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Pathological Bodies The Berkeley SerieS in BriTiSh STudieS Mark Bevir and James Vernon, University of California, Berkeley, editors 1. The Peculiarities of Liberal Modernity in Imperial Britain, edited by Simon Gunn and James Vernon 2. Dilemmas of Decline: British Intellectuals and World Politics, 1945– 1975, by Ian Hall 3. The Savage Visit: New World People and Popular Imperial Culture in Britain, 1710– 1795, by Kate Fullagar 4. The Afterlife of Empire, by Jordanna Bailkin 5. Smyrna’s Ashes: Humanitarianism, Genocide, and the Birth of the Middle East, by Michelle Tusan 6. Pathological Bodies: Medicine and Political Culture, by Corinna Wagner Pathological Bodies Medicine and Political Culture Corinna Wagner Global, Area, and International Archive University of California Press Berkeley loS angeleS london The Global, Area, and International Archive (GAIA) is an initiative of the Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, in partnership with the University of California Press, the California Digital Library, and international research programs across the University of California system. University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2013 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress iSBn: 978-1938169-08-3 Manufactured in the United States of America 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of anSi/niSo z39.48– 1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). For radical dandies, past and present Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Constitutions Both Corporeal and Political 1 ParT i. revoluTionary PaThologieS 1. The Case of Marie Antoinette: Revolutionary Politics and the Biologically Suspect Woman 17 2. Monstrous Mothers, Constitutional Amazons, and the Medicalization of the Breast 50 ParT ii. radiCal PaThologieS 3. Murder to Dissect: Godwin, Wollstonecraft, and the Pathology of Indifference 81 4. Hygiene, Contamination, and Tom Paine’s Toenails 129 ParT iii. royal PaThologieS 5. Gout vs. Goût: Taste, Community, and the Monarchy 167 6. Hottentot Buttocks, “Strange Chinese Shapes,” and George IV’s Oriental Appetites 198 Coda: Medicine, Politics, and the Production of the Modern Body 231 Notes 239 Bibliography 273 Index 293 Illustrations 1.1 Anon., Bravo, Bravo! la Reine se penetre de la Patrie (1791) 22 2.1. Thomas Rowlandson, Political Affection (1784) 61 2.2. Anon., Duchess of D—— in the Character of a Mother (1784) 62 2.3. Anon., L’aristocrate; la democrate (1790) 65 2.4. James Gillray, Un petit Soupèr a la Parisiènne (1792) 66 2.5. George Cruikshank, The Belle-Alliance (1819) 67 2.6. Daniel Edwards, Presidential Bust of Hillary Rodham Clinton (2006) 78 3.1. William Dent, A Right Hon. Democrat Dissected (1793) 82 3.2. Anon., A Dissection (1797) 83 3.3. James Gillray, A Sphere, Projecting against a Plane (1792) 84 3.4. Pregnant woman with fetus showing, from Estienne, De dissectione partium corporis humani libri tres (1545) 93 3.5. Standing and seated pregnant women, from d’Agoty, Anatomie des parties de la generation de l’homme et de la femme (1773) 95 3.6. Abdominal viscera, from Hunter, The Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus Exhibited in Figures (1774) 96 3.7. “The child in the womb, in its natural situation,” from Hunter, The Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus Exhibited in Figures (1774) 97 3.8. Thomas Rowlandson, The Resurrection (1782) 99 4.1. James Gillray, Tom Paine’s Nightly Pest (1792) 148 ix x / Illustrations 4.2. James Gillray, Fashion before Ease (1793) 153 5.1. [William Heath], A Pleasant Draught for Louis (1814) 168 5.2. George Cruikshank, A Levee Day (1814) 169 5.3. James Gillray, Temperance Enjoying a Frugal Meal (1792) 177 5.4. James Gillray, A Voluptuary under the Horrors of Digestion (1792) 182 6.1. George Cruikshank, “The Folly at Brighton,” from Hone, The Joss and His Folly (1820) 206 6.2. George Cruikshank, “A living teapot stands,” from Hone, The Joss and His Folly (1820) 207 6.3. George Cruikshank, The Court at Brighton a la Chinese!! (1816) 208 6.4. Louis François Charon, Les curieux en extase (1815) 210 6.5. James Gillray, Anti-saccharrites (1792) 223 6.6. Isaac Cruikshank, The Gradual Abolition off[sic] the Slave Trade (1792) 224 Acknowledgments As is usual with these projects, I have accumulated a long list of debts. Many people have become unfortunate victims of my fascination with all things bodily and all subjects medical. At dinner parties and receptions, I have waxed lyrical on intestinal parasites, skin disorders, gout, tumors, hysteria, hypochondria, and eighteenth-century techniques of kidney stone removal. The list of people who have been wonderfully patient interlocutors on these and other subjects include Victoria Bates, Andy Brown, Karen Edwards, Philipp Erchinger, Sally Flint, Regenia Gagnier, Sam Goodman, Helen Hanson, Matt Hayler, Gerald “Mac” Maclean, Alex Murray, Sam North, Angelique Richardson, Sharon Ruston, Jane Spencer, Darren Wagner, Paul Williams, Peggy Yoon, and Tricia Zakreski. I must supplement this list with equally long-suffering discussants on a range of political subjects, from “rights, power, discourse” to coffee- house culture. Thanks to Robert Lamb, Jon Mee, Alison O’Byrne, Frank O’Gorman, Steve Poole, and Jim Watt. I am most grateful to John Barrell, who was unstintingly sharp as a PhD supervisor and colleague. He won’t remember, but years ago he asked me a tough question. I had suffered something of a crisis of faith and was producing some absolutely rubbish work. After reading one particularly dire piece, he sighed, turned to me, and asked, “Where is the excitement?” That question continues to stand me in good stead. I also want to say something about other kinds of bodies: I have ben- efitted enormously from institutions, funding councils, associations, societies, and centers. Over the last ten years, I have been supported financially by the University of York Postgraduate Award Scheme, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Arts xi xii / Acknowledgments and Humanities Research Council, the British Society for Eighteenth- Century Studies (BSECS), and the University of Exeter. I have learned a great deal at Society for the Social History of Medicine conferences, Wellcome Trust events, and Morbid Anatomy’s Congress for Curious Peoples symposia. This book has also benefited enormously from collaborative bodies at the University of Exeter, including the Centre for Medical Humanities (directed by the tireless and incredibly generous Mark Jackson), the Centre for Victorian Studies, and the Eighteenth- Century Research Group. I am very pleased, too, to be part of a wonder- ful collaboration between the University of Exeter (headed by Regenia Gagnier and John Dupré of Egenis) and Vanderbilt University (headed by Jay Clayton of the Curb Center for Art, Enterprise and Public Policy and Ellen Wright Clayton of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society). For consistently reminding me of the importance of collegiality, I want to thank the executive committee members of BSECS, including Michael Burden, Daniel Cook, Penny Corfield, Jeremy Gregory, Frank O’Gorman, Charlotte Roberts, and Debbie Welham. I have spent wonderful hours in special collections in the libraries at the University of Glasgow, the University of York, the University of Cambridge, and the University of Oxford. I especially appreciate the staff, services, and collections of the British Library and the brilliant Wellcome Library. I look forward to many more happy years spent in your bowels. The production of this book has been a real pleasure. For their enthu- siasm and intelligence, thanks go to Mark Bevir and James Vernon, edi- tors of the Berkeley Series in British Studies, and to Nathan O’Brien at the University of California Press. Julie Van Pelt had an amazing eye for detail, and Jane Spencer and two anonymous readers were insightful and encouraging. At just the right moment in this project, George Rousseau clearly articulated what I was doing and what was original about it. My sincere thanks. On a more personal note, I am grateful to Edith, Harvey, Sheldon, and Jason Wagner for weeks of summer hospitality during the completion of this project. Finally, thank you, Andy Brown, for reminding me that, like Dorothy Parker, I care a very great deal “for fun and such.” You are a gem. Introduction: Constitutions Both Corporeal and Political I begin this book by examining three passages. Although very differ- ent, all three express related ideas about “constitutions,” both bodily and political. My first selection is from a 1744 letter by one of the most famous anatomists and obstetricians of the eighteenth century, William Hunter. Then a medical student, Hunter counsels his ailing brother, James, who had recently given up his medical studies in London to convalesce at the family home in Scotland: If it is true that diseases are the strugles of nature endeavouring to extirpate the enemys of a Constitution, yours must now be very sound; for after so many attempts upon her Government, and the last so resolute a one, it is but reasonable to think that her excel- lency nature will now banish or destroy every malcontent, in short cut off the memory of Sedition. I wish you all pleasures in your Whey-drinking.1 William Hunter’s political allegorizing of his brother’s health expresses a long-standing association of the human body with the body politic.
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