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Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Cartersville District Georgia

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Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Cartersville District Georgia Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Cartersville District Georgia GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 224 Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Cartersville District Georgia By THOMAS L. KESLER GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 224 A description of the mineral deposits and products from one of the oldest mining districts in the Southeastern States. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1950 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $.175 (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Page Abstract .................................................................................. 1 Structure of the Cambrian rocks—Continued Introduction ............................................................................ 3 Faults .............................................................................. 27 Location and accessibility.............................................. 3 Evidence and character of faulting.................. 27 Physical features and water supply.......................... 3 Relation of faulting to folding............................ 28 Field work and acknowledgments.............................. 4 Foliate structures .......................................................... 28 Bibliography .................................................................. 4 Types and general distinction............................ 28 Mining and production ..........—.—......————....————. 5 Bedding foliation .................................................. 29 Related industries ........................................................ 7 Shear cleavage ...................................................... 29 Geologic formations .............................................................. 7 Fracture cleavage .................................................. 29 Cambrian metasedimentary rocks ............................ 7 Joints ................................................................................ 30 Weisner formation (Lower Cambrian)............ 8 Question of overthrusting .......................................... 30 Distribution .................................................... 8 Tectonic relations in the immediate region...........— 33 Lithology ........................................................ 8 Rock alteration not related to weathering...................— 35 Stratigraphic relations and thickness........ 9 Recrystallization of the Cambrian rocks...———.— 35 Shady formation (Lower Cambrian)................ 10 Eastward coarsening of texture and its signi- Distribution .................................................... 10 ficance .............................................................. 35 Lithology and fauna .................................... 10 Origin of bedding foliation.................................. 36 Stratigraphic relations and thickness.—— 11 Selective silication of calcareous rocks...——.... 37 Rome formation (Lower Cambrian).................. 12 Source of heat ...—.——..................................... 37 Carbonate rocks ............................................ 12 Origin of the gneisses ...———...—.............................. 38 Distribution ............................................ 12 Significant features .............................................. 38 Lithology and fauna ............................ 12 Contact relations and inclusions———.— 38 Stratigraphic relations and thickness 14 Relations of the principal minerals..——— 39 Metashale ........................................................ 14 Mutual relations ———————— 39 Distribution ............................................ 14 Layering and foliation ........................ 39 Lithology and fauna ............................ 14 Porphyroblasts and veins in the Cam- Normal facies ................................ 14 brian rocks .................................................. 40 Chloritic facies .............................. 15 Possibility of dynamic emplacement.................. 42 Stratigraphic relations and thickness 15 Possibility of static emplacement........................ 43 Amphibolite .................................................... 16 Deposition of primary ore and gangue minerals.... 45 Distribution ............................................ 16 Occurrence of the minerals.................................. 45 Lithology and physical relations........ 16 Sulfides ............................................................ 45 Correlation .............................................. 17 Specularite ...................................................... 46 Conasauga formation (Middle and Upper Quartz ...............—........................................... 46 Cambrian) .......................................................... 17 Carbonates ——.............................................. 46 Distribution .................................................... 17 Barite .....——.................................................. 46 Lithology ........................................................ 18 Strengite ........................................................ 47 Stratigraphic relations and thickness—— 19 Nature and occurrence of the associated Gneisses derived from Cambrian rocks.................... 19 jasperoid .............................................................. 47 General features .................................................... 19 Time and mode of deposition of the minerals Oligoclase-mica gneiss .......................................... 20 and jasperoid ...................................................... 49 Field description ............................................ 20 Erosional history .................................................................. 50 Microscopic features .................................... 20 Secondary mineral deposits ................................................ 51 Andesine-augite gneiss ........................................ 21 Characteristic occurrence ............................................ 51 Field description ............................................ 21 Barite deposits .............................................................. 51 Microscopic features .................................... 21 Manganese deposits ...................................................... 53 Porphyroblastic gneiss ........................................ 22 Deposits of brown iron ore————.............................. 53 Field description ............................................ 22 Deposits of ocher and umber...................................... 54 Microscopic features .................................... 22 Origin .............................................................................. 54 Post-Cretaceous surficial deposits ............................ 23 Previous interpretations ...................................... 54 General features .................................................... 23 Present interpretation .......................................... 55 Alluvial deposits .................................................... 23 Production methods .............................................................. 57 Colluvial deposits .................................................. 24 Brown iron and umber.....——...................................... 57 Structure of the Cambrian rocks ...................................... 25 Barite and manganese....—.................................. ... 58 Folds ................................................................................ 25 Mining .................................................................... 58 Character and relation to lithology.................. 25 Concentration ..—————....................................... 58 Evidence of unequal shortening.......................... 26 Tailings deposits .................................................. 59 Age of the folding ................................................ 27 Ocher ............................................................................ 60 III IV CONTENTS Page Page Production methods—Continued Principal mines—Continued Specular hematite ............................................ 60 Representative mines—Continued Principal mines ........................................................ 60 Brown-iron mines—Continued Preliminary statement ................—................. 60 Bufford Mountain ................ 83 Tabular summary ...................——........—.... 60 Peachtree .............................. 83 Representative mines ..................................... 63 Sugar Hill group ............... 84 Barite mines ........................................... 63 Vineyard Mountain group 85 Barium Reduction ........................... 63 Ocher mines .................................. 86 Bertha and Big Bertha................. 63 Cherokee ............................... 86 Cherokee ............——.......——..—..... 64 Knight .................................... 86 Paga No. 1 ..................................... 64 Specular-hematite mines ......—... 88 Paga No. 2 ..................................... 65 Red No. 1 .............................. 88 Reservoir Hill ................................. 66 Red No. 2 .............................. 88 Section House ................................. 66 Roan .....—..—........................ 89 Slabhouse ............... .......................... 67 Miscellaneous mineral deposits ............... 89 Manganese mines
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