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The Polish Society Under the Par Ons – a Empts at Striking Balance (Revision Class)

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The Polish Society Under the Par Ons – a Empts at Striking Balance (Revision Class) The Polish Society Under the Parons – Aempts at Striking Balance (revision class) The Polish Society Under the Parons – Aempts at Striking Balance (revision class) Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) The Polish Society Under the Parons – Aempts at Striking Balance (revision class) ethnographic and stascal map Source: licencja: CC 0. Link to the Lesson You will learn what were the facts pertaining to the Partitioners’ policies on Poland; what were the directions and reasons of the Poles’ emigration in the nineteenth century; what were the manifestations of the social, economic, and political changes in the Polish territories. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Polish territories (especially the Russian Partition, not counting the Stolen Lands) entered the Industrial Revolution era. The territories of the Kingdom of Poland were among the most industrialized in the economically‐backward Russia. In economic terms, the Prussian Partition was becoming a highly‐developed agricultural region, as well as a raw material supply base for the German Reich. The other highly‐industrialized places in the Polish territories were: Cieszyn Silesia, which remained under the authority of the Habsburgs (the Austro‐Hungarian monarchs), and Upper Silesia in the Prussian Partition. The social structure of the Austrian Partition consisted prevalently of peasants. The landowners and the nobility kept their dominant position there, and the conflict between the peasants and landed gentry remained a problem until Poland regained her independence. In 1914, approximately one‐sixth of the overall number of Poles lived outside of the old Polish borders. The emigrants were prevalently peasants. The reasons for emigration were varied in nature – both economic and political. Until the sixties of the nineteenth century, the Polish cause was a constant point of the European states’ policies. This situation changed with the fall of the January Uprising, the Second French Empire, and the Paris Commune. Since then, the official policies of the European states remained silent on the matter. After the fall of the January Uprising, the Tsarist authorities took away the autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland, renaming it Vistula Land. Russification intensified, especially in administration and in the schools. The Prussian authorities made a similar move, intensifying germanization in Greater Poland. The fight against the Church, known as the Kulturkampf, took place at the same time both in Prussia and in the rest of Germany. The process of germanization was present in settlement as well. Starting in 1885, forcible expulsions of workers from other partitions began (called the “Prussian deportations” by the Poles). In 1901, the people of Września protested against religious education classes in the local school being conducted in German. The situation in Galicia was different. There, owing to the inner reforms of the Habsburg monarchy, Galicia obtained broad autonomy of schooling and administration. The Poles could organize their national events with no trouble. The Poles’ political activity accelerated in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. In 1882, the socialist political party, “Great Proletariat”, was founded. At the beginning of the nineties of the nineteenth century, the Polish socialists split into two currents – pro‐independence (Polish Socialist Party, with Józef Piłsudski) and revolutionary (Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania). The Polish national movement was represented by the National Democrats, headed by Roman Dmowski. It promoted national solidarism. The People’s Party, founded in 1895 in Rzeszów, worked for the benefit of the countryside. In 1907, the Poles started developing concepts of how to act in case war erupted. Roman Dmowski’s party and collaborators placed their hopes in Russia. Piłsudski’s party, as well as the people’s and socialist parties of Galicia supported the idea of cooperation with Austria. After the war erupted, the Austrian authorities granted Józef Piłsudski the permission to mobilize riflemen units in Galicia. He sought to initiate a national uprising in the Kingdom of Poland. The Polish riflemen units became the basis of the Polish Legions created in 1914. During the war, the Partitioning states did not discuss the question of Polish independence. It was only the stance of the United States’ President that marked a breakthrough (W. Wilson’s address to the Senate of 1917). In the Act of the 5th November of 1916, the German and Austria‐Hungary Emperors promised the creation of a Polish state, albeit to be dependent on Germany in the future (the Mitteleuropa concept). The leading Polish politicians were against the implications of the Act. The Central Powers agreed to the functioning of the Polish Legions as well – however, as a condition to become part them, one had to swear and oath of faithfulness to the German Emperor. In 1917, Józef Piłsudski refused to swear it (the “Oath Crisis”), and was subsequently jailed in Magdeburg. In the same year in Paris, the Polish National Commitee with Dmowski as its president and Ignacy Paderewski as his close collaborator was created as the official representation of Poland. Task 1 Look why and where did the Poles emigrate in the nineteenth century. Exercise 1 Analyze the map, then complete its tle. The Kingdom of Poland as of 1858 Source: Krysan Chariza i zespół, Królestwo Polskie w 1858 roku, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0. Choose the expressions that completes the tle of the map above. House owners Industrial proletariat Jewish people Exercise 2 Which organizaons were related to the socialist movement? Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego Międzynarodowa Socjalno-Rewolucyjna Partia „Proletariat” Polska Partia Socjalno-Rewolucyjna „Proletariat” Związek Robotników Polskich so-called Flying University Stowarzyszenie Socjalistyczne „Lud Polski” on emigration Polska Partia Socjalistyczna Liga Polska w Szwajcarii Stronnictwo Ludowe Stronnictwo Demokratyczno-Narodowe Partia Socjaldemokratyczna Galicji i Śląska Cieszyńskiego Liga Narodowa II Międzynarodówka student socialist circles in the Kingdom of Poland Task 2 Look for informaon about the sacral object whose photograph is below. When and under what circumstances was it built, and when pulled down. Church of the Archangel Michael Source: Naonal Photo Company, licencja: CC 0. Keywords Autonomy, germanization, coexistence, borderlands, russification Glossary Oath Crisis Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Oath Crisis „Kryzys przysięgowy” – kryzys polityczny z lipca 1917 r., związany z odmową złożenia przysięgi na wierność cesarzowi Niemiec przez żołnierzy Legionów Polskich, głównie I i III Brygady. Autonomy Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Autonomy Autonomia – prawo gwarantowane przez państwo do samodzielnego rozstrzygania spraw wewnętrznych przez wspólnotę, mniejszość narodową lub jednostkę prawną (np. uniwersytet) Blue army Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Blue army Błękitna Armia – polska siła zbrojna, utworzona w październiku 1918 r., we Francji, pod dowództwem Józefa Hallera, dawna II Brygada Legionów Polskich. Wilson’s fourteen points Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Wilson’s fourteen points Czternaście punktów Wilsona – słynne orędzie do Kongresu, wygłoszone przez prezydenta Wilsona w dniu 8 stycznia 1918 roku, złożone z czternastu punktów, w których zreferował on swoją wizję urządzenia powojennego świata. Punkt 13. orędzia przewidywał utworzenie niepodległego państwa polskiego. General-governor Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: General‐governor Generał‐gubernator – administrator prowincji, bezpośrednio podległy carowi Germanizaon Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Germanization Germanizacja – polityka Prus prowadząca do rozpowszechnienia języka niemieckiego i niemieckiej świadomości narodowej wśród mieszkańców ziem, zajętych w wyniku rozbiorów Ignacy Jan Paderewski Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Ignacy Jan Paderewski Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1860–1941) - wybitny pianista, kompozytor, polityk; w latach 1917– 1918 był przedstawicielem paryskiego Komitetu Narodowego Polskiego w USA; w 1917 roku złożył prezydentowi USA memoriał o Polsce i potrzebie jej odbudowy. Coexistence Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Coexistence Koegzystencja – współistnienie Polish Naonal Commitee Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Polish National Commitee Komitet Narodowy Polski – organizacja założona w Lozannie przez Romana Dmowskiego, działała w latach 1917–1919, z siedzibą w Paryżu; uznana przez rządy Francji, Wielkiej Brytanii i Włoch za namiastkę rządu polskiego na emigracji Kresy Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Kresy Kresy – ziemie znajdujące się na skraju państwa, inaczej: pogranicze. Kulturkampf Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Kulturkampf Kulturkampf – polityka Bismarcka w latach 1871‐1878, zmierzająca do ograniczenia wpływów Kościoła Katolickiego w II Rzeszy i w Prusach. Internaonale Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Internationale Międzynarodówka – organizacja międzynarodowa skupiająca partie polityczne o podobnej orientacji ideologicznej; pierwsze z nich były tworzone w XIX wieku przez organizacje socjalistyczne o zabarwieniu internacjonalistycznym
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