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1 Towards the Reconstruction of the Tense-Aspect-Mood
Towards the reconstruction of the tense-aspect-mood (TAM) system in early Bantoid, with particular attention to the category “tense” John R. Watters, SIL International September 2012 Proto-Niger-Congo Congress, Paris 1.0 Definition of the question The general purpose of this study is to contribute to our understanding of the tense-aspect- mood (TAM) categories and systems in proto or early Bantoid. Within that broad purpose, this study will give particular attention to the status of tense in Proto-Bantoid or early Bantoid. All Bantoid languages today systematically mark aspectual categories (e.g. imperfective) and modal categories (e.g. subjunctive). However, only some Bantoid languages mark tense as a grammatical category such as the Grassfields Bantu and Narrow Bantu languages. In other Bantoid languages, tense is absent such as in the Ekoid Bantu languages. This variation in the distribution of tense raises the question whether proto or early Bantoid was a tense-aspect language in which tense was lost in some subgroups over time, or was an aspect-prominent language in which certain subgroups innovated tense. If the latter case holds, I would want to ask additional questions: Where and when did the marking of tense as a verbal category emerge? What would it mean for our understanding of the early years of Bantoid, its subgroupings, and its internal migrations? Did the development of tense originate within one sub-set of languages from which it spread to others, or did various subgroups innovate tense independently of the others? I would also want to compare the distribution of tense in Bantoid languages with the results of lexicostatistical studies. -
Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages
Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1st proofs UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1st proofs Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages Gerrit J. Dimmendaal University of Cologne John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1st proofs TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American 8 National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dimmendaal, Gerrit Jan. Historical linguistics and the comparative study of African languages / Gerrit J. Dimmendaal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. African languages--Grammar, Comparative. 2. Historical linguistics. I. Title. PL8008.D56 2011 496--dc22 2011002759 isbn 978 90 272 1178 1 (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 1179 8 (Pb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 8722 9 (Eb) © 2011 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Company • P.O. Box 36224 • 1020 me Amsterdam • The Netherlands John Benjamins North America • P.O. Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1st proofs Table of contents Preface ix Figures xiii Maps xv Tables -
Sorting out the Position of Bantu Languages in Bantoid
WOCAL 7 7th World Congress of African Linguistics August 20-24, 2012, Buea, Cameroon SORTING OUT THE POSITION OF BANTU LANGUAGES IN BANTOID Rebecca Grollemund, Jean-Marie Hombert Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, Lyon, France [email protected] [email protected] Williamson & Blench 2000; Schadeberg 2003 Adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantoid_languages Bantoid languages • « Bantoid » Krause 1895 – Guthrie (1948): « Bantoid » « Semi-Bantu » – Greenberg (1963): « Bantoid » = genetic unit • Classification widely debated: – Williamson (1971) : “Wide Bantu” versus “Narrow Bantu” – Division Northern versus Southern Bantoid (Watters, 1989) • Northern Bantoid (Hedinger, 1989) • Southern Bantoid (Watters and Leroy, 1989) Simplified classification of Bantoid languages Bantoid Northern Hedinger (1989) Southern Watters (1989); Watters and Leroy (1989) Dakoid Mambiloid Fam Tiba Non-Narrow Narrow Bantu Bantu Jarawan Tivoid Beboid Ekoid Grassfields Nyang NW Other South-Bantoid and Bantu languages (1) • New classification of South-Bantoid and Bantu languages • Links between South-Bantoid and Bantu languages (exact delimitation?) – Linguistic frontier between South-Bantoid and Bantu languages? • Relationships between Bantu and other Southern Bantoid groups South-Bantoid and Bantu languages (2) • Focus on North-Western Bantu languages (A and B10-20-30), closer to some Southern Bantoid languages. – Degree of these affinities – Special attention to Mbam-Bubi (A40-60+A31) languages – Special focus on Jarawan languages -
Studies in African Linguistics Volume 43, Numbers 1&2, 2014 Michael R
Studies in African Linguistics Volume 43, Numbers 1&2, 2014 EXCEPTIONAL PATTERNS OF OBJECT MARKING IN BANTU Michael R. Marlo University of Missouri This article discusses three main phenomena in the morpho-syntax and morpho- phonology of Bantu languages in which the 1SG object prefix (OP) and/or the reflexive, display anomalous properties compared to other OPs. (i) The 1SG OP and the reflexive commonly have unique combinatorial properties with additional OPs. (ii) The 1SG OP (or, rarely, the reflexive as well) triggers different patterns of final vowel (FV) allo- morphy in the imperative. (iii) The 1SG OP but usually not the reflexive behave different- ly in reduplication. Each of these phenomena is the subject of a micro-typological survey within Bantu, the results of which support the conclusion that morpho-syntactic and mor- pho-phonological factors are responsible for the full range of anomalous patterns of the 1SG OP and reflexive across Bantu. The exceptional abilities of the 1SG OP and reflexive OP to combine with an extra OP and to trigger a different pattern of FV allomorphy in the imperative are the result of a distinct, lower structural position of the 1SG and reflex- ive prefixes compared to other OPs, but the overcopying of the 1SG OP in reduplication has a phonological basis. 1. Introduction In a wide range of Bantu languages and phenomena, the 1SG object prefix (OP) and the reflexive display exceptional properties compared to other OPs. This paper deals primarily with three phenomena that involve exceptional behavior of one or both of these prefixes: combinations of OPs, allomorphy of the final vowel in the imperative, and reduplication. -
Martenzaspil Final Draft 14 Dec 2014
ZASPiL 57 – December 2014 Proceedings of the Workshop BantuSynPhonIS: Preverbal Domain(s) Fatima Hamlaoui (Ed.) Table of Contents Fatima Hamlaoui Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Lisa L.-S. Cheng, Laura J. Downing Indefinite Subjects in Durban Zulu .................................................................................................... 5 Martial Embanga Aborobongui, Fatima Hamlaoui, Annie Rialland Syntactic and Phonological Aspects of Left and Right Dislocation in Embɔsi …............................ 26 Rozenn Guérois Locative Inversion in Cuwabo …...................................................................................................... 49 Maarten Mous TAM-Full Object-Verb Order in the Mbam languages of Cameroon …...........................................72 Jasper De Kind Pre-verbal Focus in Kisikongo …..................................................................................................... 95 Joseph Koni Muluwa, Koen Bostoen The Immediate Before the Verb Focus Position in Nsong: A Corpus-Based Exploration ............. 123 Lutz Marten The Preverbal Position(s) in Bantu Inversion Constructions. Theoretical and Comparative Considerations …............................................................................................................................ 136 Fatima Hamlaoui A Note on Bare-Passives in (Selected) Bantu and Western Nilotic Languages ............................ -
Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, And
TENSE AND ASPECT IN CHICHEWA, C I T U M B U K A AND CISENA A description and comparison of the tense - a s p e c t systems in three southeastern Bantu languages Andrea Kiso Tense and aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka and Cisena A description and comparison of the tense-aspect systems in three southeastern Bantu languages Andrea Kiso ©Andrea Kiso, Stockholm 2012 ISBN 978-91-7447-542-5 Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2012 Distributor: Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University Meinem Vater Abstract This dissertation describes and compares the tense-aspect systems found in three south- eastern Bantu languages, viz. Chichewa, Citumbuka and Cisena. For each language, an in-depth description of the tense-aspect categories and their use is given based on the analysis of different sources of data: audio recordings of arranged conversations and narratives, questionnaires in which native speakers of Chichewa, Citumbuka and Cisena translated English sentences into their own language, and parallel corpora of Biblical texts as well as direct elicitation and consultation sessions. The description provides evidence of dialectal variation in the tense-aspect systems in each language that has not been described systematically before. Furthermore, it discusses specific diachronic changes, such as the development of the present progressive marker -ku- into a present tense marker in Chichewa. Remoteness distinctions in the past and future tenses, which are common across Bantu, are also found in the three languages under investigation here. The use of these categories is studied in detail and a certain extent of flexibility in their use is observed. -
*‡Table 6. Languages
T6 Table[6.[Languages T6 T6 DeweyT6iDecima Tablel[iClassification6.[Languages T6 *‡Table 6. Languages The following notation is never used alone, but may be used with those numbers from the schedules and other tables to which the classifier is instructed to add notation from Table 6, e.g., translations of the Bible (220.5) into Dutch (—3931 in this table): 220.53931; regions (notation —175 from Table 2) where Spanish language (—61 in this table) predominates: Table 2 notation 17561. When adding to a number from the schedules, always insert a decimal point between the third and fourth digits of the complete number Unless there is specific provision for the old or middle form of a modern language, class these forms with the modern language, e.g., Old High German —31, but Old English —29 Unless there is specific provision for a dialect of a language, class the dialect with the language, e.g., American English dialects —21, but Swiss-German dialect —35 Unless there is a specific provision for a pidgin, creole, or mixed language, class it with the source language from which more of its vocabulary comes than from its other source language(s), e.g., Crioulo language —69, but Papiamento —68. If in doubt, prefer the language coming last in Table 6, e.g., Michif —97323 (not —41) The numbers in this table do not necessarily correspond exactly to the numbers used for individual languages in 420–490 and in 810–890. For example, although the base number for English in 420–490 is 42, the number for English in Table 6 is —21, not —2 (Option A: To give local emphasis and a shorter number to a specific language, place it first by use of a letter or other symbol, e.g., Arabic language 6_A [preceding 6_1]. -
The Sounds of the Bantu Languages
This article was downloaded by: 10.2.98.160 On: 01 Oct 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK The Bantu Languages Mark Van de Velde, Koen Bostoen, Derek Nurse, Gérard Philippson The sounds of the Bantu languages Publication details https://test.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315755946-3 Ian Maddieson, Bonny Sands Published online on: 15 Feb 2019 How to cite :- Ian Maddieson, Bonny Sands. 15 Feb 2019, The sounds of the Bantu languages from: The Bantu Languages Routledge Accessed on: 01 Oct 2021 https://test.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315755946-3 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://test.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. CHAPTER 3 THE SOUNDS OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES Ian Maddieson and Bonny Sands 1 INTRODUCTION Among phoneticians, the Bantu languages have a reputation as not having many interest- ing features, with the exception of the clicks introduced in some languages of the south- ern area. -
ACAL 39 ABSTRACTS Thematic Analysis of Gurene Proverbs James
ACAL 39 ABSTRACTS Thematic Analysis of Gurene Proverbs James Azure Ababila, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana The paper attempts a thematic analysis of Gurene proverbs based on their source domains. The source domains from which proverb themes derive are varied. The paper further examines the extent to which the speakers perceive the proverb as a repository of traditional wisdom and their world view. More than being mere objects of amusement, or even devices for learning, proverbs both reflect and contribute to patterns in people's lives, and therefore can form a powerful basis for community cohesion. I explore the different themes using data from the language. Proverb themes are greatly enhanced by literary devices such as metaphors, similes, personification and parallelism. The paper discusses the link between proverb themes and these literary devices. Clausal Comparative construction of Ethiopian Languages Daniel Aberra, University of Alberta. In his identification of Africa as a linguistic area, Greenberg (1983) pointed out that the ‘exceed comparative’ construction is one of its areal syntactic trait. This observation of Greenberg has been augmented by Heine & Kuteva (2001, 2005) that it is a macroarea feature for Africa. In fact, from the world languages that use as a standard comparison the verb meaning ‘surpass’, ‘defeat’, ‘exceed’, ‘pass’ etc, 65% are African languages of all phyla. The use of the exceed comparative is a common feature of Ethiopian languages, too. However, unlike other African languages they also use what is called the ‘separative comparative’ in addition to the exceed comparative. This paper shows that Ethiopian languages use the combination of the separative (location schema) and exceed (action schema) comparatives marking of standard (‘than’), and the comparative concept (‘more’) in line with Stassen’s (1984, 1985) typology of comparatives and Heine’s (1994, 1997) event schemas. -
Chapter 1 Introduction
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/36063 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Boyd, Ginger Title: The phonological systems of the Mbam languages of Cameroon with a focus on vowels and vowel harmony Issue Date: 2015-11-05 1 Introduction The languages of Mbam have a unique position in Bantu linguistics. Bastin and Piron (1999: 155), for example, consider these languages as the joint between “narrow” Bantu and “wide” Bantu, sometimes patterning with the one and sometimes with the other, while Grollemund (2012: 404) goes so far as to claim that it is “... le centre de diffusion proto-bantu, à partir duquel auraient débuté les migrations bantu...” As such, they are a rich motherlode for linguistic research to better understand both the Bantu A and Southern Bantoid languages and their relationship to each other. The Mbam languages have another point of interest as well. They have been considered as standard 7-vowel languages (/i, e, ɛ, a, ɔ, o, u/) with Advanced Tongue Root (ATR) harmony. Several of the languages in this study, Nen (Stewart & van Leynseele 1979, Mous 1986, 2003), Maande (Taylor 1990), Gunu (Robinson 1984, Hyman 2001) and Yangben (Hyman 2003a), have been previously analysed as having ATR harmony and 7-vowel vowel inventories. Vowel harmony 2 has been described as “a requirement that vowels in some domain, typically the word, must share the same value of some vowel feature, termed the “harmonic feature” (Casali 2008: 497), in the case of the Mbam languages, an important “harmonic feature” is ATR. Vowel harmony in African languages is a topic that has received a lot of notice and study, and the vowel harmony of not a few of the Mbam languages has also been studied.