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Adaptations of Othello: (In)Adaptability And Adaptations of Othello: (In)Adaptability and Transmedial Representations of Race Thesis submitted by Barclay Rafferty In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy De Montfort University, September 2015 2 Abstract This thesis examines adaptations of William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice (c. 1601–4) across media, comparing cinematic, televisual, musical, visual art, and online adaptations, among others, in an endeavour to determine its adaptability in various periods and cultural and societal contexts, with a focus on the issue of race. Shakespeare’s seeming endorsement of a racial stereotype has proved to be challenging in adaptations, which have not always been successful in either reproducing or interrogating the issue, despite the fact that the play has continuously been engaged with across media, periods, and cultures. Resultantly, the thesis considers the ways in which the race issues present in Othello have been exploited, adapted ‘faithfully’, ignored, and negotiated in different contexts. Sustained consideration of representations of the race issues of the play from a Western perspective has not been undertaken previously and this thesis analyses the use of Othello as a vehicle for commenting on and reflecting contemporary current events through the lenses of adaptation theory and the singular history that adaptations of Shakespeare’s work have. Initially, the thesis explores national readings of screen adaptations (from the United States, Great Britain, and outside the Anglo-American gaze), before grouping adaptations by media (such as music and online videos, as well as allusions in other media), deducing why specific adaptive trends have endured in Othellos, examining the relationship between the adaptability of the play and the media in which it is placed. A pertinent question addressed is: what is Othello’s place in adaptations of Shakespeare’s work – and how adaptable is it when both black and white performers and adapters perpetuate racial stereotypes? One conclusion drawn is that – despite its prevalence across media – Othello is inadaptable when its race issues are linked – through various methods – to the contexts in which it is placed, changing them in the process. 3 Table of Contents List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………............6 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………......10 1 Introduction ……...……...……….…………………………………….…………….11 1.1 Introduction……………...……………………………………………...........11 1.2 Literature Review……..…..……………………………………………….....19 1.3 Shakespeare as Adapter…...…….....…………………………………………34 1.4 Conclusion…..………...…………...…………………………………………41 2 Othello in Hollywood: From Blackface to Branagh and Beyond................................42 2.1 Introduction: Hollywood’s ‘Black’ History.…...…………………….............42 2.2 A ‘Black and White Issue’: Othello before ‘Colour’.…….….……………....46 2.3 “Ocular proof” (III.iii.363): ‘Colour’ Othellos During the Shakespeare ‘Boom’...…………….……………………………………………….............53 2.4 “Desires for sport” (IV.iii.100): Othello in Postmillennial Hollywood.……..63 2.5 Conclusion………...……………………………………………………….....75 3 British Adaptations of Othello (and Othellos on British Television)…….…..............79 3.1 Introduction: “I learned it in England” (II.iii.72)……...…...………………...79 3.2 Twentieth-Century British Othellos……………………...…………..............81 3.3 Othello on British Television in the Twenty-First Century……….................95 3.4 Conclusion…………………………...……………………………………...100 4 Othello Outside the Anglo-American Gaze………………………………...………103 4.1 Introduction……...………………………………………………………….103 4.2 Silent and Early Talkie European Othellos…………………..….…...……..105 4 4.3 “You’d think Othello is a pop group”: South African Protest Theatre on British Television…………………………………………………………...112 4.4 World Cinema Othellos and Postmillennial Filmed Stage Productions.…...121 4.5 Conclusion: “O monstrous world! Take note, take note, O world / To be direct and honest is not safe” (III.iii.380–1)………..……………………………...137 5 The New ‘Othello Music’: From the Play Text to Opera, Diegetic/Non-Diegetic Soundtracks, and Popular Music Allusions….………………………...……………141 5.1 Introduction: Prelude to Othello and Music……………...…………………141 5.2 Music in Othello……………………...……………………………………..143 5.3 Othello in Opera on Screen………….……...………………………………147 5.4 Non-Diegetic Soundtracks in Hollywood Othellos…………...……….........155 5.5 Diegetic Soundtracks: ‘Musical’ Othellos……………...……………...…...161 5.6 Othello in Popular Music………………...………...……………………….168 5.7 Conclusion………...………………………………………………………...175 6 The ‘Dark Matter’ of the Othello Universe: Other Adaptations and Appropriations, Fragments, and Allusions across Media…………….………………………………177 6.1 Introduction: “’Tis neither here nor there” (IV.iii.58)……………...…........177 6.2 Othello: Painted, Drawn, and Engraved…………...………………………..180 6.3 Fragments of and Allusions to Othello in Film, Television, Animation, and Video Games…….…..…..………...………………………………………..189 6.4 Conclusion………...………………………………………………………...205 7 “With as little a web as this” (II.i.168–9): Ensnaring Othello in YouTube Adaptations………………………………………………………………………….207 7.1 Introduction..……………...………………………………………………...207 7.2 YouTube Othellos………...…………………………………………….…...211 5 7.3 Conclusion……………...…………………………………………………...230 8 Conclusion: A Double Life (1947)….………………………………………………233 Appendix A: Adaptations of Othello…………..………………….………………..253 Appendix B: Email Conversation with Tom Magill…………………..…..………..266 Works Cited.………………………………………………………………...............270 6 List of Figures 2.1 “Othello”. 1952. Poster. IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 17 June 2015…..………...…49 2.2 “Othello”. 1995. Poster. IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 2 June 2015……………..….51 2.3 Othello. Dir. Oliver Parker. 1995. Columbia TriStar, 2007. DVD. Author’s screenshot…………………………………………………………………….………68 2.4 O. Dir. Tim Blake Nelson. 2001. Miramax, 2001. DVD. Author’s screenshot……...69 3.1 Carnival. Dir. Herbert Wilcox. 1921. “Carnival (1921)”. BFI Screenonline. BFI Screenonline, n.d. Author’s screenshot. 4 June 2015………………………………..83 3.2 Othello. Dir. Geoffrey Sax. 2001. “William Shakespeare - Othello - U.K modern day adaptation”. YouTube, 3 July 2014. Author’s screenshot. 21 June 2015..…….…......97 4.1 Hans Egede. “Pathé-Baby 9.5mm - 1909 – Otello [Ugo Felena] aka Othello ou Le More de Venise”. YouTube, 8 Feb. 2013. Author’s screenshot. 16 Oct. 2013……..106 4.2 MovieScores. “Scene From Othello”. YouTube, 22 Mar. 2008. Author’s screenshot. 20 Oct. 2013..…...…………………………………………………………………..108 4.3 Othello. Dir. Sergei Yutkevich. “Отелло”. YouTube, 24 Dec 2013. Author’s screenshot. 23 June 2015.………………………….………………………..………110 4.4 “Otello”. 1955. Poster. Benito Medela: International Movie Poster. BenitoMovieposter.com, 2015. Web. 1 June 2015…………………………………111 4.5 Othello. Dir. Janet Suzman. Arthaus Theater, 2006. DVD. Author’s screenshot. 12 Nov. 2013.…………………………………………………….…………………….119 4.6 fabriziomaccallini. “Cosa sono le nuvole? (What are the clouds? - part1)”. YouTube, 6 May 2008. Author’s screenshot. 29 Oct. 2013.…….………………………….……126 4.7 malayalambiscoot. “Kaliyattam: Full Length Malaysian Movie”. YouTube, 12 May 2013. Author’s screenshot. 2 Nov. 2013……...…………………………………….130 7 4.8 Othello. Dir. Satoshi Miyagi. Ku Na Uka Theatre Company. Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan. 2005. Global Shakespeares. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, n.d. Author’s screenshot. 24 May 2013……....……………….……...132 4.9 Othelito. Dir. Ângelo Brandini. Cia Vagalum Tum Tum. São Paulo, Brazil. 2007. Global Shakespeares. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, n.d. Author’s screenshot. 24 Feb. 2014…………………………….……………………………...136 5.1 Historicaltenors. “Manuel Salazar as Verdi’s Otello - 1930 - Complete movie”. YouTube, 29 Sept. 2011. Author’s screenshot. 22 Mar. 2015..……………..............148 5.2 Otello. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. 1986. Twentieth Century Fox, 2005. DVD. Author’s screenshot.………………………………………………………………..…………149 5.3 Otello. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. 1986. Twentieth Century Fox, 2005. DVD. Author’s screenshot.…………...………………………………………………..………….…151 5.4 Otello. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. 1986. Twentieth Century Fox, 2005. DVD. Author’s screenshot.…………………………………………………………………….…….152 5.5 Otello. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. 1986. Twentieth Century Fox, 2005. DVD. Author’s screenshot.…………………………………………………………….…………….153 6.1 John Graham. A bedchamber, Desdemona in bed asleep. 1799. Engraving. Commons. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Jan. 2008. Web. 26 Nov. 2013..…………………….....181 6.2 Max Cowper. Mr Forbes Robertson as Othello. 1902–3. Oil. “Stigma in Shakespeare”. Harvard.edu. Harvard College, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2014………...…182 6.3 Christian Köhler. Othello mit seiner schlafenden Frau. 1859. Painting. Commons. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Mar. 2012. Web. 11 June 2014……….……………….183 6.4 Alexandre-Marie Colin. Othello and Desdemona. 1829. Oil. Commons. Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Nov. 2006. Web. 22 Oct. 2013.……………..………………………184 8 6.5 Charles Gregory. Othello and Desdemona. Late nineteenth century. Wood engraving. Folger. Folger Shakespeare Library, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2014…...…………………185 6.6 Nabil Kanso. Amorous Rhymes. 1985. Oil. “Othello”. Kanso. kanso.org, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2014..…………………………….…………………………...…………….…186 6.7 Nabil Kanso. Ecstazy. 1985. Oil. “Othello”. Kanso. kanso.org, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2013…………………………………………………………………………..….….187 6.8 Nabil Kanso. My Warrior. 1985. Oil. “Othello”. Kanso. kanso.org, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2013...……………………………………………………………………………….188 6.9 Nabil Kanso. The Womb of Flame. 1985. Oil. “Othello”.
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