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BElWEEN THE SPEX::IES 174 Zoophily in the Judeo-<:hristian culture expression of "eternal Mind, which is God. " has usually nanifested'itself in the form of Pantheism, however, is denied. Christian organizations that are not oriented to organ'­ Science contends that the expression of life ized religion. Four basic concepts have is not in strictly material bodies but in contributed to the Western reverence for the those with a "mind." Whether this type of life of animals am:mg the secular organiza'­ existence extends to the animal world is tions sponsoring zoophilic ideals. While somewhat vague in the literature. If animals these four concepts are religious in nature, do have minds, it is only the expression of they are not found in the fornal creeds of the Divine Mind, since "sin is the belief in the larger Christian denominations of Euro'­ the real existence of a mind or minds other than the Divine l"1ind." [6 ] pearl origin.

The major rationale prompting kindness Mary Baker Eddy, the founder or "disco­ to animals is the evolutionary concept of verer" of Christian Science, has been the humans and animals belonging to one large accepted authority and "revelator of truth to family. [1] A second principle is the promise this age." Mrs. Eddy's comments concerning that kindness practiced to animals will re­ animals have been sparse and somewhat ambigu­ sult in greater kindness to humankind. [2] ous. Writing in Unity of Good, she taught Vegetarianism has been a third rrotivating God's life and "spiritual good are not in factor in the practice of zoophily. Even these kingdoms." [7] However, Mrs. Eddy also though vegetarianism may be practiced strict-­ wrote, "beasts, as well as men, express 11' for the benefit of human health, it has Mind • • but they manifest less of mind." resulted in a sparing of animal life.[3] Her explanation was that the cause of all Finally, there is the rarer concept that existence, as perceived by humanity, was the animals will have a place in a life here­ eternal 11ind, God. In the Platonic tradi­ after, and humans will be held accountable by tion, beasts are lower and further removed God for their treabnent of these eternal fran God and have less spiritual aspects of creatures. [4] mind. In their appetites, passions, and other characteristics, they express quali­ M::lst Christian denominations have not ties, but these are expressions more of mor­ supported zoophily, although few have been tal mind than of irmnortal mind. [8] Though opposed to it. Silence has been the general the "individuality and identity of animals" rule. Many have felt that there are too nany is preserved by God-intelligence, Mrs. Eddy important questions concerning humans to warned that one should not suppose He/She becane interested in animals. [5] Although possessed life and mind. The time will cane, she predicted, when the spirit will "destroy some catholics and fundamentalist Christians forever all belief in intelligent matter, " have denounced concern for animals, three which seemingly included animals. [9] churches originating in America in the nine­ teenth century have made lOOre positive state­ ments concerning animals. These are the Vegetarianism was rejected by the foun­ Christian Scientists, Seventh-Day Adventists, der of Christian Science, who repeated the and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day doctrine that it was false to believe life Saints (Morroons). and intelligence are in matter. Mrs. Eddy recalled a young nan who had adopted a vege­ tarian diet to cure dyspepsia. The young man was =ed when he realized the Christian Sci- Church of Christ-Scientist

Though the Church of Christ-Scientist ORCA'S GREATEST HITS A compilation 01 musical has an unorthodox view of humanity and mat­ Improvisation belween humans ter, its resultant view of animals has been and orcas recorded In the wild and entirely underwater. similar to the majority of Christians. In CosseHe is avaITable for eleven the Christian Science view, God is "Divine dollars (including lox and moiling) l"1ind" and is the "conceiver of all in the from: tnlerspecles Communlcalion universe. o. Matter is an illusion subject to 273 Hidden Meadow Lone decay and dissolution. The ultimate reality Friday Harbor, WA 9B250 is "spirit" or "mind," and the physical mat-· ror newsleller and membership Information please wrile to Ihe ter of things or beings is illusory and tem-' some address. porary. Only humans have life that is an

175 BEIWEEN THE SPECIES ence truth that a "bit of animal flesh" was in accordance with traditional Christianity. overfX>Wering him and his mind did not have There is recognition that God has spoken dominion over matter. Mrs. Eddy counseled concerning animals; animals have a lower rank her followers not to consult the stomach arrong living beings than humans; and animals about what to eat but eat what is set before are to be used and dominated by humanity. one, "asking no question for conscience Also taught is the principle of love which sake." The eating of meat was not to be can be extended to creatures such as animals. rejected for either health or zoophilic rea­ However, in light of the corrm:mly recognized sons.[IO] status of animals and the principle of loving kindness, there has been no theological jus­ Mrs. Eddy did make one zoophilic state­ tification developed for zoophily in Chris­ ment, however, showing rrore concern for ani­ tian Science nor for Christianity in general. mal life than had been demonstrated in her writings generally. The D~pression has been

that humans I concern for God and an attempt to realize rrore fully eternal mind left lit­ Seventh· Day Adventists tle room for concern for more materialistic creatures such as animals. Nevertheless, the principle of tenderness is imparted by Spirit The Seventh-Day Adventists, recognizing and thus can be evident in humanity's rela­ Ellen G. White as their founder and prophe­ tionship with animals. Daniel and Paul were tess, advocate vegetarianism. The Church was able to avoid harm from animals as the result formally named in 1860 in Battle Creek, Mich­ of control which Love manifested over the igan. Mrs. White's rrotivation towards vege­ lions and viper. [11] Climaxing this thought, tarianism seems to have been entirely health Mrs. Eddy stated: "The individuality created oriented. With her husband, James, she visi­ by God is not carnivorous, as witness the ted many health resorts and talked to many millenial estate pictured by Isaiah." Though doctors, learning about proper diet to im­ the prophetess quotes the account of peace in prove the health of herself and her husband. the animal kingdan in Isaiah 11:6, this rare As a result, she came in contact with a zoophilic expression was not given further sanitarium operated by William Kellogg in explanation by the developer of Christian Battle creek. The famous breakfast cereals Science, and zoophily has not been developed developed by Kellogg and Post were advocated by later practitioners of that faith. [12] by the Seventh-Day Adventists. [14] Another influence on the Whites was Joseph Bates, a In spite of radically unorthodox theolo­ sailor convert to Adventism who early in life gy, Christian Science has presented the same had espoused the vegetarian diet. [IS] generally accepted catholic-Protestant atti­ tude toward animals and their treatment. All The medical aspect of vegetarianism has creation is fran God, with humanity at the had strong advocates in this medically orien­ pinnacle in a descending order of created ted Church throughout its history. In list­ beings and things. Love expressed to its ing nine reasons for practising vegetarian­ fullest should be shown to all of God's crea­ ism, one author gives only one with a zoo­ tion, but not in equal order of intensity. philic concept, when he states that the "ori­ Animals are definitely of a lower order than ginal diet intended for man contained no humans, and humans should have dominion over flesh food."[16] the beasts. Since matter is illusory for Christian Scientists, no human nor animal Though Ellen G. White herself stressed will have a resurrected body of physical the health aspects of a meatless diet, she matter. Animal status in the life after did canment upon zoophily. She wrote that it death is not spelled out in Christian Sci­ was contrary to God I s plan "to have the life ence, but the implications are that there are of any creature taken." There was no death no animals with minds enabling them to return in Eden, and indeed, God did not give humans to God-Mind. [13] Still unresolved in Chris­ permission to eat flesh until after the tian Science theology is the adroonition not flood. Allowing humans to eat flesh was what to avoid eating flesh of animals and the shortened the lives of earlier humans, ac­ conflicting dictum that individuals were not cording to Mrs. White. [17] Probably the rrost created camivorous by God nor are they to be representative of Seventh-Day Adventist be­ carnivorous in the future. It is on this liefs concerning animals is the following stand that the Church of Christ-Scientist is statement by Mrs. White:

BEIWEEN THE SPOCIES 176 Is it not time that all should aim increasing, the weight of suffering to dispense with flesh food? HOW' which his transgression has brought can those who are seeking to beccrne up::>n God's creatures. He who will pure, refined, and holy, that they abuse animals because he has them may have the companionship of hea­ in his power is both a coward and a venly angels, continue to use as tyrant. A disp::>sition to cause food anything that has so harmful pain, whether to our fellOW' men or an effect on soul and body? HOW' to the brute creation, is satanic. can they take the life of God's l-len do not realize that their cru­ creatures that they may consume the elty will ever be kn=, because flesh of luxury? Let them, rather, the poor dumb animals cannot reveal return to the wholesome and deli­ it. But could the eyes of these dous food given to man in the men be opened, as were those of beginning, and themselves practice, Balaam, they would see an angel of and teach their childre,., to prac­ God standing as a witness, to tes­ tice, mercy tOW'ard the dumb crea­ tify against them in the courts tures that God has made and placed above. A record goes up to heaven, under our dominion. [lB] and a day is coming when judgment will be pronounced against those More rarely does the founder stress the who abuse God's creatures.[20] zoophilic aspects as she did when she sugges­ ted: Mrs. White seemed to advocate zoophily for four reasons: Think of the cruelty to animals that meat eating involves, and its 1. Htnnans should not be cruel to crea­ effect on those who inflict and tures God created and to which He shOW's mer­ those who behold it. HOW' it des­ cy; troys the tenderness with which we should regard these creatures of 2. By Adam's fall, htnnans caused the God. [19] original suffering for animals; therefore, they should be resp::>nsible for lessening The only other reference to zoophily by their sufferings; Ellen G. White is her corrmentary up::>n Numbers 22: 3. Cruelty is satanic; and

Balaam had given evidence of the 4. Humans will be jUdged in the here­ spirit that controlled him by his after for their treatment of animals. treatment of his beast. "A righ­ teous man regardeth the life of his Seventh-Day Adventism thus has had beasts: but the tender mercies of strong zoophilic tendencies, as stated by its the wicked are cruel." (Proverbs founder. Zoophily is still not the dominant 13:10) Few realize as they should basis for their vegetarian diet, hQWever, as the sinfulness of abusing animals stated in an official explanation of their or leaving them to suffer fran practice: "to us, the whole matter of llI1­ neglect. He who created man made clean foods is primarily a question of the 10W'er animals also, and "His health. • Our health teaching is not a tender mercies are over all His matter of religious taboos." [21] Though no works." (Psalms 145:9) The animals official supp::>rt for zooI;hily has come from were created to serve man, but he the followers of Ellen G. White, individual has no right to cause them pain by members have supp::>rted it. [22] harsh treatment or cruel exaction. It is because of man's sin that "the whole creation groaneth, and travaileth in pain together." (Ro­ mans B:22) Suffering and death were thus entailed, not only up::>n the htnnan race, but up::>n the ani­ mals. Surely, then, it beccrnes man to seek to lighten, instead of

177 BETWEEN THE SPECIES brute creation; and when men lose The Church of Jesus Christ their vicious dispositions and of LaUer·day Saints cease to destroy the animal race, the lion and the lamb can dwell The first reference to animal life in together, and the sucking child can latter-Day Saint (Monron) scripture is in play with the serpent in safety." their Doctrine and Covenants. In March, The brethren took the serpents 1831, it was revealed to Josefh Smith that carefully on sticks and carried though vegetarianism was not to be enforced them across the creek. I exhorted as a doctrine for humankind, .humans were the brethren not to kill a serpent, still responsible for their killing of ani­ bird, or an animal of any kind mals: during our journey unless it became necessary in order to preserve And whoso forbideth to abstain fran ourselves fran hunger. [24] meats, that man should not eat the same, is not ordained of God: That the brethren implemented the Pro­ fhet's teachings is indicated in two events For, behold the beasts of the field that occurred about a m::>nth later on the and the fowls of the air, and that trip: which caneth of the earth, is or­ dained for the use of man for food As Hyrum Stratton and his carrg;>an­ and for raiment, and that he might ion were taking up their blankets have in abundance. this morning, they discovered two prairie rattlesnakes quietly sleep­ And woe be unto man that sheddeth ing under them, which they careful­ blood or that wasteth flesh and ly carried out of camp. hath no need. [23] And again, While revising the Bible, Josefh Smith desired further understanding concerning the While the brethren were making four beasts mentioned in Revelation 4:6. their beds in Captain Brigham Section 77 of the Doctrine and Covenants Young's tent, one of them disco­ contains the response from the Lord. '!he vered a very musical rattlesnake answer reveals that "Heaven, the paradise of which they were about to kill. God," contains beasts, creeping things, and Captain Young told them not to hurt fowls of the air, and "every other creature him but carry him out of the tent, which God has created." (Vs. 2) whereupon Brother Carpenter took him in his hands, carried him be­ The exact status of animals in the re­ yond all danger, and left him to surrected state is unknown except as revealed enjoy his liberty, telling him not in verse four, where they are credited with to return. [25] being "full of knOlNledge" and having "power to move, to act, etc." Further explaining John's vision in the book of Revelations and the place of animals During the Zion's Camp expedition in the in the afterlife, the Profhet Josefh Smith surrmer of 1834, an incident occurred that explained that John probably saw beings in allowed a practical application of concern heaven of a "thousand forms" that were for animal life. As related by Josefh Smith "strange beasts of which we have no concep­ in his history, tion," and all animals "might be seen in heaven." He also stated: "John learned that In pitching my tent we found three God glorified Himself by saving all that His massasaugas or pralrle rattle­ hands had made, whether beasts, fowls, fish­ snakes, which the brethren were es, or men."[26] about to kill, but I said, "Let them alone--don't hurt them! How He further taught the resurrection of will the serpent ever lose his animals: venom, while the servants of God possess the same disposition and Says one, "I cannot believe in the continue to make war upon it? Men salvation of beasts." Any man who must become hannless, before the would tell you this could not be,

BE.'IWEEN THE SPEX:IES 178 would tell you that the revelations sorei any official humane programs since are not true. John heard the words 1918, there were articles concerning zooJ;iJ.ily of the beast giving glory to God, in the Instructor magazine with titles such and understood them. God who made as "Do You Treat Your Pets with Kind­ the beasts o:mld understand every ness?,"[30] "Reverence for Life, "[31] and language spoken by them. The "Thou Shalt Not Kill."[32] That last article beasts were four of the most noble refers to hunting. animals that filled the measure of their creation, and had been saved The Primary organization, for children fram other worlds, because they under the age of twelve, began to stress were perfect. They were like an­ humane treatment of animals in 1902, with the gels in their sJ;iJ.ere. We are not first issue of their magazine, The Children's told where they came fram, and I do Friend. Then, in its January, 1952, issue, not know; but they were seen and the Primary organization began its sponsor­ heard by John praising and glorify­ ship of the "Kindness to Animals Club" and ing God.[27] invited Primary children to join. On page twenty-two, the top half of the page encour­ Brigham Young also showei concern for aged all children to join, with the headline animals. For example, in a sermon preached "Kindness to Animals Club. A brand new club in Salt Lake City's old Tabernacle, he said: for all boys and girls. Will you be an active, livewire member?" The invitation "Let the people be holy, and the continued by stating: "There are all kinds earth under their feet will be of clubs, but what could be more fun than to holy. Let the people be holy, and share in doing good and being kind to all filled with the Spirit of God, and animal life?" The creed consisted of three every animal and creeping thing promises to be signed by the applicant: will be filled with peace. The more purity that exists, the 1. I will feed my pets and take less is the strife; the more kind care of them as I should. we are to our animals, the more will peace increase, and the savage 2. I will be kind to all animal nature of the brute creation will life. vanish away. [28] 3. I will try to get others to do President Young also warned that the the same.[33] Latter-Day Saints would "never inherit the Celestial Kingdan" until they learned to take The last invitation to join the "Kind­ proper care of the things on this earth en­ ness to Animals Club" was in the December, trusted to them by the Lord. Specifically 1956, issue of The Children's Friend, ending referring to livestock, he said that the the second major zoophilic program sponsored people should "take care of their cattle and by a Latter-Day Saints Church auxiliary. horses" and the man who did not do it would "lay himself liable to censure in the eyes of Lorenzo Snow served as President of the justice."[29] L.D.S. Church fram 1898 to 1901. He was an avid hunter in his youth, but he recalls that George Q. cannon, a counselor in the at the age of twenty-four, a strong feeling First Presidency under Brigham Young, probab­ came over him that killing animal life was ly wrote more concerning the humane treatment sinful. He attributed this change in atti­ of animals than any other Latter-Day Saint. tude to the teachings of JoseJ;iJ. Smith. He As editor of the Juvenile Instructor, the recorded in his journal: magazine for the Sunday School organization of the Mormon Church, he began in 1868 writ­ While moving slowly forward in ing editorials advocating kindness to ani­ pursuit of something to kill, my mals. In 1907 he announced the inauguration mind was arrested with the reflec­ of the Sunday School-sponsored Humane Day, to tion on the nature of my pursuit-­ be canmerrvrated during the month of February. that of amusing myself by giving This program continued in the Church for the pain and death to hannless, inno­ next twenty years. cent creatures that perhaps had as much right to life and enjoyment as Although the Sunday School has not spon­ 179 BElWEEN THE SPECIES myself. I realized that such in­ any creature cruelly•••• It will dulgence was without any justifica­ be a blessed day when mankind shall tion, and feeling condermed, I laid accept and abide by the Christ-like my gun on my shoulder, returned sentilllent expressed by one of the hane, arrl from that time to this poets in the following words: have felt no inclination for that "Take not away the life you cannot murderous amusement.[34] give, For all things have an equal right to live."[37] During the twentieth century, all of the presidents of the Momon Church have made An editorial published in the Juvenile statements that relate to zoofhily, except Instructor in April, 1918, was considered of for Harold B. Lee, who served as president such significance that it was repeated in less than two years. Heber J. Grant and April, 1927. It stated: George Albert Smith did not refer directly to the treatment of animals but, rather, to the What is it to be humane to the concept of meat in their diet. In General beasts of the fields and birds of Conference, Heber J. Grant stated: the air? It is nore than to be considerate of the animal life I think that another reason why I entrusted to our care. It is a have very splendid strength for an grateful appreciation of God's old man is that during the years we creations. It is the lesson of have had a cafeteria in the utah divine love. To Him all life is a Hotel I have not, with the excep­ sacred creation for the use of His tion of not nore than a dozen children. Do we stand beside Him times, ordered meat of any kind. in our tender regard for life? On those special occasions I have mentioned, I have perhaps had a OUr sense of appreciation should small, tender lamb chop. I have be quickened by a desire to under­ endeavored to live the Word of stand divine PUrposes, and to keep Wisdan, arrl that in my opinion, is the balance of animal life adjusted the one reason for my good to the needs of creation. Man in health. [35 ] his wanton disregard of a sacred duty has been reckless of life. he George Albert Smith's son-in-law, Robert has destroyed it with an indiffer'­ Murray Stewart, made sane comnents on the ence to the evil results it would President's food preferences. This report, entail upon the earth. Birds have pilllished during President Smith's lifetime, been uselessly slaughtered, and stated: "In the SUIllller he eats no meat, and pests have sprung up as a conse­ even in the winter months, he eats very lit­ quence to plague the people of the tle."[36] world. Animals in the providence of the creation have been intended other twentieth century Presidents of as a prey upon one another. They the L.D.S. Church who have spoken out fre­ preserve a safe balance for the quently on behalf of zoofhily are Josefh F. henefit of man. Smith and David O. McKay. Both President Smith and President McKay were superinten­ • The unnecessary destruction dents of the General sunday School and were of life is a distinct spiritual co-editors of the Juvenile Instructor when loss to the htman family. Men they sponsored Humane Day. In February, cannot worship the Creator and look 1912, President Smith wrote a two-page edi­ with careless indifference upon His', torial entitled "Kindness to Animals?" Here creations. The love of all life is a sample of it: helps man to the enjoyment of a better life. It exalts the spiri-' Kindness to the whole animal crea­ tual nature of those in need of tion and especially to all domestic divine favor. animals is not only a virtue that should be developed, but is the '!he wanton destruction of life absolute duty of mankind. ••• It reacts upon the htman family. is an unrighteous thing to treat There is' sanething in the law of

BE'lWEEN THE SPEX:IES 180 CXJ!llPeIlsation which makes cr:i.rn.i.nals 1947, President Smith declared: injure and destroy life. Men who are unsympathetic toward the life It is a grievous sin in the sight of dcmestic animals entrusted to of God to kill merely for sport. them usually receive the reward of Such a thing shows a weakness in their cruelty by the dumb animals the spiritual character of the which they mistreat. Love beget..s individual. We cannot restore life love in all creation, and nature when it is taken, and all creatures responds bounteously to the tender have a right to enjoy life and treatment of man. happiness on the earth where the Lord has placed them. Only for Nature helps us to see and food, and then sparingly, should understand God. To all His crea­ flesh be eaten, for all life is tions we owe an allegiance of ser­ fran God and is eternal. [42] vice and a profound admiration. Man should be kind to the animals Answering a question in the Improvement Era, which serve him both directly and an official Church magazine, on the sinful­ indirectly. An angry word or a ness of killing animals wantonly, President brutal blow wounds the heart fran Smith stated: which it comes. Love of nature is akin to the love of God; the two There is no inference in the scrip­ are inseparable. [38] tures that it is the privilege of man to slay birds or beasts or to President David O. McKay in General catch fish wantonly. The Lord gave Conference remarked that: "A true Latter-Day life to every creature, both the Saint is kind to animals, is kind to every birds in the heavens, beasts on created thing, for God has created all." [39] earth, and the fishes in the Six nonths later, in the Annual Conference, streams or seas. They also were he commended the previously mentioned Kind­ commanded to be fruitful and multi­ ness to Animals Club: ply and fill the earth. It was intended that all creatures should Another very commendable feature is be happy in their several elements. the Kindness to Animals Club being Therefore to take the life of those sponsored by The Children's Frienc!. creatures wantonly is a sin before I cormnend to your attention, espe­ the Lord. cially when we sense the reports that we have had recently regarding It is easy to destroy life, but sane sadist boys who have been who can restore it when it is ta­ going around with 22's shooting, ken? Moreover, were not all crea­ just for the mere sport, the starv­ tures cormnanded to be happy in ing deer. [40] their sflheres at least by implica­ tion if not by word? What a dreary In 1942, Joseflh Fielding Smith gave a world this would be should all life series of lectures on Church doctrine. In be renoved. What is nore joyful to one of these evening talks in the Assembly the ear than the voice of the robin Hall (on Temple Square in Salt Lake City), he on an early spring rrorning as he said: sings his song? The voice of the thrush, the meadow lark, even the What did Isaiah say? Before you bark of a friendly dog, each of get through asking, I will answer. them expressing their joy for their The lion, as well as the lamb, existence. these animals that now are so filled with vicious habits will No! Man should be rrore the friend then be at peace, and so it says and never an enemy to any living here there will be no enmity be­ creature. The Lord placed them tween man and beast, and we will here. [43] not to go off and kill deer when that time canes. [41] President Smith recognizes that at times it is needful to kill animals for food and if In a Melchizedek Priesthood manual for 181 BRIWEEN THE SPECIES they became a plague to mankind. However, 4. Noah J. Cohen, Tsa'ar Ba'ale Hayim-­ after quoting extensively fran Joseph Smith, The Prevention of Cruelty to An:i.nals: Its Jr. and Joseph F. Smith, he concludes his Bases, Developnent and Legislation in ~ plea for kindness with: "Is it not an excel­ Literature (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic lent time for man to set the example as the University of America Press, 1949). Also, Prophet has said."[44] see E. D. Buckner, The inmJrtality of Animals and the Relation of Man ~ Guardian (Phila­ President Spencer W. Kimball has spoken delphia: George W. Jacobs and Co., 1903), in General Conference advocating kindness to Agnes Carr, The Animals and Birds Redeemed animals and birds on three occasions: OCto­ fran Death: Their Eternal Glory (San Fran­ ber, 1976, April, 1978, and OCtober, 1978. cisco: n.n., 1953), and Dix Harwood, Love The current President, EZra Taft Benson, when for Animals (New York: n.n., 1928), pp. 145­ he was President of the Quorum of the Twelve 60. Apostles, stated: "I have often felt that the Lord is further counseling us in this revelation (Doctrine and Covenants, Section 5. "Empathetic Fallacy," unsigned edi­ 89) against indiscriminately killing animals, torial in America CI (August 1, 1959), p. for He has said elsewhere in scripture 'Woe 567. And Philip Austin, Our Duty to Animals be unto man that sheddeth blood or that was­ (London: n.n., 1885). teth flesh and hath no need' (Doctrine and Covenants 49:21)."[45] 6. George Charming, "What Is a Chris­ tian Scientist?," Religions in America, ed. The Latter-Day Saints scriptures, espe­ Leo Rosten (New York: Sirron and Schuster, cially the Doctrine and Covenants and the 1963), pp. 39-45. Inspired Version of the Bible, lay a firm foundation for the practice of zoophily in 7. Mary Baker Eddy, Unity of Good (Bos­ the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day ton: Trustees under the Will of Mary Baker Saints, and they stand alone as a Christian G. Eddy, 1919), p. 38. church with a doctrinal base and historical activity advocating concern for animals. 8. Mary Baker Eddy, Miscellaneous Writ­ ings (Boston: Trustees under the Will of Mary Baker G. Eddy, 1896), p. 36.

Notes 9. Ibid., p. 223.

1. Berny Stefhens Salt, The ~ of 10. Ibid., pp. 221-2. Kinship (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1935), pp. 1-2, 55-7. 11. Mary Baker Eddy, Science and Health with ~ to the Scriptures (Boston: Trustees 2. Ibid., pp. 47-53. See Philip P. under the Will of Mary Baker G. Eddy, 1875), Hallie, The Paradox of ~elty (Middletown, p. 514. Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1969), Thcmas Aquinas, ~ Theologica (Chicago: 12. Ibid. Encyclopedia Britannica Great Books, 1952), Book I, pp. 592-10, and Martin Luther, Lu­ 13. Mary Baker Eddy, Unity, p. 38, and ther's ~ (St. Louis: Concordia Publish­ Science, pp. 309, 311, 557. ing House, 1960), Vol. IX, P. 220. 14. Gerald Carson, Cornflake Crusade (New York: Rinehart and Co., 1957), pp. 71­ 3. Marion E. Coville, An ~ Against Slaughter (Syracuse: C. W. Bardeen Publish­ 146. ers, 1914). Also, Geoffrey L. Rudd, ~ Kill for Food (WilInslaw, Cheshire: The Vegetarian 15. JoseI,il Bates, ~ Autobiography of Society, 1956), Howard Williams, The Ethics Elder Josefh Bates (Battle Creek, Mich.: ~ Diet (London: F. pitman, 1883), F. J. seventh-Day Adventist Publishing Association, Sinm:ms, Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances 1868) • in the Old ~ (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1961), and Joseph Ritson, An 16. Harold M. Walton, Medical ~ Essay ~ Abstinence fran Animal Food as Moral (Mountain View, Calif: Pacific Press Pub­ Duty (London: R. Phillips, 1802). lishing Association, 1931), p. 94.

BEIWEEN THE SPEX::IES 182 17. Ellen G. White, Counsel ~ Diet and of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Janu­ Foods (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald ary, 1952), p. 22. Publishing Association, n.d.), pp. 81, 373. 34. Thanas C. Ranney, The Life of Loren­ 18. Ellen G. White, Ministry of Healing ---zo Snow (salt Lake City: O8seret Bcok Co. , (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Pub­ 1955 ), PP. 34=5 lishing Association, n.d.), p. 317. Also, 35. The Church of Jesus Christ of Lat­ see White, Counsel, p. 380. ter-Day Saints, Conference Report (April, 1937), p. 15. 19. Ibid., p. 315.

36. Herbert Murray Stewart, "A Normal 20. Ellen G. White, Patriarchs and Pro­ Day in the Hane of George Albert Smith, II phets (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Improvement Era LIII (Salt Lake City, April, Publishing Association, 1958), pp. 468-9. 1950), p. 287.

~ 21. Questions Doctrine (Washington, 37. Juvenile Instructor XLVIII (Salt D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Associa­ Lake City: Deseret Sunday Schcol Union Board tion, 1957), pp. 622-4. of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, May, 1913), p. 309. 22. George H. Westbeau, Little ~ (Mountain View, Calif. : Pacific Press Pub­ 38. Ibid., LIII (April, 1918), pp. 182­ lishing Co., 1956). 3, LXII (April, 1927), PP. 190-1. See also

"The Origin of Man, II Improvement Era XIII 23. The Doctrine and Covenants of the (November, 1901), p. 81. Church ofJesus Christcl Latter-Day Saints (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ 39. Conference Report (october, 1951), of Latter-Day Saints, 1981 ) , Section 49, p. 180. verses 18-9, 21.

40. Conference Report (April, 1952), p. 24. JoseIfJ. Smith, History of the Church 2. of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 2d ed, -;;v, ed. B. H. Roberts (Salt Lake City: 08­ 41. JoseIfJ. Fielding Smith, The Signs of seret News, 1960), Vol. 2, pp. 71-2. ---the Times (Salt lake City: O8seret Bcok Co., 1964), p. 39. 25. Ibid., pp. 101-2.

42. JoseIfJ. Fielding Smith, Church Histo­ 26. Ibid., Vol. 5, p. 343. E:i. and Modern Revelation (n.p., Council of 'lWeIve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ 27. Ibid., pp. 343-4. of Latter-Day Saints, 1947), p. 193.

28. The Jow:nal of Discourses (Liver­ 43. JoseIfJ. Fielding Smith, Answers to pool: F. D. Richards et. a1., 1854-86), Vol Gospel Questions IV (Salt Lake City~ Deseret I, p. 203. Book Co., 1963 ), pp. 43-4.

29. Ibid., VallI, p. 141. 44. Ibid.

30. James G. Lawrence, Instructor IIIC 45. Conference Report (April, 1983), p. (Salt lake City: O8seret Sunday Schcol Union 71. Board of The Church of Jesus Christ of Lat­ ter-Day Saints, May 1962), pp. 154-5.

31. Lowell Bennion, Instructor XC (May, 196O), pp. 164-5.

32. Lowell L. Jackson, Instructor IVC (May, 1964), pp. 179-81.

33. The Children's Friend LI (Salt Lake City: The Primary Association of The Church

183 BEI'WEEN THE SPECIES