78 Indiana Magazine of History cumulatively have made Cahokian studies a subfield within North American prehistory. Beyond this contribution, Fowler uses the book as a personal forum for characterization of fellow scholars whose trowels, spades, and backhoes have unearthed Cahokia’s many mounds and features, at times at cross-purposes with his own agenda. While this sometimes distracts the reader from the main story, this second level of historiographical discussion will be of interest to anyone deeply attentive to the history of archaeology in the United States and especially in the American Bottom. WILLIAMR. SWAGERTYhas taught history at the University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, since 1982. Previously, he was associate director of the Center for the History of the American Indian at the Newberry Library in Chicago. He has recently published “Urban Indians Before Columbus” in Journal of Urban History (May 2000) and is a contributor to the Smithsonian Institution’s Handbook of North American Zndians (2001).

Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees. By John Sugden. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. Pp. xvi, 350. Maps, illus- trations, notes, selected bibliography, index. $29.95.) Blue Jacket, or Waweyapiersenwaw, was a Shawnee warrior and diplomat who lived in the Ohio River Valley from the 1740s to the first decade of the nineteenth century. By 1772 he had emerged as a chief among the Shawnees of the Scioto River because of his abilities as a war leader and his understanding of whites. He opposed white settlement of Kentucky aRer the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768), and he probably fought in the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774. Despite his resistance to European encroachment upon Indian lands, he learned English, adopted European ways of living, and married a white woman. He was allied with the British during the Revolu- tionary War, fighting well in the campaign against Vincennes in 1778-1779. He may also have taken part in Captain Henry Bird’s foray into Kentucky in 1780. He was outraged by American encroach- ments on Indian territory north of the Ohio River after 1786. With- drawing with his people to the Maumee River Valley, he and they allied with the Miamis. He also became an ardent supporter of the Mohawk Joseph Brandt in his efforts to form an Indian confederacy against the Americans. After the Treaty of Fort Harmar (17891, which he held in con- tempt, Blue Jacket assumed leadership of the tribal confederacy and helped inflict stunning defeats upon two United States armies, one led by Joseph Harmar in 1790 and the other by Arthur St. Clair a year later. He then helped conduct fruitless peace negotiations with Amer- ican representatives until the summer of 1793. He led an unsuc- cessful assault on Fort Recovery in June 1794 and on August 20 was soundly defeated by General Anthony Wayne in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. In 1795, he represented a number of tribes in negotiations Book Reviews 79

that led to the Treaty of Greenville, which ceded southern Ohio to the United States. Living as a ward of the American government until his death in 1808, he remained a spokesman for the Shawnees and supported efforts by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa to restore Indi- an civilization to its prewhite integrity. John Sugden has written an important book in the field of Indi- an history. He has used an impressive array of sources, both prima- ry and secondary, to round out the story of Blue Jacket’s life. Filling in many gaps in the biographical narrative, he also provides a good survey of a wide swath of Indian history, always from the perspec- tive of the native people. He therefore sees the encroachments of whites on the Ohio country as an invasion and, without becoming preachy or strident, tells a balanced story of how two civilizations came into conflict. He is an excellent writer, and his narrative moves along at a brisk pace. He is also an excellent historian, and he pro- vides on most occasions just the right amount of background infor- mation to keep his audience engaged. With this biography, Sugden establishes Blue Jacket as one of the most important Indian war- riors in American history, along with Pontiac, Tecumseh, Cochise, Geronimo, Crazy Horse, and Sitting Bull. PAULDAVID NELSON is Julian-Van Dusen Professor of American History at Berea College, Berea, Kentucky. He is the author of seven books, of which two, Anthony Wayne: Soldier of the Early Republic (19851, and General Sir Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester: Soldier-Statesman of Early British Canada (2000), deal with matters related to the history of the Northwest Territory in the eighteenth century.

The Politics of Long Division: The Birth of the Second Party System in Ohio, 1818-1828. By Donald J. Ratcliffe. (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2000. Pp. xvii, 455. Maps, graphs, tables, notes, select bibliography, index. $65.00.) Donald J. Ratcliffe seeks the missing link in early United States political history, the connection between the first and second party systems. Rather than viewing the 1820s as a period of “political limbo” (p. xi) between the party of Thomas Jefferson and that of Andrew Jackson, Ratcliffe argues for continuity between the two. For Ratcliffe, the second party system’s democratic, antielitist politics merely built upon the earlier base. He believes the first party system was far more egalitarian than is generally assumed. At the same time, he contends that events between 1818 and 1822 were critical in forming the political loyalties of Ohioans. That period wit- nessed the Panic of 1819, the cut-throat policies of the national bank in the wake of economic downturn, and the Missouri Compromise crisis. These events forged sectional politics in Ohio. Western inter- ests in internal improvements and northern distaste for slavery should have cemented Ohio’s loyalty to the Adams-Clay ticket. How, then, to explain the triumph of Jackson in Ohio, with his ambiva-