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Geochemical Characterization of Two Ferruginous Meromictic Lakes in the Upper Midwest, USA Nicholas Lambrecht Iowa State University, [email protected]

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Geochemical Characterization of Two Ferruginous Meromictic Lakes in the Upper Midwest, USA Nicholas Lambrecht Iowa State University, Nlambrec@Iastate.Edu View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Repository @ Iowa State University Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Publications Geological and Atmospheric Sciences 10-1-2018 Geochemical Characterization of Two Ferruginous Meromictic Lakes in the Upper Midwest, USA Nicholas Lambrecht Iowa State University, [email protected] Chad Wittkop Minnesota State University, Mankato Sergei Katsev University of Minnesota - Duluth Mojtaba Fakhraee University of Minnesota - Duluth Elizabeth D. Swanner Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ge_at_pubs Part of the Atmospheric Sciences Commons, Biogeochemistry Commons, Geochemistry Commons, and the Oceanography Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ge_at_pubs/261. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Geological and Atmospheric Sciences at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Geochemical Characterization of Two Ferruginous Meromictic Lakes in the Upper Midwest, USA Abstract To elucidate the role of (bio)geochemical processes that fueled iron and carbon cycling in early Earth oceans, modern environments with similar geochemical conditions are needed. As the range of chemical, physical, and biological attributes of the Precambrian oceans must have varied in time and space, lakes of different compositions are useful to ask and answer different questions. Tropical Lake Matano (Indonesia), the largest known ferruginous lake, and Lake Pavin (France), a meromictic crater lake, are the two best studied Precambrian ocean analogs. Here we present seasonal geochemical data from two glacially formed temperate ferruginous lakes: Brownie Lake (MN) and Canyon Lake (MI) in the Upper Midwest, USA. The er sults of seasonal monitoring over multiple years indicate that (1) each lake is meromictic with a dense, anoxic monimolimnion, which is separated from the less dense, oxic mixolimnion by a sharp chemocline; (2) below this chemocline are ferruginous waters, with maximum dissolved iron concentrations >1 mM; (3) meromixis in Brownie Lake is largely anthropogenic, whereas in Canyon Lake it is natural; (4) the shallow chemocline of Brownie Lake and high phosphorus reservoir make it an ideal analog to study anoxygenic photosynthesis, elemental ratios, and mineralogy; and (5) a deep penetrating suboxic zone in Canyon Lake may support future studies of suboxic microbial activity or mineral transformation. Disciplines Atmospheric Sciences | Biogeochemistry | Geochemistry | Oceanography Comments This article is published as Lambrecht, Nicholas, Chad Wittkop, Sergei Katsev, Mojtaba Fakhraee, and Elizabeth D. Swanner. "Geochemical characterization of two ferruginous meromictic lakes in the Upper Midwest, USA." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2018). doi: 10.1029/2018JG004587. Posted with permission. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ge_at_pubs/261 Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences RESEARCH ARTICLE Geochemical Characterization of Two Ferruginous 10.1029/2018JG004587 Meromictic Lakes in the Upper Midwest, USA Key Points: Nicholas Lambrecht1, Chad Wittkop2, Sergei Katsev3,4, Mojtaba Fakhraee4, and • fi Two permanently strati ed 1 (meromictic) Midwestern lakes are Elizabeth D. Swanner described, which are analogs of 1 2 ferruginous (iron-rich) Precambrian Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA, Department of Chemistry and 3 oceans Geology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN, USA, Department of Physics, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Duluth, • Stratification at Brownie Lake in MN, USA, 4Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA Minnesota is anthropogenic, with road salt as a major factor in stabilization of the water column Abstract To elucidate the role of (bio)geochemical processes that fueled iron and carbon cycling in early • Meromixis at Canyon Lake in Michigan is natural, as its north-south Earth oceans, modern environments with similar geochemical conditions are needed. As the range of orientation restricts solar radiation chemical, physical, and biological attributes of the Precambrian oceans must have varied in time and space, and wind mixing lakes of different compositions are useful to ask and answer different questions. Tropical Lake Matano (Indonesia), the largest known ferruginous lake, and Lake Pavin (France), a meromictic crater lake, are the two Supporting Information: best studied Precambrian ocean analogs. Here we present seasonal geochemical data from two glacially • Supporting Information S1 • Table S1 formed temperate ferruginous lakes: Brownie Lake (MN) and Canyon Lake (MI) in the Upper Midwest, USA. • Table S2 The results of seasonal monitoring over multiple years indicate that (1) each lake is meromictic with a dense, anoxic monimolimnion, which is separated from the less dense, oxic mixolimnion by a sharp chemocline; (2) Correspondence to: below this chemocline are ferruginous waters, with maximum dissolved iron concentrations >1 mM; (3) N. Lambrecht and E. D. Swanner, [email protected]; meromixis in Brownie Lake is largely anthropogenic, whereas in Canyon Lake it is natural; (4) the shallow [email protected] chemocline of Brownie Lake and high phosphorus reservoir make it an ideal analog to study anoxygenic photosynthesis, elemental ratios, and mineralogy; and (5) a deep penetrating suboxic zone in Canyon Lake Citation: may support future studies of suboxic microbial activity or mineral transformation. Lambrecht, N., Wittkop, C., Katsev, S., ’ – Fakhraee, M., & Swanner, E. D. (2018). Plain Language Summary Earth s atmosphere acquired oxygen around 2.46 2.33 billion years ago Geochemical characterization of two from oxygen-producing bacteria. Researchers are interested in how elements, for instance, iron and carbon, ferruginous meromictic lakes in the cycled between dissolved and solid phases in the ocean before oxygen was produced. In past oceans with Upper Midwest, USA. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, little oxygen, all life would have been microbial. In order to study elemental cycling on early Earth, modern 123. https://doi.org/10.1029/ water bodies where oxygen is absent in deep water are needed. Water samples were analyzed from different 2018JG004587 depths within Brownie Lake in Minneapolis, MN, and Canyon Lake in the Upper Peninsula of MI. We found that these lakes have two distinct chemical layers like past oceans: a top section that has oxygen and a Received 8 MAY 2018 Accepted 27 SEP 2018 bottom section that has no oxygen. The bottom sections never mix with the water on top and so remain Accepted article online 1 OCT 2018 without oxygen year-round. Brownie and Canyon Lakes have different, but applicable water chemistries as compared to well-studied field sites in Europe, Africa, and Asia. With the addition of Brownie Lake and Author Contributions: Canyon Lake as early Earth analogs, researchers will have the potential to answer many questions about early Conceptualization: Chad Wittkop, ’ Sergei Katsev, Elizabeth D. Swanner Earth s oceans. Data curation: Chad Wittkop, Sergei Katsev, Elizabeth D. Swanner Formal analysis: Chad Wittkop, Sergei Katsev, Mojtaba Fakhraee, Elizabeth D. 1. Introduction Swanner Funding acquisition: Chad Wittkop, The progressive oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans hinged around the Great Oxidation Event ca. Sergei Katsev, Elizabeth D. Swanner 2.46–2.33 billion years (Gyr) ago at the close of the Archean (Gumsley et al., 2017; Luo et al., 2016), which gen- Investigation: Chad Wittkop, Sergei erated redox interfaces between reduced chemical species deep within the ocean and oxygen produced in Katsev, Mojtaba Fakhraee, Elizabeth D. fl Swanner the euphotic zone. Due to higher mantle heat ows, deep ocean water in Archean and Proterozoic was char- Methodology: Chad Wittkop, Sergei acterized by extensive hydrothermal input (Isley, 1995; Planavsky et al., 2012) and was rich in dissolved redox- Katsev, Elizabeth D. Swanner active species such as Fe (II) and Mn (II). The development of euxinic (i.e., anoxic and sulfidic) bottom waters Resources: Sergei Katsev, Elizabeth D. fi Swanner was limited by the small sulfate reservoir (Can eld & Farquhar, 2009). However, ferruginous conditions Supervision: Chad Wittkop, Sergei remained an important feature of the Earth’s oceans throughout the Precambrian (Planavsky et al., 2011; Katsev, Elizabeth D. Swanner Poulton & Canfield, 2011; Sperling et al., 2015; Wood et al., 2015). Evidence for intensified redox cycling by (continued) the oxygenated mixed layer spans the Precambrian and is recorded in numerous redox proxies (Kendall ©2018. American Geophysical Union. et al., 2010; Li et al., 2010; Planavsky, Reinhard, et al., 2014). These conditions persisted until the ventilation All Rights Reserved. of the deep oceans at the close of the Proterozoic around 0.6 Gyr (Canfield et al., 2007). LAMBRECHT ET AL. 1 Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 10.1029/2018JG004587 Visualization: Sergei Katsev,
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