Abacus, 169 Aborigines Southern Dynasty, 64 Taiwan, 383 Tang

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Index More Information

Index

abacus, 169 Ashikaga Takauji, 161–62 aborigines Asia. See East Asia Southern dynasty, 64 Asia Express, 294 Taiwan, 383 Asian values Tang Dynasty, 100 Singapore, 378 Acheson, Dean, 331–32 Attila the Hun, 51 advantages of backwardness, 47 Au Lac, Vietnamese kingdom of, 202 advertising, commercial automobile. See also Hyundai, and Toyota early 20th-century China, 265–66 ﬁrst privately owned Chinese, 265 agriculture, origins of, 13 sales in People’s Republic of China, 371 Aguda, 135 Avalokiteśvara, 75 Ainu, 247 Azuchi, castle at, 189 airplanes ﬁrst Chinese, 265 Baghdad, 147 Allan, Sarah, 27 Bai Juyi, 100, 114 Allied Occupation of Japan. See postwar bakufu, 159 Allied occupation of Japan bamboo curtain, Cold War, 324 alphabet, 15, 20, 24 Bamiyan, Afghanistan, 74 alternate attendance, 245 banditry, 271 Amaterasu, 91, 122, 289, 316 banner gown, 179 Amitābha, 73, 78, 160 Banner People. See Manchu Amoghavajra, 106 Bao Dai, Emperor, Vietnam An Lushan, 110 abdicated, 351 Analects, 38, 45 enthroned, 350 Angkor, 213 in exile, 353 anime, 326, 328 southern Vietnam, head of state, 352 Annam barbarian, 9 Song Dynasty, 206 Barbie Doll, 393 Southern Han, 206 Barmé, Geremie, 376 Tang creation of, 205 baseball, 278, 324 weakened Tang control, 205 baths, 159 Arabs, 110–11, 136 Beckwith, Christopher, 31 armor, 32, 45, 62 beer, 252, 265, 278, 328 Arrow war. See opium begs (a Uighur Türk word for “noble”), Art of War,44 177

447

448 Index

Beijing. See also Beiping government supervision in China, 76 Cultural Revolution, 366 imperial temple construction, China, 105 falls to Communist forces, 360 Indian origins, 10, 72 Jurchen Jin Dynasty, 135 interaction with Daoism, 74 Manchu, 177 Kamakura Japan, 160 Mongol Yuan Dynasty capital, 145 last age of the law, 159 residence of Koryŏ princes, 152 Mahayana, 73 Beiping, “Northern Peace,” 300 medieval Japan, 129 Biddle, Commodore, 242 miracles, 75 Black Flags, 256 nirvāna,72–73, 76 _ Bodhidharma, 106 pagoda, 74, 79, 114 Bolshevik model, 297 printing of scriptures, 103 bone rank, 117 purges, 76 Book of Changes,36–37, 140 reincarnation, 72 Book of Documents, 34, 36 South Vietnam, 354 Book of Lord Shang,42–43 spread to China, 75 Book of Odes, 36, 80, 343 spread to Japan, 80–81 bourgeois liberalization, 374 spread to Korea, 79–80 bow, composite reﬂex, 32 textual canon, 73, 105 Boxer Protocol, 235 translation of scriptures, 77 Boxer Rebellion, 234–35 Tripitaka, 137 _ Britain True Pure Land League, 188 alliance with Japan, 255, 273 Bukhara, 143 colonial Hong Kong, 377, 379–81 bunmei kaika (civilization and colonial Singapore, 378 enlightenment), 247 concession in Shandong, 233 bunraku, Tokugawa puppet theater, 193 East India Company, 220 bushi. See samurai free trade, 223 bushidō: the “Way of the Military opium trade, 222–23 Gentleman,” 192 opium wars, 224–25 origin of modern nation-state, 261 Cai Hesen, 269 origins of tea trade, 219 calendar, solar, 264, 266 Sino-British joint declaration, Hong calligraphy Kong, 382 as examination criterion, 104 Ya’qub Beg and Xinjiang, 227 Huaisu, 107 bronze Wang Xizhi, 64 Chinese ritual vessels, 27, 32 Canton. See Guangzhou Korea, 81 Cao Cao, 56 Red River region, Vietnam, 199 Cao Wei Dynasty, 56 bronze drums, Vietnam, 199 capital punishment, 38 bubonic plague, 146 Cardinal Principles of the National Polity, 289 Buddha Nature, 78, 105 castles, 189–90, 244 Buddhism castle-towns, 195 art, 73–74 cavalry Bodhisattva, 73 4th to 6th century in north China, 62 cave temples, 73 Disturbances of the Eight Princes, 58 Champa, 211 Han, 52 Chan, or Zen, 105–6, 129, 160 Japan, 90 Chinese domestication, 78, 105 Jurchen, 135 Chosŏn Korea, 154 Northern Wei Dynasty, 70 digitalization of scriptures, 346 Song Dynasty, 133 Esoteric (Tantric), 106 cell phones, 348, 371 Four Noble Truths, 72 chaebŏl, 341–42, 347–48

Index 449

Chaghadai Khanate, 145 Civil War, 360 chairs, 104, 278 military academy founded, 272 Chajang, 114 Republic of China’s ruling party, 296 Cham Chinese Revolution, 1911, 263–64 Mongol Invasions, 209 Chinese writing system, 17, 19–22 Champa Chinggis Khan, 142–43 Buddhism, 211 Chinhan, 84 Dai Viet, 213 chinoiserie, 172 geography, 211 Chinul, Korean monk, 150 Indian inﬂuence, 211 Ch’oe Che-u, 239 Linyi, 211 Ch’oe Sŭng-no, 150 prehistory, 211 Chŏn Namsaeng, 117 Chang Po-go, 119–20 Chŏn Tu-hwan. See Chun Doo Huan Chang’an Chongqing, 300 center for Buddhist translation, 77 chōnin, Tokugawa townspeople, 193 fall of Western Jin Dynasty alternate chopsticks, 325 capital, 58 Chōshū, 244–45 Tang Dynasty capital, 98 conﬂict with Tokugawa Shogunate, 245 chanoyu, 10, 164 Chosŏn. See also King Kojong; Yi chariot, 31–32 Sŏng-gye Charlemagne, 113 Buddhism, 154 chaste widow, Confucian ideal, 29 ceremonial code, 37 Chen Duxiu, 268, 297 chili peppers, 186 Chen Shuibian, 389 Chosŏn Korea, 153 Chen Yi, 269 civil service examinations, 154 Chiang Ching-kuo, 296 Confucian academies Chiang Kai-shek Chosŏn Korea, 154 Christianity, 296 founding, 152 Commandant of Nationalist military, 272 founding of dynasty, 82 death, 385 isolationism, 184 loss of Civil War and retreat to Taiwan, Japanese invasions, 183–84 360 King Sejong, 153 Memorial, 389 legal code, 153 military training in Japan, 267 Manchu invasion, 184 Northern Expedition, 272–73 Ming military assistance, 184 split with leftists, 273, 297–98 Neo-Confucianism, 154 U.S. support, 360 Old Chosŏn, 12 World War II, 303 reduced to Japanese protectorate, 275 Xi’an incident, 300 relationship with Tokugawa Japan, 236 Chiang Wei-kuo, 296 slaves, 153, 186 Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 193 Tonghak rebellion, 239 chili peppers, 186 tributary relations with China, 235–36 China. See also names of Chinese Dynasties; Wiman, 82 People’s Republic of China; Republic women, 153–54 of China yangban, 153 derivation of name, 8 Yŏngjo, King, 184 experiments with democracy, 218 Chosŏn Korea origins, 6 Neo-Confucianism, 185 Chinese Communist Party. See communism Christianity founded, 268 anti-Christian policies of Nguyen Chinese language. See language Vietnam, 255 Chinese Nationalist Party Chiang Kai-shek, 296 1912 elections, 270 colonial era Korea, 277

450 Index

Christianity (cont.) Collection of Ancient and Modern (Poetry). early-modern Japan, 187 See Kokinshū Francis Xavier, Saint, 170 Collection of Ten thousand Leaves. See Jesuit mission to China, 172, 180 Manyōshū Matteo Ricci, 171–72 colonial Korea. See Korea, Japanese colonial missionary effort in Vietnam, 214 comfort women, 277 Ngo Dinh Diem, 354 commerce. See economy South Korea, 344 communes. See Great Leap Forward Sun Yat-sen, 262 communism. See also Mao Zedong Xu Guangqi, 171 as a form of Westernization, 269 Chronicles of Japan. See Nihon shoki Chinese civil war, 360 Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms,89 Chinese Communist Party founded, 268, Chun Doo Hwan, 344–45, 347 297 Chungking. See Chongqing Chinese translation, 370 Chūshingura, 193 collective ownership of means of civil service examination system production, 370 abolition of, 260 historical stages, or modes of production, Chosŏn Korea, 154 269, 362 Le Dynasty Vietnam, 210 Jiangxi rural revolutionary base, 298 meritocracy, 39 loss of enthusiasm for in post-Mao China, precursors, 101, 104 371 Silla, 119 Nationalist purge, 297–98 Song Dynasty, 137–39 Soviet support for Chinese Communists, Sui and Tang dynasties, 101 360 Civil War, Chinese, 360 computer Cixi. See Dowager Empress Cixi Chinese, 24 Classic of Filial Piety,39 computers Japan, 123 China, 25 Xianbei language translation, 70 South Korea, 347 Classic of Law,43 Taiwan, 387 climate change, 143 Concordia Association, 295 clothing Confucian academies, 154 Khubilai Khan, 145 Han Dynasty, 53 kimono, 325 Silla Korea, 119 Ming, 172 Confucian classics, 36–37 Silla, 114 Kang Youwei’s claim to be forgeries, 259 World War II Japan, 304 stone inscription, 63 Xianbei, 70, 99, 102 Confucian Classics Co Loa, 202 6th century, 79 coal, 137, 219 Meiji Japan, 192 Cochinchina, 352 Nara Japan, 123 coinage printed, 137 Chosŏn, 186 Silla Korea, 119 Hong Kong, 382 Tang Dynasty, 102 Japan, 123, 127, 129, 136 Confucian sacriﬁces Vietnam, 214 Nara and Heian Japan, 123 Cold War. See also Korean War Confucian work ethic, 6 bamboo curtain, 324 Confucianism. See also Neo-Confucianism end of, 323, 373 “Teachings of the Ru,” or Rujiao,36 Nixon’s démarche, 367 deﬁning feature of East Asia, 37 U.S. containment of communism, hierarchy, 39 360 Japan, 37 U.S.–Japanese alliance, 316 Korea, 37

Index 451

meritocracy, 39, 247 democracy. See Tiananmen Square Tokugawa Shogunate, 192 demonstrations Vietnam, 37 China’s 1912 elections, 218, 270 Western invention of, 36 Hong Kong, limited democracy, conscription, military 381–83 China, Warring States period, 44 Japan, Taishō, 281 Japan, 155, 249 Meiji constitution, 250 co-prosperity, 295 Meiji Japan popular rights movement, 249 creation myths, 12 postwar Japan, 314 crossbow, 44, 52, 155 Qing Dynasty constitutional reforms, 260 Japan, 155 South Korea, 338–39, 344–45 Cui Jian, 375 South Korean Confucian interpretation, Cultural Revolution, 365–66 345 literature of the wounded, 369 Taishō Japan, 281 curry, 278, 327 Taiwan, 273, 387–89 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Dai Kui, 65 See North Korea Dai Viet Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), capture of Vijaya, 210 387–89 creation, 206 Deng Lijun. See Teng, Teresa Khmer, 213 Deng Xiaoping Mac Dang Dung, 213 economic reforms, 370–72 Mongol invasions, 209–10 pragmatism, 370 Song Dynasty, 206 purged during Cultural Revolution, 366 spread of Confucianism, 210 rise to power, 369–70 Tay Son rebellion, 215 southern tour, 390 Tran Dynasty, 209 studies in France, 268 Dai Viet meaning, 206 Tiananmen Square demonstrations, 376 daimyō, 163 department stores, 278, 281 domains abolished, 248 Depression, the Great, 319 Hideyoshi, 190 Japanese industrial recovery, 288 late Tokugawa economic revival, 243 Deshima, 191 Tokugawa period, 192, 197 developmental state Warring States Japan, 164 postwar Japan, 319 dairy products, 61, 104 South Korea, 340–41 Dalai Lama, 175–77 Dewey, John, 267 Dali, 111 dialects, Chinese, 18 Damansky Island, 367 Dien Bien Phu, 352–53 Dan no Ura, battle of, 158 diffusion theory, 13 Dao tong, the “Transmission of the Way”, dim sum, 382 112 Dinh Bo Linh, 206 Daoism Discourses on Salt and Iron,53 deﬁnition, 40–41 Disneyland Japan, 40 Shanghai, 392 Laozi, 41–42 Tōkyō, 324 religion, 74–75, 101 Disturbances of the Eight Princes, 58 wuwei, 42 divination Daozang Shang Dynasty, 26 Daoist scriptures, 41 dolmen, 81 Datong, 52, 67, 74 Dong Shou, 85 Davies, David, 219 tomb, 85 Daxue. See Great Learning Dong Zhongshu, 55 Demilitarized Zone, Korea, 338 Dou Yi, 113

452 Index

doubt antiquity movement in modern Taiwan investment in mainland China, China, 27 377 Dowager Empress Cixi, 232–35, 259 Tang Dynasty, 112–13 dragon bones. See oracle bones Vietnam, 357 Du Yuesheng, 271 Vietnam, Nguyen Dynasty, 216 Duke of Zhou, 34 world, 1–2, 218, 265 Dunhuang, 103 Edo, 193–94, 197, 244–45 Dutch became known as Tōkyō, 246 Deshima, Nagasaki, 191 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 317 Dutch studies (Rangaku), 240 Emishi, 155 expelled from Taiwan, 171 English language monopoly on Japanese trade, 220 brand names, 390 VOC, East India Company, 171, 219 post-Deng China, 393 postwar Japan, 325 East Asia enka, 328–29 definition, 1–2, 5 enrich the country and strengthen the army, Eastern Jin Dynasty, 60, 63–65 245, 340 Eastern Turkestan. See Xinjiang equality of income distribution, postwar, economic miracle. See postwar Japanese 318 economy. See also industrial revolution Erlitou, 27 China, 18th–19th centuries, 220–21 Esen, Oirat Mongol, 148 Chosŏn, 185 examinations. See civil service examination Equitable Fields system, 69 estates in Han Dynasty, 55 fajia. See legalism Hong Kong, 379–81 Falun Gong, 393–94 Hong Kong investment in mainland famine, 364 China, 377 Faxian, 77 Japan, Heian, 127 February 26, 1936, mutiny in Japan, 290 Japan, Meiji, 252–55 February 28th Incident, Taiwan, 359–60, Japan, postwar, 317–20 386 Japan, Tokugawa, 195–97 fengshui, 100 Japan, World War I, 280 feudal. See communism, historical stages Japanese colonial Korea, 277 fiction. See also novel (fiction) Kamakura Japan, 159 A Madman’s Diary, 265 Korea, Japanese colonial, 276 Heian, 128–29 late Qing commercial activity, 229–30 Tokugawa playwrights, 193 market-based reforms in People’s filial piety, 38–39 Repubic of China, 370–72 firearms Ming Dynasty, 168–69 Dai Viet, 213 Muromachi commercialization, 162 First Emperor of China. See Qin shi North Korea, 335–37 huangdi People’s Republic of China, 391 floating world (ukiyo), 194 post-World War II U.S., 309 floods, Chinese legend, 101 Qing Dynasty foot binding quality of life, 220–21 abolition, 259, 265 Singapore, 378 Former Le Dynasty, 207 Song Dynasty, 136–37 Former Zhao kingdom, 62 South Korea, 339, 341–43, 345–48 Fortune, Robert, 221 Southern dynasties, China, 65–66 forty-seven rōnin. See Chūshingura southern Viet, 214 Francis Xavier, Saint, 170, 187 Soviet model in early People’s Republic, Frank, Andre Gunder, 170 363 French concession. See Shanghai Taiwan, 359, 386–87 French Indochina, 257

Index 453

French inﬂuence on Chinese Great Depression, the, 283 revolutionaries, 267–69 Great Leap Forward, 364–65 Fujiwara, 123, 189 Great Learning, 141 origin of name, 121 Great Wall of China Fujiwara Michinaga, 128 early version, 48 Fujiwara, Michinori, 23 Manchuria outside of, 174 fukoku kyōhei. See enrich the country and projection of early imperial Chinese, 50 strengthen the army Great Wave at Kanagawa, The Fukushima nuclear disaster, 323 woodblock print, 194 Fukuzawa Yūkichi, 247–48 Greater China, 377 Funan Green Gang, 271 Eurasian trade, 213 Gu Kaizhi, 64 Guangxu Emperor, 232, 234 Gandhāra, 73 Guangzhou Gang of Four, 369 canton system, Western trade, 221 Gao Huan, 71 Lingnan, 205 Gao Xianzhi, 108 Nationalist Party base, 272, 303 geisha, 194 Qing Dynasty restriction of trade to, 181 Gempei War, 158 Guanyin, 75 General Sherman, schooner, 186 guerrilla warfare Geneva Accords, 353 Chinese Communist, 298 Genghis Khan. See Chinggis Khan communist Korean, 336 Genji, Tale of,22–23, 128 Korean anti-Japanese, 275 gentleman South Vietnam, 353–54 Confucian ideal, 38 “strategic hamlet”, 354 Germany Vietnamese against Japan, 350 concession in Shandong, 233, 267 Gulf of Tonkin, 354 inﬂuence on Japanese development, 319 gunpowder, 137, 145 Meiji Japan preferred model, 251 gunpowder empires, 174 nation state, 261 Guo Maoqian, 7 Qing Dynasty preferred model, 260 relations with Nationalist China, 296 Hakka, 18 Gia Long emperor, 215 Hamaguchi Osachi, 290 globalization Han People’s Republic of China, 371–72, China, 10 391–93 Korea, 10 postwar Japan, 323–29 Han Dynasty. See aslo Han, China; Han South Korea, 345–47 Wudi; Liu Bang Gobi Desert, 51, 70, 142 Confucianism, 53–55 Go-Daigo, Emperor, 161–62 disposition of last emperor, 56 Goddess of Democracy statue, 375–76, eunuchs, 55 391–92 founding, 63 Golden Horde, 145 large estates, 55 Golden Pavilion, 162–63 military, 52 golf Wang Mang’s usurpation, 55 People’s Republic of China, 392–93 Yellow Turbans, 55 South Korea, 346 Han Gaozu. See Liu Bang Gong, Prince, 228 Han Wudi, 52–53 Google, 382 Confucian orthodoxy, 53 Gordon, Charles, 227 embassy to western regions, 52 Go-Shirakawa, 156, 158 grand strategy against Xiongnu, 52–53 Gotō Shimpei, 291 northwestern campaigns, 52–53 Grand Canal, 96, 168, 224 Han Yu, 112

454 Index

han’gŭl, 24, 153 Hong Kong Hanoi British colonial origins, 224 as Thang-long, 207 capitalist refuge from early People’s capital of the Socialist Republic of Republic, 381 Vietnam, 356 Chinese population, 381 French capture of, 256 economy, 379–81 occupied by Viet Minh, 351 end of British colonial rule, 382 Hanzi. See Chinese writing system limited democracy, 381–83 Hara Kei, 281 meaning of name, 379 Harbin, 234, 291 New Territories, 234 Hayashi Razan, 192 Sino-British Joint Declaration, 382 Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace. Special Administrative Region of the See Taiping Rebellion People’s Republic, 382 Heavenly Qaghan, 99 umbrella revolution, 382 Heian. See also Kyōto World War II, 305 estates, 127 Hong Mai, 141 Fujiwara dominance, 127–28 Hong Xiuquan, 225–26 last embassy to China, 129 Hoover, Herbert, 234 last legal code, 129 Hu, non-Chinese people, 61–62 literature, 128–29 Hu Yaobang, 373–74 Minamoto Yoritomo, 157–59 Hua Guofeng, 369 rise of warriors, 127, 155–56 Huaisu, 107 selecton of city site, 126 Huaxia women. See also Heian, literature Chinese, 8 Heisei Emperor, 322 Hue Hello Kitty, 326 Buddhist leader denied permission to Heritage Foundation, 379 speak, 354 hermit kingdom, 184 Nguyen capital, 215 Hideyoshi, 183–84, 189–90 Nguyen imperial capital, 215, 255 death, 184 Huiguo, 106 invasion of Korea, 154, 183–84 Huineng, Sixth Chan Patriarch, 106 uniﬁcation of Japan, 183 hundred days of reform, 234 hieroglyphics, 13, 19–20 Hung kings, Vietnam, 201 Himiko, 89, 91 hunting, 67, 155 Hiragana. See kana Hwarang, Sillan “ﬂower youth”, 118 Hirohito. See Shōwa Emperor Hyegwan, 114 Hiroshige, 194 Hyundai, 341–43, 349 Hiroshima, 308 historical stages, 362 Ibn Battūta, 136 __ _ History of the Former Han,55 I-Ching. See Book of Changes Ho Chi Minh Il-khanate, 145 dissolution of Indochinese Communist Imperial Palace Tōkyō, 322 Party, 352 imperialism, new, 275 founding member of French Communist import substitution, 386 Party, 286 India in China, 286 1962 war with China, 366 organized Indochinese Communist Party, British East India Company (EIC), 220 286 curry, 278 return to Vietnam, 350 opium, 223 Ho Quy Ly, 210 relations with PRC, 333 Hobbes, Thomas, 48 restaurants in Japan, 325 Hoi An, port of, 214 Sepoy Mutiny, 225 Hokusai, 194 Singapore, 378

Index 455

Indochina Jiaozhi (Vietnamese, Giao-chi), 203, 210 belief in “civilizing mission”, 283 Jiaozhou European colonialists, 285 Lingnan, 205 French investment, 283 Jiaozhou (the Red River area), 205 industrial revolution, 217, 265 jinshi degree, 104 Manchuria, 292 Johnson, Lyndon B., 354 Meiji Japan, 252–55, 267 jūdō, 328 slow start in China, 229–30 juntian. See economic miracle, Equitable World War I Japan, 280 Fields system Inner Mongolia junzi. See gentleman, Confucian ideal Boxer Rebellion, 234 Jurchen Khitan, 111 Jin Dynasty, 135 Tuoba Xianbei, 66–67 Mongol raids, 143 Inukai Tsuyoshi, 283, 290 Ise shrine, 247, 316 Kabuki, 164, 193–94 Ishiwara Kanji, Lieutenant Colonel, 293, Kadoorie, Lawrence, Baron, 381 304 Kaitokudō (Hall of Embracing Virtue), 192 Islam Kamakura Ya’qub Beg and Xinjiang, 227 Hōjō regency, 161 Itagaki Taisuke, 248–49 Hōnen, 160 Itō Hirobumi Minamoto Yoritomo, 157–59 arsonist, 244 Mongol invasions, 160 assassination of, 275 Nun Shogun, 161 drafting the Meiji constitution, 250–51 kami, 80, 91 ﬁrst prime minister, 251 kamikaze, 307 party politician, 281 kana,22–23, 128, 247 Resident-General in Korea, 275 Kang Youwei, 259 Kangxi Emperor, 179 Jackson, Michael, 346 Kantō earthquake, 280 Japan. See also names of major Japanese karaoke, 326 historical periods Katakana. See kana early 20th-century modernizing model, keiretsu (enterprise groups), 320 267 Kellogg–Briand Pact, 283 early Korean connections, 88–90, 117 Kennedy, Paul, 96 early-modern Christianity, 187 kerosene, 264 elected legislature, 217 Khitan Liao, 133 immigrants, 90 Khmers, 213 imperial title, 92 Khokand, 227 pottery, 88 Khubilai Khan, 145–46 prehistoric period, 88 Dai Viet, 210 Retired Emperor, 156 Ki no Tsurayuki, 128 Sino-Japanese War, 233 Kia, 349 Yayoi, 88 Kim Dae Jung, 349 Japan as Number One: Lessons for America, Kim Il Sung, 331, 335–36. See also North 321 Korea jazz, 282 death, 336 Jesuits Kim In-mun, 116 Mission to China, 180 Kim Jong Il, 336 Jia Yi, 49 Kim Jong-un, 336, 338 Jiang Jieshi. See Chiang Kai-shek kimch’i, 347 Jiang Jingguo. See Chiang Ching-kuo Kircher, Athanasius, 13 Jiangxi, communist base, 298 Kishi Nobusuke, 319 Jiaoran, 107 Kissinger, Henry, 356

456 Index

Kobe, 244 Korean wave, pop culture (hallyu), 348, 393 Koguryŏ,83–84 Koryŏ. See also Wan Kŏn adoption of Chinese institutions, 85 civil service examinations, 151 Buddhism, 79 founding, 149 origins, 84 Khitan threat, 149 sack by Murong Xianbei, 85 Korean values and traditions, 150 Kojiki, 244 Mandate of Heaven, 150 Kojong, King metal movable type, 150 abdication of, 275 military dictatorship, 151 becomes emperor, 240 porcelain, 150 during Sino-Japanese War, 239 surnames, 150 enthronement, 236 Kowloon peninsula, Hong Kong, 379 regency of Taewŏn’gun, 236–37 Kūkai, 106, 125–26 takes refuge in Russian legation, 240 Kwangju uprising, 344–45 Tonghak Rebellion, 239 Kwantung Army, 293–95 Treaty of Kanghwa, 238 Kyŏto. See also Heian Kōken, Empress, 123 not bombed during World War II, 308 Kokinshū, 129, 247 kokutai, Japanese “national polity,” 280, laid off workers, People’s Republic of 282, 289 China, 373 Kongmin, King, 152 laissez-faire, 319 Korea, 12, See also names of Korean land redistribution and class struggle, 362 dynasties; North Korea; South Korea land to the tiller, 356 bronze, 81 language, 18, See also written language Han Dynasty colony, 82 Chinese, 17–20, 393 ironclad warships, 153 Chinese and Japanese compared, 17 Korean people in Tuoba Xianbei Japanese, 19, 194 Northern Wei, 67 Korean, 19, 119, 185, 276 Manchurian connections, 111 Red River region, Vietnam, 207 native culture, 82 Taiwanese, 18, 384 neolithic, 81 tones, Chinese, 17, 79 uniﬁcation, 84 Tuoba Xianbei, 100 Korea, Japanese colonial Vietnamese, 19, 358 1919 mass protest, 276 Latin, 179 annexed, 275 Le Duc Tho, 356 assimilation policy, 277 Le Dynasty economic policy, 276–77 civil service examinations, 210 Korean nationalism, 276–77 founding, 210 modernization and Westernization, internal divisions, 213–14 276 Nguyen, 214 presence, 275 Nguyen family, 214 Korean Empire, 240 Trinh, 214 Korean War Trinh family, 214 American First Cavalry crossed the Le Hoan, 207 thirty-eighth parallel, 333 Le Loi, 210 Chinese intervention, 333 League of Nations, 294 Cold War partition of peninsula, Lee Kuan Yew 330–31 death, 379 consequences, 334–35 Lee, Ang, 389 decision for war, 331–32 legalism, 42–43 Inch’ŏn landings, 333 discredited by Qin downfall, 49 Pusan perimeter, 332 Qin Dynasty, 47–48 truce, 334 Leibniz, 172

Index 457

LG, 349 postwar Japan, 311, 314, 316 li (ritual), 38 World War II, 307 Li Ao, 112 Macartney, George, 1st Earl, 222, 228 Li Bai (Li Po), 100 McDonald’s Li Bi (Vietnamese, Ly Bi), 204 bronze culture compared to, 27 Li Lisan, 269 Japan, 324 Li Yu, 172–73 South Korea, 346 Li Yuan, 97–98, See also Tang Dynasty Taiwan, 389 Liaodong McGray, Douglas, 326 Russian leasehold, 273, 291 Madman’s Diary, “a short story,” 265 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), 314–15 Mahan, 84–85 Lin Zexu, 223–24 Mahayana, 73 Lingnan, 202 Manchu. See also Qing Dynasty as refugee haven, 203 banners, 175 division of, 203 language, 174 Linyi. See Champa, Linyi Nurgaci, 174–75 literacy origins, 174 late Ming China, 172 prominence in late Qing, 261 literature of the wounded, 369 Manchukuo, 294–95 Liu Bang. See also Han Dynasty Park Chung Hee, 340 ancestor of 4th-century Xiongnu rebel, 63 Manchuria birth and early career, 50 early 20th-century population and, 292 Emperor Han Gaozu, 50 Gotō Shimpei, 291 King of Han, 50 Japanese activity in, 291–92 Liu Yuxi, 100 Kim Il Sung, 336 London Naval Conference, 283 late 16th-century population density, 174 Long March, 298 Manchukuo, 294–95 longbow old tombs, 3 Japan, 155 Qing Dynasty, 291–92 Lord Shang, 47, See also Shang Yang Russian concessions, 273–74, 291 death, 47 Russian presence in, 291 Lotus Sūtra,78 Soviet Union, 308, 360 loyalty, Confucian virture, 192 warlord Zhang Zuolin, 271–72, 293 Lu Fahe, 100–1 mandarin Lu Mountain (Lushan), 365 scholar-ofﬁcial, 137 Lu Xun, 265 Mandate of Heaven, 34–35, 63 Lunyu. See Analects Manchu, 178 Luoyang manga, 282 16 Kingdoms, 75 Manichaeism, 99 fall of Western Jin capital, 58 Manila, 170 Han Dynasty, 56 Mao Zedong. See communism; People’s Northern Wei, 69–70 Republic of China stone Confucian Classics, 63 capture by Nationalist Ly Dynasty, Vietnam, 207 soldiers, 298 civil service examinations, 209 Chinese Civil War, 360 Tran family, 209 Cultural Revolution, 365–66 death, 369 Ma Ying-jeou, 389 education, 269 Mac Cuu (Mandarin, Mo Jiu), 213 Great Leap Forward, 364–65 Macao, 170, 222 Jiangxi base, 298 MacArthur, Douglas, General, 333 Korean War, 334 Korea, 332, 334 Long March, 299 Korean War, 333 Moscow visits, 361, 363

458 Index

Mao Zedong (cont.) tourists, 169 peasant revolution, 269–70, 298 Wang Yangming, 149 People’s war, 334 Ming Taizu. See Zhu Yuanzhang proclaims People’s Republic, 360 minzoku, 261. See Meiji Restoration, nation Yan’an, 299 minzoku maps, 179 minzu. See nation, minzu Matteo Ricci, 171–72 Missouri, battleship, 308, 311 Marco Polo, 147 MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Marco Polo Bridge, 300 Industry), 319–20 maripkan, 86, 117 Mitsubishi, 254, 320 Marshall, George C., 359 Mitsui, 254, 320 Marx, Karl, 269 Mitsukoshi, 326 Marxism. See communism Miyoshi Kiyotsura, 124 Mattel corporation, 393 modern May Fourth Movement, 267 historical period, 167 medieval economic revolution, 136 modernization. See also May Fourth Meiji Restoration, 247 Movement; Meiji Restoration; Taishō Charter Oath, 247 early 20th-century China, 264–67 conservative reaction, 247, 280 French model, 267–69 constitution, 250–51 Japanese model, 267 Fukuzawa Yūkichi, 248 Korea, Japanese colonial, 276 industrialization, 252–55, 267 Mongol. See also Yuan Dynasty initial palace coup, 245 Chinggis Khan, 142–43 limits of Meiji era changes, 255 invasion of Japan, 143 nation minzoku, 261 raids on Jurchen Jin Dynasty, 143 national anthem, 247 tribe, 141 oligarchy, 248, 252 Zunghar Empire, 175–77 opening of Korea, 238 Mongol Peace, 147 popular rights movement, 249 Mongolia. See Inner Mongolia samurai privileges abolished, 249 Mongolic language, 146, 152, 175 Satsuma rebellion, 249 mono-no-aware,23 Sino-Japanese War, 239–40 Moscow, 269, 296–98, 361, 363, 394 war with Russia, 274–75, 291 agreement with Sun Yat-sen, 272 Western fashions, 278–80 relationship with Socialist Republic of Mekong River delta, 199, 213 Vietnam, 357 Mencius, 34, 39–40, 112 motion picture (movie) Mengzi. See Mencius China, 265 meritocracy Japan, 281 Confucianism, 247 Korea, 276 metal-bound box, story in Book of Motoori Norinaga, 192, 244 Documents,34 mountain Viet people, 64 millet, 14, 27, 81, 201 mounted archery, 179 Minamoto, 156 Mouzi, 77 Minamoto Yoritomo, 157–59 Mozi, 43 Ming Dynasty. See also Zhu Yuanzhang mudang, Korean female shaman, 154 commercialization, 168–69 Mukden, 293 foreign wars, 148 Mulan,70 founding, 146 Murakami Haruki, 326 Great Wall, 148 Murakami, Emperor, 129 isolationism, 147, 149 Murasaki, Lady, 128 Japanese pirates, 169 Muromachi naval expeditions, 148 Ashikaga Takauji, 161–62 selection of name, 147 Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 163

Index 459

commercial economy, 162 patriarchal ideals, 139 daimyō, 163–64 Song Dynasty, 139–41 Emperor Go-Daigo, 161 Neolithic founding of Shogunate, 162 Chinese, 6, 27 Nō theater, 163 Korean, 81 Ōnin War, 164 Vietnamese, 200 relations with Ming Dynasty, 162 world centers of development, 13 Murong Xianbei, 84–85 New Territories, Hong Kong, 379 Mysterious Learning (Xuanxue), 57 New Youth, 259 new, as buzzword in early 20th century, Nagasaki, 187, 191, 240, 243, 308 259 Nakatomi Kamatari, 121, 127 Ngo Dinh Diem Fujiwara, 121 assassination, 354 Nam Viet, 202 Catholicism, 354 as imperial unit of Han Dynasty, 203 first president of South Vietnam, 353 conquered by Han Dynasty, 202 prime minister Vietnam, 353 Han colonialists, 203 Ngo Quyen, 206 independence from Qin Dynasty, 202 Nguyen Dynasty Nanjing Black Flags, 256 capital of Republic of China, 273, 295 civil service examinations, 285 Eastern Jin Dynasty, 60 founding, 215 Southern dynasty capital, 63, 66 relationship with France, 216, 255 Sui Dynasty, 96 Nguyen family Taiping capital, 226 Nguyen Phuc Anh, 215 Nanjing, Treaty of, 224 Tay Son rebellion, 215 Nanking, Treaty of, 230 Nguyen Phuc Anh, 215 Nanzhao, 111 Nguyen Van Thieu, 354 Nara Nihon academy, 123 origin of name, 9, 122 Buddhism, 124 Nihonjinron (discourses on Japanese people), construction of capital, 123 321 Great Buddha statue, 124 Nine Ranks, Chinese official appointment palace buildings, 126 system, 103 regulation of foreign contact, 124 nirvāna,72–73, 76, 78 _ nation Nissan, 294 Chinese, 7 Nixon, Richard M., 342, 367–68 Japanese, 10, 12 No T’ae-u. See Roh Tae Woo Korean, 10 Nō theater, 163 minjok, 276 Nom, 215 minzu, 261 nomads, 14, 142 National Basketball Association (NBA), 393 Nomonhan, 304 National Defense State North Korea. See also Kim Jong Il; Kim Il pre-WWII China, 296 Sung; and Korean War pre-WWII Japan, 289 alleged hacking, 329 National Learning, school, Tokugawa development of nuclear weapon, 338 Japan, 192 economy, 335–37 National Liberation Front (NLF). See Viet independent course, 336 Cong juche (self-reliance), 336 nationalism, modern origins of and spread, personality cult, 336 261 North Vietnam Nationalist Chinese Revolution, 263–64 land redistribution, 353 Nemesis warship, 224 Northern and Southern dynasties, China. Neo-Confucianism See names of specific dynasties

460 Index

Northern and Southern dynasties, pagoda, 74, 114 Japan, 161 painting. See also woodblock prints Northern Wei Dynasty Gu Kaizhi, 64 Chinese Mandate of Heaven, 70 Song Dynasty, 139 dynastic history, 68 Pak Chŏng Hui. See Park Chung Hee founding, 67 Palmerston, Henry Temple, Viscount, 379 Khan, 69 paper, 2, 65 Mulan, composition of, 70 paper money, 137 non-Chinese officials, 69 paper tiger, 366 reunification of northern China, 67 parallel, 38th, 330 sinicization policies, 69 Paris Peace Accord, 356 Six Garrisons rebellion, 70 Park Chung Hee 343, See also Xianbei cultural revival, 70 South Korea Yun’gang Buddhist grottoes, 74 assassination, 344 Nurgaci, 174–75 developmental state, 340–41 Japanese military service, 340–41 Oda Nobunaga, 164, 188–89 military coup, 339 Okchŏ,83 Park Geun-hye, 349 Okinawa, 247, 316 patrilineal descent, 29, 153 Ōkubo Toshimichi, 249–50 Patten, Christopher, Baron, 381 old tombs Peace Preservation Law, 282 Japan, 89 Peach Blossom Spring, 65 Korea, 85, 89 Pearl Harbor, 305 Olympics Peking. See Beijing Beijing, 391 People’s Republic of China, 369 Seoul, South Korea, 345 21st-century relationship with North and one child policy, 372 South Koreas, 338 People’s Republic of China, 396 corruption, 373 one country, two systems, 382 Cultural Revolution, 365–66 opium Deng Xiaoping, 369–70 1919 re-prohibition, 271 economy, 391 banned in China, 222 Falun Gong, 393–94 Chinese imports, 223 famine caused by Great Leap Forward, East India Company production, 364 222–23 first five-year plan for economy, 363 first Opium War, 224 foreign direct investment, 372 second Opium (“Arrow”) War, 224–25 foreign direct investment from Greater smoking, 222 China, 377 oracle bones, 26–27, 29 gender discrimination, 373 Orchid Pavilion, 64 globalization, 371–72, 390–94 Ordos Desert, 71 Great Leap Forward, 364–65 Ōsaka, 188, 190, 192–93, 197 Hong Kong as Special Administrative Ostler, Nicholas, 15 Region, 379 Ottoman Empire, 174, 227 internet, 394 Out of Africa Theory, 13 invasion of Vietnam, 357 overseas Chinese (Huaqiao), 377 land redistribution and class struggle, 362 Lu Mountain (Lushan) Party congress, Pace of Yu, 101 365 Paekche military budget, 395 Buddhism, 79–80 national satisfaction rate, 376 fall of kingdom, 116–17 one child policy, 372, 396 influence on Japan, 86 pollution, 373, 396 origins, 85–86 post-Mao economic reforms, 370–72

Index 461

proclaimed, 360 demilitarization, 316 relations with Russia, 394 MacArthur, Douglas, SCAP, 311 relations with Soviet Union, 361, 366–67, parliamentary system, 314 373 rationing and black markets, 312 relations with the U.S., 373 reverse course, 316 soft power, 396 Shōwa Emperor rehabilitated, 313 State Owned Enterprises (SOE) state Shintō disestablished, 314 restructuring, 395 strategic industries promotion, 319 technocracy, 372 Supreme Commander for the Allied Tiananmen Square demonstrations, forces, 311 374–76 trade union law, 313 Perry, Mathew Calbraith, Commodore, war crimes trials, 312 242–43 postwar Japan Persia Americanization, 324 ancient Greek conception of as Asia, 3 Americanization, limits of, 324–25 embassies to Southern dynasty China, 71 politics, 314–15 influence in early Japan, 80 population decline, 322 maritime trade with China, 111 postwar Japanese economy origin of game of polo, 99 characteristic features and analysis, Persian-style artifact in Chinese tomb, 71 317–20 possible Han Dynasty contact, 52 collapse of stock market and real esate Silk Road commerce, 53 bubbles, 322 Pew Research Center, 376 developmental state model, 319 photography, 264 equality of income distribution, postwar, Physiocrats, 172 318 pictures from the floating world. foreign direct investment, 320 ukiyoe, 194 keiretsu (enterprise groups), 320 Pigneau de Behaine, Bishop Pierre, 215 legacy of Allied occupation practices, 319 Pillow Book, 128 lifetime employment, 318 ping-pong diplomacy, 367 MITI (Ministry of International Trade pirates, 152, 160, 169 and Industry), 319–20 Plaza Accord, 321 Plaza Accord, 321 pocket watch, 191 slowness of postwar recovery, 317 poetry sources of capital, 319–20 Nara and Heian, 126 takeoff period, 317 pollution technology transfers, 318 Japan, 323 trade wars with U.S., 321 People’s Republic of China, 373, 396 postwar Japanese globalization, 323–29 polo, 99 pottery popular culture Japan, 88 popular culture Tokugawa Japan, 193–94 Neolithic Vietnam, 200 popular rights movement, Meiji Japan, 249 presented scholar. See jinshi degree porcelain Prestowitz, Clyde, 321 at Jingdezhen, 219 primary civilizations, 25 Chinese exports to Europe, 171 printing Song Dynasty exports, 136 Korea, 150 Port Arthur, 233, 273–74, 291, 360 private property Portuguese reform era People’sRepublicofChina,370 firearms, 170, 187 progress, ideal of, 265, 269 Macao, 169 proletariat, 362 postwar Allied occupation of Japan Protectorate of Annan (Vietnamese, breakup of zaibatsu, 314 Annam), 205 constitution drafted, 314 Pusan, 184

462 Index

Puyŏ,82 Xinjiang “New Frontier”, 177 Pyŏnhan, 84 Ya’qub Beg and Xinjiang, 227 qipao. See banner gown Qaghan, 145 queue, 264 Qianlong Emperor, 179, 215 Qieyun,70 radio, 276, 282 Qin. See also Qin shi huangdi railway early kingdom, 43, 46 England first in the world, 219 fall of dynasty, 49 gauges not uniform in warlord China, 297 legalism, 43, 47 Hanoi into Yunnan, 257 Lingnan, 202 Japan and China’s first lines, 217, 229 Lord Shang as prime minister, 43 Russian lines in Manchuria, 291 origin of English word China, 49 Soviet control in early postwar, 360 Qin shi huangdi Tōkyō to nearby Yokohama, 255 book burning, 48 Rangaku. See Dutch studies death of, 49 Rape of Nanking, 300 imperial title, huangdi, 47 Record of Ancient Matters. See Kojiki rumored illegitimacy, 47 Record of Hearsay, 141 standardization of imperial system, 47 Red Guards, 365–66 tomb, 49 Red River region, 199, 202 unification of China, 45 distinction between imperial elite and Qing Dynasty. See also Dowager Empress aboriginal people, 207 Cixi; Manchu; opium; Taiping French exploration, 255–56 Rebellion; Tongzhi Restoration population, 205 18th century standard of living, 183 prehistoric natives, 207 banner system, 175 shipping, 205 Boxer Rebellion, 234–35 Song Dynasty, 206 Bureau of Astronomy, 180 Tang Dynasty, 205 conflict with France over Vietnam, 256 Red Turbans, 146 conquest of Taiwan, 178 religion. See names of specific religions constitutional reform, early 20th century, religious freedom in premodern China, 76 260 renminbi, 361 Court of Colonial Affairs, 177 Republic of China. See also Chiang distinctions between Manchus and Han Kai-shek; Nationalist Chinese Chinese, 179 Revolution; Sun Yat-sen; Taiwan early cosmopolitanism, 179 American influence, 296 founding, 175 founding, 264 Guangxu Emperor, 232, 234 militarization, 296 hundred days of reform, 234 national defense economy, 296 interaction with Mongols, 175–76 occupation of northern Vietnam, 352 Jesuit missionaries, 180 relations with Germany, 296 Kangxi Emperor, 179 restored by Northern Expedition, 295 languages, 179 single (Nationalist) party state, 273, 296 last emperor, 264 Taiwan, 360 loss of tributaries, 221 warlordism, 297 Manchu garrison, 177 weakness of central government, 297 Manchu occupation of Beijing, 178 World War II hyperinflation, 303 navy, 229 Republic of Korea. See South Korea new armies, 263–64 Republic of Vietnam. See South Vietnam Nurgaci, 174–75 Republican Chinese Revolution, 263–64 Sino-Japanese War, 233, 239–40 Retired Emperors, Japan, 127, 156 taxes, 224 Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui), 263 Tibet, 176–77 Revolutionary Model Operas, 366

Index 463

Rhee, Syngman, 277, 331, 339 late Qing Dynasty, 260 See also South Korea Meiji Japan, 251 Ricardo, David, 223 nationalistic curriculum in 1930s Japan, Ricci, Matteo, 171–72 289 rice suspended during Chinese Cultural China, 143 Revolution, 365 Japan, 88 Taiwan, 385 Korea, 81, 91, 185 vernacular language textbooks in early rickshaw, 255 Chinese Republic, 264 rites controversy, 180 Vietnam, French colonial period, 285 Rites, Book of, 36 secondary civilizations, 25, 32 ritsuryō jidai,43 security pact, United States and Japan, 316 ritual. See li Sei Shōnagon, 128 Roberts, Reverend Issachar, 226 Sejong, King, 153 Roh Tae Woo, 343, 345 Sekigahara, 190 Romance of the Three Kingdoms,56 Selections of Reﬁned Literature (Wen xuan), Rome. See also Charlemagne 65 Goths cross Danube, 58 semi-feudal, semi-colonial, Western civilization, 5 Chinese Communist category, 362 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 288, 330 Seoul Roosevelt, Theodore, 274 becomes Chosŏn capital, 153 Ruan Ji, 57 Chosŏn, 186 rujiao. See Confucianism Hideyoshi invasion, 183 Russell, Bertrand, 267 Korean War, 332, 334 Russia. See also Soviet Union Russo-Japanese War, 275 border with China deﬁned, 291 South Korea, 346, 348 concession in Wuhan, 263 Seven Military Classics,44–45 King Kojong of Korea, 240 “Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove,” 57 Manchuria, Russian presence in, 273–74 Shang Dynasty, 28–30 war with Japan, 274–75, 291 Shang Yang. See Lord Shang Russo-Japanese War, 274–75, 291 Shanghai criminal gangs, 232, 271 Saigō Takamori, 248–49 French Concession, 232, 297 Saigon rise as a treaty port, 230 Brinks Hotel, 355 Treaty of Nanjing, 224 during Tet offensive, 356 Shanghai Communiqué, 368 fall of, 356 Shanghai International Settlement, 230–32 renamed Ho Chi Minh City, 356 Shenzhen, 372 Saitō Makoto, 290 Shi Xie, 203 Samarkand, 53 shi, latent force, 44 Samsung, 341, 349 Shimabara, Christian rebellion, 190 samurai, 217 Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 239 meaning, 155 Shingon. See Buddhism, Esoteric (Tantric) origin of, 127 Buddhism privileges abolished, 248–49 Shintō San Francisco Peace Treaty, 316 disestablished by postwar Allied forces, Sanguo zhi. See Chronicles of the Three 314 Kingdoms mandatory worship in colonial Korea, Sanxingdui, 28 277 Satsuma, 245 shōgun, 159 Schall, Johann Adam von Bell, 180 origin of title, 91 schools Shogun Yoshimitsu, 169 Japanese language use promoted in, 277 Shōtoku Taishi, 92

464 Index

Shōwa. See also postwar Allied occupation of Sillans in Tang China, 119 Japan; postwar Japanese economy; Tang Buddhist monasteries, 105 Shōwa Emperor; World War II Smith, Adam, 223 assassination of Manchurian warlord, Socialist Republic of Vietnam 283, 293 flight of ethnic Chinese, 356 domestic assassinations, coups, and army invasion of Cambodia, 357 mutiny, 290 Soga, 92 rise of militarism, 288–89 Sŏn Buddhism. See Buddhism, Chan Shōwa Emperor Song Dynasty. See Zhao Kuangyin death of, 322 civil service examination, 137–39 enthroned, 281 civilism, 132–33 opposes 1936 army mutiny, 290 encyclopedias, 137 postwar rehabilitation, 313 founding, 132 renunciation of claim to be “manifest medieval economic revolution, 136–37 deity,” 314 Mongol conquest, 143 World War II surrender speech, 308 Neo-Confucianism, 139–41 Shōwa Restoration, 282, 290 printing, 137 sick man of Asia, 259 relationship with Jurchen Jin Dynasty, 135 Silk Roads, 53, 73, 77 relationship with Khitan Liao, 133 Silla ships, 136 adoption of surnames, 118 Song Taizu. See Zhao Kuangyin adoption of Tang-style clothing and Songtsen Gampo, King, 108 calendar, 114 sonnō jōi “revere the emperor and expel the alliance with Tang Dynasty, 116 barbarians”, 244 civil service examinations, 119 Sony, 329, 338 Council of Nobles, 117 Sony Corporation, 317 decline of dynasty, 119 Soong May-ling, 296 female kings, 117 South China Sea, 357 five precepts, 115–16 South Korea. See Park Chung Hee; Rhee, law code, 86 Syngman maritime trade, 118 1950s economy, 339 origins, 86 1961 military coup, 339–40 status of women, 117 American influences, 343–44 students in Tang China, 118 Asian economic flu, 347 title “king”, 117 chaebŏl, 341–42 unification of Korea, 117 Christianity, 344 warrior culture, 118 Chun Doo Hwan, 344–45, 347 silver, 171, 222 democratization, 344–45 Silver Pavilion, 163 developmental state, 340–41 Singapore dismantling the developmental state, 345 benevolent authoritarianism, 378 globalization, 345–47 Chinese population, 378 industrial take-off, 342 founding by British East India Company, Kwangju uprising, 344 378 land reform, 339 independence, 378 relationship to Japan, 343 strategic position, 377 six republics, 338–39 World War II, 305 U.S. economic aid, 339 Sino-Japanese War, 233, 239–40 Westernization and limits of, 346–47 Six Dynasties, China. See names of specific South Manchurian Railway, 291 dynasties South Vietnam Sixteen Kingdoms, 60 1963 military coup, 354 slaves Buddha’s birthday banned, 354 Chosŏn Korea, 153, 186, 239 direct U.S. support, 354

Index 465

guerrilla warfare, 353–54 sumera mikoto, 122 land to the tiller, 356 Summer Palace, destroyed, 225 North Vietnamese direct intervention, Sun Goddess. See Amaterasu 355 Sun Yat-sen Southern dynasties, China, 65–66 compares Chinese people to loose sand, Southern Han, 205–6 270 Soviet Union. See also Russia; Stalin, Joseph during 1911 Revolution, 262–63 boycott of the United Nations, 332 early career, 261–62 Kim Il Sung, 336 three-stage revolutionary process, 273 Korean War, 330–31 Vietnam, 263 Manchuria, World War II, 308 visits Ming tomb, 264 neutrality pact with Japan, 305 Sun Yat-sen suit, 266 Nomonhan, 304 Sunzi, 44–45 post-World War II Manchuria, 360 superstition, 265 relations with People’s Republic of China, supreme ultimate (taiji), 140 361, 366–67, 373 surnames support for the Communist Chinese, 360 Japan, 156, 189, 196, 249 Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 372 Korea, 118, 151 spiritual training programs, 322 sushi Spring and Autumn Annals,37 as index of globalization, 326 Sputnik, 363 origins of, 10 Śramana, monk, 79 Sushi Economy, 326 _ Stalin, Joseph Korea, 330–31, 334 T’aejo, King. See Wang Kŏn; Yi Sŏng-gye Mao Zedong, 361, 366 Tabgatch (Tuoba), 70 North Korea, 336 Taewŏn’gun, 236–37 Starbucks Taihō Code, 122 Forbidden City in Beijing, 394 Taika coup, 121 Japan, 324 Taipei, 326–27, 359, 384, 387 State Owned Enterprises (SOE), 395 skyscraper, 326 steam engines, 219 Taiping Rebellion steamship, 217, 229–30, 254 capture of Nanjing, 226 steppe, 14, 31, 34, 50–52 final defeat, 227 stirrup, 3, 62, 90 Hong Xiuquan, 225–26 stone age. See Neolithic Western response, 226–27 strategic hamlet, 354 Taiping yulan, 137 sugar, 219–20 Taira, 156 Sugawara Michizane, 123 Taira Kiyomori, 156–58 Sui Dynasty. See Sui Yangdi; Yang Jian Taishō ban on private state histories, 102 conservative countercurrents, 282 Eastern Türks, 96–97 democracy, 281 fall of, 97 economy, 280–81 founding, 95 modernity, 281–82 Grand Canal, 96 rice riots, 280–81 Koguryŏ campaigns, 97 Taiwan rebellions, 97 American influences, 359 reconquest of northern Vietnam, 96 ceded to Japan, 384 Red River delta, 204 Chen Shuibian, 389 reunification of China, 95–96 Chiang Kai-shek Memorial, 389 Sui Wendi. See Yang Jian Chinese Nationalist Party rule, 383–84 Sui Yangdi, 96–97 Chinese Nationalist retreat to, 360 Suiko, Empress, 92 Chinese-style small family enterprises, sukiyaki, 278 386

466 Index

Taiwan (cont.) Manichaeism, 99 “Chinese traditions,” 383 military campaigns in Korea, 116–17 Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), neo-Confuciansim revival, 112 387–89 poetry, 103, 107 democratization, 387–89 printing, 103 Dutch outpost, 171, 384 schools, 102–3 economy, 386–87 tea, 104 February 28th Incident, 359–60, 386 Zoroastrianism, 99 Hakka, 384 Tang Taizong, 98–99, See also Tang Han Chinese population, 383 Dynasty independence movement, 383, 385, 389 appreciation of calligraphy, 64 Japanese influences, 326, 384 assassination of brothers, 98 land to the tillers, 386 Heavenly Qaghan, 99 languages, 384–85 Tang Xuanzong Ma Ying-jeou, 389 enthroned, 107 mainlanders, 385 love for Yang Guifei, 110 People’s Republic of China, 385 Tanguts, 111 postwar inflation, 359 Tao Qian, 64 Qing Dynasty settlement of, 384 taotie design, 27 relations with People’s Republic, 390 tatami, 163 Republic of China, 383 tattoo, 84, 88, 201, 210 Sunflower Movement, 390 taxes taming inflation, 386 Chosŏn Korea, 239, 339 transfer of U.S. recognition to People’s, Confucian minimalism, 42, 148 368, 385 early imperial Chinese tax base, Tsai Ing-wen, 390 55 U.S. support for, 385 early religious tax exemptions, 76 Taiwan Relations Act, 369 Han Dynasty, 53 Talas River, 99 Heian Japan, 154 battle, 110 Hong Kong, 229 Tale of the Heike, 158–59 Meiji Japan, 254 Tan Luan, 78 Ming Dynasty, 147, 168 Tang Dynasty. See Li Yuan; Tang Taizong; Muromachi Japan, 162 Tang Xuanzong; Wu Zetian, Nara Japan, 127 Empress Nguyen Dynasty, 214 An Lushan rebellion, 110 post-World War II Japan, 319–20 capital captured by Tibetan Empire, 111 Republic of China, World War II era, Christianity, 99 302 civil service examinations, 103–4 Singapore, 378 Confucian temples, 102 South Korea, 341 cosmopolitanism, 99, 112 Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 372 dynastic histories, 102 Taiwan, 386 early regional military dominance, 107 Tang Dynasty, 110 economy, 112–13 Tokugawa Japan, 195, 197 eunuchs, 110 under treaty port system in Japan, 244, formation of Chinese identity, 252, 255 99, 112, 113 Tay Son rebels, 215 founding, 98 tea Korean visitors and immigrants, England, 219 114, 118 origins of British trade, 180–81 last Tang emperor dethroned, 132 Tang Dynasty, 104 late Tang military and political weakness, tea ceremony, 164 110 telegraph, 217–18, 229

Index 467

telescope, 171, 186 Toghan-Temür, 146 television Tokugawa Ieyasu Japan, 326 move to Edo, 189 People’s Republic of China, 371, 390 Sekigahara, battle of, 190 South Korea, 346, 348–49 shogun, 190 Temple of Literature (Van mieu), 209 siege of Ōsaka castle, 190 tempura, 187 Tokugawa Shogunate Temüjin. See Chinggis Khan alternate attendance, 245 tenant-farming rates castle towns, 192, 195 20th-century Chinese, 362 conﬂict with Ch¯osh¯u,245 20th-century Korea, 339 Confucianism, 192 Tendai sect temple, 160 Dutch monopoly on trade, 220 Teng, Teresa (Deng Lijun, 1953–1995), Dutch studies, 240 329 Dutch trade, 191 tests. See civil service examination system expulsion of Portuguese, 191 Thailand, 170 Meiji Imperial Restoration, 245 Thatcher, Margaret, Baroness, 382 popular culture, 193-94 The Faults of Qin, essay by Jia Yi, 49 population, 195 “The Interview,” 329, 338 proscription of Christianity, 191 The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, 326 revival of Ch¯osh¯uand Satsuma, Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, 194 243 Three Dynasties, 26 samurai, 192, 196–97 Three Han, Korea, 84 school of National Learning, 192, 244 Three Kingdoms Shimabara rebellion, 191 Korea, 84–88 Shogun Iemochi, 245 Three Kingdoms Wu social-economic change, 195 Lingnan, 203 subordination and control of daimyō, 192 Three Kingdoms, China, 56 Tōkyō, 157 Tiananmen Square demonstrations as base for Chinese Revolutionary beginnings, 374 Alliance, 263 commemoration of May Fourth becomes capital, 246 Movement, 374 Disneyland, 324 hunger strike, 374 February 26, 1936, mutiny, 290 martial law, 375 imperial palace, 322 massacre, 376 postwar, 322, 324 Sino-Soviet summit meeting, 374 subway, 281 student grievances, 375 Tomioka silk-reeling factory, 252, 254 Westernization, 375 Tonghak rebellion, 239 Zhao Ziyang, 374 Tongmenghui. See Revolutionary Alliance Tianjin, 234 Tongwen guan, 228 tianming. See Mandate of Heaven Tongzhi Emperor, 225 Tibet, 145 Tongzhi Restoration disintegration of empire, 111 conservative criticism of, and limits, empire, 108 229 writing system, 108 self-strengthening reforms, 228 tobacco Tonkin 17th-century China, 169 origin of name, 214 British-American Tobacco Company, topolect. See dialects 265 Tosa, 245 early modern Japan, 187 Tosa Diary, 128 Korea, 186 Toyota, 317 Tocharian language, 77 Trading Places: How We Allowed Japan to Tōdai-ji (Eastern Great Temple), 123 Take the Lead, 321

468 Index

Tran Dynasty Versailles peace conference, 267 deviation from Confucian norms, 210 Viet Cong founding, 209 establishment of, 353 Ho Quy Ly, 210 Vietnam Ming intervention, 210 Au Lac, kingdom of, 202 Mongols, 209–10 Chinese assistance to Viet Minh, 352 transistor radio, 318 Chinese Nationalist forces, 352 Trans-Siberian Railway, 273 derivation of name, 10, 200 treaty port system dispute with China over “South China China, 221, 230–32 Sea”, 357 Japan, 244, 255 early imperial Chinese port, 66 Triads, 178 East Asian transitional zone, 5 tribute, 236 Former Le Dynasty, 207 Trinh family French colonization, 255–57 Tay Son Rebellion, 215 independence, 111, 114, 133 Tripitaka, 137. See also Buddhism, textual invaded by PRC, 357 _ canon last Nguyen emperor, 350 Trojan wars, 71 late 19th-century French control, 257 True Pure Land League (Ikkō ikki), 188 lifting of U.S. trade embargo, 357 Truman, Harry S., 333–34, 359, 389 Ly Dynasty, 207 Trung Nhi. See Trung Trac Nguyen, 199 Trung Trac, 202–3 origins, 201–2 Tsushima, 236–37 Portuguese, 214 naval battle, 274 postwar Allied occupation of, 352 Tungusic, 135, 174 Qin conquest, 48 Tuoba Xianbei, 62 return of the French, 352 6th-century Chinese diversity, 71 southward expansion, 11 language, 67 Sui Dynasty reconquest, 96 loss of identity, 102 Sun Yat-sen, 263 origins, 67 U.S. military involvement, 352, 367 origins, cavern, 68 unification, 199 written language, 69 women, 357 Turfan, 101 World War II, 305 Turkic Language, 19, 111, 142 Vietnam War Türks,nomadic empire, 96–99 American anti-war feeling, 355 2nd Türk Qaghanate, 108 Paris Peace Accord, 356 turtle ships, 183 Vietnamization, 356 Vietnamese Nationalist Party, 286 U.S. Congress Viets (Yue) Japanese immigration 1920s, 282 Hundred Viets, 64 U.S. “imperialism” as a “paper tiger, 366 Mountain Viets, 64 Uighur Türks Vladivostok, 291 An Lushan rebellion, 110 Voltaire, 172 Xinjiang, 111 uji,91 Wa, Japan, 122 ukiyo “floating world”, 194 Wafū or Yōfū, 325 umbrella revolution, Hong Kong, 382 Wang Dao, 64 United Front, 300 Wang Jingwei, 303 United Nations, 331–32, 345 Wang Kŏn, 120, 149–50. See also Koryŏ China’s seat, 385 Wang Xizhi, 64 Wang Yangming, 149 Van-lang Kingdom, Vietnam, 201 Ward, Frederick Townsend, 226 Verbiest, Ferdinand, 180 warlordism, 270

Index 469

Warring States Silla, 117 China, miltary specialists, 44 Taishō Japanese feminism, 282–83 China, warfare, 44–45 Taiwan, 390 Japan, 164 World War II Japan, 304 Wedemeyer, General Albert C., 297 writing of Li Yu, 172 Wei Dynasty. See Cao Wei Dynasty; Ya’qub Beg, 227 Northern Wei Dynasty women’s hand (hiragana), 128 Wen xuan. See Selections of Refined Literature Wŏn’gwang, 115 Western Jin Dynasty, 58 World Trade Organization (WTO), 323 Westernization. See also May Fourth World War I, 267, 269 Movement; Meiji Restoration; World War II modernization; Taishŏ, modernity atomic bomb, 308 Americanization of postwar Japan, 324 Axis alliance, 304 Americanization of postwar Japan, limits begins at Marco Polo Bridge, 300 of, 324–25 Chinese hyperinflation, 303 Communism, 269 collaborators with Japan, 303 early 20th-century China, 267 Coral Sea, battle of, 307 Korea, Japanese colonial, 276 Guadalcanal, 307 Singapore and “Asian values,” 378 incendiary bombing of Japan, 308 South Korea, 346–47 island hopping, 307 Vietnam, 283 Japanese language training in the U.S., Whampoa, military academy, 272 313 wild Chan, 149 Japanese rationing, 304 Wilson, Woodrow, 267 Japanese reliance on imports, 295, 304 “Within the Passes,” 50 Japanese surrender, 308 Kum¯araj¯ıva, Buddhist translation Japan’s China quagmire, 300–2, 305 project, 77 last Japanese soldier to surrender, 383 Qin, 47 Leyte Gulf, battle of, 307 Sui, 97 Midway, battle of, 307 Tang, 95 post-World War II U.S., 309 Zhou, 32 Rape of Nanking, 300 women Soviet neutrality in Pacific war, 305 Chosŏn, 153–54 submarine warfare, 307 communist Vietnam, 357 U.S. industrial productivity, 307 Empress Wu, 107 unconditional surrender, 308 first female president of South Korea, 349 written language. See also language foot binding, China, 29, 139, 179, 259, Age of Division, 79 265 Chinese characters, 17, 20, 24–25 gain vote in postwar Japan, 313–14 Chinese characters in Japan, 21–23 gender discrimination in the People’s Chinese characters in Korea, 23–24 Republic of China, 373 Chinese characters in Vietnam, 24 Heian Japan, 128–29 Chinese characters, simplification, 21 Hiragana as women’s script, 128 earliest Chinese, 21 Japan, Tokugawa, 193 Japanese, 21–23, 247 Korean comfort women, 277 Khitan, 133 Koryŏ, 150 Korean, 24, 119, 153, 240 laid-off workers, People’s Republic of logographic, 20–21 China, 373 modern Chinese vernacular, 264 Manchu, 179 Nom, 207, 215 Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward, 364 Silla, 87 Neo-Confucianism, 139 Tangut, 133 qipao, traditional Chinese woman’s Tibet, 119 clothing, 179 Tuoba Xianbei, 69

470 Index

written language (cont.) Yi Sun-sin, 183 uniformity, and prestige, Chinese written Yijian zhi. See Record of Hearsay language, 24 Yijing. See Book of Changes Vietnamese, 24, 207, 285 yin and yang, 55, 140 Vietnamese use of Roman alphabet, 207 Yokohama, 244–45, 252, 255 Wu Zetian, Empress, 104, 107 Yŏn Kaesomun, 117 Wuhan, 263 Yŏngjo, King, 184 Yongle Emperor, 148 Xi Jinping, 394 Yoshida Shigeru, 313 “Xi’an incident,” 300 Yoshida Shoin, 244 Xiaowen, Northern Wei Dynasty emperor, Yu, the Great, Sage Ruler, 26 69 Yuan Dynasty Xiaowu apocalyptic rebellions, 146 Southern Dynasty Song emperor, 66 Beijing, 145 Xinjiang bubonic plague, 146 crossroads of Eurasia, 77 ethnic hierarchy, 145 Qing Dynasty “New Frontier,” 177 meaning of name, 145 Ya’qub Beg, 227 succession disputes, 146 Zunghar, 175–77 universal writing system, 146 Xinjing, “New Capital,” 294 Yuan Shikai, 238, 264, 270 Xiongnu Yuan Zhen, 100 Han Dynasty appeasement of, 52 Yue people Huns, 51 prehistoric, 201 origins, 51 Xu Guangqi, 171 zaibatsu, 254 Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, 106 Zhang Zuolin, 271–72, 293 Xunzi, 24 assassination, 283 Zhao Kuangyin Ya’qub Beg, 227 civilism, 132–33 Yalta Conference, 308, 330 Song Dynasty founder, 132 Yalu River, 84–85, 152, 183–84, 333 Zhao Tuo, (Vietnamese) Trieu Da, 202 Yamaga Sokō, 192 Zhao Ziyang, 374–75 Yamatai, 89 Zheng Chenggong, 171 Yamato Zheng He, 148 defeat of Paekche expedition, 121 Zhongguo, 8–9. See also China embassies to Sui and Tang, 120–21 Zhou Dynasty rise of centralized royal authority, 91 Chinese identity, 33 Taika coup, 121 conquest of Shang, 33 Yamato Plain, 90 Eastern Zhou, 35 Yan’an, 299 King Wu, 33 Yang Guifei, 110 origins, 31–32 yangban Korean aristocracy, 151, 153, 239, Zhou Enlai, 268, 333 339 U.S. refusal to shake hands, 353 Yawata steel mill, 280 Zhu De, 269 Yayoi, 88 Zhu Yuanzhang, 146–47 Yellow Turbans, 55 Zhuangzi, 41 Yemaek, 83 Zongli Yamen, 228 Yi Dynasty. See Chosŏn zu, descent group, 29 Yi Sŏng-gye, 152–53 Zunghar Empire, 175–77