aster aster novae-angliae Yarrow achillea millefolium Great Bulrush scirpus validus Joe-pye-Weed eupatorium maculatum Prairie Onion allium stellatum Pennsyvania Sedge carex pennsylvania Bottle Gentian gentiana flavida Purple Prairie Clover dalea purpureum June Grass koeleria cristata Prairie Dock silphium terebinthinaceum Dotted Blazingstar liatris punctata Needle Grass stipa spartea Cup Plant silphium perfoliatum Prairie Phlox phlox pillosa Blue Grama bouteloua gracilis Culver’s Root veronicastrum virginicum Stiff Goldenrod solidago rigida Swamp Milkweed asclepias incarnata Common Oxeye heliopsis helianthoides Prairie Smoke geum triflorum Fragrant Hyssop agastache foeniculum Stiff Sunflower helianthus rigidus Azure Aster aster oolentangiensis Slender Penstemon penstemon gracilis Stiff Tickseed coreopsis palmata Gray Coneflower ratibida pinnata Golden Aster heterotheca villosa Prairie Phlox phlox pilosa Wild Bergamot monarda fistulosa Zig zag Goldenrod solidago flexicaulis Hoary Vervain verbena stricta Wild Bergamont monarda fistulosa

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 13 Design Approach Full text of the 1993 Citizens’ Advisory Committee’s Statement Of Philosophy & Design Principles

It is critical that the process used to As any park project moves from con- Philosophy Opportunity Purpose ✶ MINIMIZE human artifacts and create both small and large scale park cept, through schematic design and amenities within the conservancy Seldom is there an opportunity to Our purpose is to establish and man- improvement projects continues to fol- detailed construction or planting docu- As people of the earth, we are part of area. reclaim a large tract of land in the cen- age a harmonious community of soil, low the principles used in establishing ments to implementation and comple- an interdependent community of air, ter of a major metropolitan area, create water, plants, wildlife, and people while ✶ INTEGRATE the surrounding land Cedar Lake Park. tion, it is critical that the following soil, water, plants and animals. For life, a nature preserve and develop a com- providing access for people to experi- and land uses to complement and guidelines be used: we depend on clean air, drinkable patible trail system for non-motorized ence the park and to travel by trail enhance the park. 1. Identify and convene stakeholders, water, nutritious food, healing reme- transportation. When the opportunity throughout the region by non-polluting or their representatives, in meet- 1. The Statement of Philosophy and dies, protective clothing and adequate ✶ FACILITATE experiences in which occurs, it must be seized and made a forms of transportation. ings that are open to, and respect- Design Principles, developed by the shelter. To enrich our lives, we need to people learn about nature and gain reality. ful of, all people of goodwill who Citizen Advisory Committee, will experience nature’s breadth and beau- Timetable greater appreciation for humanity’s wish to attend and participate in be used to design each part of the ty, power and poetry, mystery and To meet such a challenge, it is vital for role in the web of life. Although the existing land surrounding the planning and implementation park as well as for the park as a majesty. individuals, business, government, Cedar Lake and the newly acquired ✶ CELEBRATE people living in harmo- process. whole. institutions and organizations to work tracts appear wild and natural, nearly ny with nature and each other. We must respect, protect and nurture together at unprecedented levels of 2. Review current information on the 2. Issues involving smaller portions of every portion has been significantly nature in all its diversity. Failure to do service, commitment and cooperation. nature and location of the pro- the park need to be addressed in disturbed over the last century. Left to so, directly and indirectly leads to the When these partnerships unite in posed improvements, soil and the context of the entire park. purely natural processes, this land can- Design Principles degradation of our life support system, efforts to improve the quality of life water conditions, and plant and not regain its full potential. While the threatening life’s quality and our very and the liveability of our communities, Through the process of identifying, dis- animal communities that may be 3. Each project will be based on pre- beginning stages of restoration will survival. we see the world as it can truly be. cussing and refining all of the consider- affected, as well as human uses serving and improving the soils, require more active and noticeable ations for the park and trail, a series of and activities. water quality, and the overall eco- Cedar Lake Park with its connecting management, natural processes will be With more stress being imposed upon design principles have evolved. logical integrity of the project site. trails is a unique opportunity to trans- the primary element of change natural ecosystems by increasing Organized within the framework of the 3. Identify, gather and review addi- form our urban landscape and the way throughout this long-term plan. We 4. Native plant communities should urbanization and short-sighted plan- aforementioned objectives, these prin- tional information and ideas need- a city functions. To create a nature park envision that the development of this be chosen on the basis of existing ning, our future will depend on redevel- ciples have been developed to guide, ed prior to selecting/ hiring with a variety of ecological communi- sanctuary will continue well into the vegetation and the appropriate oping cities which function more har- not dictate, the specific design of the prospective consultants, prepara- ties and trails in the heart of the city next century and be sustained there- ecological conditions found in each moniously with nature. Towards that park and ensure ongoing citizen tion of design plans, or purchasing provides real hope for a new vision for after. part of the park. end, it is vitally important to preserve involvement in the use and develop- services or materials. the future. With a significant land base and expand natural areas within exist- Objectives ment of the park and trail. As the now secured, the challenge of Cedar 4. Develop consensus on the appro- 5. If there is a choice between differ- ing cities where citizens can directly Citizens Advisory Committee, we sub- Lake Park and Trails must be met To realize the promise and challenge of priate course of action and autho- ent plant species, priority should experience nature and its rhythms and mit the following as the design princi- through a sensitive and creative design. creating and sustaining a nature con- rize designated leadership to act in be given to those species which are cycles. ples for Cedar Lake Park and Trail: servancy and connecting trail system in a manner consistent with this con- attractive to wildlife. Partnership the center of an urban area, objectives PROTECT and improve the water sensus. Through personal encounters with 6. Human activities and park Strong, independent citizen action, car- must be clearly stated. As the Citizens’ resource and soils. nature and reflective learning, we improvements should foster posi- ried out in concert with the Park Board, Advisory Committee, we submit the 5. Communicate the proposal, back- increase our appreciation of nature’s ✶ Alter the existing topography and tive personal experiences as well as has made Cedar Lake Park and connect- following objectives for Cedar Lake Park ground, consensus, actions and ways and humanity’s role in the web of soils in those areas where modifica- promote harmonious interaction ing trails possible. The continuation of and Trails: subsequent progress to all partners life. These experiences refresh our spir- tions will reduce/eliminate erosion between people and the natural this broad-based, independent citizen and participants including neigh- its, strengthen our bond with all living ✶ PROTECT and improve the water and improve the soil conditions nec- environment. involvement in the design, develop- bors, donors, park users, govern- beings, and remind us of the impact of resources and soils. essary for establishing native plant ment and governance of the park and mental bodies, and other civic our individual and collective decisions. communities or to otherwise cre- trails is essential if Cedar Lake Park is ✶ RECONSTITUTE a variety of native entities. Aware of nature’s gifts, we need to ate/improve park amenities. to realize its full potential. Continuing plant communities which reflect ever renew our commitment to nurture to build on past cooperative efforts, lake, wetland, prairie, savannah, ✶ Consider features with historical or nature locally and work for a sustain- this new level of partnership — marked woodland and forest ecosystems. cultural significance as park ameni- able, global community. by shared decision-making by citizens, ties to be incorporated into the ✶ MANAGE the plant and animal the Park Board and other public agen- overall design. communities for their long-term cies — will assure the realization and integrity, stability and beauty. future preservation of the vision/pur- pose of the park and trails. ✶ CONNECT ecosystems, green corri- dors, and trail systems.

14 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan ✶ Improve the quality of water enter- MANAGE the plant and animal ✶ Extend green (wildlife) corridors and ✶ Restrict the use of motorized vehi- ✶ Develop cooperative agreements for •excludes bicycles and in-line ing Cedar Lake by increasing the communities for their long term non-motorized trails from Cedar cles (except wheelchairs) from the existing and future adjacent land skates and seriously consider the vegetative buffer along the shoreline integrity, stability and beauty. Lake Park and Trails to connect non- interior of the park except for emer- owners which includes such things temporary exception of mountain (except for currently established contiguous parks and natural areas. gency purposes and/or required as land trusts and covenants. bikes on the hilly, highly filled ✶ Emphasize natural succession in beaches), by minimizing impervious maintenance activities. area on the east side of Cedar implementing the transition from MINIMIZE human artifacts and FACILITATE experiences in which surfaces where direct runoff into the Lake and limited access to that undesired to desired vegetative amenities in the conservancy area. ✶ Remove human artifacts which are people learn about nature and gain lake is likely to occur, and by other site until an area can be devel- species. not considered park amenities. greater appreciation for humanity’s appropriate methods. ✶ Restrict buildings (including oped for mountain biking in some role in the web of life. ✶ Utilize integrated pest management restrooms and information kiosks) INTEGRATE the surrounding land other location. RECONSTITUTE a variety of native principles and minimal chemical use to designated entrances and/or and land uses to complement and ✶ Provide a variety of interpretive plant communities which reflect ✶ Encourage Park Police to be on foot to control disease and exotic along the outside perimeter of the enhance the park. experiences and materials focusing lake, wetland, prairie, savannah, on other non-motorized means species, reconstitute native plant conservancy with sensitivity to on the natural resources, history, woodland and forest ecosystems. ✶ Maintain and/or improve existing while providing protection, law communities, or otherwise maintain neighborhood concerns. and current and future management sites and create new sites which enforcement and interpretive oppor- ✶ Convert and maintain the large open the desired plant and animal com- plans for the park. ✶ Consider the use of vegetation or provide significant vistas within the tunities for park and trail visitors. expanse to the north and northeast munities. materials which appear natural as park or of the surrounding area ✶ Establish an interior pedestrian-ori- of Cedar Lake primarily as Oak CELEBRATE people living in harmo- ✶ Maximize habitat edges to encour- barriers to reduce noise and light (including the downtown skyline) ented trail system which: Savannah (native prairie grasses, ny with nature and each other. age wildlife diversity. from entering the conservancy area. with sensitivity to neighborhood flowers and scattered oak trees). •respects topographical features, considerations. ✶ Create, use and make available ✶ Retain a significant number of dead ✶ Restrict artificial lighting to desig- plant communities and designat- ✶ Manage the upland areas currently graphics of the park and trails which trees unless they are endangering nated park entrances and along the ✶ Create transition experiences for the ed wildlife preserves. containing mature oak trees primari- symbolized a harmonious relation- visitor safety, park facilities or har- commuter bike trail at the lowest designated park entrances and ly as Oak Woodlands with prairie •provides access to the most ship between people and nature. boring harmful insects and/or dis- level possible without compromising selected neighborhood access openings. important features of the park by ease. a high level of commuter trail usage. points. ✶ Create opportunities for people of all balancing visual interest, the ✶ Convert and maintain the remaining ages, backgrounds and cultures to ✶ Conduct authorized burning for land ✶ Locate the most conspicuous sig- ✶ Disperse designated entrances along sense of solitude and the need for forested areas and other areas not actively participate in educational management objectives. nage, in a style reflective of this the main transportation routes. safety. suitable for savannah or prairie to programs, management activities park, at the designated entrances Maple Basswood Forest with other ✶ Increase selected wildlife popula- ✶ Emphasize public transportation and •provides representative park and other related service projects. and/or along the park perimeter. native tree and shrub species scat- tions by providing songbird feeding non-motorized vehicles as the pri- experiences and highlighted fea- ✶ Plan a variety of events which bring tered among this community. stations and artificial nesting struc- ✶ Design interpretive signage for the mary means for accessing the park tures for physically disabled visi- people together in and on behalf of tures. interior of the park to be unobtru- with small, dispersed parking areas tors. ✶ Enhance and expand the wetland the park and the trail. sive and long lasting. located adjacent to or near the park. communities along the lakeshore ✶ Consider a transitional area on mar- •provides limited access by motor- ✶ Encourage Park Police to be on foot particularly in those locations where ginal sites within the park/trail corri- ✶ Provide trail location markers and ✶ Locate commuter bike trails and ized emergency and maintenance or other non-motorized means storm water runoff is most likely to dor for an unleashed dog exercise means for emergency communica- associated amenities along the park vehicles. while providing protection, law occur. area. Established ordinances as they tion. perimeter and encourage these trail • facilitates both hiking and cross enforcement and interpretive oppor- pertain to dogs and other domestic users to visit and experience the ✶ Reestablish/establish additional ✶ Develop rest areas and points of country skiing. tunities for park and trail visitors. animals will be enforced in other park interior on foot. wetlands (ephemeral ponds, wet interest which are reflective of the areas. meadows, marshes and/or streams), park, sensitive to the topography ✶ Develop and implement a “best based upon historic evidence and ✶ Use low-impact, non-motorized and constructed primarily of natural management plan” for the water- the suitability of the topography and maintenance practices to the extent materials. sheds contributing surface water to soils to the extent possible. possible. Cedar Lake. ✶ Encourage the use of natural materi- ✶ Plant Red Cedar trees as individuals CONNECT ecosystems, green corri- als, including vegetation, for any ✶ Extend the reconstitution of native or in small groupings in the drier dors and trail systems. required barriers with special con- plant communities to lands adjacent portions of the park and along the sideration for wildlife movement and to the park and trail corridor includ- ✶ Link all types of trails in and through commuter trail corridor(s). the necessary duration for such bar- ing existing park land, railroad right- the park to provide a variety of com- Laurie Lundy, Carol White, riers. of-way and willing private property ✶ Plant White Cedar and Tamarack patible experiences and uses for and Martin Richmond were ✶ owners. among the thirty-five citi- trees near the lakeshore. both park visitors and commuter Provide solid waste and recycling zens who signed the ✶ trail users. containers at designated entrances, Develop protocol for identifying and Statement of Philosophy heavily used sites and along the evaluating potential acquisition and Design Principles docu- commuter trail corridor(s). parcels. ment on March 1, 1993.

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 15 Activities Evaluation

Activities Description Potential Benefits Potential Negative Impacts Appropriate Locations Recommendations

Biology experiments/demonstrations Classroom visits to outdoor laboratory. Groups could be disruptive to passive Places where group access to collec- Careful control of group necessary. Taking of samples for field or in-class users and wildlife. Careless sample tion/demonstration point is possible Forethought to gathering and disrup- observation. gathering could cause damage. without damage. tion to peace and quiet.

Bird & wildlife observation Passive observation of animals from Aggressive pursuit could disrupt some From trail accessible places. Discourage off-trail pursuit to increase viewing blinds, platforms or trails. species. habitat value of continuous natural landscapes

Cross-country Skiing Wintertime active sport with adequate Can be disruptive of wildlife. Limit to peripheral Landscapes and Limit to established higher level trails, snow cover using established trails or transition areas. discourage bushwhacking. breaking new trails.

Digging and fort building Childhood adventure play activity com- Disruptive of immediate surroundings, Point of activity is to explore and create Hard to program, purposefully locate or mon to unprogrammed or vacant litter and unkempt appearance. Intrusion in an unprogrammed, unsupervised exclude. Can be discouraged by remov- places. Use of found materials, excava- of a human element in landscape. location. ing materials and obliterating traces. tion of pits and tunnels.

Dog training Varied activities in woods, grassland and Disruption of birds and other wildlife. Large parks and park reserves where User conflicts minimized at low traffic open water to train dog in retrieval, Off-trail traffic in conservancy. Urine distributed training exercises can be times of day (early AM) and possibly pointing, tracking and other hunting and defecation. Off-leash dogs conflict absorbed without user conflicts and seasonally. Training limited to a desig- techniques. Usually conducted off-leash. with other passive users. disruption of the resources. nated area could localize wildlife dis- ruption and include storm water wet- land for processing waste.

Dog walking On-leash exercising of pets within Defecation and urination contributing On established trails, possibly limited Requires establishing a user etiquette. established trails. to degradation of lake water quality, to higher level trails. quality of human experience of place.

Fire building Unprogrammed activity usually con- Damage from fire wood gathering, Designated facilities in areas developed Provide fire fuel, fire extinguishing fined to an established defacto fire ring. singeing of overhanging branches, dis- for high level of use, in periphery or equipment scheduled cleanup, trash placement of wildlife, concentration of transition areas. receptacles, supervision. traffic resulting in erosion.

Fishing Casting from shore or boat. Littering, mechanical damage to vegeta- Dry shore areas without cat tail wet- tion and soil to accommodate acces- lands. Fishing structures such as docks sories or create clearing at water’s edge. to facilitate and concentrate use.

Free running dogs Off-leash dog exercise. Owner usually Chasing of birds and wildlife. Conflicts Possibly within designated dog running Minimize wildlife displacement, create on existing trails, pet running free on with other passive users. Urination and area at periphery of conservancy where user etiquette to limit user conflicts. trail and across landscape. defecation contributing to degradation wetland available for processing surface of water quality in lake. water.

Hand carry boating Human powered boats such as canoes, Mechanical damage to vegetation and Established armored launching areas Can be harmoniously accommodated at small sail boats and sail boards. soils along pathways, at water’s edge. and beaches. Hidden Beach.

16 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan Source: Jones & Jones • Richard Haag Associates • October 25, 1993 Activities Description Potential Benefits Potential Negative Impacts Appropriate Locations Recommendations

Hard surface trail biking Linear use of an established facility. Once trails are established there are Established trails at periphery of core Can be harmonious if bike use is limit- Speed and congestion not compatible few impacts other than increased conservancy landscapes. ed to periphery. Provides community with some passive pedestrian uses. accessibility for users. visibility. Provide bike racks and signing to keep bike use off of footpaths.

Ice Skating An active winter use of artificial rinks Artificially filled rinks could create an Grouped with other active use areas Provide warming facilities (shelter or or lake surface. active use inappropriate to some areas. (Hidden Beach and associated struc- fire place with fuel). Sanitary facilities. Wood gathering, warming fires, trails tures). to lake, etc. could cause damage to vegetation and soils.

Jogging On-trail running for exercise. Disruptive of slower trail users where Established higher level trails, especial- Limit to periphery and transition areas trail congestion is a problem. ly in more urban parts. and highest level trails.

Mountain bicycling Rough terrain cycling with hazards and Creates new trails, mechanical damage Dedicated areas which do not have Could be harmonious in a restored area challenges such as steep slopes (up & to vegetation, soil compaction and ero- sensitive plants or animals or other within the public works section of the down), trees, rocks, etc. Speed and sion. Disrupts and displaces wildlife. conflicting user groups or that are spa- Cedar Lake Trail corridor. Inadequate noise not harmonious with passive use cious enough to accommodate without space available to accommodate all of same terrain. displacement. uses in Burnham Woods.

Organized sports League, team and pickup sports with Trampling of vegetation and disruption Urban parks and play fields. Discourage within conservancy. Not an two or more people. Usually requires a of wildlife. Displaces passive uses. appropriate activity for conservancy. play field of some sort.

Picnicking Eating out of doors. Littering, inappropriate foods and tam- Established picnic places with or with- Provide trash receptacles scheduled ing of wildlife. Defecation and urination out tables at periphery or transition maintenance. Limit to informal groups. by humans. areas.

Radio control planes, boats, cars Running of motorized remote con- Noise disrupts wildlife and detracts Urban spaces and designated places Not an appropriate activity for conser- trolled vehicles on land, water or air. from open space experience of other where noise is less noticeable. vancy. passive users.

Roller Skating Use of hard surface trails. Fast pace dis- Use limited to smooth, hard surfaces Established trails intended for wheeled rupts and conflicts with pedestrian by wheel size. use. traffic in congested areas.

Swimming & sun bathing Swimming, wading and lounging in the Casual use of surrounding woods for Established beaches such as Hidden Should become a recognized beach immediate environs of a beach. changing, fire wood gathering, defica- Beach. with changing and sanitary facilities tion and urination. Littering. provided. Group with other compli- mentary or time/season shifted uses.

Source: Jones & Jones • Richard Haag Associates • October 25, 1993 Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 17 Current Landscapes

The lands and waters comprising Cedar large ridge with many mature oaks. This 5 Upton Woods 7 Southeast Shore 10 Western Coves 12 Brownie Lake Lake Park have changed significantly ridge resulted from the railroads lower- over time and the park now encompass- ing and leveling the surrounding land Of all of the park areas, this unit from This very narrow strip of parkland is This section of western shoreline This unit includes all park land sur- es many very diverse areas. Locations for the intersecting rail lines. Numerous West 21st Street to the end of Upton adjacent to several private residences extends south from the north portion rounding Brownie Lake north of the and park features are known by a variety hobo camps were located here during Avenue receives the heaviest concen- along both Cedar Lake and the channel of Louise Point to the stormwater out- railroad.Extensive areas of buckthorn of names while topography, ecological the mid 1900’s. Developing a path sys- tration of people pursuing a wide vari- to Lake of the Isles. In most areas, the let from Cedar Meadows. Louise Point need to be eliminated in woodlands features and human activities vary tem that connects existing trails and ety of recreational activities. It is the land appears to be private rather than currently contains one of three swim- and native species of forest communi- greatly within the park. At the same allows park users to experience and primary eastern entrance into the park public. Boundaries need to be clearly ming beaches on the lake, a small park- ties need to be planted. The turf area time, these features and uses have cre- enjoy the ridge while improving the and is the recommended location for established with different use provi- ing lot, large turf area, and canoe dock. on the north side of the lake was con- ated a wide set of issues and challenges. diversity of the forest communities are one of three major gateways. The main sions by the property owners. Wetland Another small parking lot and fishing verted to prairie in 1996. The large, high priorities. attractions are the relatively secluded and shoreline plantings, to help desig- dock are located on the southern concrete stormwater outlet on the To establish a common vocabulary for beach known as “hidden beach,” and nate actual parkland should still pro- peninsula known as Finlander’s Point. north side of the lake is no longer func- locations and features, as well as to 3 North Shore an expanding trail network for walking, vide views of the lake and some access Native tree, shrub, and wetland planti- tional and should be removed or cov- highlight many current issues and biking, and exercising dogs through the by the residents. Design changes to the ngs should be undertaken throughout ered with soil and then revegetated.The opportunities, the park has been divid- This unit includes the area between dense woods. During the summer channel will have to be considered this unit. A picnic and informal play informal walking trail around the lake ed into various “landscape units.” The Cedar Lake and the southern edge of months, high levels of traffic, street quite soon due to its deteriorating con- area could be developed on a portion requires improvements, and a direct names for each of these units are based Cedar Lake Trail from the Brownie Lake parking, and late-night parties have dition. A pedestrian trail connection Louise Point with an interpretive kiosk connection with Cedar Lake Trail is crit- on geographical, ecological, topograph- channel to the east side of the promi- adversely affected the neighborhood. along the north side of the channel to inform visitors about the park, water ical. Designated and improved shoreline nent mound. The existing grove of cot- ical or some other feature. Since these Comprehensive planning, addressing from the Kenilworth trail corridor to quality, etc... access, fishing and canoe landing sites, units have been developed primarily for tonwoods near the channel needs to be these issues while creating social and the existing lakeshore trail should be enhanced with greater native tree and Northwestern Shore wetland plantings, and purple looset- planning purposes, the boundaries ecological balance, must be undertak- considered. 11 rife control would enhance this unit. between each unit have not been rigid- shrub diversity which would help con- en. Toward that goal, the “Big Woods Extending from the Cedar Lake Parkway Vegetation management on the adja- ly defined. Each description includes solidate the informal trail network and Project”, a major forest and savanna 8 South Shore bridge south to Louise Point, this is cent Dayton- Hudson property could general location, current issues, design eliminate the informal shoreline trail. A restoration effort, west of Upton small, trail loop with shoreline access This narrow unit extends on both sides one of the narrowest sections of the be integrated into the park’s native ideas, and ecological restoration plans. Avenue, will begin in 1997. nodes and connections to the paved of Cedar Lake Parkway from the Cedar park. In fact, it is one of the few areas plant communities. Meadows stormwater outlet to the within the entire park system where Cedar Prairie trail for people with disabilities could 6 Burnham Woods 13 Western Extension 1 be easily accommodated in this area. intersection with Burnham Road. The the bike and pedestrian trails are com- This is the largest unit, extending along Removal of large sections of old road This unit extends from Cedar Lake to most prominent feature is south beach. bined. Due to the deteriorating condi- This long narrow corridor extends from the Burlington Northern Railroad from pavement along the shore should be the Kenilworth Corridor between Since there is a residential stormwater tion of the parkway bridge, a compre- the Burlington Northern Railroad right- the Brownie Lake channel to Interstate undertaken. The shoreline vegetation Burnham Road and West 21st Street. outlet near this beach, no nearby park- hensive design of the area needs to be of-way on the south side of the active I-394 overpass bridge. Most of this area needs to be enhanced with native This tract includes a variety of land- ing, and two other beaches exist on the undertaken. Roadway width, grade, and rail line to the top of the wooded bluff was reshaped and planted with a vari- species, providing multiple views of the forms since it was a former landfill and lake, this beach could be closed and alignment, traffic rerouting and trail from Cedar Lake Parkway west to ety of prairie species in 1995. The lake. The mound is a significant feature dumping ground for road materials. consolidated with the beach on Louise connections should be considered. Highway 100. A major entrance to the southern edge is a mix of different of the park and its restoration, access, With its varied topography and wood- Point. Wetland plantings would help Property boundary issues west of Cedar Trail, located near Ewing Avenue, is woodlands, two old gravel roads, sever- and possible amenities deserve special ed condition, it has become a regional filter runoff and reduce shoreline ero- Lake Parkway need to be resolved. An near the site of one of three major al informal foot paths, and the new attention. destination for mountain bikers. sion. Native tree and shrub plantings informal entrance to Cedar Lake Trail gateways proposed for the park. Cedar Grove. The third major gateway is Increased usage has created more trails, should facilitate numerous lake views. from the Parkway needs to be improved Enhancing the current woodland vege- 4 North Cove erosion, injuries, and conflicts with and identified with signage to eliminate contemplated near I-394 for park visi- 9 Cedar Meadows tation by removing buckthorn and rein- tors approaching the park from the east hikers. An interim plan to limit the the use of two eroded paths. A variety troducing native forest species in plant- This unit contains an extensive emer- extent of mountain biking has been of native tree, shrub, and wetland using the Cedar Lake Trail. Major design This unit is located between France ings that eliminate the linear pattern of gent marsh and wooded shoreline. instituted until a comprehensive policy plantings would protect the shoreline, considerations include the intersection Avenue and Cedar Lake Parkway. the current woody vegetation is Here, a warren of eroded paths, often can be developed by the Minneapolis but species and location should also be with the proposed Kenilworth Trail, the Recent improvements to this former desired. Additional prairie and wetland too close to the shoreline, is presently Park and Recreation Board. Entrances chosen to provide occasional views of gateway with amenities, and plant turf field include the restored wetland, restoration is also needed. being used by both walkers and bicy- from Burnham Road and from the the lake. community restoration. paved paths, two observation plat- clists. Realigning and eliminating sec- Kenilworth corridor, internal circula- forms, and interpretive signage. tions of these trails and creating lake tion, types of harmonious recreational 2 Forest Ridge Additional native species plantings access nodes are needed. Wetland and activities, and restoration of diverse would enhance the site. This unit extends north from Upton forest plantings throughout this unit, plant communities are the main issues Avenue between the North Cove, Cedar as well as the removal of debris, would which need to be addressed. Prairie and the Kenilworth railroad also be beneficial. tracks. The most prominent feature is a

18 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan Prairie Savanna Maple/Basswood Wet Forest 12 Wetlands Trails 1

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Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 19 Park Access and Trails 16 Cedar Lake Park has emerged as a pop- While a large number of park users typ- Lake Trail to West River Parkway and • Use existing street parking along the ular destination for a rapidly growing ically arrive by automobile, very limited the Mississippi River, the Bassett Creek park and trail as much as possible. number of park users. Hikers, bicy- auto parking is available. Two small Trail to Wirth Park and beyond, and the • Develop ADA parking spaces close to clists, bird watchers, anglers, dog own- parking lots are located on the west proposed Kenilworth Trail connection 15 ers, swimmers, in-line skaters, side of Cedar Lake with nearby parking to the west end of the Midtown the major park gateways. canoeists, cross-country skiers, and bays along Cedar. Lake Parkway. Most Greenway will bring many more people • Acquire/use available land for parking many others enjoy the special features cars are parked along neighborhood to Cedar Lake Park without the use of near the three major gateways. A of the park. In order for the park to streets, particularly in the area around automobiles. portion of the Kenilworth corridor realize its full potential as a place to Upton Avenue and West 21st Street. near 21st and Thomas Avenue would harmoniously balance human use with Two city bus lines, one at Thomas Efforts should continue to focus on be desirable for this purpose. the natural environment, its design Avenue on the east side of the park, emphasizing non-motorized means and should be consistent with the princi- and the other on Cedar Lake Parkway, mass transportation for people to ples described in the 1993 Citizen stop within a half block of the park. access the park. However, the following Advisory Committee’s Statement of parking strategies should be imple- 14 Philosophy. Activities and features not With the 1995 opening of the Cedar mented for park users arriving by car: consistent with these principles should Lake Trail, Cedar Lake Park has become • Use existing parking lots wherever be redirected to other parts of the a significant node in the expanding metro-wide, non-motorized trans- and whenever feasible. The 13 Minneapolis and regional park systems. 12 Highway 100 portation system. The trail intersects Parade/Sculpture Garden/ Dunwoody 1 An important component of current Cedar Lake Parkway, offering linkages to complex is one possibility, as is the St. Louis Park Trail Connection to Hopkins & Carver County and future planning is the development Theodore Wirth Park, Lake of the Isles, large, commercial parking lot north- 11 2 of a comprehensive access and internal Lake Calhoun and other parts of the west of Brownie Lake. Ewing Access park trail system. Because of the exten- Grand Rounds. Connections have been P 3 sive wetlands to the west to the established at 7th Street in downtown 4 Cedar Lake Parkway restricted access due to the railroads, Minneapolis, Spring Lake near the 10 the area now known as Cedar Lake Park Sculpture Garden, Bryn Mawr P 5 To Theodore Wirth Parkway & Park had been relatively inaccessible. This is Meadows, Kenwood Parkway, P largely why the area around Cedar Lake Ewing Avenue, and 5 6 Proposed Kennilworth Trail & Connection to Midtown uniquely differs from the other portions Highway 100 frontage P 9 Greenway of the Chain of Lakes. However, with roads in St. Louis Park. its growing popularity, attention must The completion of the Lake of the Isles Parkway now be given to how people can visit final phase of Cedar 8 7 and enjoy the park. 8 Cedar Lake Trail 3 9 Kenwood Parkway Access 1 6 10 Spring Lake Access 11 Bryn Mawr Access 2 P 12 Bassett Creek 13 Bassett Creek Trail to Theodore Wirth Park & North Hennepin Trail System 7 P 14 7th Street Access 15 Phase II of the Cedar Lake Trail to West River Road 16 Mississippi Riverfront Park 4 P Existing Parking Areas

20 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan Park Gateways

Park entrances or gateways should be Secondary entrances, with minimal sig- designed to welcome, as well as nage and other amenities, are suggest- inform, park visitors on a variety of lev- ed for the following locations: els. Maps with trail information includ- ing challenge levels, code of conduct, • The west end of Cedar Lake Trail volunteer opportunities, interpretive • The parking lot on Louise Point programs and activities, etc. will be included for each gateway. Special fea- • South end of the park at the west tures communicating universal themes end of the Burnham Road Bridge and inspirational quotes, as well as commemorating the multitude of past • The floating platform at Cedar and future contributors to the park, Meadows could also be included. Amenities such as restroom facilities, drinking foun- • Cedar Lake Parkway at the access tains, benches, bicycle parking, and path south of the Cedar Lake accommodations for people with dis- Parkway bridge abilities should be carefully designed. • Along the Kenilworth Corridor at Bicycle/Skate Trail Three primary park gateways have been potential trail connections. suggested: Pedestrian/Cross-Country Trail Visitors can also enter the park via Multi-use Trail The Western Gateway located water. The lagoon connection between between the Cedar Lake Parkway bridge Cedar and Lake of the Isles allows Northeast canoeists and boaters to arrive from and the Ewing Avenue access on the Gateway Area south side of the trail. other portions of the Chain of Lakes. A simple sign noting that visitors are The Northeastern Gateway located entering the park is recommended west of I-394 where the Kenwood Parkway access and the proposed Kenilworth Trail would intersect Cedar West Lake Trail. Gateway Area The Southeast Gateway located near Upton Avenue South and West 21st Street where the majority of park users currently enter the park. Upton Gateway Area

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 21 Park Trails

trails and linkages will be developed for the base and top of the mound, the inte- rior of the prairie, Forest Ridge, Burnham Woods, and the Upton Woods using existing trails wherever feasible.

A below-grade trail connection between Cedar and Brownie Lakes is needed. This new trail would eliminate the dan- gerous practice of many people crossing the railroad tracks. This may best be accomplished by redesigning a more user-friendly channel accommodating boaters, hikers, and skiers. A similar pedestrian trail on the north side of the lagoon between Cedar Lake and Lake of the Isles could create an important The trails, as they now exist, are an • Elimination of unnecessary trails neighborhood connection to the park. been established through the use of large expanding, unplanned maze of both old Extraneous trails would be closed and logs, minor earth work, and signage. The •Provision for both natural and and new trails used by walkers, bicy- replanted with appropriate vegetation. most dangerous jumps have been elimi- clists, in-line skaters, cross-country hard-surface trails nated. Access to and from the area has skiers, dog walkers, and many species The Burnham Woods, south of 21st and been redirected to the Kenilworth corri- • Utilization of spur trails and nodes of wildlife. Over time, the park has Upton, poses many challenges due to dor. Education and increased enforcement to access special areas become more fragmented with an the popularity of mountain biking. The of a recently amended bicycle ordinance increasing number of trail-related prob- The new Cedar Lake Trail and the pro- combination of hilly terrain and woods have begun. Efforts are being made to lems. Conflicts between hikers and posed Kenilworth Trail along the east found here is particularly attractive to involve mountain bikers in limited main- bicyclists using the same paths have side of the park will serve both non- an increasing number of both casual tenance activities as well as enforcing a approached dangerous levels. There are motorized transportation and recre- and serious bikers. Unfortunately, this code of conduct among users. significant erosion and ecological ation needs. The paved trails along the type of usage has resulted in a random, Although continuation of mountain degradation problems primarily due to south and west side of Cedar Lake were unrestrained array of paths and ruts biking at its current location and level higher levels of mountain biking in the designed primarily for recreational uses. causing conflicts with hikers, injuries to can be accommodated in the short park. Currently, there is unrestricted Due to width limitations, a section of people, soil erosion and other environ- term, the inherent problems associated access to sensitive natural areas such this trail near the Cedar Lake Parkway mental degradation. with this recreational activity require a as the lakeshore and steep slopes. bridge combines pedestrians and bicy- Currently, the Minneapolis Park and different long term solution. Given the clists on the same eight foot wide path. A well designed, comprehensive trail Recreation Board does not have an offi- size and purpose of Cedar Lake Park, Reducing automobile traffic to north- system, guided by the CAC Statement A multi-purpose trail would follow an The next level of trails would be designed cial policy on mountain biking within mountain biking is not compatible. bound only between Franklin Avenue of Philosophy, can be developed using existing gravel road between the north for hikers and cross-country skiers. The the park system. However, the growing However, recognizing the legitimacy of and Cedar Lake Road and diverting the following principles: end of Upton Avenue and Cedar Lake major trail along Cedar Lake would uti- popularity of mountain and other “off- this recreational activity, it is recom- southbound traffic down France Trail near the prominent mound on the lize most of the existing trail between road” bicycles in Cedar Lake Park and mended that a designated mountain Avenue would provide enough space •Protection of the lakeshore and north shore of the lake. This trail would the north shore mound and the channel elsewhere has created a pressing need biking area be developed as part of the on the parkway to add a separate walk- other ecologically sensitive areas be designated for bicyclists, and to Lake of the Isles. However, sections for development and adoption of a city or regional park system. Physical ing and bicycling paths. service/emergency vehicles. The current which are severely eroded or too close to comprehensive policy addressing this components of such an area would • Development of non-motorized path to “hidden beach” from West 21st the shoreline will be moved to minimize issue on a system-wide basis. include varied topography, natural transportation corridors on the Additional hard-surface trails accom- modating people with disabilities are Street and Upton Avenue would accom- shoreline erosion and disturbance to appearance, carefully designed trail sys- perimeter of the park In the short term, the area in Burnham needed for the gateway facilities, an modate pedestrians and wheelchairs, as entire sections of this important wildlife tem, different challenge levels, and Woods most heavily used by mountain • Separation of pedestrians and bicy- access trail to the Cedar Lake Trail off well as service/emergency vehicles. habitat. Instead, spur trails to shoreline appropriate amenities. A responsible bikers must be altered and reduced to clists in most park areas of Cedar Lake Parkway south of the Bicycle use on this trail would be restrict- nodes and viewing platforms will be user ethic would be a key requirement minimize injuries, user conflicts and envi- railroad bridge and for a path in the ed beyond a designated bicycle parking developed for access to the lake or other for this area and could be facilitated ronmental damage. Steps have already • Utilization of existing trails wher- grove of trees immediately east of the area located near the gateway facilities. special areas. The same concept would through a club or special use permit. been undertaken to address this issue. ever possible Brownie Lake channel bridge. be used for Brownie Lake. Additional New, more restrictive boundaries have

22 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan History of the Lands and Waters

The lands and waters comprising the area we now call Minneapolis have changed dramatically from ancient times when a succession of oceans covered this portion of North America. These marine environments sorted and deposited different geologic materials, Mississippi River eventually forming the limestone, shale today and sandstone layers underlying our entire region. Except for the Mississippi Glacial river valley River gorge where these sedimentary rocks are exposed, there is little evi- dence of these events in our current landscape. Cedar Lake Although it is difficult to imagine, Cedar Lake and the other lakes which we call the Chain of Lakes actually lie 150 to 250 feet above a former river valley. This valley was formed by a rela- The relatively flat landforms created by tively small river which flowed south as the oceans were, in turn, repeatedly a tributary to the great River Warren. changed by massive ice sheets which Eventually the river grew in size, advanced and retreated from this region changed course and carved the present over thousands of years. As these glac- Mississippi River gorge. The former iers moved southward, they scraped valley then began filling up with tremendous amounts of sand, gravel, glacial debris. and rocks from northern areas and car- ried these materials along. When the climate warmed and the glaciers began to melt, the materials once imbedded in the ice were left behind. In some cases, hills and ridges were formed. In others areas, meltwater eroded the existing landscape and formed broad, flat outwash plains downstream. With each successive glacial advance and retreat, hills would be leveled, valleys filled in, and new surface features cre- ated.

Soil Types A. Last stages of glaciation (10,000 years ago) B. Today Peat and organic sediments from former lakes and wetlands Sand, loam, and organic layers from former lake As the last glaciers melted, broke up, much of the region. This process was neighborhoods. At the same time, the and retreated, several large blocks of ice responsible for the creation of the buried ice blocks slowly melted, form- Sand and gravel from outwash overlain by wind-blown loess were left behind in this buried valley. “Devils Backbone,” the former name for ing steep-sided depressions or kettles. Sand, loam, and gravel from former river terrace Tremendous amounts of sand, gravel, the area of hills and ridges found in the These basins are now occupied by the Layers of sand, loam, gravel, cobbles, and boulders from glacial deposits and rocks were were deposited over Lowry Hill, Kenwood and Bryn Mawr Chain of Lakes. Unsorted sands and loam with layers of gravel

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 23 Human Impacts on the Lands and Waters

Pre-European Settlement Cedar Lake Road

Although there is a long history of Before the advent of the railroads, the American Indians living throughout the only means of travel in the region was region, there is no documentation of by water or by foot. In 1852, a dam Cedar Lake being used by Native was constructed on Minnehaha Creek Americans. However, a foot trail lead- near where Minnetonka Mills was con- ing to the southeast corner of Cedar structed, and steamboats were no Lake from Lake Calhoun had been longer able to travel up the creek to established in the early 1800’s so the Lake Minnetonka. With the growing lake was likely visited and used by the number of towns and farms to the local inhabitants. The area east of the west, an alternative route had to be lake was well known as a major hunt- developed to transport supplies to ing area, but the abundance of sur- these settlers. Thus, Cedar Lake Road rounding wetlands, especially on the became the first road constructed to west side of the lake, may have made the west from Minneapolis. foot travel virtually impossible around Stagecoaches carrying immigrants, most of the lake. mail, and supplies used the road three times a week until the late 1860’s.

The Railroads

The first railroad through the Cedar Lake area was built in 1867 by the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad. At that time, the north end of Cedar Lake actually extended to the base of the Bryn Mawr bluffs and there were extensive wet- lands to the west. With these natural obstacles, railroad engineers decided to build the new line around the south end of the lake before heading back west to Lake Minnetonka. However, the StP&P went bankrupt in 1879, then emerged as the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad in 1883. Because of the flourishing resort busi- ness on Lake Minnetonka during this 1839 1860 1886 time, the new railroad decided to build the “Minnetonka Cut-off” across the A Succession of Early Maps north end of Cedar Lake. The railroad prospered under the. leadership of Some of the first changes to the area had been renamed Cedar Lake, the sur- James J Hill and became the Great around Cedar Lake can be seen on a rounding land surveyed, and Cedar Northern Railroad in 1890. In the succession of early maps. The earliest Lake Road had appeared. By 1886, a 1950’s the Great Northern merged with map of the area (1823) did not show a growing system of roads and rail lines and became Burlington Northern, lake where Cedar Lake is now found. for the rapidly expanding city had which still operates trains along this The crude map (above) from 1839 does become a much more dominant land- east/west corridor today. show a lake there with the name Lake scape element. Leavenworth (name of Fort Snelling’s first commander). By 1860, the lake

24 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan Oak Grove Hotel Kenwood Station

During the 1860’s, Minnesota was Anticipating the growing needs for known as a haven for people suffering transportation to and from the from a variety of health problems. Kenwood neighborhood, the Notables such as W.W. Mayo, Supreme Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad con- Court Justice Salmon Chase and Henry structed a passenger depot at the cor- David Thoreau all visited the state for ner of West 21st Street and Thomas that reason. In 1870, the Reverend Avenue in the 1870’s. Known as the Ebenezer Scott and his wife Gertrude Kenwood Station, the cupola-shaped built a health resort known as the structure was a busy place during the “Home” on the south shore of Cedar late 1800’s. However, with the advent Lake to cash in on the boom. The main of the street cars, the number of pas- structure was an octagonal building sengers began to decline. The building with porches on all sides. Free rides was converted to a home near the turn from the train station via buggies or of the century and remained a landmark boats and the use of the stables were until it was torn down in the 1970’s. offered to guests. The venture failed, in part according to the reverend because The “Louie” of his refusal to serve alcohol on Sunday. The buildings were later sold to Frustrated by the high Judge Edwin Jones. His mother-in-law , tariffs and highhanded- Mrs. William Harrison who was an ness of the St. Paul and ardent supporter of the Women’s Pacific Railroad, several Christian Association, left money in Minneapolis business- her will to convert the resort into a men decided to build a home for women. Thus, the Jones- competing railroad. In Harrison Home began. Many years and 1871, they began laying many buildings later, the facility still tracks parallel to the thrives on the original site. St.P&P and competed for the lucrative resort business. This regional carrier was named the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad, or the “Louie,” and would have a profound impact on Cedar Lake.

During the 1890’s, the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad began constructing a huge complex of tracks, plus stone and brick buildings north and east of the lake on what is now the Hennepin County Regional Railroad Authority property. Hugging the base of the Kenwood bluffs, the shops repaired and maintained all of the railroad locomotives and cars until the company was taken over by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad in the 1970’s. The buildings were eventually View of the old Burnham Road Bridge from the southeastern shore of Cedar Lake in the early 1900’s. abandoned and torn down in 1984. Rubble from the facility can still be found on the site.

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 25 Cedar and Brownie Lakes

Of the many lakes found in Minneapolis, the most well-known are the “Chain of Lakes”: Harriet, Calhoun, Isles, Cedar, and Brownis. While each of these urban lakes have been altered over the last century, the physical changes to Cedar and Brownie are per- haps the most dramatic.

Many decisiona and events have literal- ly reshaped and linked these lakes together. In 1867, construction of the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad filled an open water bay and extensive marsh- lands along the eastern shore of Cedar Lake. In 1883, the same year that the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board was founded, the Great Northern Railroad sliced through the glacial ridge Cedar Lake was named for the red cedar trees growing nearby, and has been a Louise Island during low water conditions during the 1890s. View of the north shore of Cedar Lake and the Great Northern tracks as they looked in 1900. In the center is the original Cedar Lake Road separating Cedar and Brownie to create popular destination since the early years.. This photograph was taken in bridge, which was replaced in 1916. The current parkway bridge was a more direct east-west mainline route 1870 by Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant. The picture was shot from the northwest shore and looks southeast toward Louise Island. constructed in 1948 and is scheduled to be replaced by 2001. from Minneapolis. In the process, this project created a causeway through the northern tip of Cedar Lake and filled Despite the changes to and around some of the surrounding marsh to the Cedar Lake during the city’s rapid north. growth, the lake was still known for its clear, clean water. In fact, the Cedar In the meantime, the Minneapolis Park Lake Ice Company was founded in 1878 and Recreation Board was continuing to harvest and ship ice as far away as to plan and expand the park system. In St. Louis. The main building, an ice- 1907, the Board acquired the first of house, was built on the northeast several properties leading to the cre- shore of the lake adjacent to the rail- ation of what would become the largest road. Railcars containing produce were park in the system, Glenwood Park. then moved next to the icehouse so Later named Theodore Wirth Park after the contents could be cooled for ship- the influential superintendent who ment. Operations ceased in 1918 when served from 1906 to 1934, this initial a spectacular fire destroyed the wood- parcel included Brownie Lake. At this en structure. time, the Park Board also considered purchasing land around Cedar Lake to create a south entrance to this major new park. On April 6, 1908, the Board was able to purchase a narrow, 9.3- acre strip of land along the south and west shores of Cedar Lake for $13,337. Harvesting ice at Cedar Lake. Men loading ice on the east side of Cedar Lake around 1900. The old Kenwood Station is to the left of the freight car.

View of the Cedar Lake icehouse on the lake’s northeast shore in the early 1900’s. The top of the original Burnham Road bridge can be seen over the first row of trees. The narrow point of land was the site of “Dingley’s Boarhouse” and is where ‘hidden beach’ is now found.

26 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan As the proposed entrance to Glenwood Park, Cedar Lake Boulevard required more land than was actually purchased. On November 12, 1911 hydraulic dredging of the shallow parts of the lake to widen this land. The resulting spoils were also used to fill a portion of the marsh adjacent to the southwest portion of the lake, create more shore- line and beach areas, and build up the south approach for a new bridge over the rail lines at the northwest corner of the lake. By 1917, nearly 388,000 cubic yards of sand and gravel had been removed from the lake. On June 23, 1914, one of the dredges used for the project sank during a storm and was never recovered.

In 1910, the Park Board was developing plans to connect Cedar Lake to both View in 1913 of the newly-completed channel from Cedar Lake to Lake of the Isles. E.W. “Ed” Dingley operated a fleet of pleasure boats on Cedar Lake beginning in 1892 and Lake of the Isles and Brownie Lake as continuing until his death in 1942. His boathouse and a string of docks were located on the part of a larger Chain-of-Lakes project. point of land where ‘hidden beach’ is now located. This photo from the late 1890s shows The channel and lagoon between Cedar Dingley’s house at 2044 Upton Avenue South. Lake and Lake of the Isles were dredged and completed on October 17, 1913. This resulted in the water level of Cedar Insurance Company. The last remaining The channel between Cedar and the former lake basin was filled in to While the physical changes to the lakes Lake dropping over six feet. The sec- private shoreland on the north was Brownie Lakes also had a major effect construct an improved roadway. The are hardly noticeable, today water ondary effect of creating more shore acquired from the Great Northern on both lakes. With its completion on road was then widened and repaved in quality has been significantly reduced. land was also accomplished. The single Railroad in 1959. In the 1970s, several September 4, 1917, water flowed out 1920 and renamed Wayzata Boulevard. Prior to settlement 150 years ago, rain island near the western shore known as private residences west of Upton of Brownie Lake until the water depth Later this roadway was further upgrad- and snow would fall within each lake’s Louise Island now formed the tip of the Avenue South and north of West 21st dropped by nine feet and the surface ed to become Highway 12. By 1990, vegitated watershed. Some of the water peninsula which is today called Cedar Street were purchased and razed. This area was reduced from 22 to 10 acres. major construction on this section of flowed into the lakes, while a signifi- Point. completed land acquisitions for Cedar The water depth of Brownie stabilized highway was completed and the six- cant amount entered the soil and Lake Park until the 1991 purchase of 48 at its current depth of 55 feet. In 1938 lane freeway, I-394, was opened. groundwater aquifers. With Brownie’s In 1921, the Park Board began explor- acres. the original 20-foot channel width was surface area reduced, the natural ing ways to make an above-grade con- narrowed to seven feet when the With each successive road improve- process of wind mixing the upper and nection over the rail lines between Once known as “Hillside Harbor” and wooden railroad was replaced by the ment project, Brownie Lake had lower “layers” of the lake no longer Dean Parkway and Cedar Lake then re-named for the daughter of an current concrete box culvert. become more and more separated from occurred. As a result, there has likely Boulevard. At the same time, there was early landowner, Brownie Lake has Theodore Wirth Park. The overall prox- been no aquatic life in the bottom 30 a desire to acquire enough shoreline experienced profound changes during Brownie Lake was also significantly imity – as well as the visual, physical, feet of the lake for nearly 80 years. along the north and east sides of the the last 115 years. Construction of the affected by the progressive enlargement and ecological connections of Brownie lake to place the entire lake within the “Minnetonka Cut-off” in 1883 by the of an early east-west road. In 1872 Lake to Cedar Lake – create a persua- public domain. The planned bridge was Great Northern Railroad also cut off the Superior Avenue only extended as far sive rationale for including Brownie Equipment used to dredge the Chain of never funded, and it was not until southwestern arm of Brownie Lake. west as the northern tip of the lake. Lake and its surrounding parkland to Lakes. 1954 that the Park Board had the funds Without enough runoff to maintain the However, by 1913 a bridge had been the larger Cedar Lake Park. to putchase an additional nine acres newly-separated eleven acres of open constructed over the lake and the along the eastern shore. Those funds water, the area began drying up. Today, avenue extended well to the west. were generated through the controver- this former portion of the lake is known With the fall of the water level in 1917, sial sale of 31.5 acres of parkland west as Ewing Woods and Wetland. the bridge was no longer necessary and of Brownie Lake to the Prudential

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 27 Within most area lakes, water is stirred by the wind during the spring and fall. Known as “overturn,” this seasonal process distributes oxygen and nutri- ents from top to bottom. Although there is some evidence that the mixing of upper and lower “layers” of lake water was always limited in Brownie Lake, the progressive reduction of Brownie’s surface area lessened the mixing process. The combination of iron from the sediments and the addi- tion of significant amounts of road salt from Highway 12 during the 1960’s and 1970’s reinforced this stratifica- tion. As a result, there is virtually no Brownie Lake Watershed aquatic life in the lower half of the lake. Cedar Lake Watershed After the individual lakes where con- nected by channels to form the Chain of Lakes, it became important to manage and maintain the water levels for all of Along with the many physical changes lakes. Known as non-point pollution, Partnership,” this initiative includes the the lakes. In 1933, a pump was installed that have occurred to both lakes, water these contaminants are primarily Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board, to bring groundwater into Brownie Lake quality has also changed dramatically. responsible for the overall decline in Cities of Minneapolis and St. Louis Park, to maintain water levels for the entire Prior to pioneer settlement during the lake water quality over the last 45 Minnehaha Watershed District, and Chain of Lakes. As much as 850 million 1850’s, rain and snow fell within the years. Recent scientific studies indicate Minnesota Department of Natural gallons of groundwater were used for vegetated area surrounding each sepa- that Cedar Lake has remained relatively Resources and Pollution Control this purpose until 1938, when pumping rated lake. Some of this rainwater and stable since 1971. However, it is the Agency. This project has undertaken a ceased. In 1955, the Prudential much of the snowmelt flowed directly most susceptible of the Chain of Lakes variety of initiatives including home- Insurance Company, located northwest into each of the lakes. A significant to the negative effects from runoff. owner and business watershed educa- of Brownie Lake, began discharging amount also entered the sandy soils tion, installation of grit chambers, more groundwater used for air conditioning and eventually reached the groundwa- Of all of the materials entering the frequent street sweeping, storm sewer into Brownie Lake at a rate of 50,000 ter. This filtered water provided the lakes, nutrients such as phosphorus reconstruction and wetland restoration. gallons per day. This practice was dis- source for the springs and clear water and, to a lesser extent, nitrogen are of continued in 1996. In 1957,a pump sta- for which Cedar Lake was long known. greatest concern. These materials are This Concept Master Plan embraces tion and pipeline between Bassett Creek largely responsible for the aging these and other projects being imple- and Brownie Lake were constructed to As the city and surrounding suburbs process of the lakes. Although this mented by the Partnership. In addition, use creek water to augment lake water continued to develop, significant eutrophication process is normal, it is revegetating the shoreline with native levels during dry summers. This system changes occurred in the natural runoff accelerated when urban runoff contains species around the entire perimeter of was in place until 1965 when a pump- and filtration systems. The volume and greater amounts of the nutrients. Over both lakes to reduce erosion and pro- ing station was constructed on the rate of runoff increased as more imper- the years, much of the phosphorus vide additional wildlife habitat, moving Mississippi River to pump water into vious surfaces such as roads and build- remains in the sediments and is “rein- informal pathways away from the Bassett Creek when creek water was ings increased within the drainage troduced” to the lake each spring com- shoreline, and minimizing impervious used to maintain lake levels. From 1966 (watershed) area. A system of storm pounding the problems. surfaces in and around the park should to 1978, as much as 1 billion gallons of sewers were constructed to direct water be pursued. Ecologically-sound Mississippi River water was pumped away from developed areas to wetlands To address these and other water quali- Eurasian milfoil and purple loosetrife into Bassett Creek for this purpose. The and lakes. Entire new areas were added ty issues for the entire Chain of Lakes, a monitoring and control practices use of creek and river water to maintain to the watersheds. As a result, a wide multi-faceted and innovative program should continue. Citizen education and the water level of the Chain of Lakes variety of air-borne and other pollutants has been developed and implemented. involvement with these and other was discontinued in 1990. from multiple sources flowed into the Known as the “Clean Water activities should be encouraged.

28 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan Wetlands

Wetlands include any plant communi- ty which develops along lakes and streams or where there is standing water and/or water-saturated soil. There are many types of wetlands including emergent marshes, sedge meadows, peat bogs, calcareous fens, hardwood swamps and shrub-carrs. A unique tamarack bog can still be visit- ed a short distance away in Theodore Wirth Park.

Shallow and deep water marshes of varying acreage surrounded all or most of Cedar and Brownie Lakes at one time. However, due to the dredging, filling and changing water levels that occurred between the 1860’s and 1950’s, there are only limited marshes along the east shores of both Cedar and Brownie Lakes. Even these marshes have been reduced in size in recent “It is quiet and peaceful— times. The current beach on the east side of Cedar Lake was originally con- the most ancient of cealed by a wide band of cattails which cathedrals— antedating was the origin for the name “hidden Marshes beach.” Swimmers had to swim or walk the oldest of manmade through these cattails to reach open Open Waer structures. More than that, water. Over time, the beach was enlarged by the activities of the park it acts as nature’s sponge, users and this portion of the marsh means cleaner water leaves the wet- Aesthetics and Recreation. Wetlands sents an important addition to the holding heavy moisture to fringe was destroyed. land than enters it. are often beautiful areas to observe park. This 4.6 acre site was a mowed unique plant and animal species. field until 1995 when a stormwater prevent flooding during At the time when these and other wet- Sediment Entrapment. Wetlands can pond and marsh were constructed on land communities were being altered or heavy rainfalls and slowly slow the flow of water moving through The vegetation of these existing marsh- the site through the Clean Water lost, their importance was neither them. This allows sediments, nutrients, es is dominated by cattails and few Partnership This comprehensive project releasing the moisture and understood nor valued. Today, it is rec- and other pollutants to settle out other native species. In addition, most also included deepening Twin Lake in ognized that wetlands provide a wide maintaining the water before the water is released to other of the shoreline of Brownie Lake is St. Louis Park and relocating the nearby range of important functions in both wetlands, lakes, or streams. infested with non-native purple looses- storm sewer system to divert stormwa- tables during dry cycles. urban and rural areas. They include: trife which further reduces plant and ter from the 1500 acre watershed to Shoreland Anchoring and Erosion animal diversity. Efforts should continue Floodwater Storage and Retention. this wetland before it enters Cedar “In short, marshes and Control. Wetland vegetation can to be made to control and reduce this Wetlands can reduce flooding by slow- Lake. As much as 50%of the sediments reduce erosion along lake and stream very invasive plant through specific bio- swamps are something to ing down the force of floodwater and and associated pollutants and nutrients banks by reducing forces associated logical and chemical methods. Wetland by providing temporary storage of large such as phosphorus will be removed to A smaller 170 acre watershed on the protect & preserve.” with wave action. species such as hardstem bulrush, giant amounts of storm or snowmelt waters. improve the water quality for both east side of Cedar Lake flows into a bur-reed, broad-leaved arrowhead and This can significantly reduce damages Wildlife Habitat. Many species of lakes. Boardwalks and observation plat- marshy cove. This area west of From the Minnesota Supreme Court’s 1976 pickerel weed should be reintroduced decision disallowing the construction of to roads, property, crops, etc.. wildlife, especially fish, spend all or forms were constructed in 1996 and a Kenilworth Corridor and south of West into existing marsh areas as well as new a highway through William Bryson’s marsh part of certain seasons of the year in wide variety of native wetland species 21st Street could be enhanced to areas along appropriate shoreline. which he sought to save Nutrient Use. Wetland plants absorb wetland habitats for breeding, brood- were also planted. improve lake water quality, provide a wide variety of nutrients during their additional wildlife habitat and other rearing, feeding, or cover purposes. Originally once part of Cedar Lake, the growth and development. This removal park amenities. new Cedar Meadows Wetland repre-

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 29 The Big Woods

Cedar Lake

Legend Prairie Oak/Savanna Maple/Basswood Wet Forest

The name, “Boise Grand,”or Big Woods In Hennepin County and Minneapolis, Oak Forest Maple-Basswood Forest Wet Forest was given by the seventeenth century the Big Woods extended as far east as French explorers to the unique section the Mississippi River and the Chain of Oak forest was most common in the Maple-basswood forests occur on well- This forest community occurs on soils of the dense forests they encountered Lakes. Depending upon topography, zone between the maple-basswood drained sites protected from wildfires. adjacent to shorelines or where the soil in south-central Minnesota. Extending soil type, and soil moisture, several dif- forest and oak savanna. A variety of The tree canopy is dominated by sugar is often wet. Silver maples dominate between present day Faribault and St. ferent forest communities developed in oaks including red, white, northern pin, maples and American basswoods. the canopy with green ash, eastern Cloud, this 3,000 square mile area the area we now call Cedar Lake Park. and bur are commonly present. Aspen Elms, ashes, and oaks can also be local- cottonwood, and American elms most formed part of the band of hardwood groves and black cherry are also found. ly dominant. The tall, straight, narrow- common. Other species such as black forests running the entire length of the Typically, the canopy is relatively open, crowned trees form a dense canopy willow, hackberry, and boxelder may state. The Big Woods was distinct in which allows for a variable understory. permitting little sunlight from reaching also be present. The ground layer and being the largest continuous stand of On moist sites, the vegetation consists the forest floor during the summer. The understory is open with many tree maple-basswood forest along this of few shrubs and many ferns and wild- ground layer and understory are open, seedlings and saplings. Nettles and band. Along its southern margins, flowers. On drier sites, a dense shrub multi-layered, and patchy with saplings other herbs may dominate the ground- especially where the Minnesota and layer of gray dogwood, hazelnut, prick- and seedlings of the canopy species layer. Vines such as wild grape and wild Cannon Rivers acted as barriers to fre- ly ash, and raspberries are found. along with ironwood and hickory. There cucumber are common. Existing low quent fires, the Big Woods rose in full- are also a large number of plant species areas in the park could be enhanced to ness like a great dark wall against the that bloom, produce seeds, and die encourage greater water retention for otherwise open landscape. Today, less back in May and June. These spring ephemeral ponds and associated plant than 1% remains. ephemerals include spring beauties, and animal species. trillium, trout lilies, hepatica, jack-in- the-pulpit, and bloodroot.

30 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan Oak/Savanna Maple/Basswood Wet Forest

Current Forest Conditions

Since most of the area around both lakes has been significantly disturbed over the past 150 years, very little of the Big Woods forest communities remain. Most of the existing forested areas consist of tree species such as cottonwood and box elder which first appear on an altered landscape. In The understory of these and other Restoration and Management should be utilized to minimize wildlife *Selectively cut and thin existing tree most forests, the dominant native wooded areas is almost completely disturbance and to avoid the appearance species to accelerate the transition to species eventually replace these “pio- devoid of the rich diversity of ferns, There are many components and stages of a clear cut. These removal projects desired species. neering”species over time. However, wildflowers and shrubs once found to the long-term process of beginning, should include an associated planting since there is no seed source for the here. Instead, the ground is completely advancing, and maintaining the dynam- component to further the transition to *Import soil and decaying wood from other native species, the present wood- lacking or composed of non-native ic transition from the current woodland the desired forest community. existing or threatened Big Woods forest land continues to be dominated by the species such as poor man’s garlic. to the desired mix of native forest com- communities to reintroduce bacteria, cottonwoods, some of which have munities. *Remove surface debris such as trash and insects, fungi, and other important grown to majestic stature. Fortunately, individual oak, maple, demolition debris to the extent possible. components to these forests hickory, basswood, ironwood, and *Use existing indicator species and Compounding the low forest diversity is black cherry trees are still scattered ecological conditions to determine core *Amend soil with compost from a tem- *Develop interpretive and participatory the extensive growth of European buck- throughout the park. Using these key areas and transition zones for each of porary, on-site facility or other feasible opportunities for school children, fami- thorn. This small tree was introduced indicator species for both the historic the respective forest communities. source. lies, and adults to learn about and con- into this country in the early 1900’s precedence and appropriate ecological tribute to these forest community *Remove non-native woody species *Establish demonstration areas using a and has proven to be very invasive. In conditions for reintroduction, native plantings. such as European buckthorn and tatari- wide variety of native tree, shrub, fern, some park areas, solid stands of buck- forest communities can once again an honeysuckle from park areas using and herbaceous species and sizes in *Establish transects and other moni- thorn are the only vegetation present. return to Cedar Lake Park. This is not surprising since the tree pro- standard and experimental control tech- random, planting patterns. toring methods to document and study duces a chemical that prevents other niques. In areas requiring extensive the long term changes to these plant plants from growing in the same area. buckthorn removal, a variety of methods and animal communities. including girdling fruit-bearing trees,

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 31 Prairie and Oak Savanna

Only 150 years ago, more than 1 mil- lion square miles of North America — an area from central Canada south to the Mexican border and from Indiana west to the Rocky Mountains— formed the great continental grassland. Known as “prairie,” from the 17th century French explorers term for meadow, this vast and varied ecosystem was the largest tract of unbroken wilderness first encountered by the early European immigrants

Although the prairie contained a rich variety of grasses, wildflowers, and associated wildlife, many of these set- tlers, only saw “inexhaustible empti- ness” to which they could bring the familiar—farms with crops and live- stock, and eventually towns and cities. Over time, the prairie and savanna (grassland with scattered trees), became forever altered. Today, less than topography, climate, and fire and/or 1% remains. In Minneapolis, a few rem- grazing frequency. Small, open-grown nant prairie sites still exist within the bur oaks are most common with a park system along the Mississippi River ground layer of native grasses and and in Theodore Wirth Park. However flowers. In areas with more moisture or these sites are small, isolated, and lack clay soils, larger oaks or clumps of their former plant diversity. Recently, Wetland northern pin oak and aspen can be of the park and the Kenwood Parkway throughout the 25 acre site. A short the Minneapolis Park and Recreation quite common. Shrub cover is variable Prairie bluff. In order to retain the open vistas grass and flower mix was used for areas Board started an extensive program to as well with American hazelnuts, wil- Savanna as well as increase ecological diversity along and between the trails. A mixture maintain and enhance these sites as lows, and lead plant being present. well as reintroduce these plant commu- Crop field and reduce maintenance needs, prairie of grasses and flowers adapted for wet- nities into many other park sites. and oak savanna were chosen as the ter conditions was used for the swales, Savannas, like prairies, are ever changing. primary plant communities for the and tall grass/flower mix was used for The fresh, green growth of the first grass- A 1854 land survey indicated that also did not survive. Most of these Cedar Lake Trail corridor. the other areas. Individual trees and es with short, pastel-colored flowers can most of the area surrounding both areas eventually reverted to low quality groupings of bur oaks and aspens will be seen in April and May. In midsummer, To provide even greater ecological Brownie and Cedar Lakes consisted of oak and other woodlands. be planted along forest fringes to re- the luxuriant growth of the grasses and diversity and aesthetic richness, the savanna. Today, there is very little evi- create savanna. the vibrant flower colors can be seen Once the railroad had vacated the land former flat topography of the area was dence of savanna or prairie species beneath the large, fluttering leaves of the and removed the tracks and other facil- reshaped to create shallow, water- Several acres of turf on the north side remaining in the park. Even the long bur oak. In fall, the purplish-green of the ities, the 25 acre open area north of retaining swales and low ridges. of Brownie Lake were also converted to history of railroads in the park did not bluestems change to burnished copper, Cedar Lake became one of the out- Excavation and grading began in April, short grass prairie in 1996. Other areas preserve these native plants. Railroads bronze, and tan. The spectacular golds of standing features of the park. However, 1995, and was completed that June. of the park which can be converted to commonly used fire to keep vegetation the goldenrods and aspens sway and left unmanaged, this area of non-native Since a tremendous amount of soil was savanna include: most of the southern Oak Savanna from growing too close to their tracks. flutter in the cooler breezes. Even in the grasses and herbs would eventually moved from one location to another as edge of the Cedar Lake Trail corridor, Inadvertently, this management prac- Oak savanna occupies the transition whiteness of the winter, the dark, gnarly become a low quality woodland com- part of the trail construction project, the south and west hillsides of the tice resulted in railroads often becom- zone between the oak forests and the branches of the oaks and the dark seed- prised primarily of cottonwoods, elms the existing vegetation was effectively mound on the north side of Cedar Lake, ing one of the few remaining places to prairie, and can be described as an heads of the flowers and grasses emerge and box elders. This successionary eliminated from the entire site. the small turf area between the east find native prairie species. This was not open grass- land with scattered trees. from all but the deepest snowdrifts to process can be seen on the Hennepin shore of Cedar Lake and Upton Avenue the case for Cedar Lake. The few areas The stature and spacing of trees is vari- provide pleasing patterns and food for County Regional Railroad Authority The soil was prepared for seeding and South, and an interior, open woodland of savanna not altered by the railroads able, reflecting differences in soils, our hardiest wildlife. property between the eastern portion three different seed mixtures were used north of Burnham Road.

32 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan Prairie Oak/Savanna

Prairie grasses interspersed with such plants as on the site. On most sites this is done Depending upon the amount of rainfall butterfly weed, coreopsis, blazingstar, using a seed drill to insure good soil- and other conditions after seeding, Prairies, or open meadows, are found in and purple prairie clover. In the interme- to-seed contact. On inaccessible areas, some areas may require additional the driest areas of the region and consist diate zones, big bluestem, Indian grass the seed will be spread by hand and seeding. Seeds will be purchased or col- of a wide variety of grasses and flowers. and switch grass will dominate with raked into the soil. An annual grain lected from existing prairies and sown Tall shrubs and trees are generally bursts of color provided by coneflowers, such as oats or wheat will be seeded at into these areas. absent or widely scattered due to their black-eyed susans, and yellow, daisy- the same time to provide a faster grow- intolerance to the periodic fires that like flowers on the tall, swaying stalks of ing cover crop. These plants provide STAGE 4Short and Long-term burned across these areas. Differences in compass plant and prairie dock. shade for the new seedlings, reduce Management A combination of periodic soil moisture and texture as well as erosion, and add organic material to wildfires and grazing by bison were slope angle and direction result in three Restoration and Management the soil when they die in the fall. critical to maintaining these plant com- different types of prairie: dry, mesic, and munities prior to settlement. For the wet. However, all prairie species have Although prairie/savanna reintroduc- STAGE 3Transplants and Overseeding first few years of the restoration deep and extensive root systems that tion or restoration does not take nearly Most new prairie plant growth is below process, many annual weeds will grow allow them to thrive in the hot, dry as long as a forest conversion, this ground where the plants devote most on these sites while new prairie plants summer conditions found in Minnesota. process requires several initial stages of their energy developing extensive are becoming established. One to three over a four to five year time frame. root systems. This allows these plants mowings will occur on these sites dur- Throughout the Cedar Lake prairie, to withstand the hot, dry weather con- ing this time to control weed growth STAGE 1 Removing Existing Vegetation grasses will provide the background for a ditions normally found in this region and minimize seed production. By the With the exception of oaks, aspens, and natural tapestry with flecks of color pro- during the summer months. As a third and fourth year, the prairie a few shrub species, woody vegetation is vided by drifts of wildflowers. The low result, it takes three to five years before species will begin to dominate the site. cut and removed from the site. Stumps swales will be dominated by the tall, the prairie becomes fully established. Selective removal of certain plants such may be treated with a chemical to elimi- arching leaves of prairie cordgrass inter- as thistles and some tree seedlings will nate sprouting. Non-native grasses and mingling with the white, candelabra-like In order to accelerate this natural time still be required. Fire will be used as the other herbaceous vegetation are treated flowers of Culver’s root, the pink of schedule, two to four year old wildflow- primary management tool once these with an appropriate herbicide. swamp milkweed, mauve of Joe-pye- ers, purchased from nurseries or grown prairie areas become established. weed, and the royal purple of ironweed. under controlled conditions, will be trans- STAGE 2Seeding the Area Depending Carefully controlled, prescribed fires Curving ridges will be occupied by the planted onto the site in random locations. upon soils, topography, and other fac- will take place during the spring or fall fine-textured little bluestem, sideoats Bur oaks and aspens will be reintroduced tors, different combinations of native over three year cycles to enhance and grama, and northern prairie dropseed into areas designated as savanna. grass and wildflower seed are planted maintain these communities.

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 33 A Call to Action

Never in the history of the area around The spiraling Cedar Grove has been The Upton Woods Area near 21st Cedar Lake has there been so much designed, laid out on the land and ded- Street and Upton Avenue is one of public attention and involvement as icated in a well-attended public cere- many topics of interest for the there is today. Public use, application of mony. The Big Woods Demonstration Kenwood Isles Neighborhood private and public resources, and Project, a major ecosystem restoration Association. With a particular focus of involvement by a wide variety of project on the east side of Cedar Lake public safety, the group has set aside groups, organizations and public agen- near 21st Street and Upton Avenue, is Neighborhood Revitalization Program cies continues to grow. And as Cedar well underway. In part, this will include funds to plan and improve this area as Lake Park experiences both dramatic the removal of extensive areas of buck- one of the major gateways for the park. and subtle changes, it has never been thorn- an invasive tree species which Cedar Lake itself has been the focus of more important to plan for and manage dominates many of park’s woodlands. significant efforts and expenditures by the many changes facing the park. This The Park Board Forestry Division has the Clean Water Partnership and the opportunity, borne out of the contin- used experimental techniques to accel- Cedar-Isles-Dean Neighborhood ued interest and commitment of thou- erate the conversion to a more diverse, Association. Completion of the Cedar sands of people, will have a significant native forest while minimizing the Meadows wetland on the southwest impact on the park now and in the impact on people and wildlife. With side of Cedar Lake and application of future. partial funding through the aluminum sulfate (alum) will substan- Conservation Partnership Grant tially reduce the input of phosphorus In 1997, the Cedar Lake Trail is sched- Program administered through the and markedly improve the water quality uled to be completed-realizing the goal Minnesota Department of Natural of the lake. to connect the Chain of Lakes to the Resources, this effort is yet another Mississippi River. Planning and con- example of the partnership between The time is now for Cedar Lake Park. struction for the Kenilworth Trail, link- Cedar Lake Park Association and the The opportunity to participate in any ing Cedar Lake Trail near I-394 with the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board. one of many facets to Cedar Lake Park Midtown Greenway to the south, will is a call to action for each and every begin this year. Construction of the Various stabilization projects are person who has come to know and Bassett Creek Trail, which will connect underway throughout the park. Many cherish the park. The plans and steps the Cedar Lake Trail near Bryn Mawr of these are smaller projects focused on being taken now to create and sustain Meadows with Theodore Wirth Park, is reducing erosion by wood chipping, the nature park will protect the park as also scheduled to begin. The implica- removing and re-routing paths as well it currently exists and provides the tions, relative to increased access and as planting native tree and shrub framework for all future park develop- use of the park, are many and multi- species. An innovative, interim solu- ment and its maturation. faceted. tion to reduce the numerous problems associated with mountain biking in Perhaps most significantly, Cedar Lake Burnham Woods and elsewhere Park represents a real opportunity to throughout the park will be evaluated become the center of a new kind of and refined as long-term solutions are community—one that seeks a harmo- being developed. nious balance between people and nature. Towards that goal, we encour- age and welcome your interest and par- ticipation in these and future activities associated with Cedar Lake Park.

34 / Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan “A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.”

—Aldo Leopold from A Sand County Almanac

Cedar Lake Park Concept Master Plan / 35 DRAFT FOR REVIEW ONLY NOT FOR RELEASE

4/17/97