REPORT
ON '.l'IIE
COTTON PRODUCTION OF THE ST_ATE OF GEORGIA,
WI'l'H A DESCRIPTION OF
THE GENER.AL AGRICULTURAL Ji'EATUR.ES OF THE STATE.
DY
R. H. LOUGHRIDGE, F:a:. D.;, LA'l'E ASSlSTA:XT IX THE GEOHGIA GEOLOGIC.AL SURVEY, SI"ECIAL A.GENT.
[NORTIIWEST GOORGL\ BY A. R. McCUTCHJrn, SPIWIAL AGENT.]
i
259 TABLE OF CONTENT'S.
!'age. LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL .. -·_·-- .... ----·------..• .• _. --·· .••.•.•..•. --- .•••••••..••••..•• _•. _--·- --- _•••• _•••••.••.••••• ~ii, viii TABULATED RESULTS OF THE ENUMEUATION •.... ·---. __ ------· ---· , .••..••••••••.•.•••••.•••••.•••••••••• -·- --·- -· __ . 1-8 TABLE !.-Area, Population, Tilled Land, and CottonProduction .... --·- ·--· ·-·- _••. _--· __ ••.• ···-. ··-•••••••..• --· .••... 3-5 TABLE IL-Acreage and Production of Leading Crops_·-_ •...••••. ~--··- .•.. -· __ ..••••.••• _. ____ ·-·-·. __ ·----· ___ -·. ____ _ fi-8
PART I.
PHYSICO-GEOGRAPHICAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA .• ___ . __ •••...•••••• _ ••••••. __ •..•• _•• , __ 9-03 General Description of the State . _. ______.. _•. _•.• __ •..•• _.... _. _... __ . ____ . ___ •.•• _.. _. ______..••••.• ______. _.. _.. _. 11-53 Topography __ .... _...... •.... ___ .. ·--· ______--·-·· ..•• --· •.••... ______. -· •••. ··-· ____ ·-·. _. ··-. _·- ___ ··---· 11 . Climate ____ ---···-·-··--·--·--· ...... ···---·-·-----··--·---··-··· ____ ·--··-··-·-····------·----····-- 11 Geological Features .• ___ .--·-.·----. ____ ... --·- ___ --··-··--.----- .. ---· .••••.•• _••..•• ·-··---·-_ .••• --· •. _____ .. ____ _ 11-16 12,13 ~r~!~:~~~~-i~-::::::::::::: :: : :: :~ :: :: : : : : : : : : : :·:::: :::: :: :: : : :::: ::: : ::: : ::: ~:: ::: : :: : ::: : :: ~:::: ::: : :: : : : ::: :: : : 13 The Border Region of the Metamorphic .. --·.-·-·. __ --·- ___ ...... ____ . _____ .•••.. ·---·-·- __ •. ·--..... ______.. __ 16 Cretace!lus ... ___ .. __ . _..... ______. _.. _ . _•••..• __ . _. _. _••...... ••. _.••••• __ • _.. _. _ •.•.•• ___ . __ • __ • _.•.. _ .• _•.. _. 13,14 Tertiary .. _... __ •...... •....•. __ . ___ ••.••••..•••••..• __ .. ____ .. _•••.•• __ ••. _. ____ .. _•••. __ . ______. ___ .. __ •• _ 14-16 Quaterlil.ary, or Southern Drift._ .....••••.•••••. ____ ..•••..•..•••••••• ____ •••••.•• _••.. , ____ ·- •• _._ .•. ·--- ____ .•.• 16 Drainage and River Systems ..•.. ·--- ____ .--· .••.•.•••••. ·---·-- ___ .••...•• ___ ._·_ .. _-·. ___ .••... __ •• _ •...•. _•.•••..•. 16,17 Navigation ___ .. _. ··-- _... ·-- .. ·--· ·--· .. ·--- ··-- ·----. ____ ••.•.••..... ·--- _..••.. _.. ____ ·--- ·--· ..•• _... __ .. __ .. ---·. 17 Land Divisions ·- ___ ...... ___ ..... ·-- --· ..• _ ... --· ··---· ----·· ...... __ . ___ ···-·- .•.••.• ______-··. __ . ____ ------17 Heacl ~ights ...• _. __ .. _____ .••••..• ------··-·-· ..•• ··--·· --· ..... -·- _ .••••.•.•••. -·· ___ .•.••.••• _·--· ---· ___ ••• 17 Indian Treaties_. __ ..• --- ·--- ·-- -·· -·· ••••••. ·--·-- ...••..•••.... ·--· --·. __ . _ ---· . ___ ·--- ___ . ______.... ____ -----· 17 Agricultural Fe11tures ·-·-·- .••.•.... ___ ------· •••. --·- .. -· ...... •••.•••• - •• _•••••••....••... - __ ..••..•... -- ---· -- 17-03 General View of the State ... -·· ...... -·· _. -- _-- .•..••... ---· ---- -· -- -.•... _-·· ... -- ·--· -.•••.•.•••..•. --- -· •.... 18,19 Northwest Georgia .... _. __ ...... •. ·- .... --- _--·· .•.•.... _-·· ·-·-·· ...... __ .. ·-. --· ..•.•.•• _-·· -·-·. _-··-- ..• ______• 19-29 Topography ·--· .... _--· .... --- . ---- ·-·· ------·- ---· --·- --- -· ... _·-- ·---· ...••..•.. ___ ••...•. ____ . ____ ---· .••••.. __ . _ 19 Water Divide ... -- . _-·· ...... ·~---· ·--- .••••• ·--·-- -·----.•••...• -·---· -. -•..•••..•• -·· ••••••. -·· ··--·----· ··-· -· •. · 20 Climato ..••...... •.. --•.....•• -•.••.• --...•.••..• -- .••.• --• ---•..••..... - . --.. - .. -•.•• -•.• ---...•.•••• -- ..•. -.. - . -.. 20,21 Geology .... _...... •. -·· ...•• -··- ___ --· ....•...... _--·- --·- .••. ·- .. ·-· _ ·- -· ..•. -··. _____ . ··--·- .... --·- 21-23 Palrnozoic Series ...... •...... ·--- ..•• ··-··· .... ---· .....••••.••.••. --·- •..• ···------...•••. ··-·-·-· -- .. --····. 21 Siluri1111 . ___ •.... _...... _...•••..• _..•.•• __ ..... _••••... _. _.. _.•• _•.•..• ___ •....••.. _.•.. _..••••• __ • _.• _. _____ .. 21 Devonian ... _... -· ...... ••••...•... -· ....•••..... ·--- .. ___ . ··-- -··- -· .•.••• _••.••• ·--..•.••••••. _••. -·· .• _..••••. 21 Carboniferm1s ..•....•. ·---·· ···---'··---- .•.... ·---·· ·-·--· ··-··· ..•.•• - --·--- ..•.•• ···--- ·-···- .••.•• ····-- .••••. 21,22 The Coal Measure~ . -·· ....•... ----· ..•.....••. , --·· ·--·-· .•.•.• ·--· ....••••.• ·-- _ ••...... ••..•••.•• __ ••..••.• ·- 22 Dips .•. --.'. ---...... -.. --...•...••... -..• -...• -.•.• - .. --...•.... -.. - . - ---.. - ..•. -- •.. - . -• - · •. · • · • • • --· -· · · -· · --- 22 Table showing Geological Formations and Lithological Groups._ .• -•. ----•. : •. _. __ . __ •.••• _.• -• -.•.••• -.. --. _. _. _- 23 Gray Sandy Lamls of the Metamorphic (Hnroniau) . _- -·· ·-·-·· .•.. - .. --· ...• -·. ·--··· -····· •••.•••• --· .•..••••..•. --· 24 Flatwoocls (Potsdam and Calciferous) ..•..... ___ .. ·--··· ....••...... -·-... -- _. __ --· .••••.•....•••.••••.•.••. -·-- ·--. 24 Red Clay Lauds (Lower Quebec) .. -•... _- ... _. _. _. _____ .... _...•.. __ ...... • -- .•. __ ••...• _..•• _••• _... _.• _•• _ .. _____ . 24 Gra:1' Siliceous Soil of tho Ridges (Upper Quebec).·---··-----·-·--· ...• ··-.-···-·· ..• -· •. --- .•.. -••. -·- ---·- ·-, .•.•.•. 24125 Brown and Red Loams (Chazy and 'Trenton, Sub-Carboniferous)·---··.-· •••• --- - , ••••.•... -· ---· .••.•• - -- . ·------·. 25--28 Yellow Clay Soils (Cincinnati and Clinton) -. _. --- ..••••.. _.. -.. -•.•.••.....•• - •....•.• ·---· .••.. - _. - • ---· ..•... _•. _ .. 26-28 ii Sandy Lands of the Mountain Smnmits (Carboniferous) ..••.. -- . - _. •. -- •.•. -• - . ___ -· ••••.... -••.•••.•• -. ·-. _-- -·-.. _.• .28 ll 28,29 ;I Alluvial Lauds .. -··- ...•... -· --- ..... ·-. - ... --...... ·- ---· ...•. -·. ··- ·•· •..• -••. -~- - -··· ---· ..•••. -- -. -- .•• - ••...•.. I Metamorphlo Region .••••.... --· ...... -- .... - ..... -- -·-· .... ··-- ·--· .. --·· .••••••• -· ·--· •••. --- .•••••••••.•• ------_.•.•. - 29-38 I Blue Ridge _.. --· .. _..... -· .. -· ...... ••• ·--- ...... •.•. ·--··· .. ··-. ·- .•• _ .•.•••••.••• ·------·- .•.••.••. __ -·· 29,30 Mic1dle and Southern Metamorphic or Middle Georgia···--·_--·-· .• ·.... -·-.•• -•••.•. -· ·--·· •..•••..• -•... _..•..••.•.• 30 Miner11l Constituents of the Rocks .•• -. - ...• -.••• - ••.• -•.••• -..••. -., ..••. -.• -· -••••. -••.•• -••.• -• -•.•.• -.. -•• - -. -•. - . - 30,31 Chief Rocks .•••.. ··-- _.. _•••..••• -· •••• ·- --· ...... '•.••.••. ·-- .•.. ·--··· ••••••.•. --· -··· ••••.• ___ •.•.•..••••..•.... 31 ·Decompositi•n of Rocks .••••....• , __ ••.•••..• ---· -· .••••. --·· ··-••.••.. -·-··- -·· -·· •••••. •• --·· · • •• •· --·. -· · - -·. - .• · - 31 Agricultural Features .••.•. ·-··-· .••• ·--- .•.• -- ···--· --·-·- ··-· --·· --···- ••• ••· ···-··. --- •· • ··-· · ·• • ••• - •· ---· ··--•· - 31,32 iii 261 JV TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pago. PHYSICO-GIWGHAPHICAL AND AGHICULTURAL FEATURES OF THE STATE OF 9'EORGIA-Contiuued. Metamorphic Region-Continned. Gray Sandy Lands ...... -...... •... --- - ...... - ...... ··· -· · --·· · --- · ·· · · · · · · · ···.· · · -- ·· ··• · · · · • - · · - -- . 3"2, 3:~ .Area ...... -...... --····· ···· -· ·· -··· --- ··· ···· •· ··· · · ··· ···• •··· ·· · · ·· · · · ··· ·· · ·· · · · • · · · · · · · · · · ·· · 32 Topography and Character of the Laud ...... -- ..... - •..... ---· ··· ··· · · ···· ·- · -- · · · ••·· · · · · ·· ··· · · · •· ·· · · • -· · · -- - 32,31 Red L:mrls ...... •...... •...... , •..•.. -..... • •·· ------· · -- ·· - · • · --· · ----- ...... • 33-35 Reel Belts ...... -··· ...... --·· ... - -·· - •.. - -- ·· -·· · ··-· · · · • · ··· · ·· · · · · · · ... · · --- - . -- - :14 Topography arrll Character of the Soils ....•... ~ -,. . --. · ----• • .". --· · -· · · · · · • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • • • -· · · • · · · - 34,35 Granitic Lands ...... ---· ...... •...•.... --·· ... - --· - ···· ---··· -·· · · · -· · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · ·· ------.•. - 35,..37 Topography 11ml Soils ...•.... ' ...... -...... -...... ------· • --· - · -· · · · · - · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · · · · • · · · ----• - -- . 35,3G Localit,ies ...... - ...... _...... _...... -.... - ...... -...... - . : ...... --...... 3G Granite with Pink Feldspar ...... - ---... -•. · .. ·• • • · · -- · · · ---· · -· · - · · · · · · · ------•..... 3fl Flatwoods ...... •...••.. : .... -· .. -- -- -·· · ·· .. ·· · · ·· ---· · ·· · · · · · ··· · · · · · · • · · · · · · · · -- ·- --- 37 Cultivated Lands of the Metamorphic Region ...... •. -·· -····· ·· ---· ··· ·•· · · · · ·· ··· · ·•• ··· · · · · · · · · · - · · -- -- 87,38 Tho Central Cotton Belt ...... - ...... --.. ----.. -•.•.•• ---- .. ------· · • • • · · • · · · · · · · ---- -. - --- 38-4() Sanu aml Pino Hills ...... ••••...... -··--··-···· ...... --··-·--········-··-·· ...... 38,mJ Reel Hills ...... --.. --.... ---·· ·· · ··· -- -··· · · --·· •··· · · · • ·• ·: · · · - · --- - 3-9-41 Oak, Hickory, and Long-leaf Pine Hills or Yellow-loam Region ...... -----· -...... •. --·· ·· .••••. · · - -- · --·· -- -- · .... -. - 41 Eastern Division ...... ••...... •...... •... --...... • ------· · --·- -· · · ------.. -. -- 41 'Vestern Division ...... ----········ .... ·················· ...... 41-43 Southern Oak, Hickory, and Pine Region ...... •....••.•••...... •.. -·······-·-··--·---·-····· 43 Lowlands of the Central Cotton Belt ....•.... -.... '.. -...... --... ----. --· ------· · ---- · ------. -- . - 44 :Marls an cl Limeston'es ...... •.•...•...... •...... •...... ------. --- -- ...... 44-46 Long-leaf Pine and \Vire-grass Region ...... ••....•...... •...... •••....•...... ••..•... --- . ----.. -. - -. -... -· ..•.... -.. 46-51 The Lime-sink Region .•.••...... •...••.•....•....•...•...... •...... •. -.• -·..... -.... --.. ----...... 47-49 Pine Barrens or Sanely Wire-grass Region...... • ...... •••.•....•..•...... -...... - .... . 49,50 Pine ancl Palmetto Flats ...... •...... •..•...... •...... •.....••...•...... •...... 50,51 Okefenokee Swamp ..•...... •...... •...... •...•...... -...... •.•• 51 Coast Region ...... •...... •...... •...•...... 51-53 Savannas ...... __ ...... ••.....••.....••••...... • 51 Li Ye Oak and Coast Lands ...... •...••••..•.....•...... '...... •...... •...... -... --..•. -- .. - . -.... - 52 The Coast Tide Swamp Land ...... 52,53 Marsh Land ...... ••••....•...••...•....•...••...... ••.... 53 The Sea!slands ...... •..•...... •...... 53 REMARKS ON COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA .••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~--· •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 53-63 Early History ...... ••.•...... •....•... .' ...... •...... _...... fi3, 54 Cotton Production in 1880 ...... : ...... _...... •...•...... •.•...... •...•...... •.•.•.••.••..••••...... 54 TABLE III.-Population and Cotton Prodnetiou in -each Agricultural Region of the State ...... •..••..•.•... 54 TABLE IV.-"Banner Counties" as Regards Production and Product Per Acre in the Various Agricultural Regions of the State. 55 Comparison of Acreage and Prodnction by Regions ...... • _•....•...... •...... •...•.... _•...•...... •..•..•... 55,56 Productiveness or Procluct Per Acre iu Regions ..•••.....•...••....•••••.•••••..••••.•...... •.••...... •.. 56 Banner Counties ...... •..•...... ••••.•••...... •... ······.·········-----· ...... •...... a6,57 Laborers .....•..••...... ••...... •...... •...... •...... •••...... •...... --... -• -----· 57 Methods of Cultivation . ___ .... _.•.••••...... •..•.....••.•..•...... • _...... •...•••..•••••...... B7,.58 Intense Culture ...... _.....••..•....•...... __ ...... •.•••••••...•••.•••••...•••...... •..•...... •••..••• 58,59 Transportation ..•...... _...... __ .....•...•••....•..•...... •...... •....•... ·...... •...... ••...... 59 Fertilizers ...... •..•.....••••..••...... •...... •••...... •.••...... ••...... •..•...•...... •••••• 59,60 Soil Exhaustion ...... •.•.•.••...... •• , ••...... ••...... ••...... •...... •...... 60,Gl Natural Fertilizers ...... •....••••••• ·•••.••.••.•...... •...... ••••••. ; .•••...... •...... •....•...... •.. 61;62 Marls ...... •...... •...••.•...... •...•.•...•...... •.•.•.••...... •..•.....•..•.• - •.. -. Od. Black Muck ....••....•...... •••...... ••••.••t ...... 61 Pine Straw ...... •.•••••••••••.•...... •••.•...... •••••••..•...... •...... ••...... ••.••...... ___ _ 62 GENERAL COMPARISON OF THE SOILS OF THE STATE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••• : •••••••••••••• 62,!53 Table of Analyses of Soils and Subsoils ...... ••.•..•..•..••...... •...... •..•..••..•••••.•...... ••.....•.•.••..•..•... 1}4,65 Tab1e of Hµmus Determinations ...... _.•...... ••••...... ••.••••.••••..•.....••...•..•••.•.....•...••. 6G
PART II.
AGRICULTURAL DESCRIPTIONS ©F THE C01:JllTIE,S OF' GEORGIA •• ·-·· •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 67-158 Northwest Georgia ...... •• __ ...... •••..•....•.••••••.••...... •.....••.••...... •.• __ ...••...•••...... •.••.•..... _.. 69-78 'Blue Ridge Region (Metamorphic) ...... __ ...... ••...... _.....••.....•..•.•.••••••.....•.••.••.•....•••...... •••• 7?.-81 Middle Georgia (Metamorphic) . _...... · .••••...•...... •.....•...•...•••••.••..•. _.. 81-116 Central Cotton Belt ...... ••••.••••...•....••..••••••.••.....•..••••..•.•••.•••.•,'; •••••••••....••. : ..••.•••.••.••••.• 116-135 Southern Oak, Hickory, and Pine Uplands .••....•••••...... ••....•••.....••••••.... _..••••••• : ...•••••••• : .•.••.•...•... 135-138 Long-!eaf ~ine a~~ :Vire-grass Region ...•...•...•..•.•••..•.•.•....•••••.••.•.•••••••••••••••••.•.•.••••...••••.....•.••. 13S-154 Ltme-smk D1vis10n ...... •...••..•...•....••.•.• -.· .•••.•••••.•...... ••.••.•...•.••••..••..•...... •.••.....•... 13S-145 WiTe-grass ancl Pine Barrens Division •.••••.••.••••• , ...• __ ••.•..••..•... __ .•••...•••••.•.•.•.•...••.•.••.••..••••••• 145-~ Pine Flats and Coast Region •••.••••.• _.•••••••.••.••••••••••.••.....••.•..••...••••.•••••...••.••••••••.•••••••••••.••.• 154-158· 262
• T A..ELE OF CONTENTS. v
PART HI. Pa.ge. {)UL'l'UHAL AND ECONOMIC IlETAILS OF CO'l''l'ON PnoDUCTION ••·•·· ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ···-·· ------•••• •••••• •••• ··· 159-170 Rcfornnce List of Nam es ancl Acldresscs of Correspondents ...... ••.... _.•...... •.••..•...• ._ •.••.•••..•••••••••••••... 16-0-162 Summary of Answers to Scheclule Questions .. ; ...... •.•...... •••.•.....•..•...••. --~ •••..••••.••••..•. 163-176 Tillage, Improvement, etc ...... ••....••.•...••...••...... •...... ••.•..••.•.•.••.•••••••••••••.•••.••.••• 163-166 Planting and Cultivation of Cotton--~---- ..•....•...... •.....•.••...•••.••••••••.••...•••..••.•••.••••••.••••••.••• 100-169 Ginning, Baling, aucl Shipping ...... •...... _ ...... •.•..•. ···"········ ..••...••••..•••••.••••.••••.•.• 169, 170 Diseases, Insect EnL"IDies, etc ...... •...•.•.....•...... ••.•.••..•...• : ••..•••••••••...•••••.••••.••••••••.••••..••• 170, 171 Thnbor aucl System of Fnrmiug ...... , ...... •....•. __ •••..•...•...•.•...... ••.•.•••.•••...• 172-176 Cost of each Item of Lalim· a111l MMe rial Rxpended in the Cnltiv:Ltiou of an Acre of Cotton •••.....•...•••••.••••.••.•.• 175, 176 Cost of Picking .•...... •...... •.•...... ••....•...•...... •.•.•.•••.•••••.••••• ~: •••.•••.•••.••.••• 176
MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS . .A.GRICULTUHAL MAP OF.GEOHGIA •.••..••••.•••••••.••••.••••.•••••..••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ---· ••-.. •••••• 11 AGIUCUL'l'UHAL MAP OF NORTHWEST GJWHGIA...... 19 :MAP SHOWING RELATIVE ACREAGE IN CO'l"l'ON. .••••••• .•• • •• ••• • ••• . •••• ••••••• ••• •••• ••• • .. ••• . •• • ••• ••• • •• • ••• •••• •••••• •.•• 54 SECTION SIIOWING ELEVATION OF THE STATE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·•••• •••••• 18 .-SECTION SHOWING GEOLOGY AND $URFACE FEATURES OF, NORTHWEST GEORGIA...... :H 263
.. LETTERS OF Tl~1\_NSMITTAL.
BERKELEY' 0.A.LIFORNI.A., January 1, 1883. ·so the SUPERINTENDENT OF 0ENS1:S, washmgton. DEAR Srn : I transmit herewith a report on the cotton production and agricultural features of the state of Georgia, prepared by Dr. R.H. Loughridge, in accordance with tbe general plan approved by ~-ou. You will observe that the proportion of counties from 'vhich replies to schedule questions have been received is Yery considerable, being one hundred and twelYe out of one huuclrecl and thirty-seven. This, together witb the exteude Professor EUGENE w. HILG.A.IID, Special Agent in aha1·ge of Ootton Praduation. DEAR Sm: I have the honor of submitting to you the following report on cotton culture in the state of Georgia, embracing also a general .descri.l'tion of th'e state and its counties, made iu accordance with yonl'" instrnctions. In its preparation I B.ave been largely assisted by data obtained from the records of the late state geological snr')ey, to which I had access through the kindness of the commissioner of agriculimre and of the former state geologist, Dr. George Little. Valuable information has also been o~tained from Messrs. O. A. Locke and 1.L T. Singleton, formerly of the snrvey, but now of the corps of United States engineers engaged in river improvement in Georgia. My own connection with tha~,survey has enabled me to add many items in the state's agricnlt~ml featnres of which tile records make no note, and in this other members of the survey (Professor 19. 0. Barrow, of ..Athens, and A. R. J\foOutchen, of La Fayette) have assisted me. The largest paxt of the state had nev-er been examined by the survey, and hence the lines marking the limits of agricultural regions are not absolutely correct in their detail. It is but justice to the corps to say that, so far as regards agricultural features, their instructions. . did not include more than mere cursory obsel'va.tions of the country passed over. vii 26:-i Vlll LETTEilS OF TRANSMITTAL. 'l'hc nortllwei'itern part of the state, or" Northwest Georgia", as it is generally called, is. well described by the special agent for that region, Mr . .A. R. McOutchen, whose thorough knowledge of its geological and agricultural features has especially fitted him for the work." The descriptions of the counties of the region which appear in Part II were also prepared by him. The schedules of questious on c~tton culture prepared by yon were se'l.111 to parties in each county in the state, and their answers ban:> beeu made willi11gly, and, in mo::;t cases, fully, the writers often showing great interest in the work. The publications of tlle Georgia department of agriculture have been of much service to me, n,nd. the officers -0f the department llave freely given me any aid in their power. To l\fessrs. G. R. Black, of Screven county; J . .A. M. King, of Liberty county; S. M. H. Byrd, of Polk county, arnl C. A. Locke, thC'n in Telfair county, I all!!. indebted for sample£ of the soils of their respective regions for annilysis. This report is made after the plan of your report on Louisiana, dividing the subject-mnitter into the following 1iarts, preceded by tables showing enumeration results : Part I. .A general description of the state, embracing its topographical, climatic, and agricultural features, and "8pecial descriptions of the agricultural divisions, with analyses of the chief soils. :M:ore space is given to a general outline of the geology of the state than would seem to be justified by the lending objects of tbe report; but so little is known of this subject, which is of exceptional interest (because of the state's position between the Gulf and the .Atlantic), that it bas been thought well to dwell somewhat h1irgely on the ge1ieral formations. A chapter on cotton production, as relating to agricu:ltural regions and counties, the product per acre, etc., fa; includeu in this part. , Part II. .Agricultural descriptions of counties, with abstracts of schedule ~nswers from correspondents. Part. III. Details of cotton culture, and a. summary of n,nswers to questicins on methods of culture, diseases .and insect enemies, .system oflabor, etc., as given by correspondents in very many·of the counties throughout the .state. In conclusion, I would express to you my deep sense of obligation for the very material aid yon lrnve givoo me in outlining this report, and the care and interest you have taken in its revision. Very respectfully, 266 R. H. LOUGHHIDGE. • ·TABULATED RESULTS OF THE ENU~iERATION. TABLE I.-A.REA., POPULATION, T1LLED LA.ND, AND COTTON PRODUOT10N. T:A.BLE IL-ACREAGE AND PRO]->UOTION OF LEADING CROPS. 1 207 TABULATED RESULTS OF THE ENUMERATION. s TABLE !.-SHOWING AREA, POPULATION, TILLED LAND, AND COTTON PRODUCTION. ...... l'OPULATION. TILLED LAND. COTTON PRODUCTION. P< " oai g." ..... b~ ~Qi 0 ~rd .A. verage per acre. !l E ".s C-Onntiea. Land p,.~ .,.; § !;01 t:;:: area. g;,E ,,,_ P< s White. Color'd. Acres. Bales. "to Toi!lll. Male. Female. Acres. e~ ~rg ~~ ...... ~ Bale I Seed- Lint. ~"'" g' "' .,"" ' cot'n. 0 ,;" !t g p, ~'.;; u p:i ------Sq.mis. 475 lbs. L~a. Lbs. The State •••..•..•••••... 58, 980 1, 542, 180 702, 981 779, 1D9 8fo, 900 725, 274 2Q 7, 090, 292 20.4 84.03 2, 617, 138 814,441 a. 31 444 148 44. 4 13.8 = -----= ------·------li0llT11WllBT GllORGll. :Murray .•••••..•••••.•..•.••••. 420 8, 200 4, 130 4, 130 7,802 907 20 42, 494 15.8 13. 97 5, 937 1, 1117 0.32 41'.9 153 14.1 4. 6 Whitfield ...... 330 11, 000 5, 861 0, 039 o, 689 a,211 30 44, 11)9 20.0 9.20 4, 068 1, 240 0.30 435 145 12.3 3. 8 {)atoosa ...... 160 4, 739 2, 396 2, 343 4,127 ao 24, 000 24.0 1.49 307 111 I o.3-0 432 144 2.3 0.7 Walker ...... 440 11, 050 5, 500 5, 550 9,492 1, 5646~ I 2f; 69, 750 24.8 8.31 5, 797 2, 009 6. 35 495 165 ~.2 4. 6 32 0.2 0.1 Dade ...... 180 4, 702 2, 645 2, 057 3,618 1,084 20 17, 1118 14.9 0.10 12 o. 38 I 534 178 Chattooga ...... 400 10, 021 4, 837 5,184 7,981 2,040 25 50, 802 19. 8 25.40 12, 906 5, 247 0.41 579 193 32.3 13.1 Gordon ...... 300,) 11, 171 5, 523 5, 648 9,347 1, 824 31 69, 467 30. 2 12.48 8,608 a, 301 0. 38 543 181 24.1 9.2 Floyd ...... ••.••...... •...... 540 24, 418 I 12, 082 12, 336 14, 958 0,460 45 06, 470 27. 9 3L i3 30, 615 14, 545 o. 48 678 226 56.1 26. 9 Polk ...... 380 11, 0521 0,139 5,818 7,805 4,147 86 54, 233 25.1 30. 03 16, 774 8, 120 o. 48 690 230 50.S 24.0 Bai·to1v ...... 500 18, 600 o, 130 9, li60 12,419 6,271 87 88, 231 27. 0 24.90 21, 969 10, Jill o. 46 657 219 43. 9 20. 9 ------·------Total...... 3, 660 116, &18 I 58, 2'10 58, 060 86, 708 30, 120 32 •, 557, 409 23.8 10.22 107, 133 46, 610 o. 44 621 207 29. 3 1~. 7 = ·=-.- ==·--- --. MF.:TAMOllPlllO llllGION. ' Blue :Ridge tounties. Rabun ...... 400 4, 634 2, 243 2, 301 4,437 107 12 18, 2091 7.1 o.J 4;; 141 o. 31 444 148 0. l ..... Towns ...... 18Q 3, 261 1, 065 1,596 3, 157 104 18 14,198 12. 3 ...... ··-··· ...... ~T~:~~· Union ...... 330 0, 431 3, 211 3,220 6,321 110 10 30, 347 14.4 0. 04 12 594 198 Fannin ...... 300 7, 2-15 3, ues 3, 737 7,112 183 19 27, 197 10.9 ...... ~.J ...... ·-··-· , ...... ~ilroer ...... 480 8, 380 41 135 4, 251 8,258 128 17 30, 273 9.9 0.40 ' 122 321 o. 26 375 125 o. 3 I 0.1 Piokell8 ...... 230 6, 700 3, 253 3, 537 o, 645 145 30 26, 834 18.2 8.24 2,210 734 o. 33 474 158 0.0 3. 2 Dawson ...... 180 5, 837 2, 797 3,040 5,479 358 32 24, 958 21. 7 8.77 2,189 850 o. 39 552 18! 12.2 4.7 Lumpkfn ...... 200 01526 3,223 3, 303 1 0,075 451 23 21, 019 11. 3 L28 200 109 0.41 576 I 102• o. 0 0.4 'vfilte ...... 180 5,3Jl 2, 055 2,686 4, 71Ji 590 80 10, 889 17.3 1.15 228 68 o. 30 m I 142 1. 3 0.4 aberilharu ...... 400 8, 718 4, 374 4, 344 7, 357 1, 361 " 22 28, 365 11.1 6. 21 1, 762 597 o. 34 483 I 161 4. 4 1.5 I- Total ...... 3, 060 63, 169 I 31, 064 32, 105 59, 592 a, 577 21 241, 289 12. a 2. 83 ~ 2,409' 0.35 501 \ _101 2.2 0.8 --:-- Midttle Gerrryia counties. ==1= I F mnklin ....•...... ••••.•...•.. '330 11, 453 5, 718 5, 735 8, 906 2, 547 35 01, 117 28.9 27. 05 10. 901 I 5, 723 . o. 34 4B3 I 101 51. 2 17 •.~ JIart ...... 330 9, 094 4,480 4,614 6, 212 2,882 28 39, 759 18.8 37.53 14, 923 [ 5, 094 0.3ol 488 . 102 45. 2 lJ.4 ' 170 25. 8 9. 2 l3 nnks. ····-·····---·-·······--- 320 7, 337 3,624 3, 713 5, 830 1, 507 23 31, 201 15.3 26.39 8, 251 i 2, 960 o. ao 510 ' IIn.11 ...... 540 H\208 7, 596 7,702 13, 040 2, 258 28 64, 981 18. 8 18. 84 J..2, 245 5, 133 0.42 5971 190 22. 7 o. 5 F•orsyth ...... 250 10, 559 I 5, 137 51 422 o, 072 1, 487 4'2 53, 042 33.2 22.85 12, 121 5, 04.4 0.42 594 \ lOB 4B. 5 20. 2 M ilton ...... 110 6, 201 3, ODO 3, 171 5, 484 777 57 30, 629 43. 5 3~. 61 9, 9BO 4,490 0.45 642 214 00.8 40. 8 () herokee ..•..•.•••••..•..•.... 470 14, 325 7, 001 7, 264 12, 009 1, 026 30 63, 289 21. 0 21. 71 13, 739 5, 015 o.41 582 194 20. 2 11. 9 IIn.rnlson ...... 330 5,97-! 2, 985 2, 080 5,821 153 18 28, 225 13. 4 17. 22 4,860 2, 035 o. 42 507 190 14. 7 0.2 p nultling ...... 340 10, 887 5,465 5, 422 0, 003 984 32 52, 65! 24. 2 30.ji9 16, 158 7, 352 o. 46 648 216 47.5 I 21.6 {)obb ...... 400 20, 748 10, 202 10, 546 14, 734 0,014 52 88, 578, 34. 0 30. 70 27, 250 13, 092 o. 48 084' 228 68.1 ' 32. 7 F•ulton ...... 200 49, 137 23, 470 25, 6H7 28, 295 20, 842 2i6 as, 735 30.3 25.lll 10, 038 4, 285 o. 43 609 203 50.2 21.4 D e Kalb ...... 280 14, 407 7, 173 7, 324 0,954 4,543 52 60, 023 33. 5 32.18 19, 318 8, 008 o. 41 591 197 69. 0 28. E ·G wiunett ...... 470 lO, 531 0, 630 o, 901 10, 016 3,515 42 00, 582 32.1 28. 52 27, 549 11,810 o. 43 612 204 58. 6 25.1 .J' nckson ...... soo 16, 297 8, 149 8, 148 11, 139 5,liiB 45 67, 109 29.1 37. 07 24, 874 ' 9, 482 o. 38 518 181 69. l 21•.3 M ndison ...... 300 7, 078 3, 885 4, 093 5,392 2, 580 27 51, 716 26. 9 25. 19 13, 029 1 4, 918 o. 38 537 179 43.4 16.4 E•lbert ..••••....••...... ••••..• 440 12, 957 6,485 0,472 6, 085 O, 87!! , 29 79, 406 28.2 32. 5a 25, 833 ' 8, 820 0.34 486 162 58.7 20. l 24. 2 -0 glothorpl} .•...... •...... •.... 610 15, 400 7, 087 7, 713 5, 46~ 9, 931 i 30 92, 7i2 28.4 38. 06 I 35, 306 . 12, 33(1 o. 35 498 166 09. 2 196 44.6 18. 4 c larke ...... 180 11, 702 5,465 o, 2371 5, 313 6, 389 65 23, 337, 20. 3 34. 37 8, 020 3,310 0.41 588 I -0 conce ...... 100 0, 351 a, 143 3, 208 3, 327 3, 024 40 34, 223 33.4 35. 95 12, 303 i 4,257 0.35 492 I 16! 76. 0 26. 6 31. 3 "\Yalton ...... 400 15, 022 7, 820 1, 802 I o, 321 a, ao1 39 82, 628 32. 3 38. 48 Bl, 707 112, 534 o. 39 561 ! 1&1 79.5 tockdale .•...... •••..• 120 6, 838 3, 434 8,404 4, 149 2, 689 57 33, 529 43. 7 43.09 14, 4481 4, 385 0.30 432 144 120.4 36. 5 {.)'Jayton ...... 140 8,027 3, 957 4, 070 4, 938 3, 089 57 39, 095 44. 6 43.56 17, •122 6, 600 0.38 540 180 12~. 4 47. 2 u'aropbell .••....••.••....••.•.. 2'10 9, 970 5, 085 4,885 o, 085 3, 885 42 61, 411 40. 0 34. 93 21, 448' I 8, 986 o. 42 597 109 89.4. 87.4 D onglas ...... · ...•.. 100 0, 934 3, 421 3, 513 5, 463 1,471 36 29, 330 24.1 32.46 o, 520 I 4, 099 o. 43 615 205 50. l 21.0 {)'nrroll ..••...... •...... •...... , 540 16, 901 8, 407 8,494 14, 591 2, 310 31 85, 683 24. 8 20. 37 22 503 i 9, 300 o. 41 588 190 41. 8 17.2 IIeard ...... 290 8, 769 4, 302 4,407 5,674 3, 095 so 47, 761 25, 7 86. 32 11: 3481 5, 9JO o. 34 480 102 59. 8 20.3 {) oweta ...... 440 21, 109 10, 457 10, 652 9, 305 11, 804 48 116, 050 41. 5 41.46 48, 494 \ 10, 282 o. 34 477 159 110. 2 37. 0 i 155 oo. 0 32.4 F•ayette ...... 1 210 8, 605 4, 255 4, H50 ~. 742 2,803 30 59, 278142. 1 36. 75 21, 787 7, 131 o. Ba 465 7,;146 43. 00 22, 935 7,418 0.32 402 154 104. 3 33. 7 spaldini ...... •. ··············! ~20 12, 585 6, 100 6,419 : 5,439 57 53, 335 37.1 1Ienry ...... , 400 14, 193 7,050 1,rn1 I 7, 961 6, 232 35 73, 583 28. 7 4& 56 35,.730 10, 930 G.31 435 145 89.3 27. 3 6,740 6, 883 52 '42. 75 27, 801 7, 786 0.28 133 106.9 BO. 0 :ii"ewton ...... 260 13, 623 o, 760 6,863 i 65, 039 I 30. 1 3991 ~ orgnn ...... , 400 14, 032 6,88! 7, 148 4,249 9,7S3 35 82, 315 i 32. 2 42.Bl 35, ~48 7, 358 0.2i 297 99 88.11 18.4 I G reene ...... 1 340 17, 547 8, 693 ' 8, 854 : 5, 573 11,0H 52 91, 224 ' 41. 9 43. 80 40, 037 12, 448 o. 31 444 148 117. B ' 36.U 4 COTTON PRODUCTION IJN GEORGIA. TABLE I.-SHOWING .A.REA, PJPULATION, TILLED LAND, .A.ND COTTON PRODUOTION-.Cout'd .. COTTOX l'IlODUCTION. :;: " l'OPUJ,ATION. TILLED LAND. p. i ~'i ., Counties. 1 ~:~~ -:tJ:a~e.lemale.1 White. IColor'd. i1 Area. 1~ i~ Acres. II Bales ..A:vcragoporncro~ ii ~ 1 I "'~ 1:1" "'~ Dalo Seed· Lint. ~"' ..:; j I>" p:; ~:;;: • cot'n. c..> ~ MET.AMORl'HIC I!EGION-COnt'd. - ---1------<>jg' ------·--· _ ... - --__... ---- i Middle GeO'tgia counties-Con- [ 47 8 1 ~aliaferro .. ~'.~~~~: ...... Sq. ~~~ 7, 0341 3, 514 8, 520 2, 312 4, 722 I 39 46, OlG 40. 5 30.10 14, 058 :. ~~~ o. 34 483 I~~ ~ :,:, ~ 26. 4 Wilkes...... 460 15, 985 i 7, 958 8, 027 5, 173 10, 812 35 88, 770 30. 2 34. 80 30, 801 11, 100 O. 36 51ll 171 07. 2 2•1. 2 Lincoln...... 2so o, 412 1 3, 1ai s, 280 2, 254 4, 158 23 37, Sl3 21.1 aa. 85 12, 70S 3, S61 o. ao •120 143 4f>. rn. H Columbia.._ ...... _. 290 10 465 j 5, 243 5 222 3, 030 7, 435 30 54, 362 29. 8 46. 54 25, 802 81 313 O. 83 468 100 87.:.? 28. 7 1 1 McDuffie...... 330 o, 440 i 4, SOS 4, 041 3, 430 I o, 019 29 54, Sol 25. 7 45. 04 24, 810 7, 439 O. 30 420 14~ 75. 2 22. f, Warren...... 290 10,885 I 5,443 5,442 4,030 0,846 38 53,060 20.l 40.31 24,00L 7,S85 0.32 447 140 80.2 27.2 Hancock...... 520 10, 080 i 8, 471 8, 518 5, 044 , 11, 045 33 DO, 307 20. 9 43. 03 42, 773 15, 010 0, 35 501 107 H~.' 28,l.Jo Putnam...... 360 14, 539 7, 203 I 7, 336 3, 518 11, 021 40 72, 664 31. 5 49. 20 35, 819 O, 078 0. 27 384 128 110. • 2U. 9 Baldwin I 240 13, am 6, 7i0 I 7, 030 4, 512 o, 294 58 61, 46'1 40. 0 45. 28 27, 832 7, 021 o. 28 405 135 110. 33. 0 JDoi'bnbe~-·-·-~-~-:_:.:_:_:.:_:_:_:.:.:_:_:_-.-...... :_:·:· :.1, 470 11, Ota 5, 775 5, 838 3, 753 7, S60 25 70, 028 23. o 42. 04 20, 820 8, 207 o. 28 :1ga 1:12 o:i. • 17. 7 _ 240 21, 147 12, 750 i 14, 388 11, 429 rn, i18 i' 113 52.170 84. o 30. 12 20, 124 5, 858 o. 28 405 135 so.. 24. ·~ Jasper ...... ! 380 11, 851 5, 0031· 5, S88 4, 258 7, 503 31 87, 203 35. 0 31. 00 27, GOO 0, 741 0. 2'! · 348 110 72. 0 17. 7 .Butts ...... ! 180 8,311 4,005 4,210 4,277 4,034 · 4.() 40,090 42.0 42.28 20,755 6,820 Q.33 408 150 llii,; 37.lt Monroe...... 470 l8, 808 O, 372 , 0, 436 6,603 12, 115 40 106, 073 .35. 5 42.17 44, 970 131 354 0. 30 423 1<11 Oil. 28.4 I'ika ...... I 200 15, 840 7, 8u2 i 7, 901 1,>80 8, oao 55 93, 020 oo. 4 41. 40 3s, 755 12, 431 o. 32 4uo w2 133. 42. o Upson ...... 1 310 12, 400 6, 115 i 0, 285 i 0, 133 6, 267 40 72, 475 30. 5 42.15 30, 551 8, MO 0, 28 300 IB3 08. 27. 5 Crnwford...... 340 8, 650 4, 305 I 4, 351 a, 040 4, 710 25 53, 531 24. o 40. 24 24, 754 o, 7Q5 o. 27 300 1301 7" 10. n Talbot...... 360 l4, 115 7, 071 I 7, 044 4, 448 o, 667 30 74, 037 82.1 40. 04 30, 310 10, 325 0. 28 •105 135 100. O 28. 7 Meriwether ...... I1 400 17, 651 S, 7541 S, 897 7, 797 9, 854 30 124, 118 39. 0 40. 02 40, 676 15, 154 O. 31 435 1<15 101. 4 30; !I Troup...... 430 20, 565 10, 187 , ~o, 378 1 6, 595 13, 970 48 120, 046 40. 9 51. 20 60, 188 18, 655 o. 28 402 1:14 IU3. 0 43, 4 Ifarris.... •...... 470 15, 758 7, 707 l 7, 061 I 0, 450 I o, 808 34 91, 080 30. 6 40. 97 43, 203 12, 077 o. 29 417 lilO 01, I 27. 0 Muscogee...... 210 10, 322 I 8, ouo 1 10. 416 I 8, 995 i .!:_0, 327 ~ 44, 718 ~~ 26. 00 11, 625_ 3, 208_ O. 28 402 -~·= ~~· 15. 0 Total...... 18,110 748,151 1 368,7~-;370,450~i393,7Sl iaM,370) 41 a,508,551 31.0 37.89 ::_u:i~~~-r149,~l=- o.83 m lG7 7~. 24.'I! CEXTllAL C01TON DELT. I ! I • I Uicbmond ...... I 320 84, 06;; 16, 025 18, 640 17, 1S5 17, 480 1108 36, 626 17. o 21. 40 7, 871 2, 742 o. 36 495 105 2•l. 6 · S. O Durke...... 1, 030 27, 128 13, 579 13, 549 O, 089 21, 030 20 22S, 880 34. 7 38.11 67, 359 20, 172 0. 83 477 150 84. 8 28. 3 Jefferson...... 620 15, 671 7. 06S 7. 703 5. 58l 10. 090 I 25 123, 921 31. 2 33. 88 41, 377 13, 377 o. 32 402 rn4 uo. 7 21. 6 Glascock .• u ... ••••••. ; ••• ~ H... 100 s, 577 1, 811 11 760 2, 50() 11 071 36 25, 124 ao. 3 32. 54 8, 175 2, 635 o. 82 ~150 163 Al. 8 26. 3 Washington...... 680 21, 964 10, 784 11, lSO 9, 440 12, 515 32 152, 887 35.1 43. 70 OU, !100 23, 05S O. 34 •J02 10-i 08. 4 33. 0 Laurons ...... '...... 740 10, 053 5, oo;; 4, 988 5, 702 4, 351 I 14 80, 834 10. 0 23. 03 20, 689 0, 803 o. 83 47'1 158 28. o, 3 Wilkinson ...... · 1 440 12, 061 5, 905 6, 066 o, 550 5, 511 I 27 101, 049 35. 9 2o.10 25, 423 7, 066 o. 31 447 HO m. 8 18. 1 '.rwigga ...... , ..... :.. 330 8, OlS 4, 477 4, 441 2, 844 6, 074 27 67, 050 31. 7 44. 25 29, 071 R, 217 o. 28 300 132 80. 0 24. 9 Pulaski...... ·I 470 14, 0(i8 7, 057 7, 001 5, 824 8, 234 30 83, 762 27. 8 BS. 29 32, 074 o, 805 o. 31 405 145 08. 2 20. 0 ~:;::~~ ...... -.-.-.::::::::::! !~~ 2:::!~' 1::~: l:::~~ ::~~: 1:::~~ ~~ l:~:~~~ ~~:: :~:!~ ~~:~!! 1~:~~~ ~:~~ ~~~ ~:~ (~~:: ~~:~ :Marion...... 360 8, 598 4, 310 4, 288 4, 2S! 4, 304 24 77, 951 RS, 8 27. 68 21, 579 O, 100 (), 20 408 130 50, 17.1 Chattahoochee...... 220 5, 070 : 2, 821 ~. S40 2, 130 3, 540 20 38, 457 27. 3 40.15 151 442 4, 400 O. 20 411 137 70. 2 20. 3 Stewart...... 440 la, 998 ' 6, 072 7, 026 4, 376 o, 622 32 107, 251 38. l 41. 44 44, 449 12, 053 O. 28 •l05 135 101. 0 28. 8 ~:~c~~~~:::::::::·:::::~: ::::::1 ~:~ :::~~ ::~! ~::~~ ::~~~ ::~~~ ~~ :~:;:~ :::~ ~~:~~ ~~:~~: !:~!:, ~:~~ :~: ~~~ 1~!:~ :~:; Macon ...... , 300 11, 075 5, 743 I 5, 032 4, 288 7, 387 32 07, 503 29. a 46. 8S 31, 087 8, 113·1 o. 26 875 125 88. 0 2a. 1 ~:~:~~--~-~-~-:-.-....~-~-~-:·:·:·:~~~::::::::! ~:~ ~~::~! 1! ::~:: i ~:::~I ~:!~: 1::~:~ ~ 1~::!!~ :::~ :~:~: :~:~~~ 1~:~:~ ~:~~ E~ ~:: ~~:! ~:~. naudolph ...... I 400 13,341 6,481 i 0,910 i 5,545 7,706 33 01,249 35,6 37.48 34,204 8,407 0.25 354 118 8fi.5 21.2 Quitman...... • ...... 160 4, ~92 2, lSl I 2, 211 I 1, 773 2, 610 27 25, 584 25. 0 40. 18 11, 815 a, 103 o. 27 381 127 73. 8 ]0, 8 Cla.y .... - • •••• .... •• • ...... , 200 o, 650 3, 222 , a, 4~8 1 2, ws 1 3. 852 33 5J, 052 42. 2 ao. 92 21, 539 4, 576 o. 21 soa 101 107, 7 22; !) Calhoun ..... ·• ...... ···· •••• 280 7, 0~4 3, 408 i 3, 556 1 2, 354 4, 670 25 57, 804 32. 3 42. 20 24, 429 4, OiO 0.10 273 01 87 2 10. 7 Do~gherty ...... 1 840 12, 622 J o, 242 Ii 0, 380 I 1, 952 10, 670 87 85, 885 39. 5 47. 73 40; 996 o, 7SQ o. 24 339 113 120: a 28. 6 :Eally ...... !~ ~' 3,749 3,R62 !~ 4,5961 15 42,270 13.0 48.01 20,552 4,270 0.21 207 09 40.3 S.4 Total...··· ... · .. • • • · • • · · 1-~0~5~ 820, 49? ~::!78 :i62, 71S ?22, 002 108, 411 So Z, 117, 39l . 31. 3 "'iiS.ITT'" 818, 898 231, m !"0:28" """4Q2 134 . 77. 6 21-.; i-- ---1--i--,--===== ...... :...... __:__!'===""'== SOCTl!Ell."; OAK, ll!CKORY, .L';D I I i Ii l'lNE Ul'L.ANDS. I i I . . Decatur············ .. ···· .. ·· .. , 1, 160 19, 072 j 9, 399 J 0, 073 8, SSO JO, 183 10 79, 219 10. 7 37. 1!5 20, 500 o, 390 o. 22 BOO 1~3 25, 4 6, c;. ~hoicaa ...... :so 20, 507 JO, 16? , 10, 435 S, 384 12, 218 [ 26 8:1, 760 18. O 89. DO 35, 895 8, 773 o. 24 848 '116 46. o 11. 2 1 roo s...... 030 11, 727 1 5,822 5, 005 5, 070 o, 057 i 22 75, 002 22. 4 27. 98 21, 2:i5 6, 2S8 o. 30 423 141 40, 1, u, O 1 1 Total ...... 12, 470 51, ~~ 25, 383 I 26, 013 I 22, OJ3-. 28, 453 r ' '21' 244, 941 ' 15. 5 85. ssJ 86, 650 i 21, 457 I o. 2~ I™ - 118 35.1, -8.-7 ------===·===-==,= 270 'r.AJ3ULA'l1EB RESULTS OF 'FHE ENUMERATION. TABLE !.-SHOWING A.REA, POPULATION, TILLED J.JAND, A.ND COTTON PRODUCTION-Cont'd. ronuLATI4!1. ~'ILLl!J) LAND. CO:GTOX l'llODUCTION. ~ Ii, 8 ~ 6 ~ Lnn 1 Limesink division. Sq. mls. ! ,1 J75 lbs. ! Lbs. Lbs. I Screven...... 720 12,786 6,404 G,292 6,173 6,013 18 77,143 16.7 28.15 i 21,71618,166 0.38 537 [ 179 30.2 11.a Dodge...... 580 5, 358 2, 890 2, 450 3, 5-06 1,852 o 23, 41'1 o. 3 2f>. 57 I 6, 002 1, 016 o. 32 451i I 152 10. a 3.3 Dooly...... 780 12,420 6,217 6,283 6,502 5,828 16 'n7,113 23.5 32.87 J 38,495' 0,666 0.25 357 i 119 40.4 12.4 Worth...... 710 5,892 3,033 2,859 4,068 l,824 8 37,520 8.3 32.40 i l~,157 2,803 0.24 339 113 17.1 4.1 Bnker ...... •...... 340 7, 307 i 3, 660 3, 638 1, 742 5, 565 2t 66, 767 30. 7 412. 94 I 28, 670 4, 870 0.17 243 81 84. 3 14. 3 1 Miller...... 240 3,720 i I,832 1,888 2,327 l,B93 16 23,527 15.3 38.17 I 8,98J 1,005 0.21 ao3 101 37.4 7.o Mitchell...... 500 0,3921 4,686 4,766 4,189 5,203 10 72,367 22.6 41.82 ! 36,265 li,5:m I o.1s 261 87 ao.5 11.1 550 5271 240 1, 287 2, 422 105 906 21. 2, 058 7361 25 '1 118 5. 3 @olquitt ...... 2, i, I 5 13, 4. o 27 ! o. 1 354 4 1. 1 Lowm1es...... 470 ll, 049 I 5, 466 5, 583 5, 412 5, 63" 24 53, aw 17. 7 33. 10 1 17, 064 4, 981 o. 28 402 I 134 37. o 10. 6 1 1 Total ...... 4,800 7o:ffi1 3i,530 34, 015 36,431 34.020 14 485,103 15.5 34.40 l66,9o; 40,692 i o.24 348 -110 34.l ~.3 1 == == =.~-=====1=== = Ptne barr-0ns division. I I I Johnson ...... !'. 266 4,80B 2,348 2,452 3,455 l,345 18 30,762 23.0 29.44 11,705 3,323 [ 0.28 405 135 45.0 12.8 Montgomery...... 720 5, 381 2, 770 2, 611 3, 510 1, 871 7 29, 211 o. 3 8. 07 2, 3M 853 i o. 36 516 172 3. a I. 2 Emanuel...... _...... 1, 040 0, 750 4, 982, 4, 777 6, 660 a, 090 O 46, 430 1 7. O 23. 15 10, 740 3, 6691 o. 34 4811 162 10. 3 3. 5 Bulloch .. __ ...... goo 8, 053 4, 042 4, 011 5, 707 2, 256 9 35, 006 a. 2 25. 66 o, 140 3, 724 I o. 41 582 rn4 to. 2 4. 1 Effirlgham...... 420 5, 919 3, 032 2, 947 3, 228 2, 751 14 22, 747 8. 5 7. 77 1, 767 6861 o. 39 552 _184 4. 2 1. G Tutt.nail...... 1, 100 6, 988 I 3, 579 3, 409 5, 014 1, 974 G 23, 166 3. 3 11. ao 2, ms 064 o. 37 525 175 2. 4 o. i Wayne...... 740 5,980 n,284 2,696 4,060 1,020 s 8,766 l.D 8.78 331 no I o.36 513 171 0.4 0.2 1 Appling...... l! 080 5, 276 2, 028 2, 348 4, 084 1, 192 5 Ul, 172 1. 0 8. 12 l, 069 379 i 0. 35 501 1 167 1. 0 0. 4 Coffee...... 080 5, 070 2, 570 2, 500 4, 028 1, 042 5 17, 618 2. 8 10. 36 l, 825 591 j o. 32 400 154 l. 9 o. 6 Telfair...... 420 4, 828 2, 672 2, 156 2, 666 2, 162 11 14, 124 5, 3 1U. 77 2, 228 740 I o. 33 . 474 158 5. 3 1. 8 Wilcox...... 500 3,100 1,549 J,560 2,411 608 6 18,220 5.7 28,05 5,278 1,331 I 0.25 i 360 120 10.6 2.7 Irwin...... 680 2, 696 1, 350 1, fl46 2, 161 535 4 11, 058 2. 7 15. 44 1, 800 505 o. 33 'I 471 157 2. 6 0.11 Berrien...... 700 6, OtO 3, 380 3, 2:19 5, 783 836 9 26, 214 5. 4 21. 30 5, 583 2, 008 O. 30 513 171 7. 3 2. 6 Pierce...... 540 -~ 1__:~1~~11,-¥'3 8 ~1~2.7 ~ 094 ~ 1 0.37 1 528 176 ~~ Tofu! ...... 10,1~~ 70,0~~i-40,~~_/ 38,115155,022 I 23,154_ 8 at6,228 1.:.:i__ 18.17 57,443 lfl,350 I 0.341 480 160 5.711.9 l'INE l'l.A'J !; AND COAS1' C011N· I I I I I t I I ""r~s• " • I I I I: I! 1 Waro...... 620 4,159 2,232 1,027, 3,0Hi I,144 7 8,332] 2.1 6.29 ~4 158 !I 0.30 i 420 14.'l o.8 o.~ Clinch...... • ...... 000 4, 138 2, 238 1, 900 I 3, 300 838 5. 14, 346 ' 2. 5 11. 31 1, 622 511 0. 32 ! 450 150 1. 8 0. 6 Echols...... 400 2, 553 I 1, 266 1, 287 2, 053 500 6 15, 7~5 o. 2 22. 67 3, 578 731 1 o. 20 I 20l 97 8. 9 !. s· Ch11rlton...... 1, 060 20154 l,I 1, 137 1, 017 1, J04 360 2 5, Oi7 6. 7 5. 08 258 62 O. 24 i 342 114 O. 2 0.1 Camclon...... 620 6, 183 3, 124 3, 059 2, 091 4, 092 10 9, 106 2. 3 2. 26 206 68 O. 331 471 157 O. 3 O. 1 1 Glynn ...... _...... 430 o, 497 3, 276 · 3, 221 2, 105 4, 302 15 5, 615 2. 0 1. 03 58 I 10 0.17 246 82 O. 1 ...... Mcintosh...... 530 6,241 3,009 3,142 1,546 4,695 12 l!,898 2.0 3.81 339 104 o.'s1 I 438 140 0.61 0.2 J,IJerty...... •20 10,649 5,298 5,351 3,581 7,068 15 23,0471 5.0 9.04 2,084 679 0.33 465 155 2.9 0.9 J3rsnn...... 400 4, 020 2, 641 2, 288 2, 368 ~. 5GL 12 15, 588 6.1 4. no i64 304 o. 40 I 567 189 1. 9 o. 8 Chatham...... 400 45,023 20,098 24,0~ 17,494 27,529 113 23,41ltl 9.2 1.23 280 . 65 0.22 1 321 107 0.7 0.2 1 1 Tot.JI...... 6,0sO ~ 45.W9i47.217Jli9.437 ~ W l29.2ii0i---a.3 7:52 9:722 2.'d92\o.2Bl00a 132 Lo U 271 6 COTTON PRODUOTIO:N IN GEOHGIA. TABLE II.-AOREAGE AND PRODUCTION Ob' THE LEADING OROPS OF T.EIE STATE. --·- ~WEET l'OTATOES. COT'XOX. 1xmAx conx. OATS. wHEAT. U-----c----"""' u----, (;ountie~. Acres. Ilales. Acres. Du•lwls. A.ores. Bushels. A.ores. I Bushels. .A.ores. Jluahels. 150, 771 61, 010 4, 307, 771 Total for the State .••••..•• , ...... 2,617,138 814,441 2, 538, 733 23, 202, 018 o12, 'i78 5, 5'-18, 743 475, 084 n, ----1------==== '-- ~c== 'I=-- NORTHWEST GEOUOIA. 1D7 7, 37·,· :Murray ...... 5, 937 1, fill H,318 211, 059 2, 108 14, ROI 8, 178 51, 502 30, 085 8,108 40, 207 200 la, fin \Vhitfielil ...... _...... ----·--····· · ····· 4, 008 1, 240 19, 992 2()j, 923 5, 443 0, 4-10 M,013 HO 0,83! Catoosa ... c...... -. -.. -- . ~07 . 111 10, 783 151, 70i 1, 503 5, 011 ·walker ...... ···-···· 5, 707 2, 000 26, 033 309, 208 5, 015 30, 801 15, 115 oo, 344 201 20, S:ft 24, 712 s:; o, 9oz Daile .•••••••... ··-··· ·····- ..... ---······· ...... 32 12 8, a3U 140, 264 2, 209 20, 084 a, ooo Chattooga ... _.. ·;·······-...... ----- 12, 900 5,247 20, 078 287, 011 6,0H Total ...... 107, 133 --46, 610 195, ~98 2, 160, 555 53, 820 432, 127 04; 501 005, a.JO 1, 748 113, .JlG ====l~===l====i====ll"="="==· ~=·cc= =:-.:::::-::=;:...~ .::=-=:::===.;.:·..:.::::.:-.::::::=::: lillTAl!OnP!IIC Jll~G!Ol'f. Blue Ridge counties. ltabnn ·--··· ...... ··.·· ········ ...... 45 14 8, 810 115, 45G 455 2, 823 407 1, 870 1"".. 8, 31~ TolVlls ...... -...... -··········· ··---····· 7, 601 87, 893 830 4, ·165 2, 055 8, 550 108 0, 153 Uniou ...... _...... 12 5 14, 347 108, 531 2, 130 12, 007 4, 012 " 20, 743 210 w:10.1 Fannin ...... ·----- ...... ·...... 14, 220 189, 055 1,. 005 6, 281 3, 640 10, 303 234 10, 778 Gilmer...... 122 32 10, 178 233, ~48 5821 3, 950 5, 003 25, 200 00 4, 200 Pickens ...... ---...... 2,210 734 12, 774 180, 245 1, 019 12, 542 5, 992 33, 000 li5 10,fi.J4 Dawson...... 2,189 850 14, ooo 101, 006 882 I 7, 008 4, 040 20, 50,1 103 1:1, 087 Lumpkin ..... : ...... 209 100 11, 232 134, 747 1, fij.j, : 12, 050 2, 781 1:1, 220 ~00 12, MO White ...... --·--······-············· ...••... 228 08 11, 097 148, 120 2, 22s 1 10, 22~ 21 :no 12, 843 mu 12, 238 Rabersuam ...... 1, 762 597 14, 797 172, 806 1, 021 15, 036 2, 458 12, 02a 207 11, 102 -. Total----········ ...... 6, 837 2,409 -~ --l,660,So9 --µ,;5l . 00, 140 M, 875 171, 202 1, on oo, 2r.3 =:::=_-.::;::::::;;:;;:, .. Middle Gcorg{a counties. Franklin ...... - ...... 16, 001 5, 723 20, 513 229, 779 44., 687276 11 · ---~:.~34 - o, 520 30,•Ja.J 386 23, 208 lfart ...... '--·· ...... 14, 923 I 5,094 14, 312 120, 0j8 28, 453 4, 010 ~4. 077 2:i0 13, 017 Banks ...... -...... ,8, 251 l 2, 900 11; 780 147, 081 2, 022 18, 038 3, 030 21, 03j oa 4, 055 Hall ...... •...... •.•...... 12, 245 5, 133 26, 632 354, 320 4, 798 35, 424 8, 771 04, 870 :l71i 2:J, filB Forsyth ...... · ...... 12, 121 5, 0!4 20, 324 285, 610 6, 040 47, 025 7, 707 GO, 805 · :101 20, 2ao Milton ...... ····-· ...... 9, 080 4,490 13, 039 107, 188 3, 025 25, 480 ·!, 187 Bl, lQO ~3·~ o, 1'08 Cbcrokeo -·········-- ...... •...••...... 131 iso 5, 615 20, 330 • 398, 018 5, 172 35, 998 10, 283 ori, oau 210 17, 204 Rara16on .. : ...... 4, 800 2, 035 13, 048 174, 011 2, 730 2f>, 144 •!, 900 a4, 10n S:J n, 303 Paulding·-·····-·· ..••..•..••..•..•... , ...... Hi, 158 7,352 21, 9j3 318, 520 6 fl 01 53, 613'. 6, 372 48, 240 3:10 21, 548 Cobb ...... 27,-250 13, 002 20, 600 400, 730 6, 789 57, 021 10, 147 80, 017 220 10, om Fulton ...... --·-·- ...... 10, 038 4, 285 13,988 184, 030 3, 000 32, 764 2, 836 24, 01'1 404 3~. 888 De Kalb .... ····-····-· .•...... •...... •... 19, 318 8, 008 21, 03! 263, 448 5, 074 52, 842 5, 806 •10, 5i0 M7 :12, 438 Gwinnett·----··------·······--·------.. ······---· 27 540 11, 810 30, 508 470, 400 8, 526 01, 814 ll, 138 74, 7!)!j 032 4il, liO:l Jackson ...... ···-- 24:8741 9,482 27, 675 295, OU 7, 355 5!, O!O 7, 485 5o, ario 370 20, 022 :Maili•ou ....•.. --·------··· ...... 13, 020 ' 4, 018 14, 471 145, 422 4, 031 32, 423 6, 108 42, lliO 1"3 8,·IH Elbert ...... ·-·········--·-······ ...... 25, 833 8, 826 ~o, 369 212, 058 5, 552 46, 883 7, 088 4~. 883 20:i 13, 530 Oglethorpe ...... _.. .. 35, 306 12, 336 . 22, 019 200, 584 0, 310 50, 832 7, 184 57, 713 414 2li, 071 Clarke··········-·······------·····--··--··----· .. 8, 020 3,310 7, 394 67, 040 1, 755 10, oos 1, 387 11, lo.t 14•1 7, 320 -Oconee ••.. -· ...... : .. . 12, 303 4, 257 9, 930 07, 560 2, 215 18, 454 2, 13(J 17, 415 104 10, 002 Walton ...... 31, 797 12, 534 26, 769 288, 701 6,454 50, 633 o,418 05, ·385 440 27, 071 Rockdalo ... : ...... 14, 448 4;385 9, 951 91, 552 2, 401 23, 349 3, 268 27, 128 181 9, 732 Cliiyton .. ·····---···· ...... 17, 422 0,006 11;·458 132, 446 S,496 32, 355 3, 840 29, 161 121 8, aos Campbell .....•...... _...... 21, 448 8, 986 14, ~50 209, 780 5, 260 44, 707 5, 77'1 40, 315 087 17, 718 Douglas ...... 9, 520 4, 099 10, 586 ! 140, 006 3, 189 20, 636 3, 521 27, 754 153 10, 050 Carroll ...... ••..•• _.... _...... 22, 003 o, 300 28, 06! 370, 802 7, 729 78, 735 10, 414 7·1, 826 2i8 w, 0"7 Real'd ...... ·······-···-···········-·······-· · 17, 348 5, 900 17, 200 105, ro1 3, 002 25, 315 · 4, ODO 35, 430 317 21, GOO Coweta ...... 48, 494 16, 282 28, 980 830, 3~2 10, 385 106, 331 o, ~02 77, 07fl rir.s 21, GOJ l!'ayette.: ••••.•••.••••• ·--···- ___ ...•.••••..••••••. 21, 787 7, 131 H,195 137, 545 3, 477 20, 730 4, 250 31, 705 2•l0 18, 7i0 Spalding ...... 22, 035 7, 418 15, 560 140, N2 3, 132 22, 555 4, 084 20, 674 2&4 10, 21" Henry ...... 35, 730 10, 9:JO 21, 903 100, 132 5, 321 so, 861 7, 406 50, 013 200 13, 400 "'Ne\vton ...... 27, 801 7, 706 17, 112 140, 8<)8 4, 990 49, 405 4, 802 40, 057 230 10, DOU Morgan ...... 35, 243 7, 358 22, 510 105, 358 4, 017 32, 198 4, 980 S0, 884 207 H, 071 Greene ...... 037 40, 12, 448 21>, 827 1$8, 900 0, 674 77, 209 o, 473 44, 581 000 8(), 077 Tn.liaferro ...... _...••••••. 14, 058 4, 758 9, 901 83, 239 4, ao5 I 38, 760 3, 086 20, Ot7 200 17, 400 Wilkes .•.•.....••.. ----··--············-······--- .. 30!"891 11, mo 21, 493 191, 218 lt, 855 133, 277 4, 287 B2, 732 354, 24, 002 Lincoln ...... 12, 798 3, 861 11, 029 Si, 317 7, 035 73, 880 2, 125 i5, 431 190 12, 805 Columbia ...... 25, 302 8, 313· 15, 032 93, 101 8, 804 tip, Hf5 1, 005 7, 151 318 22, 730 :McDuffie ...... 24, 819 7,430 13, 935 87, 614 5, 616 .57, 80-l 2, 770 17, 307 703 37, 016 Warren ...... ---·-··-·--······ 24, 991 7(8ss i 16, 450 89, 770 4.,885 I 48, 015 3, 040 19, 22g 272 508 87, 101> TABULATED RESULTS OF THE ENUMERATION. 7 T.A.BLE II.-.A.ORE.AGE .AND PRODUCTION OF THE LEADIKG CROPS OF '.L'HE ST.A.TE-Continued. COTTON. INDIAN CORN. OATS. WHEAT. SWEET POTATOES. Counties. ------.,.-----l-.A.-cr_e_s._ _B_a1_e_a._ __.a_c_re_s_. -t--B_u_sh_e_ls_. _.a_er_e_s._ ~u_s_b_e;_s.__ A_cr_e•_· \_n_u_s_h_ei_s._ __.A._e_re_•_· _lu_s_he_Is_. 1 1 1 MET.U!OllPHIO REGION-continued. Middle (leorgiu. counties-Continued. :Hancock ..•..••••• ·····-·----····················· 42, 773 15, 010 33, 328 233, 608 6, 503 74, 810 5, 913 34, 142 969 60, 701 Putnam ...... 35,819 9, 678 23, 175 141, 172 2, 881 35, 234 2, 855 24, 591 446 21, 413 B11lr1win ...... 27, 832 7, 921 17, 599 125, 572 1, 858 23, 954 1, 607 I0, 160 482 30, 868 Jones ••••.•.•••••••••••••.•••.•.•••.•••••..•.•••..• 29, 820 8, 297 22, 464 181, 777 B, 010 31, 392 2, 685 17, 374 429 31, 519 Bibb •••..••••••••••.•..•••••••••.•••••..••..••••..• 20, 724 5, 858 14, 325 187, 720 4, 101 52, 588 748 4, 974 585 41, 301 Jasper ...... 27, 606 6, 741 23, 303 16311"2 2, 687 30, 122 4, 649 37, 'i"GO 305 18, 776 Butts ...... 20, 755 o, 829 15, 880 149, 838 2, 254 18, 870 4, 135 30, 138 7g 4. 758 Monroe ...... 44, 970 13, 354 29, 884 238, 776 0, 765 76, 548 6, 742 54, 998 566 42, 215 Pike ••••.•..•••••••••••••• ·······'················ SB, 755 12, 431 29, 243 244, 674 5, 596 48, 976 7, 510 52, 880 571 4'.. MO Upson ...... so, 551 8, 540 28, 143 193, 694 s, 205 30, 140 o, 751 52, 258 380 23, 071 Crawford ...... 24, 754 6, 765 16, 737 144, 351 2, 688 26, 028 2, 040 13, OSo 865 28, 848 T11lbot ······--··--·-········ ••••••••••••.••..••••. 36, a10 10, a25 2s, 696 234, 545 a, 652 ao, 834 3, 882 20, 411 1, 402 41, 012 Meriwether ...... ••..•..•..•...... 49, 676 15, 154 35, 842 310, 428 7, 340 57, 913 8, 026 53, 065 084 50, 4S5 Troup ...... 60, 188 18, 655 38, 677 341, 903 6, 975 09, 672 7, 312 55, 572 1, 025 Bl, 987 JI11rrls ...... 43, 203 12, 077 26, 871 238, 452 5, 438 48, 220 5, 549 32, 563. 692 51, 603 Muscogee ...... 11, 625 3, 268 8, 263 69, 059 2, 071 22, 649 310 1, 577 394 25, 449 1~~~-1----1-~~--l-~---·----·---~-•----1-~~--1----1-~ Total -·-········· .•••...... • .•..•...... 1, 363, 539 449, 811 1, 109, 047 11, 035, 755 265, 782 2, 465, 085 288, 051 2, 076, 025 22, 0741=1,=864, 701 CENTRAL COTTON DELT. Richmond...... 7, 871 2, 742 11, 793 102, 61D 4, 209 78, 155 1, 549 13, 553 714 47, 21lt Burke...... 87, 359 20, 172 08, 131 505, 290 4, 457 52, 869 406 l, 778 763 65, 010 Jefferson ..•••••••••..•••••••••.••••••••••••.••••••• 41,867 13,377 42,835 296,551 6,146 59,037 5,783 23,767 462 61, 086 Glnscock...... •...... 8, 175 2, 635 10, 742 64, 701 ~. 076 15, 851 4, 257 14, 197 143 11, 819 Washington .....•••••••.•...•...•.•...... •..••... 66,900 23,058 58,653 411,499 7,566 88,184 7,464 30,460 1,260 99, 552 Laurens...... • • • • ...... 20, 680 O, 863 25, 563 196, 480 4, 745 40, 123 478 1, 624 345 40, 108 Wilkinson . ••• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • .. •• • . • •• •• . •• 25, 423 7, 006 32, 394 224, 305 4, 907 37, 665 4, 872 19, 805 533 89, 971 Twiggs...... 29,671 8,217 23,782 168,044 1,176 9,202 374 1,8i6 294 24-, 885 I'nhLski...... ••...... •••.. .. 32, 074 9, 805 28, 505 242, 814 3, 370 29, 604 208 1, 326 1, 112 51, 6llB IIouston ...... 72,011 10,099 48,785 354,229 10,570 121,261 3,289 19,009 736 70, 792 Taylor ...... •..••..•••••.•...... •...... 18,064 4,854 10,426 115,400 2.108 19,177 3,079 14,739 386 30, 60(). Marlon ...... •.•..••••...... •...... •••••... 21,579 6,109 21,053 141,145 1,889 16,800 8,481 13,132 5661 43, 598 Cluittahoochee. •• • • • • •• • •• ••• •• .. • • .. •• •• ••• .. • •• •• 15, 442 4, 460 11, 018 75, 441 1, 774 15, 020 740 2, 482 320 I 21, 285 S.tewart ...... _....•. _ 44, 449 12, 053 . Bl, 970 182, 948 5, 284 61, 370 2, 652 12, 922 1, 107 60, 930 Webster·,··························---·············· 17,235 4, 642 16,121 96,105 2,809 20,039 2,236 8,834 260 22, 930 Schley . .. • ...... ••• • • . . .•. •• . . ... • . . •• . .• •••••. •• 10, 143 4, 945 15, 845 99, 188 I, 447 12, 408 1, 944 7, 986 325 25, 999 :Macon ...... •...... ~ 31, 687 8, 334 23, 910 ·154, 238 4, 313 40, 712 2, 702 11, 105 464 42, 077 SumtC>t' ...... •.. ; ...... 44, 190 11, 451 37, 495 272, 238 8, 742 83, 868 1, 984 9, 650 737 i 70, 273 Lee ...... • . . . • • .. •• . . • ...... ••• •• ...... 35, 004 9, 143 24, 045 161, 574 6, 721 56, 912 867 2, 660 438 j 33, 693 'l'errC>ll ...... _•• •• •• • • •• . . •• • • • •••• •• • • •• . • 25, 740 6, 944 21, 719 137, 882 6, 210 42, 830 1, 928 9, 710 828 39, 019 Ranr1olph .....· ...... ••.•...... •••.•.. 34,204 8,467 27,484 130,258 6,770 46,612 2,790 12,653 672 51,697 1 Quitman ...••• _...... • • • • • • . . •• • . • . • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • . . 11, 815 3, 163 7, 596 40, 220 2, 202 22, 398 500 2, 419 189 \ 11, 964 Clay ...... • . • . . . . . • ...... • • • . . • • • • . . • • • ...... • . 21, 530 4, 576 14, 898 73, 467 2, 844 25, 108 156 928 847 28, 248 Calhoun...... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • . . • • • . • . • • • • • • • • . 24, 429 4, 670 19, 642 91, 323 5, 526 41, 968 198 1, 035 380 28, 094 Dougherty...... 40, 996 9, ?36 23, 203 141, 029 6, 052 48, 797 116 695 640 I 31, '.~80 Early .•••••. •••••.•• ...... •• •••••• •••••••••••• •• 20, 552 4, 270 17, 624 110, 682 4, 750 39, 604 89 230 459 36, as~ ----1----1-----·----ii------Toti\! .•...... •,. . • . . • . .••...... • •• . . . . 8151 898 231, 411 681, 351 -=4,=58=0=,6=76=1 =1=1=7,=7=23=i==l=,1=2=0 1=64=3=l==5=3=,6=52= ==28=9=,4=75=l~=14=, 54=0 1, 091, 203 0 SOUTiffillN OAK, I![(lKORY, AND l'INE UPLANDS. J~===J===J====I= 1=~ Decatur ...... • • ...... • • ...... 29, 509 6, 396 30, 847 201, 872 9, 282 84, 482 22 146 1, 860 i 82, 171 Thllmns ...... •...... _...... •...... __ 35, 895 8, 773 35, 839 245, 531 18, 281 158, 467 34 160 2, 009 l 9~, 727 Brooks ...... _.... •• • • ... • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • . • • • •. 21, 255 o, 288 23, 027 173, 530 14, 087 163, 862 40 315 733 : 72, 3ft2 -·---1-----11----1---·- ----1-----1----1-----1----1--- Total.. .. _...... •..•.•.••.•.. : ..... _...... 86, 659 21, 457 89, 713 620, 933 41, 650 406, 811 102 621 4, 602 i 251, 260 l====l====•·===i=====l,======l=====l===··=-·'----- LO' TABLE IL-ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF THE LEADING CROPS OF THE STA.TE-Oontinued. CO'.ITON. INDIAN CORN. OATS. WllEAT. SWEET l'OTA.'J:Cl'ES. Counties. Acree. Bales. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. LOJ.'.G LEAF l'INE AND WIRE-GRABS REGION-cont'd. Pine barrens division. Johnson··········'··············--·····--···------11, 705 3, 323 14, 288 87, 413 1, 826 15, 084 404 1, 616 359 28, 300 Montgomery ············-··-·······-··········-··· 2, 856 852 10, 231 84, 375 4, 901 36, 218 142 495 347 42, 080 Emanuel...... 10, 749 a, 009 24, 300 195, 694 a, 001 32, 110 950 4, 033 ,539 03, 037 Bulloch ...... 9,140 3, 724 15, 394 184, 222 7, 661 71, 880 15 65 597 64, 473 Effingham ...... I, 707 686 9, 337 72, 619 2, 096 18, 930 ...... 393 28, 756 Tattnall ...... 2,618 964 10, 991 96, 189 4, 802 36, 954 8 67 722 68, 147 Wayne ...... 331 119 4, 243 39, 112 2, 188 15, 506 ...... 487 52, 010 379 Appling ...... --.. --- ...... -...... -~ ...... 1, 069 379 0,816 56, 573 4, 097 31, 594 ...... 30, 042 Coffee ...... 1,825 591 6, 925 58, 408 5,450 44, 760 ····---··· ·------· 048 71, 400 Telfair ...... 2, 228 740 0, 302 49, 942 2, 032 15,658 ...... 240 27,820 Wilcox ...... : ...... 5, 278 1, 331 7,804 61, 511 3, 086. 20, 711 0 32 877 33, 071 Irwin ...... 1, 800 595 4, 049 38, 391 3,319 20, 114 ·····----- ...... 473 50, 706 Be11icn ...... '~ .... 5, 583 2, 008 8,429 80, 681 8, 199 89, 160 15 128 567 84, 080 Pierce ...... 994 309 4, 105 39, 026 2, 209 21,780 ...... 430 45, 770 Total ...... 57, 443 19, 350 133, 214 1, 094, 156 55, 826 479,471 1, 540 6,436 7, 008 705, B04 ==· PINE FLATS .AND CO.ABT COUNTIES, Ware ...... 524 158 3, 388 29, 184 1, 953 14, 376 ...... 343 33, 082 Clinch .•••• , ...... 1, 622 511 5, 524 48, 995 3, 359 26, 623 ...... 302 .30, 550 Echols ...... ~ ...... -...... -.... -... ----...... 3, 578 731 5, 159 30, 873 1, 650 11, 018 ...... 156 18, 209 Charlton ...... 258 62 1, 980 16, 763 684 3, 597 ...... 179 10, 008 Camden ...... 206 68 a, 195 29, 792 '138 1, 843 ...... 370 38, 733 Glynn ...... 5S 10 1,565 17, 540 '241 2, 415 ...... 290 28, 808 Mcintosh ...... 339 104 2,825 34, 463 854 4,107 ...... 514 40, 060 Liberty ...... 2,084 679 8, 565 74, 041 a, 597 27,178 ...... 062 74, 038 Bryan ...... 704 804 5, 000 88, 248 1,786 14, 409 ...... 273 20, 987 Chatl11LDJ ...... 65 2, 224 26, 763 619 9, 128 20 300 758 49, 777 2891 Total ...... 9, 722 2,692 39, 425 346, 668 14, 381 115, 184 20 BOO 4, 147 358, 052 274 PART I. PHYSIOO-GEOGRAPHIOAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES OF THE STA'"rE OF GEORGIA. !.l 275 as u:oEND J,,1ngLl'1-Ll' l'iu.•l'J"lunllr1 ~1.1mh· !1!•111111.im 'i',1h!<' !,umb !>ih'l111 llflf tk.:ty Oi·m'dlyor(.'lwt•lv HidHl'i-: N.IV.fln ·~, ! :i.11111 ,1111l l'uu•Jt11Jnr11nh'"i llr·1:;1u11 ·'® •• 8nutlwrnWir1• Ol•iv1~ 1i111fl'i1~1~ Ha1•1•t•m1 & ~·Houlh1wnW1rt:.limHt1mul -~ ~'l:tlWlH•ih-, ~IJ1111•t1i111rt\t1~V"11 .(l.; . ~ ..: GIJ ~::;;",~::::~';~;.'::.:;'.,~'~Sh line J l!lil!Jll!XlliflJ,;wl'.lal;I.;:uuJu [~ Olccl'fl1u11<1~1· Hwnm11 AGRICUL1,illW~• MAP OF COMl'lLim !'HOM STA'.l'J<: GEOLOGICAi, HECOlUlS AND l\l.'l,NO'l'l!S UY lULLOUGllHIDGI~, Pu. D . •~pgG[AI. AGIO:N'L' 1880. i; 1:I ::::. 0 ... 1011 MILES. ~;---EH53:::~ .GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 6 The state of Georgia Hes between longitude 30 47' 21" and so 42' west from Washington, and between 'latitude 30° 21' 39" and 35° north, embracing in its area 5g,475 square miles, of which 4g5 square miles is water surface, embracing 150 square miles of coast waters (bays, gulfs, sounds, etc.), 300 square miles consist of rivers .ancl smaller streams, and 45 square miles of lakes and ponds. The land area is therefore 58,980 square miles. There are 137 counties in the state. · · ToPOGR.A.PHY.-The northwestern corner of the state is crossed from Tennessee to Alabama by several ranges ·Of mountains that rise in altitude from 500 to 1,000 feet above the intervening broad and rich valleys. Sand and Lookout mountains are broad-backed, while the other ranges are mostly narrow or ''backbone" ridges. In the northeastern portion of the state is the Blue Ridge chain, with other isoln.ted points, rising lligh above the surrounding ·country. The Ohattahoochee ridge, an offshoot from this, and forming the Atlantic and Gulf water-divide, passes south of the Ohattahoochee river, soon losing its prominence as a ridge and falling in elevation to Atlanta. Southward the country is more generally level or rolling, sometimes hilly, with but few low mountains until the pine lands are reached; thence to the coast the fall is very gradual and the lands very level. These features ate . described more in detail under each agricultural region. OLIM.A.TE.-The state, with its southern boundarjr resting against Florida and in part washed by the Atlantic . ocean on the southeast, its northern boundary 320 miles to the north among the mountains of the Blue Ridge and the Oumberland range, and nearly 5,000 feet above sea-level, presents an average temperature of oso F. on the coast, . 520 to 560 in middle Georgia, aud 520 in the Blue Ridge region, or an annual average of about 65° for the entire state. The average rainfall for the state is from 46 to 50 inches, the steady rains being usually brought by southeastern ~~. . The coast region, with its sea breezes and "salty atruosphere", has a mean winter temperature of about 48°, : the lowest being rarely below 320. Its summer maximum is goo and the mean 79°. Its rainfall is ~bout 57 i_nches1 December and January being the driest months. So genial is the climate of the coast.counties that oranges, bananas, and other semi-tropical fruits are produced in a.bundance. The markets of colder states are supplied with very early vegetables and garden luxuries from the .farms of this region. In mic1c1le Georgia the rainfall is less (41 inches), the driest months being June ancl September. The yearly .temperature ranges from oo to goo, with an average of 44P in winter and 730 in summer. During the hottest summer days the temperature often rises to 1000, but the nights are cool, pleasant, and invigorating. In northeastern Georgia the extremes of temperature are oo and goo, with an average of 43° for the winter .months nncl 750 for the summer. The rainfall for this section is about 57 inches, hea1y rains occurring in. the fall ancl winter months. The amount of rain that annually falls in each section and in the wet and the dry months 3, vanes greatly. Snow falls in northern Georgia eYery winter, but only to depths of from 2 to 4 inches, and remains but a short ,time. In middle Georgia it frequentl;r falls, but melts almost as rapidly as it touches the ground. Occasionally, on ridges, it reaches a depth of an inch. or two. In southern Georgia snow is rarely seen. . High winds, mostly accompanied by thunder storms, lll'evail chiefly in the spring and early summer, and come .from the southwest, occasiona11y becoming tornadoes. Planting in th~ low or southern country begins as early as l\Iarch 15, and fall frosts do not appear earlier tlia.n .December 1, and it often happens that there is no frost during the winter. In northern Georgia plantiug is not done until about the last of April, because of continued cold and frosty ·weather. . . . . GEOLOGICAL FE.A.TURES.-The geological formations represented in Georgia embrace the l\'Ietam01·plnc, the :paJreozoic, the Triassic, Cretaceous, Tertiar;y, and Quatenrnr;r. Their fn11 m1d detailed exaFnination bad not been 11 277 = 'rJP: 12 COTTON PRODUCTION IN . Pme mountain, which forms a part of the southern boundary of Meriwether county, is a high ridge, composed mamly of heavy-beddell sandstone, dipping north 150 west. It is oYerlaid on the north by talcose slates and n, stratum of itacolumite (very flexible at Warm Springs), which branches off to the northeast in the eastern part of t~e conn~y. The anticlinal of this sandstone ridge is found a few miles to the south, forming Oak mountain (whrnh termmates abruptly on the west near Hamilton, in Harris county), while between the {;wo ridges there is a broad valley, in which are outcrops of granites and quartz masses. The trends of these ridges present but little irregularity to the eastward until Flint river is crossed, when Pine mountain turns abruptly northwarll and seems to be broken up into a number of sandstone hills with no regularity of position, while Oak mountain is lost in a rough ood broken country. On the east of the state, as well as along the southern border of the metamorphic, are other granitic areas, terminating, so far as known, near the Oconee river, the large belt of stratified gneisses and schists passing southward between them nnd the central granite region. The granites along the southern border of the 111etamoq)hic differ from those mentioned in having coarse crystals of a pink feldspar ancl in being more highly siliceous, and hence less subject to disintegration. Triassic.-This formation probably includes the trap dikes of the metamorphic region, and also the clay slates that occur along, its border. The trap dikes are most numerous on the east of thC" central granite region, but beyond the faet that they are apparently the same in character throughout and have the same general strike of north 15° west are not deserving of special mention, being with one or two exceptions small and not continuous. On the west of ~he granite ·region there occurs the largest dike in the state. Beginning in the northern part of Coweta county, it passes slightly· east of south through Meriwether, and, cutting its way barely through the top of Pine and Oak mountains, continues, via Talbotton, to tlie sand-hills near Geneva, in the southern part of Talbot county. Its width is several hundred feet, and its outcrop is continuous and accompanied by occasional granite bowlders. Its course, as well as that of nearly all the other dikes, is parallel with the main Atlantic and Gulf water-divide from Atlanta southward. Along the lower line of the metamorphic clay slates are occasionally found resting directly upon the gneisses, and are unconformable to them both in strike and dip, the latter being almost vertical. So far as known, they cover but a small area in the state. The border region of the metamorphic.-This region is characterized on the surface by sand-hills, which overlie clays and sands, the accumulation of the disintegratecl material of the metamorphic rocks, as shown by the beds of kaolin, associated with mien, alill occasional pieces of feldspar, hornblende, and other minerals, al,ld also by the pink clays found just below the falls of Chattahoochee river at Columbus. These pink clays also underlie the town of Gerard, on the Alabama side. The metamorphic strata suddenly disappear along almost the entire line, and wells dug 75 or 100 feet cleep, in valleys whose level is below that of the metamorpbic ancl not a great distance from it, fail to strike them. The region is from. 10 to 15 miles wide, lying between the metamorphic on the one side and the Cretaceous and Tertiary hills on the other. Its altitude is from 400 to 600 feet above ticle (highest between l\facon and Milledgeville; and from 200 to 400 feet above the river. The sand-hills are most prominent along the line of the metamorphic often much higher than the adjoining portions of that region-and fall in elevation to the foot of the Cretaceous and 'rertiary hills on the south. Ferruginous sandstone caps the hills, but water-worn drift pebbles are found only along the streams, the beds gradually thinning out as they recede from. them. The belt is mostly a long- and short-leaf pine reg'i"on with scrub umlergrowth, though there are occasional isolated spots of red lands of the Tertiary found mostly along its northern limit, which are apparently but the remnants of what were once continuous beds. Thick beds of a conglomerate of coarse grit, mica; clay, kaolin; and the very friable "recomposed granite" of Lyell occur all along the belt, outcropping either on hi11sides or in th~ beds of streams and underneath the sands. In brief, it would seem that the Cretaceous and Tertiary beds that probably once occupied the western, and eastern portions, respectively, had been simultaneously washed away by drift -fl.oods, leaving here and there a few isolated high points (as at Rich Hill, Houston county), and that in the trough thus formed there had rml>sequently been deposited these great beds of clays and sands, with thickness and height greatest along the immediate metamorphic border. Yet this view is not without its difficulties, for in many localit~es we find the sand-hills rising suddenly high above the metamorphic border, and either sloping gradually southward to the general surface of the Tertiary, oak, hickory, and pine region (as in Taylor county), or to the foot of a bluff (75 or 100 feet high) of exposed strata of Tertiary limestone marls ancl clays. . Gretaceous.-This formation covers but a comparatively small area in Georgia on the west, and is the eastern 1lerminatiou of that broad belt which forms so prominent an.agricultural feature of middle .Alabama and nor.theastern. lVIississippi. On the Chattahoochee river it reaches from Columbus southward to a point one mile south of the month of Pataula creek, in Clay county. From this point the eastern limit of exposme is along that creek northeastward to the mouth of Hodchodkee creek, and thence northward into Stew:..rt county, 6 miles west of Lumpkin the county-seat· thence it bends arouncleastwarcl, l)assing 7 miles north of Lumpkin and 5 miles north of Bllavllle ' to the northeast' eorner of Schley county, where the iormat10n.c • ci· 1sappears. ' m 14 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. In its surface features it differs from the region in the othe1· states in a total absence of the black prairies ancl · of any outcrop of the rotten limestone. The beds are covered almost througho~t by red cla.ys and deep white sand, forming a rolling and well-timbered country. Passing southward along the river, fro~ the metamorphic rocks at Columbus, we find, at first, beds of plastic and purple clays (exposed only for a short distance). Near the mouth of U patoi creek, 8 miles south of Oolumbus, blue micaceous sands ancl clay~ form abrupt bluffs along the river for a number of miles. and llipping to the southwest at a slight angle, are overlaid by heavy and yellow clays more or less fossiliferous, and pr~bably the representatives of the rotten limestone group. . .A.t Georgetown, Quitman count:v and thence to the border of the Tertiary, the highly fossiliferous beds of blue marl nnd thin ledges of limesto~~ of the Ripley group are exposed along the river bank and,preserve the same slight southwest dip. Their most interesting }Joint of exposure is at the "narrows" of Pataula creek, in Olay county. The most valuable feature of the Cretaceous marls is the becl of green.sand clays which outcrops in the blu~ of the river, 25 feet thick, for~ distance of·15 or· 20 miles from Rood's bluff, in the southwestern corner of Stewart county. The marls of the formation are not rich in lime, though some contain many fragments of bone, and especially of' the large fossil turtle, Emys, the shells of two of which, almost entire, were found near Chimney bluff, Stewart county. Tertiary.-The Tertiary beds underlie the rest of southern Georgia, and are covered largely by the Quaternary deposits of sands and cla~1 s on the south and east. The geological group most largely represented is the Eocene; but the Miocene and Pliocene also occur on the southeast. The Claiborne, Jackson, a,ncl Vicksburg groups of the Eocen~ are all present, but their different areas have not been fully definecl as yet. Eocene: The rock found directly overlying the Cretaceous marls on the Chattahoochee. river is the white limestone of the Claiborne group, which outcrops along the banks of the river for many miles south of Fort Gaines aml has a slight dip to the southwest. The rock is at first hard and compact, but in the upper portion is verJ: friable, and is composed largely of :fine corals. ·over it, as seen in the bluff at Fort Gaines, are blue and yellow fossilife.rous clays, with some lignite, and :finally a deposit of red clayey loam 50 feet thick, containing in places . .siliceous fossils. The age of both clay and loam is unknown. Seotion of bluff at Fort Gaines, Olay county. Red loam ...... : .•• ~ ...... feet •. 50 Layer of 08trea compressirosirn (/) ...... inches •. 18 Light yellow-clay marl, with a few broken fossils ...... feet .. 1U Blue, eompact, pyritous clay ..••...... ••••..•...... ••....•••.•.....•..••...•••••..•.••••..... do. . . 8 The same with casts of fossils ...... , ...... •...... do. . . 2 Blue fossiliferous and compact clay marl ...... clo... 25 ~~~i~:~~hs~~~u!e:ri::::::::: ::::::::: :::::: :: ::::::: :::: :: :::: :::::: :: ::: :::: :::::: :::::::::::::::::::: :~~: :: ; White friable limestone or marl, with ledges of hard limestone, disappearing below the w.at.er ..... _•...• _.do. . . 15 This lower becl of limestone extends across the state, outcropping probably with the Vicksburg beds at Silver and Shell blu!fs~ o:i the Savannah river, as well as on the banks of all the larger streams· and in exposed bluffs. Its northern lu~ut is m~rked by that of the oak, hickory, and l)ine division on the agrieultural map. The followmg sect10n_of strata at Shell bluff, on the Savannah river, near the Boggy Gnt creek, Burke county, was taken by Mr. M. T. Smgleton, formerly of the state survey: · Seotfon cit Shell bl11:"f}', B1wlce ooimty. 1. Red-foam hill-tops...... · . . 15 to 25 2. White sandy marl, coarse sand, aml oysters o, Gcorui~· ;~ • • •• • • • •• • • ·" ••• "" ·" "·· • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • ·.~ee:- · 10 3. Coarse drift aml shell frao-ments . . . ' 1 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · · • • · · ee · · ·2 4. Shell hed, O. Georgiana ··-· .: : . : :: : : : :: : : : :: : ::: : ::···: · · · ·: · · • · · · · · · · •· · • -• -·· · · -· · · · -· .foet .. 5 Whit d 1 -~---- ...... •...... •...•... feet .. 13 . esan ymar ...... £ t GO 6. Indurate marl, with casts of small shells ...... : : : : : : : _' · · · · · · · • · · · • • • • · · · - · · · · · · • · · · · · · · · · · · · -· ee : · · 7. White sancl marl.. · ····· · ··· ·· ······ ··•· ···· ···· ···· ...... feet .. 2 6 8. Indurate m!r1, with ;;- • • • • • • • • • • • • - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · · ~~~t~-~f .sh;1i~ ·~~a." r~,~ o;t;·~~ ·s~iz~if;;:?; 1 ~ee: 3 9. HardyellowishwhitemarL...... · ·········-···-·············-······· ee ·· 10. Oysterbed a.sell if: · ...... feet .. 4 11. Hard mart' re orn11s ...... ••••..••••..••.•••...••• -.•••..•.••.••• ·- -- •..••. - •••.•••.••• -- .foot .. 1 12. Oyster bea"o.' ;;zi-~r-·:·:··· ·· ···· ·- ···· ·- ···· ·-· ··· ······ ···· ··· ·· · -- ·· ..' .. ··· · ····- ·· ·· ·· - ·· ... feet. - 5 13. Hard yellowish-white, reJmmis m . •••••.1 .••• •••••• ...... ·-· ...... ··-...... -.. ·-·-·.me• 1 ies .. 6 10 ij. 14. Fine yellowish sandy .::: ::: :::·.::: ·.:::·.:·. ::: :·· ·· · · ·· · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · ·••• ···· · ··· .... ···.feet.· m:r~ 6 15. Yellowish-white clay marl...... ····· ···-·· · ·· ···· ···••· ·· · ··· ···· ·· ·······.feet".. 16. Indurate mnrl with shells . . . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • • • · · · · • · · · · -'· · · · · · · · '· · · · -· -· • · -feet· - 2 2 17. Whitish-gray ~lay mnrl (tow~~;;)··.:::·.:::·.:·.:::·.::·····-·······:.,···············-············ .. feet .. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · • • · · · -· •• - ...... •••.... feet .. l!ii The upper portion of this bluff which t · h . . 1 the lower portion, including perha 's str t con ams .t e Ostt·ea Georgicina beds, is of the Vicksburg group, while recognized. p a um No. 5, 18 of the Oleburne. r.rbe intermediate Jackson has n0t been 260 PHYSICO-GEOGRAPHICAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 15 Th_e re.d loams, some~imes :Vith siliceous fossils, cap the hills along the upper line throughout the region, while the white hmestone ment10ned 1s always found at their base. Between the two (limestone ~nd siliceous fossiliferous loan;-s), in the cen~ral cutmties, are found beds of greensand clays 2 and 3 feet thick ancl well-preserved Eocene fossils (not determmed). Throughout the region the relative position of the beds is about as follows: ~· l~ed_-clay loams from 15 to 25 feet thick, with siliceous fossils and buhr-stone sometimes capping the hills. J. Blu~sh a~d yel~ow marls, gr~ensand clays in beds from 2 to 3 feet thick, or sometimes pipe-clay. 3. vVh1te friable lunestone (Claiborne), with small corals, Pecten, and large numbers of clypeasters. 4. Cretaceous (only on the west) or metamorphic beds, or beds of white clays and sand8 • . The area ?c.c~1pied by t~ese ;ruocene beds is very wide on the west, externling into Florida, and including the a.gm.iu~tural chv1s10ns of ''hme-smk" and "sonthem oak and hickory lam:J.s''· Limestone of' the Vicksburg group underlies the latter. Siliceous: The bnhr-stones, opals, arnl siliceous shell rocks of the Tertiary seem to belong to no particular gToup, but extencl over almost the entire Eocene formation, and present one of the most prominent features of the region. On the Sa;\annah 'river, in Burke county, they form beds at Stony bluft~ near the Screven county line, where they are found on the edges of large ponds in beds from 8 to 10 feet thick, or. in scattered fragments on the surface of the Pliocene: The sayauna region along the coast, which occupies the first terrace at au e~evation of ~rom 10 to 15· feet above tide-water is assigned to the Pliocene formation. Marls or shell beds ,of this age are found. on the Savannah river near the' Effingham and Chatham county-l"mes. , On Satilla river a white marl bed outcrops at Burnt Fort, the head of tide-water, which is mostly d.evoid of fossils. In the sand and clay beds of this coast region, in Glynn, Chatham, and other counties, :Rave been dug up the remaius of extinct gigantic quadrupeds, such as the mastodon, and along its borders are the buried stumps of cypress ancl other trees still standing uprigllt. Live oak is a prominent growth of the region adjoining the marshes. Quaternary 01• 8oittltern drift.-Tllis formation consists of irregular deposits of sands and clays and ±erruginous sandstones over the older strata. In Georgia they are confined exclusively to the southern half of the state, the belt of sand-hills or metamorphic border region being the most northerly deposit as well as the main representative bodJ' of drift in the state. Exclusive of this belt, tbey are heaviest on the western side of the state, especially over Clay, the upper parts of Randolph, Webster, Sumter, and counties north of these. The sands are white and _deep, and overlie variegated clays, mostly plas~ic. To tile south these beds occur now and then, but are not so promment. On the east of the water-divide_ the drift beds are confined almost entirely to the oak, hickory, and pino division, or Eocene territory. There are a fow isolated sand and pebble beds in the pine barrens, and beds of white sand, with a scrub growth, have heen observed on tile eastern side of some of the streams in the region. One of these, two miles wide, occurs on the eastern side of Alligator creek, in Montgomery county, about 25 feet above the stream, and lying parallel with it. DRAINAGE.-It will be seen by a glance at the map tllat an of the rivers of the southeru three-fourths of the state :fiow soutl1 or southeastward, while across their headwaters the Cllattahoochee river has a course at right angles to tllem southwestwarcl from near the North Carolina line, on the northeast, to Alabama. Nortll of the Chattahoochee basin the course of the stream is generally westward. Two general divisions are recognized, viz, the Atlantic and the Gulf, with their respective tributaries. The divide between these two is formed at :first by tlle Blue Ridge as it enters the northeastern corner of the state; then, as it turns south and southwestward, it follows Tallulah mountain ancl Chattahoochee ridge along the south side of the Chattahoochee river to Atlanta; thence it turns southeastward across the granitic area between tlle tributaries of the Flint and Ocmulgee rivers to Irwin county, and thence between the headwaters of the Satilla and Withlacoochee rivers (here near each other), in Irwin county, to the region of the Okefenokee swamp, in Clinch, where the country js Yery level. All the streams tllat enter this swamp on the north unite and form the Snwa,nee river, which flows out on the western side. The divide proper extends thence eastward along the north of the swamp, then turns abruptly south, forming a low sand ridge along its eastern.side, and then again·bends southwestward around the headwaters of the Saint Mary's1·iver into Florida(to "Trail's ritlge"), thus fo1·ming the north, east, and south rims to the swamp basin. The courses of the two streams, the Satilla and Saint Mary's, are peculiar. They flow in nearly parallel eastward directions for a short distance on the north and.south of the swamp, then suclclenly turn and approach each otl1er on the same line to within a few miles, and as suddenly and abruptly turn to tile ocean. This Atlantic aml Gulf water-divide is not })roperly a ridge throughout its lengtll, but as a general rule is only a slightly elevated region with a somewhat rolling surface, whose ascent is so gradual that its importauce in tile: drainage srstem of the state wouhl not be suspected. The area occupied by tlle Gulf shed is the larger, covering about three-fifths of the state. The streams of the Atlantic water-shed are very regular in their parallel courses southeastward, each haYing its own system of tributaries and emptying independently into the ocean, excepting the Oconee and Ocmulgee, which unite to form the Altamaha. The Savannah basin is very narrow, especially on tlle so11th. The.Gulf water-shed comprises a uumbe:r of different river systems. The Tennessee basin, included between the Blue Ridge on the southeast and the mountains of Fannin and Gilmer counties, comprises an area of850 square miles. On the southern slope-of the Blue Riclg·e the two distinct basins of the Chattahoochee and Etowah rivers have t]ieir heads side by side with but a narrow ridge between, the former trending southward for a short distance and suddenly turning westward, while the latter lies' along the foot of the ridge westward to Rome, where it unites with the Coosawattee basin, from which it bas been separated by the continuation of the Blue Ridge. These tw°' streams form the head of the Coosa ba.sin, whose area in Georgia comprises 6,020 square miles. This includ.es the Tallapoosa River division, whigh in Georgia is distinct and separated from the main basin by the Dug Downr Kenesaw, and Sweat mountains and intervening uplands. 'The Chattahoochee ba.siit has a greater length than any other in the state-nearly 450 miles. Its head is in the corner formed by the Blue Ridge and the Tallulah mountains, and thence it extends acroRs the metamorpbic region in a southwesterly course to West Point, with a width very narrow, sometimes only 15 miles, thence southwa,rcl to· the Gulf. The ridge separating it from the Etowah ancl the Ta11apoosa basins is so low as to be almost impercertible,. and the tributaries of erich basin interlock very generally. On the south it is separated from the Atlantfo water i:>bed by the main water-divide, which approaches very near the river, until it turns southward from Atlanta .. Here, l10wever, the Chattahoochee ridge, whi.ch to th.is point is the chief divide, continues in the same· ::;ontlnvesmard course to ·Newnan, in Coweta, county, and tl1ence, turning· sontbeastwn,rd and parallel to the former,.. PHYSIOO-GEOGRAPHIOAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 17 forms the western rim to the Flint River ba.sin as far south as the sand-hills. Thence southward the basin of the Chattahoochee is very narrow, while that of the Flint is wide, draining the largest part of the territory of the southwest. . · .. N.A. v1.~.A.TION.-The Savannah river has long been open to light-draught steamboat navigation as far north as the shoals near Augnsta. A canal !) miles in length connects with the river above the shoals, and fiat-boats laden with cotton and other produce are thus enabled to reach the city from the counties northward as far as the mouth of Broad river, a distance of 100 miles, or 350 miles from Savannah. The Ogeechee river is navigable but for a short distance from the coast. The Altamaha is the largest ifrel" of the state; steamers run regularly as far northward as the Central railroad bridge on the Oconee in Washington connty, and to Hawkinsville, Pulaski county, on the Ocmulgee, each about 340 miles from Darien.' The Cha,ttahoochee river is navig·able to the falls at Columbus, l\Iuscogee county. The channel is being lleepened and improved in the removal of the marl beds and other obstructions north of Eufaula by United States engineers. Steamboats ascend FUnt river as high as Albany, Dougherty county. Saint Mary's river is navigable as far as Traders' Hill, and the Satilla to Burnt Fort, the heads of tide-water. Lumber, rosin, and turpentine are the chief exports by sloops from stations along these streams. The Ooosa, in Georgia, is all navigable, and boats ascend the Oostananla, its tributary, 105 miles from Ifome. The islands along the coast afford safe and good coasting facilities between Savannah and Florida ports. Tide-mLter reaches inland along the various streams from 20 to 40 miles, ancl large >essels easily reach the city of Savannah. LAND DIVISIONS.-The proprietary land divisions of Georgia, being different from those of other states, the following, from the Hand-Boole of Georgia, is given as a matter of interest: Head-rights.-Originally in Georgia land was held in what was called in law "tail male", but this policy was changed at an early period. An act was passed in 1777 for opening a land-office and to encourage immigration~ gTanting to every free white (the head of a family) 200 acres of land, and 50 acres for each member of the family (including negroes), not exceeding ten in number. This was the first head-right law; but' the war of the Revolution being then in progress, it failed of its purposes. In 1780 it was renewed, am1 the land-office was located in Augusta. After the war much of the legislation had reference to thus settling the state. The head-right country includes all the territory south of Franklin, Banks, and Jackson counties and east of the Oconee river, and was all acquirell from the· Indians before the Declaration of Independence. Indian treaties.-After the revolntionary war the remaining pqrtions of the state were acquired by successive treaties made by the federal government with the Indians, the northwestern part being finally acqnirerl in 1819. The Janel thus acquire(l was distributed by successive lotteries among the free white male citizens of the state over eighteen years of age. Every such citizen who hatl not previously drawn, was entitled to one ticket; if a husband or father, to two tickets; and certain officers and soldiers, to two. Widows aml orphans were included in the distribution. The lands taken up by head-rights were wholly irregular in form, each ma111mrsuing his own taste in shaping the laml selectell and varying the lines to include the best lands. The remaining portions of the state distributed under the lottery sy'stem were regularly surveyed and divided into sections and subdivisions of districts and lots. The details of the division of lands under successiYe lotteries from 1805 to 1833, and in different districtst varied considerably. The lots for each ticket had 202~ acres more frequentls than any other number. Some districts were divided into lots of 490 acres each, while still others were divided into lots of 250 acres each. In the seventh lottery, in 1833, the lots were 160 acres each; and in the eighth, known as the Gold lottery, in which lands in the mineral region were distributed, the lots were 40 acres each. AGRIOULTUR.A.L FEATURES.-The state is naturally divided into the following agricnltural regions and thei:r: respective subdivisions, which wm be separately described in detail: I. Northwest Georgia: 1. Gray sandy larnhl qlthe metamorphic b01ider. 2. Flatwoods. 3. Red-clay lands. 4. Gray siliceous soils of the ridges. 5. Brown and red ll'lams. 6. Yellow-clay lands. 7. Sandy table or mountain lands. 8. Alluvial lauds. . II. :Metamorphic or mineral region (Blue Ridge or northern, middle and southern): 1. Gra.y sandy lands. 2. Red lands. 3. Gray grn,nitic lamls. 4. Flatwoods. ,J1 \''" 18 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. III. ·Central cotton belt. 1. Sand and pine hills, or border region. 2. O~k, hickory, and pine uplands. 3. Red-cla:r hills. IV. Long-leaf pine and wire-grass region. 1; Limesink or clay lands. 2. Sandy pine barrens. 3. Pine and palmetto flats. V. Coast region. 1. Savanna lands. 2. IJive·oak and coast lands. To giYe a general idea of the state in brief, before entering upon the detailed descriptions, the following section. is given from the coast to the northwestern corner, accompanied by a short description of the country l~asseti over: ..; " - c" ..; ~E s H a .,; ,; ,; " " ~ ..,.."!: j ;« .:; .., latlantio ~1 .!!l 0 orenn. Xortl1·west regioU. Metamorphic or roidclle region. Section showing elevation from the northwestern corner of Georgia to the Atlnntle ocean, Distance about 375 miles. .A.ltitude of Pine Log; mountain, 2,347 feet. GENERAL vrnw OF THE STATE.-The islands ·cover a width of 10 or 12 miles, with sanu-hills seaward and marshes aml live-oak lauds inland. On the mainland the marshes, 1,vith live-oak lands, extend back for a few miles to the open savanna belt, which occupies the first terrace above the coast marshes and is a level plain, covered with palmetto and long-leaf pine, and interspersed with bay ancl_.gum swamps. Uniformity in character exists for 10 or 15 miles to the foot of the second terrace. This rises from 15 to 25 feet, anu with it the wire-grass region begins. Its surface, at first undulating, has an open growth of long-leaf pine, with little or no undergrowth, except wire-grass. These pine barrens extend northwestward about 100 miles, and gradually rise to the altitude of 365 feet. As we pass northward over this region the loamy soils become perhaps more sanuy, though still firm, and the conn try becomes somewhat more rolling, the monotony being varied only by cypress ponds, gallberry flats, aud occasionally by a stream with its annually overflowed bottoms. The central cotton belt, or yellow loam region, is to the northward. Long-leaf pine is at first most prominent, but gradually thins out tci the north, being replaced by the short-leaf Yariety. The surface of the countl·y, level at first, becomes more and more rolling, and bnhrstoue lies in fntgments on the ground, limestone crops out in the streams, and wire-grass disappears entirely. Oak and hickory are prominent. The soil, sandy at first, with yellow clay subsoil, becomes more clayey northward; the country also rises to an ele1atiou of 500 feet, and in some places to 600 feet, to tlie summits of the reel clay hills (150 miles from the coast), a rise of over 150 feet in 30 miles. Still northward from this yellow loam and oak uplands belt the sand aucl pine hills, with their pine and black-jack, are crossed. At first the land is lower than that of the red hills, but rises to a line of hills from 500 to 600 feet above the sea. Red clay lands, isolated, and simihw to those on the south, a.re found on the northern edge of the belt, which here is only from 12 to 15 miles wide. The three divisions form parallel belts, and extend from the Savannah to the Olrnttahoochee river diagona.lly across the state. With the northern edge of the 1rnlt last described the metamorphic or mineral division of the state begins, and presents a rolling, broken, and often hilly surface. Soils varying from gray sandy to red clayey, gravelly and rocky, occur in belts of every width, and rocks peculiar to the section, hornblendic au~ gray gneiss, outcrop in place or are found in fragments on the surface. The growth is of great variety, the chief trees being oaks, hickory, chestnut, poplar, and pine. The elevation graclnall~ increases toward the broad central granite region and beyond to Atlanta, where the altitude is 1,050 feet above the SefLi and on Stone mountain 1,686 feet. Thence the country falls to 760 feet at the Chattahoochee river; but from there the altitucle,increases, until it reaches a maximum of 2,347 feiet on Pine Log mountain, on the eastern side of Bartow county, and at the northwestern border of the metamorphic region, in all about 125 miles from the sand-hills. On the northeast the rise from the Ohattahoochee river is still greate1; to the top of the Blue Ridge, a maximum of 4;796 feet, and thence falls to the Tennessee line, a distance of about 150 miles from Macon, on the t;Outhern border. Bordering the metamorphic on its northwes1iern limi,t are ranges of hills having various names and a general trend t;outhward from the Tennessee line to the Etowah river and the southeast&n corner of Bartow county, and thence westward to the Alabama line. These ranges ttre metamor1)lnc in character, and are hio·her than the northwestern 284 . ' b LEGEND. Brm•:n&RedOavLands from .. Ar2illaceoos ' Sha1es &.. Slates. ·Flah\·oods' Sterile l J I..anils.frmu.. Siliceous Sh..-.Jes. Sand.v Lands.from . Sand~tones &Conglomerates.\. Grev Saudv ..Lands Agricultural Meg) fro..::n_Gnei~s !.: Mid. Schists. SHO\\"JNG ALSO THE LITHOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPffi..,.. 7 Coal Measures. OF NORTH-\VEST GEORGLL\.. BT CTJTCH.EX. Juliu..' Tiim.i R C<'JiUi PHYSIOO-GEOGRAPHIOAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 19 Georgia region, not excepting its mountains. From the tops of these ranges we overlook the region popularly known as "Northwest Georgia", whose surface is prevalently characterized by abrupt ridges (mostly synclinal) consisting of folded Pa~reozoic rocks,, varying from sandstones, shales, and cherts to limestones, with a general trend, south-southwest and with broad agricultural valleys. . NORTHWEST GEORGI.A. (a) ' The region of northwest Georgia extends from tbe Cohutta, Pine Log, .A.llatoona, and Dug Down mountains to the .Alabama and Tennessee state lines, and embraces au area of 3,360 square miles, including the counties of Dade, Walker, Catoosa, Whitfield, Murray, Gordon, Chattooga, Floyd, Bartow, and Polk. The lands, usually well characterized by the geological formations to which they belong, are found to change and alternate at every few miles in crossing the trend of mountains and valleys, and these changes are usually quite apparent in the n~tural growth of the country and in the color, relative fertility, and adaptation of soils. The great variety of soils, together with a diversity of climate, due to the varying altitudes of tills country, render it suitable fbr the successful culture of perha.ps every agricultural product of the temperate climate. ToPOGRA.PHY.-The ~ountry is banded by a number of mountains, ridges, and valleys, extending with a general parallelism in an approximate northeast and southwest direction, approaching nearest to north and south in the eastern part of the division, and with divergent mountains running nearer to east and west in the southern and central portions. Sand, Lookout, and Pigeon mountains, in the northwestern corner of the state, are synclinal table-lands belonging to the Alleghany coal.field. These vary in altitude from 800 to 1,200 feet abo>e the adjacent valleys, a:qd are usually trough-shaped on the top, having somewhat elevated borders along their brows and precipitous sides, marked by perpendicular sandstone bluffs. These mountains have an area on the top of rolling and often nearly level sandy lands amounting in the aggregate to 200 square miles. Lookout mountain is separated from Sand mountain on the northwest by Lookout valley, which has a width of 3 or 4 miles, and extends from Alabama across this part of the state into Tennessee. Pigeon mountain is an easterly spur of Lookout mountain, g'iving rise to a V -shaped valley, which widens out toward the north, and· is known as ;l\fcLemore's cove. These m@untains are bordered throughout most of their extent by steep sandstone ridges of from 100 to- · 300 feet in height, giving rise to narrow valleys around their bases. These ridges are a constant feature of the table-land mom;i.tains, and occur everywhere in this relation to them, except where they have disappeared by · erosion. About the central portion of Pigeon mountain, where the table-lal\.d feature is lost with the disappearance of the lilandstones and conglomerates from its summit, the ridges on each side merge into the'main mountain, and with it form the broken and knobby region terminating the range. These are known in Walker and Chattooga. countie's as shin bone ridges, and in Dade county as pudding ridges. , East of Lookout and Pigeon mountains, at distances of from 10 to 20 miles, is another series of mountains extending uearly centrally across this division of the state. These are mostly sharp topped, and have altitudes of from 500 to 1,000 feet above the surrounding valleys. White Oak mountain, Taylor's ridge, and Gaylor mountain extend in a direct line across this part of the state, only separatecl from each other by. narrow gaps. To the east of these mountains, either in interrupted parallel ranges or divergent spurs belonging to the same syHtem of elevations, are Dick's ridge, Rocky Face, Chattoogata, Horn's, John's, Little Sand, Rocky, Lavender, and Horse Leg mountains. Little Sand mountain and Rocky mountain are table-lands of small extent belonging to the Coosa coal-field. The surrounding sharp-crested mountains here bear the lithological relation to these table-lands that the shinbone and pudding ridges, before described, bear to Sand, Lookout, and Pigeon mountains on the northwest. Next on the east are the Cohutta, Salicoa, Pine Log, Allatoona, and Dug Down mountains, constituting a single range, and extending around the eastern and southern boundary of this division of the state, being, in fact, the eroded escarpment of an elevated plateau that lies to the southeast of this region. This feature of the range is quite apparent. in Polk county, where the brow of the escarpment is but 500 or 600 feet above the valleys on the northwest and corresponds to the general level of the country to the south; but in the northern part, especially in the Cohutta mountains, where the altitude is much greater, it is cut up by coves and ravines, so that mountains are encountered in all clirec:ions for a distance of 10or15 miles between the base and the summit of the escarpment. To recapitulate: The ranges in this division of the state may be designated by the most prominent mountains of each, as (1) the I.ookout range, on the west; (2) the Chattoogata range of the cep.tral portion of this region; anu (3) the Cohutta range, on the eastern and southern border. Intermediate between these mountains are a number of chert and sometimes sandstone ridges, rarely exceeding 200 or 300 feet in :height. The sandstone ridges are generally narrow, while the cherty ones form knobby belts of from 1 mile to 10 miles in width. These alternate with shale and limestone valleys, thus subchdding the areas between the mountains into somewhat narrow belt~, with topographical and agricultural features varying with these lithological characters. The valleys range m altitude from 500 or 600 to 1,000 feet above the sea, the elevation being greatest about the divide between the waters of the Tennessee river on the north and the Coosa river on the south. a The description· of Northwest Georgia, from pages 19 to 29, is by A. R. McCutchen, of La Fayette, Walker county, special ngentr formerly assistant state geologist. 285 20 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. wA..TER·DIVIDE.-The ,,-ater-tlivide extends in a zigzag line across both mountains aml valleys from about the southeastem corner of Dade across the eounty of Walker, and to the northeru line of Whitfield, where it passes into the state of Tennessee. There is a general depression in the level of the country toward the southwest from this divide corresponding in direction with the trend of the mountains, while the fall in the direction of drainage toward the north to the Tennessee is confined to the valleys in which the streams fl.ow, the mountains in general maintaining about the same elerntion above the sea. The streams near the water· divide have a fall of from 20 to 40 feet per mile, but this decreases rapidly as they approach the 'rennessee and the Coosa rivers. Most of the valleys, ancl generally those of greatest width, belong to anticlinal folds, and owe their present., dimensions, if not their existence as valleys, to extensive erosion that has followed the fo1ding and elevation of the strata. Along some of these folds the existing rocks indicate the removal of at least 10,000 feet of strata; but the erosion in synclinal valleys has not gone to so great an extent, and in some of these there is evidence of the disappearance over considerable areas Of about 1,500 feet of strata. CLilllATE.-Tbe annual mef1n temperature in this part of the state varies, according to locality, from about 50° 'to uoo F. The regions of lowest temperature are about the Cohutta mountains, in the northeast, and on the table lands in the northwest, where the altitudes range from 1,800 to 3,000 feet above the sea, antl that of the highest temperature in the valleys of the southern and central portions. This difference of climate is due, in part, to a difference of about one degree of latitude between the northern and the southern limits of' the region, but in a much greater degree to the general features of the country, mainly to the difference of altitude, and again to the general direction .of the slope, which is toward the south in the central and most of the southern portions, 1111d towarll the north in the northwestern and northeastern portions. These influences all combine to give a warmer climate to most of the valleys drained by the Coosa river and its imme THERMOMETER, Range. Mean of- Menn. Dnily 7a.m. 2p.m. Sp.m. range. Feet. Degrees. Degrees. Degrees. Degrees. Degrees. Degrees. Degrees. :Degrees. Bry Creek valley ••....••.••••.••••• ••...... 967 77l! 05 61 34 71 87 75 16 :Pigeon mou11tnin...... • . . . • .. • ...... 1, 968 741 88 63 25 70 80! 73 101 ~--··-~- Difference ...... • • • • • • • .. . • .. • • • • • . .. • • • ...... 1, 001 3 2 9 1 6lr 2 5! The Smithsonian rain charts indicate for this part of the state a mean precipitation o.f rain amounting for the .summer to 10 ililches and about the same for the winter months, with 40 inches for the entire year. The amount of rain, h~wever, varies 1'ery much iu iiffereut seasons, and also to some extent with the local features of the .country, the heavier precipitations, as well as the greater number of' rainfalls, occurring usually in.the vicinity of tlle larger mountains. . . · During tlle fall, winter, and spring months continued southeast winds are usually accompanied within a few hours by clomls, and are commonly followed· within thirty-six hours by a fall of rain. These rain spells often continue tllrough two or three days of cloudy weather, with either occasional showers, or else slow and constant, or drizzling rains. Rain clouds from this direction are genemlly dispersed by westerly or northwesterly winds, and the .clearing off is usually preceded by brisk showers, accompanied by gusts of wind. Snow clouds, unlike the rain .clouds in winter, come from a northwest direction. Snows, however, are comparatively unusual, and the winter season very often passes without a snowfall that lies on the ground. A snow of six: inches depth, or one that covers the ground for more than two or three days in the valleys, is unusual; but on the mountains snows are somewhat more frequent. · . Southeasterly winds in the summer season are not so commonly accompanied by rain clouds as in the cooler portions of the year, but the vapor with which the atmosphere is charged, mainlv from this source, is condensed 286 . • -----.~"~~~'""""""'-----~------~--- .DEPA."R..TM:ENT OF TIIB INTER.I OR . TENTH CENSUS OF TBE1JNITED STATES . li=------1 I I l I I I I i I I ! I I I Siliceous Limestone. Shall:!s SECTION Sandstones & Chert~· Limestone ConglomeraLe s ILLlJSTHATlNG THE GEOLOGY Sihce011s Che1't OF Limestone () l' 'l·~ l 'f 'I:·\'[-~ c. ..:\:r1hllaL'eOUS G-neiss \ . _j 'l' . \ l k) CEOH C~L\ I.-iri1c~tone BY C:tkm:·eous 'Nlica Schist Sha1e A.R "!\JC CTTCHEK SJ'EC"iiU. Af:ENT. .A:r~il1aceous Ch1oritic !:5ha1e Schist Argi1lite Debris !Up t}) m:x:xxz:; Hematite Coal Carboniferous Trenton U1Yper Chazy S11hcarbtmiforous I.ower Upp er Quebec SubcarbonifaN>us Hnmi1ton P Lower Quebec OrisK:an_v j ·. ·. . l Caki.fo rous '--'----_J II Clinton Pots(hnt1 L--___j Medi11a Arcnee an Ci11c:i1mati PHYSIOO-GEOGRAPHIOAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 21 into clomls usually by colcl winds approaching from the northwest. Thus the summer rains and imrticnlarh· tlte thunder-storms, come with clouds drifting in a direction almost the opposite of that of the ~inter rains. s~,-ere wind-storms in the wai·m season are almost uniformly from the west. GEOLOGY.-'-The geological formations embrace all of the Palceozoio rocks of the state together with a part of . ~he metamorphic series, bordering the former on t.he east and south. ' The most. ldghly crystalline of the metamorphic roclcs in this part of the. state are the hydromica and hornblenafo schists m1d g~eisses, abounding in quartz veins, that constitut~ the gold-bearing rocks of the southeastern pa.rt of the county of Bartow. These beds are more or less pyritons throughout, and are often deeply decomposed. The country is generally broken, though rarely mountainous, and the surface is commonly covered with loose quartz rocks. These gold-bearing beds are followed on the northwest b~- rocks that constitute the bulk of the Cohutta range of mountains, principally graphitic hydromica schists, conglomerates, and argillites, associated in the southeastern part of the range with heavy beds of chloritic schists and porphyritic gneisses, a.Jl dipping to the east. southeast, or south. ' Palwozoio series.-Tlle metamorphic series is followed on the northwest by the Palreozoic, from the primordial to the Coal Measures, inclusive. The aggregate thickness of the groups, estimating the primordial at 8 000 feet and taking the maximum thickness of each of' the higher groups, amounts to about 20,000 feet. These strata are made up principally of sandstones, shales, and limestones. 'fhe siliceous rocks, including the sandstones, the siliceous shales, and the cherty beds associated with. some of the limestones, are greatly in excess of the other materials, making up perhaps one-half of the entire thickness, while the argillaceous beds, or such as are composed largely of clay, are somewhat iu excess of the limestones; but in the upper half of the series these materials are more nearly equal. Siliwian.-The Lower Silurian begins with a prevalence of sandstone and conglomerates, graduating upward into argillaceous shales and limestones, so that toward the top the limestones are greatly in excess of the shales and the sandstones are found only in the Cha;toogata range at the close of the Trenton. The primordial and calciferous consist of 1:mndstones and conglomerates, argillites, siliceous shales, and siliceous limestones. These are followed by rocks referred to the Quebec group: first by about 2,400 feet of shales, ancl then by 5,000 feet of cherty limestones, and this again by the comparatively pure limestones of the Chazy and Trenton periods, of from 600 to 1,000 feet in thickness. The shales of the Iiower Quebec are more or less calcareous throughout, and are generally of a light-green -color at the depth of the constant water-level, but at the weathered surfaces these shales are banded with various shades of color, from white to red, blue, green, and brown to black, but most commonly some shade of brown .. The strata generally clip at steep angles, and always abound in closed folds and contorted laminre .. The limestone and chert of the Upper Quebec alternate in beds of irregular or rugged outline and of constantly varying thickness, the strata of one kind often including the other in great lenticular masses, but each retaining independentlr the traces of its own bedding. The limestone is generally dolomitic, though not alwa;ys so in all its layers. The chert, which is of a dark blue color, weathers to a light gray, and more rarely to a dark gray, brown, or reel. It breaks easily with an irregular fracture, and occurs on the surface in usually porous . angular fragments of various sizes, mrely exceeding, or even equaling, one foot in diameter. Some of the upper ,beds of chert are of oolitic structure. This formation gives rise to ridges or knobby belts of country. The Cha.zy and Trenton groups consist of thin.bedded blue limestones, interstratified with calcareous shales, and contain some thin layers of flint or a cherty material that in some localities give a gravelly character to the soil. In Polk, Floyd, and Murray counties the character is similar, with a more uniform distribution of the cherty materials. In the Chattoogata range of the mountains east of Dick's ridge a marked change in the lithological character is observed. The rocks are found outcropping around these mountains as reel and dove-colored rotten lime a Thero appear to be two horizons of unconformity in this part of tho stato. Tho first of these is strikingly inclicatecl at Dug Down mountain between some of the Silurian groups and the metamorphic. Tho direction of this mountain is nearly east and west, 1~1Hl its rooks, consisting of gneiss and mica-schists, clip to the south or southeast, while the Quebec and Trenton groups' approach the monntain on the north with folds trending north and south and with east and west dips. The Potsdam sandstones in Inclian mountain, standing off to. tho northwest, show an approximate correspondence in the strike of its rocks with that of Dug Down mountain, !Hiil a like discordance with that of newer groups, which appear to cross its folds without marked eviclenco of disturbance. It is a romarlmblo fact,, not corroborative, however, of the hypothesis of nonconformity, that tho rocks of Dug Down mountain appoar to show no fioxures in correspondence with the folds in tbese newer rocks. This is most likely due to a great lateral dislocation here at tho time of this disturbance. · The next horizon of lrnconfmrmity is at the tqp of the Quebec group, evidenced in the relation of overlying gro111Js to this in a nnmber of localities, but more particularly in Dry valley, in Walker county. Here the Trenton and Clinton rocks, in an anticlinal valley or cove between :Mission ridge and one of its westerly spurs, dip toward the east against the ridge, and also toward the west against this spur, pa;JSing around its terminal_poil1.t, where, with the same angle of clip, it i!l covered by the sub-Carboniferous, also abutting Jtgain.st the ridge. 288 • PHYSICO-GEOGRAPHICAL AND AGRICULTURAL. FEATURES. 23 The rocks belonging to groups that aff0rd arable lands 'a;re indicated in the table with an asterisk (*). The others in general enter ip.to the structure of steep mountains and ridges. LITHOLOGICAL GROUJ'B. Geological formo.tions. West of Taylor's ridge. Thick· Thick ness. East of Taylor's ridge. ness. Feet. •Feet. * Thin-bedded sandstones and shales, with co!ll •.••••..•.. 400 Thin-bedded sandstones and shales...... 200 Oarholi.iferons ...... •. . .. . Conglomerates and heo.vy-bedded.sandstones .••.••..•.••. 250 Conglomerates and heavy-beaded sands€0nes...... •.••• 150 Shales, mlth hed of oeal at top ...... 200 *Shales .. • .. • • • • . . . . . • • . • • • • • .• • • . • • . • • .. . . •• • . . . • • • ...... 200 Sub·Co.rboniferous .... •. . • • • *Heavy-bedded blue limestone ••...•••••••.••••...••••••. 400 •Arenaceous ehales and bituminous limestone...... ••• • .. 300 •Siliceous limestone, with filnt nod.ules ...... 200 *Siliceous limestone, with :flint la.yer and nodules...... 2b0 Siliceous limestone, with geodes ...... 100 *Calcareous shales, with geodes...... 75 Devonian ...... Blackbituminons shnle.: ...... 80 *Black bituntinons shale...... • • . . • . • • . • •• • . . 40 Blue shale, with phosphatic nodules...... 1 *Blue shnle, with phosphlltic nodules ...... 5to15 i jOriskany · •• • • .... -• · ...... · ... ·...... • .. • ... • .. .. • • .. • ...... • . . . . • • • *S!liceoo.s skeleton (limestone 1] ...... l /a Clinton • •• • • . .. • . . • .. . • • . Sandstone and arenaceous shales . •• • • • • • .. • • • • •• • • • . •• • . . 350 Sandstone, with beds of iron ore ...... 420 M t *Calcareous shnles, with iron ore...... 250 p l:Medino...... Heavy-beddedaandatones ...... 410 Cinclnnat! ...... *Cnlcn.reoua shales . .. . .• ...... •••• .... •• . . • ••. • .••• .... 200 .A.rgillnceous sn.ndatones .•••••.•••••.•••••••••.•.•••••.•.. 200 fTrenton .•••...••••••...•. *Thin-bedded blue limestone and oalcareons shnles...... 600 *Red and dove-colored rottealimestone ...... 1,000 -~ Chazy .. .. • . . • • • • • . • •. .. . •T!fjn·bedded blue and gray limestoaeand cnlcareoua shnles 400 :! Upper Quebec .••••••.••. •Limestone, with heavy beds of chert...... 5, 000 *Limestone, with heavy beds of chert .... : ...... 6, 090 i Lower Quebec...... • .A.rgillaceons shales, with beds of oolitic limestone...... 2, 500 * .A.rgillaoeons shales, withoolitio limestone ...... 2,600 Glaucenitio shnlea and sandetones ...... 1,.000 Cnloiferous and Potad'a.:m ...... : ...... :. • • • . • •• • . . Sandstones ...... (I) { .A.rgillites ·...... (lj I :Huroninn ...... : ...... Conglomerates, slates, gneisses, mioa.aohists ...... (I} The soils belonging to the different gr,oups are in general well characterized, each affording a soil in many particulars peculiar to itself. For this reason it will be most convenient to consider separately the soils of certain groups of rocks (the geological groups to which they belong being added in parenthesis), arranged in accordance with general characteristics in common, or else with reference to accessory relations in the structure of valleys or other areas of arable lands. The soils pertaining to a formation are often modified to some extent by the admixture of materials derived from adjoining groups in the wearing down of the country, or, as is rarely the case here, may be wholly composed of transported materials. This is true of some localities bordering on mountain slopes, but changes from this cause, to the extent of disguising the prominent soil characteristics inherent to the formations, are of rare occurrence on uplands in this country. The following comprise the chief varieties as represented in northwest Georgia: 1. Gray sandy lands of the metamorphic border. 2. Flatwoods. 3. Red-clay lands. 4. Gray siliceous soils of the ridgas. 5. Brown and red loams. 6. Yellow-clay lands. 7. Sandy table or mountain lands. 8. Alluvial lands. / 19 d F-YOL. II . 289 24 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. GR.A.Y SANDY L.A.NDS OF THE MET.A.MORPJ:IIO (Huronian). The metamorphic rocks to which these belong are confined mostly to rugged, mountainous areas on the eastern sides of Murray and Gordon and the eastern and southern sides of Bartow and Polk counties. The rocks named in the order of predominance are quartzites, conglomerates, slates, feldsitic gneisses, siliceous and graphitic hydro mica schists, and chioritic schists. These give rise in general to a gray sandy soil of moderate productiveness, the growth of which consists of red, black, post, and mountain oaks, hickory, chestnut, and short-leaf pine. In addition to this, in the higher portions of the Cohutta mountains, there are spruces, hol1y, and white pine. The lands are mostly in forests, owing to the broken character of the country. "FL.A.'.l.'WOODS" (Potsdam anil Oalaifm·ous). These formations are made up of sandstones and hard siliceous and argillaceous shales, with siliceous limestones in certain localities. The siliceous shales are most abundant in the upper part of the series, and these a.re often glauconitic, while the sandstone occurs in both the lower and the upper beds. Owing to its somewhat varied ]lithological character, the topography is correspondingly diversified with mountains, hills, and nearly level ~' :fl.atwoods ",but the soils are nea.rly everywhere of one general character, at least with regard to sterilit;ef. The most extensive area of these lands is 'that of the :fl.atwoods near the Oostenaula and the Coosa rivers, in Gordon, JFloyd, and Polk counties, and a mountainous section south of the Coosa river, in Floyd and Polk counties, belonging to the same formation, and with which these :fl.atwoods are continuous. It occurs again in a belt of hills in the southern part of Murray county, extending southward nearly across the county of Gordon. In the eastern part of Catoosa the glauconitic shales, with sandstones, are found in a narrow belt extending southward into Whitfield. It affords a thin soil of a gray or a light-brown color, with but little depth above the hard shales and sandstones, and the lands are general1y regarded as unfit for cultivation. This land abounds in short-leaf pine, with post and red oaks as its principal forest growth. RED·OL.A.Y L.A.NDS (Loioer Quebeo). These lands are underlaid by a series of shales and limestones of about 2,500 feet thickness. The region covers in Georgia about 400 square miles, occurring in belts of from half a mile to 2 or 3 miles in width, and is found in all of the counties under consideration except Dade. The formation affords an argillaceous soil of an orange or light red color, and of great importance, nearly the entire area consisting of slightly rolling or nearly level lands, most of which have long been under cultivation. This soil contains more clay in general than most of the other gootl. lands or° the region, but is more or less calcareous, and contains a sufficient amount of sand or fine gravel1 derived in part from bordering cherty ridges, to promote easy culture. The clay beneath the soil has varying depths of from 1 foot or 2 to 15 feet down to the shales, but rarely less than 4 or 5 feet. The generally rolling· character of the land is sufficient for good drainage. The forest growth is red, white, and Spanish oaks, hickory, dogwood, chestnut, and pine; the principal agricultural lWoducts, corn, oats, wheat, clover and grasses, and cotton. Land of this character that has been kept in cultiYation for thirty or more years, with little or nothing returned to the soil for its improvement, will now 1)rodnce about 20 bushels of corn, 6 bushels of wheat, and 10 bushels of oats to the acre. These lands are, however, capable of a high degree of improvement, and where they have been properly kept up the yield is good. They rauk as about third-rate uplands in relation to cotton culture, and with fertilizers will produce about 500 pounds of' seed-cotton per acre. The lands, where hilly, are inclined to wash; but this can generally be prevented by houzontal p1owing, though they are rarely so steep as to require this. The valleys in which these lands occur are supplied with numerous springs, running from the bases, of cberty ridges that border them on one or both sides, and water is easily obtained in wens, that do not require curbing, at depths of from 20 to 40 feet. GR.A.Y SILIOEOUS SOIL OF TRE RIDGES (Upper Quebeo). This region covers an area of 894 square miles, or about one-fourth of the entire extent of country. The formation gives rise to ridges or knobby belts of country of from 1 mile to 10 miles in width, with heights varying from 100 to 300 feet. Where these belts are broad, they often contain lands that are nearly level, or at least consist of low rolling hills. · The limestone beds in these ridges have been leached out, commonly to the depth of 100 feet or more; but the chert and less soluble impurities of the limestone layers cover the surface, and the formation is buried to this extent in its own debris. There are seven or eight belts of this character, some of which are continuous across this part of the state, known nearly everywhere by the common name of "the ridges". The lands have a gra~elly soil, varying in color from light to dark gray, with generally a porous gravelly subsoil; but in some places there is a good clay subsoil, with a gravelly soil of a dark brown or red color. These . 2!l0 PHYSICO-GEOGRAPHICAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 25 lands are generally regarded as poor} and are for the most part in the original forests. The prices range from 50 cents to $3 per acre, according to situation, the highest values being given to such as adjoin the valley lands, without regard to their adaptation to culture.· Recently attention has been attracted to these as among the most profitable lands for cotton. They are fourid to give a better immediate return for manures than the richer valley lands, and their present cheapness and comparatively easy culture, with their general healthfulness, give them additional importance. The timber is of good size, and consists of red, black, mountain, post, white, and Spanish oaks, chestnut, pine, hickory, dogwood, sourwood, and black gum. The oaks predomin:;i,te, but chestnut and short-leaf pine are generally abundant. When the belts are broad and the lands nearly level, as in some -portions of Bartow and Polk counties, the long-leaf pine is the prevailing growth. Hickory is common, especially where tht:ire is a somewhat compact subsoil, and the mountain oak is only found upon the high and steep portion of the ridges. Notwithstanding the hilly character of these lands, they are less liable to injury from washing than most of the uplands, the gravel and small stones with which the surface is covered, as well as the pervions character of the soil, protecting it. The cot.ton crop is less subject to injury from continued wet weather in the spring than on most other soils, and comes to maturity early, rarely failing to open well. The production with fertilizers is about 11200 pounds of seed-cotton per acre. Oorn does not do well on these lands after a few years' cultivation, except in very rainy seasons. With the use of fertilizers wheat might be made a profitable crop, as it is less subject to disaster and nearly always matures a better developed grain than on the richer valley lands; but without fertilizers it does not "tiller" or spread well, and the average yielcl is not so good. The lands are well suited for fruit culture, the trees being healthy and long-lived, and the tops and slopes of ridges here have an immunity from late spring frosts that often kill the fruit on lower lands. There are no springs or con!'!tantly running streams in the central portions of these belts, and water is obtained with some uncertainty at depths of from 70 to 100 feet in wells that always require curbing. The draina~, except in wet weather, is confined to deep subterranean streams, which find outlets in the bold springs that occur in great numbers along the outskirts of.bordering valleys. The following analysis gives the composition of an average sample of these cherty 'ridge soils: No. 506. Gray oherty soil, taken south of La Fayette, Walker county. Depth, 6 inches; timber growth, oak, hickory, poplar, chestnut, and pine. Oherty ridge lands, Walker· county. No. 506. Insolnblematter...... 81.470 iss. 926 Sohlble silica. •••••• ···················-·-··...... 7. 456 5 Potash, ..•••.••••..••..• ·-·······-·····...... 0. 422 tloda ...... ·-······-··· .•.....•.... ·--··· ...••...... o. 277 Lime...... 0.197 Magnesia·-·········· ••••.•.••... ····-·······...... O. 878 Brown oxide of manganese...... 0.178 Peroxide of iron...... 1. 98g .A.lnmina ...... _...... 3. 050 Phosphoric acid ...... -.. . .• • • • ... . •• . •...... O. 411 Sulphuric acid ...... ·-··-·· 0.193 Water and organic matter...... 4. 405 l---·-- Total ...... 100. 926 Hygroscopic moisture ..•.. -.••.....•....•.. -•..•.... -... 6.312 absorbed at ...... •...... 130.0 [This analysis shows that these lands are remarkably rich in potash and phosphoric acid, with a sufficiency of lime to insure their availability for the present at least. The generally prevailing idea that these ridge lands are of no value agriculturally is shown both by this result and by actual tests to be a mistaken one.-R. H. L.] BROWN .A.ND RED LO.A.MS. These are formed from the limestones and calcareous shales of several geological formations, and, as they differ somewhat, they a.re described separately. . Lands of the Ohazy and Trenton.-In Dade county, and i~ that lJortion of Catoosa, Walker, and ~ost of Ohattoo~a counties that lies west of Taylor's ridge, the lands are all highly calcareous, and are perhaps the richest uplands m the state. The timber is large, ancl consists principally of red, Spanish, and white oaks, hickory, poplar, sugar maple post oak and Mdar with an admixture of most of the varieties indigenous to the country and common to the valley lands. The lands ~enerally lie well, but are sometimes hilly and inclined to wash. Where the blue limestones are nearly horizontal they are sometimes exposed or else lie in close proximity to the surface. Such lands are usually ' ' 291 26 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. covered with a growth of cedar and red haw, and are known as cedar glade~; but there are no very extensive areas of this kind. Where the limestones lie unexposed near the surface, this fact is usually indiaated by a. growth of post oaks. The soil consists of two principal varieties, viz, a brown calcareous loam of the blue limestone areas and a red calcareous loam of the rotten limestone. The first va.ries in· color from a light to dark brown and almost black, a dark or chocolate brown being the most characteristic color, with a subsoil of lighter shade, sometimes approaching to red. The soil of the rotten limestone belts is of a dark red color with a red subsoil. There is quite a striking difference in the appearance of these lands, though in the more essential characteristics of productiveness and in adaptation to various crops a comparison shows no important difference. In Polk, Floyd, and Murray counties the lands are red, but of a lighter color than that.of the rotten limestones. Lands that have been in cultivation for thirty or more years will often produce from 30 to 50 bushels of corn to the acre. The soils seem to be considerably deteriorated for the wheat crop, but after the land has been rested in clover, and a crop a The samples with low numbers are of the state geological collection, and the annlyses were made in 1875 for the Georgia department of agricultilre; all others were collected and ana.lyzed for the Census Office, and their numbers are merely used for connnience.-R. H. L. 292 , PBYSICO-GEOGRAPHICAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 27 Red and brown loams. WALKER OOUltTY. POLK COm;TY. WEST ARMUCilEE VALLEY. V.A.."1''6 VALLEY RBD LAND, NEAR CEDAllTtlWN. Mulatte soil. Virgin soil. I Cnlti~·ated soil. 1Cn1tivntedsubsoil. No. 505. No. 517. No. 502. No. 503. Insolable matter•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 89. 680} 67. 319} 7~. 320} 70. 835} Soluble silica •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• l. 713 91. 393 5. 207 'i2. 526 4. 230 70. 550 12. 180 83. 015 Potash .••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••. 0.178 o. 334 0.725 o. 320 Soda 0.065 o. 063 0.165 0,067 Lime::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 0.286 0.290 0.205 Magnesia ..•••••••.••••••.•••.•••••••.••••...•..•••••••••••••••••••.•.••••.••••.•.••. 0.392 0.255 0.317 Brown oxide ofmiinganeee .••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~=:Io. 041 0. 034 0.179 0.137 Peroxide of iron .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• i. 1.;o I 6.234 6. 290 5.808 Alumina •..••••••••••••.•••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9. 721 7.101 6.190 Phosphorlo acid ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••.•••• .,.. •••••••••••••••••••••• ..0.188,, II 6.042 o. 261 I 0. 360 Snlphnr!o acic1 ...•••••••••••••••••.•••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• o. 041 0.328 0.114 0.095 Water nndorganicmatter •••••••••.•••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 2. 980 10. 015 0.600 3. 213 Total •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• V9. 391 99. 075 98. 530 99. 719 Hygroscopic mol2ture .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••• , •••••••••••••••••••••••• 4. 336 9. 708 8.705 8.051 absorbecl nt...... l4Q,o 16 c.o 18 c. 0 19 c.o 2.153 •••••• ·•••••• •••.••.••••••••••••••••••• LS78 .•••••••••••.•••.••. , ••••••••••••.•••••• ~:::~i: ~~::;:!~~ ~~!~:::: ::: ::: : : : :~:_:_:_:_ ::::: :: :::::::: ::: ::: :::: : :: : ::: ::: :: ::: : ::: ::::: : :: :: :::::: o. 036 .••••. •·••·••• •••••· •••••••••••••..••.• .A.va!lable silica •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..•••••.••••••.•••••••••••• 0.7011' ••••••.•••••••••••• •••••· ·•••••••••••• BARTOW COUNTY. 1 PINE LOG , OOTRCALOGA VALLEY, NEAR ADAIRSVILLE. llACCOON CREEK VALLEY1 NEAB 8TILESBOR0 VALLEY. Cultivated Cnltivated Cnltiv11ted Virgin sullaoil cone Virgin Cnltlvnte No.11. No.9. ------l--N_o_._06_._ __N_o_. _as_. _, __N_o._6_7·_, __N_o._6_9._ 1--N_o_.2_i. __ __N_o._5_1s_. _ _. No. 519. 1 1 11 1 Insoluble matter •••..•••••••••••••••• 79. 989( 76. 830( 77. 360( 70. 230 70 891( 64- 874) 69. 691( - 68. 105/ 83 210 83 680 82 401 180 200 74 701 75 862 79. 711 ll. 80. 719 lO. H(i8. 779 Soluble silica...... a. 2115 " o. 8505 " 5. 0415 • 9. 0701 · 4: 4005 · 'io. 9885 • 0881 6 Potnah.... • • • • . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . o. 209 o. 207 o. 155 o. 337 0. 225 1.150 o. 503 0. 925 0.706 092 o. 003 0.028 Sodn . • . . . . . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • o. 001 o. 009 o. 020 Trace. o. 0031 o. 028 o. Lime ...... o. 291 0.189 o. 095 0.179 0.057 0.160 0.282 o. 106 0.161 Magnesia .•..•••.••.•••••••••••.•••••. 0.181 0. 203 o. 246 o. 326 0. 201 o.805 0.470 o. 666 0.447 Brown oxide of manganese •••.•••••• 0.436 0. 234 0. 255 0. 142 0. 389 I 0.150 0.178 o. 2781 o. 3i3 4.404 4. 302 4. 886 6.880 5. 239 4.571 Peroxide of iron ••••••••••••••••..••. a.2s1 12. 650 I 13. 409 { Alumina ..••••••••••••.•••••••••••••. 5.176 7. 097 7.898 3.373 5.750 7.720 8. 823 10. 784 218 140 0. 2091 0. 252 Phosphorlo aoicl ••••••••••••••••••••. 0.130 o. 0761 0.144 0. 071 0.137 o. o. Sulphnrio acid ...... 0. 068 o. 045 0. 063 o. 037 o. 002 o. 016 o. 035 0. 063 o. 037 Water' nnil orgnnio matter ••••••••••• 7.019 4.496 4. 591 4.862 5. 256 6.681 5. 637 3. 5121 4. 595 Totnl ...... ; ...... 100. 068 100. 640 100.170 94.413 99. 461 99. 076 100. 463 100. 003 100. 733 liygrosoop!o moisture ••••••••••••••. 7.740 6. 680 8.560 8. 020 9. 790 8.410 6. 440 9. 440 I 7. 840 0 0 absorbed nt .•..•••••••••••••••••••• 21 c.o 17 c. 0 18 c.o 17 c.o 16C.o 17 c.o 17 c. 17 c.o 20 c. linmus ...... ·••••••••··••· 1.852 1. TI4 •••••••••••••.••••••.••••• • .A. vailable inorganio ...... · · • · · • • • • • • · · • · .... • • • • • · · · • • · • • • • · .... · 0.606 1. 3131······ ...... ············· .A.vallable phosphorio acill...... • ••. • •· 0.016 .A. vailable potash .•••..••••••..••••••...•••.•..••••.••.••.••.••••••••• • .••••••• · •. •· · • ••• •• . · · • • •• • •• •• • • · · o. 059 ~:~!~ 1:::::::::::::: ::::::::::::: [Of the above analyses, that of Walker county is perhaps not a fair sample of the rich and productive lands of" West .Armuchee valley, almost the entire area of which is under cultivation, leaving but few spots of virgin soil, usually inferior in quality. This seems to have been the case with this sample, for it is very deficient in lime, a thing unusual in the other lands of this group, and its potash percentfbge is also rather low. · The virgin soil of Polk county, sent in by Mr. Byrd as a fair sample of the lands of that region, while rich in potash, is very deficient in phosphoric acid. There is a fair percentage of lime, and its importance is evident in the fact that it renders even this small amount of phosphoric acid available, as is shown in the comparatively high pro~nctiveness (800 to 1,000 pounds of seed-cotton per acre). The humus percentage is also large. ~93 ...- 28 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. In the cultivated soil there is an increase of both potash and phosphoric acid, but this is due to the commercial fertilizers that have been used in the cultivation of cotton. The virgin lands of Raccoon creek, Bartow cqunty, have a fair percentage of potas)l and phosphoric acid, with a sufficiency of lime to make them available. After long cultivation they seem not to have lost much of the potash, while the phosphoric acid and lime h~ve been reduced about one-half. The Pine Log valley soil has a deep red color, from. the large amount of iron. It contains fair percentages of potash and phosphoric acid, but the lime i~not in sufficient quantity to render these available for any great length of time. The most interesting group of analyses is that of the soils of Oothcaloga valley, Bartow county, the specimens representing lands uncultivated and others of the same quality that have been in cultivation without fertilizers for probably 100 years. The specimens were carefully taken, and the analyses repeated on specimens taken about 200 yards distant from these. The analyses show a great reduction in the chief elements of plant-food after long tillage, and that even then the soil is rich in potash and has a fair percentage of phosphoric acid, with a. sutr:iciency of lime to render it constantly available a.nd the land productive. The extremely large percentage of potash in the soil is doubtless due to the fact that the lands are largely derived from the shales that abound in lingula, fragments of which are found interspersed through it. The methods of improvement in practice on this land have been rotation of crops and the turning undir of green crops,. especially clover.-R. H. L.] YELLOW 0L.A.Y SOILS ( Oincinnati and Clinton). The Cincinnati group and the lower portion of the Olinton group, in Dade county, and along the eastern side of Lookout mountain and around Pigeon mountain, in Walker county, consist of green calcareous shales that weather to a yellow or orange color. The rocks outcrop in the hills or on the slopes of the ridges around these mountains, and the lands to which they give rise are rich, aml are very generally under cultivation. The soil is yellow or orange colored aml rather argillaceous in character, though there is an admixture of fine sand and gravel that renders it easy of tillage. The steepness of slopes a"P-d character of soil predisposes the lands to wash, and horizontal hillside plowing is necessary to prevent washing. These lands are well adapted to corn and wheat. Where these formations occur east of Lookout and Pigeon mountains theJ are represented by hard siliceous 1 shales and sandstones, and in this character contribute largely to the materials of which the Ohattoogata range of mountains is built. SANDY LANDS OF THE MOUNT.A.IN SUMMITS (Carboniferous). The portion of the Oarboniferous series above the conglomerates, consisting of sandstones and sanely shales, gives rise to a gray or yellow sandy land, more or less gravelly and rocky. The soils of this character are, on table-lands, from 1,000 t.o 1,200 feet aboYe the valleys. Sand mountain, in Dade .county, Lookout mountain, in Dade, Walker, and Chattooga counties, and Little Sand mountain, in Ohattooga county, afford the lands of this character, the total area of which is about 200 square miles. The topography varies from nearly level to rolling and hilly. The daily range of the thermometer here is about 50 per cent. less during the summer months than in the valleys, though the daily minimum temperature is usually but 20 or 30 less. Owing to this average low temperature, these lands are t_hought to .be un:fi.t for the growth of cotton, to which otherwise they would seem to be well suited. They are especially adapted to fruit culture and to a great variety of vegetables. A variety of mineral springs is found on these table-lands, aml these, together with the pleasant summer climate, give importance to this region as a health resort. The timber is of medium size, consisting of mountain, white, and red oaks, chestnut, pine, and hickory, with less undergrowth than is rommon to other woodlands in this part of the state, and with a good coat of grass covering the surface nearly everywhere. AI.LuYI.A.L LANDS. In the mountains, where the streams are rapid, the alluyial lands have but little extent, but in the valleys the creek and river bottoms are comparatfrely broad. The bottom lands vary from about one-eighth of a mile on small streams to 1 mile or 2 miles on the larger ones, the greater part of their widi;h being generally on the western side of the stream. The alluvial deposits of small streams yar:y more in character, those of the larger ones in general being most productive. · Alluvial lands with a large proportion of sand are the only ones on which cotton has been grown with successt the Coosa and Etowah rivers affording some of the best cotton lands in this part of the state. The following analyses of soils and subsoils give an idea of the composition of the alluvial lands of the region, although the samples are from one county alone: · No. 70. Darlc bottom soil of Raccoon creek, near Stilesboro', Bartow county, taken 10 inches deep. Timber growth, ash, poplar, gum, and elm. 294 PHYSIOO-GEOGRAPHICAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 29 No. 71. Subsoil to the above, taken from 10 to 15 inches deep. No. 74. Darlc bottom soil of Pumpkin-vine creek, near Stilesboro', Bartow county taken 15 inches deep. Growth the same as above. ' Alluvial lands, Bartow county. RACCOON CRERK. SoiL Subsoil. Soil. No. 70. No. 71. No. 74. Insoluble matter .• .-.•••...... •••••..•••..•••••. 84.192} 82. or.o} Soluble silica ..•.•.•••.•••.••.••.•.•••••••••••. 4. 038 88. 830 6. 870 88. 020 Potash .•••.•.•••••.•••••.••••••••••.•••••...•. 0. 205 • o. 212 Soda .....•••••••••••.••..•••••:················ 0.001 o. 002 0.211 0.126 o. 205 o. 255 0.127 o. 058 2. 250 a. 568 a. aa1 8.800 0.099 0.147 0.028 o. 013 3.787 2. 501 99. 324 99. 062 Hygroscopic moisture ...... •••••••...... •.... 4.550 4.550 4.170 absorbed at .•..••••••••••••••....••..•••.••.• 18 c.o 17 o.o 18 c.o [From the above it appears that these lands are not as rich in the elements of plant-food as some of the red and mulatto soils of the valleys. Their sandy character well adapts them to the cultivation of cotton, but this is partly counteracted by their fow situation. There is nothing in these analyses to indicate great durability in the lands, though the percentages of potash and phosphoric acid are sufficient in the presence of the lime to insure fair productiveness for some time.-R. H. L.] · THE METAMORPHIC REGION. The rocks and soils characterizing the metamorphic region cover the whole north half of the state except northwestern Georgia. Its southern limit follows an irregular line, passing through the cities of Augusta, ::M:illedgenlle, Macon, and Columbus. These cities, situated respectively on the Savannah, Oconee, Ocmulgee, and Chattahoochee rivers, mark the heads of navigation, shoals and falls in the st.reams at these points being formecl by the outcropping gneisses ancl other metamorphic rocks. The dividing line between this and the northwestern region would pass from Alabama slightly northeastward through the southern part of Polk county to the northern part of Paulding, and into the southeastern corner of Bartow; thence north, through the eastern parts of Bartow, Gordon, and Murray counties, into the state of Tennessee. There are, in a~, fifty-six entire and portions of seventeen counties included in the metamorphic region, and the area is approximately 19,090 square miles. The entire surface of the country is or has been heavily timbered, with the exception of the bald areas, without either vegetation or soil, where granite is exposed. The timber growth common to the entire region comprises reel, white, post, and black-jack oaks, chestnut, hickory, short-leaf pine, dogwood, black gum, and walnut on the uplands, and poplar, ash, elm, sycamore, bircll, and sweet gum on the lowlands. It has been estimated that of the entire metamorphic region about 46 per cent. has been cleared for cultivation, leaving 54 per cent. of the originaJ growth still standing. The northern portion of the region differs so widely in its features from the rest of the metamorphic counties that it will be described under the subdivision of "The Blue Ridge region". Its rocks ancl soils are, however, similar to those of the other counties, and a separate color is not necessary on the map. THE BLUE RIDGE.-The Blue Ridge is the southwest termination of th~ Alleghany mountains of Virgini::i. and North Carolina. In these states the mountains and valleys are spread over a wide territory, which also extends southward into South Carolina, forming what is known as the Piedmont region. Soon after entering Georgia, and especially after leaving Rabun county, it is but little else than a long and high ridge, so m1rrow and with sides so steep that it forms a most convenient boundary-line southwestward between the counties north and south of it. From the main ridge a number of others form, as it were, offshootc;, known by different names. · . In Pickens county the Blue Ridg~ terminates with several isolated ancl sh~rt mountain ridges, which have the same trend as the main ridge. Another line of high mountain ridges leaves the terminus of the Blue Ridge proper, and, with a northwesterly trend, passes through Gilmer an.cl Fannin counties into Tennessee. 295 30 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. The general elevation of the valley lands at the foot of the ridges is from 1,600 to, 1,800 feet, and from them the mountains rise abruptly from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, their sideil and sharp 11ummits being c0vered with a somewhat dense timber growth. The general height of the Blue Ridge varies with the many high points and low gaps that are found throughou1; its length. Many of the highest points have been triangulation stations of the United States coast survey, and their altitudes are thus given: 1 Foot. Eno ~a, in Towns county ...... ~ ...... -...... -• • 4, 796 Rabun Bald, in Rabun county ...... 4, 718 Blood, in Union county ...... '.••••••••••• 4, 468 Tray, in Habersham county ...... , ...... ---• • 4, 435 Cohutta, in Fannin co11.nty ...... 4, 155 Yonah, in White county ...... '...... 3, 168 Grassy, in Pickens county ...... , ...... 3, 090 Walkers, in Lumpkin county ...... 2,614 Chattahoochee ridge, at Mount Airy, Habersham county .. • .. .. • • • .. .. • .. • • .. .. • . • ...... • • • • • • • .. . . • . • • • • .. • 1, 600 From these high points magnificent views may be obtained on a clear day. The mountain chains of this and itlhe adjoining states appear in the distance as faint blue, irregular lines, while in the intermediate space are the well-timbered and isolated mountains, small hills and ridges rising in rounded undulations, interspersed with :streams and patches of farming lands, small, few and far between, with here and there isolated houses. f' ThB counties included in the Blue Ridge region are Rabun, Towns, Union, Fannin, Gilmer, Picken11, Dawson, Lumpkin, White, and Habersham, making a little over 3,000 square miles. .About 3:3j! per cent. of their aggregate :1 -area is estimated to be too hilly and broken for tillage. MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN MET.AMORPHIO, OR MIDDLE GEORGU.-Southward from the Blue Ridge counties I 1. ... the elevation of the country becomes less and the surface less mountainous, though still hilly, to the Ohattahoocbee river. The mountains now are mere isolated ridges or points of from 500 to 700 feet above the general level of the country. Their sides are steep an in the middle of the region are .A.lcova mountain, in W altou county, 11088 feet high, and Stone mountain, in De Kalb county, 1,686 feet. Still farther southwest Pine and Oak ridges, lying parallel in Harris and TallJot counties, are only about 300 feet above the general level of the country, but, because of their isolation, are visible from a great distance. Their summits are sharp, except· where deflections occur in the trend of the mountain, at which points ], the surface is broad and level. MINERAL CONSTITUENTS. OF THE ROOKS.-'The minerals that enter into the composition of the rocks are present in greatly varying proportions in the different varieties, and may be briefly mentioned. 1 Quartz, or silica, is more generally diffused throughout the rocks of the state than any other mineral, and: it determines largely the physical or mechanical character of the soil. The mineral feldspar contains, besides silica and alumina, from 14 to 16 per cent. of either potash, soda; or lime, which give to it an agricultural importance. By decomposition these are set free as soil ingredients, the silica and alumina going to form the white clays known as kaolin, immense beds of which are formed along the southern line of the metamorphic region. Mica occurs still more abundantlr than feldspar, being very generally associated with it in the granite and gray gneisses, and forming besides great beds of mica-schists. The mineral is popularly known as "isinglass", from its strong outward resemblance to that article. In but few localities doe~ it occur in large, clear sheets suitable for use. In the various rocks it is found in sizes down to extremely small particles, and usually in thin flakes only. It is not easily decomposed, and, being readily borne by currents, is found in the sands and clays of the region far south of the metamorphic, recognizable by the bright shining particles. 296 PHYSIOO-GEOGRAPHIOAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 31 There are seve~al varieties of mica recognized in Georgia, but only two are of any importance. The clear bright ". . 1 ,,, . k . ' ' -c~mm~~ ismg ass . variet y is . nown a_s m~scov1te, and contains 4 per cent. of iron, 2 of magnesia, and 9 of potash, with silica and al.um ma. The o~her ~ar1ety is a ~lack " bioti~e", very common in the metamorphic region south of the Chattahooch~e rive:, and especially m the gramtes and gneisses of the central portion of the region, or the counties of H~nry, Bt~tts, ~~ke, Jasper, etc. Its composition is 8 per cent. of iron, 22 of manganese, 10 of potash, the remamder berng silica and alumina. Hornblende is largely present in the rocks, and to1'ether with its associated and closely-related minerals, pyrox1ne and epidote, it furnishes the soils of the metamorphic region with its highly important element of plant-food, lime, of which it contains about 12 per cent. In addition to lime it contains 18 per cent. of magnesia and 10 of iron. The result of decomposition is a red clayey soil more or les~ calcareous .and dependent upon other minerals for potash and photiphoric acid. ' CHIEF ROOKS.-Granites.-The granite is a gray and massive rock, resembling the gneisses except in structure which has often associated ";ith it narrow outcrops of hornblendic material and occasi01;i.al trap bowlders'. Tourmaline crystals usually mark the occurrence of granite in Qeorgia. Gneisses.-These are laminatecl. in structure, and are of two varieties: feldspttthic, a gray rock having the composition of the granites, and hornblenclic, in which the mineral hornblende replaces the mica and sometimes the feldspar. The gray gneisses vary as much in the proportiOJ?-S ci their ingredients as do the granites, and very often pass into the latter so gradually as to be scarcely distinguishable from it. They often form excellent building material by their :firmness, durability, and the fineness of their ingredients, while on the other band the rock is s.ometimes coarsely crystalline, the feldspar presenting large bright faces on the surface. These rocks cover large areas in Georgia, and from them is largely derived the gray sandy lands. They are associated frequently with nirrow strata of other rocks of the series. . The hornblendio gneisses do not occur as generally as the other variety. Hornblende is the most prominent ingredient in the rock, giving to it !!- black or speckled appearance, according to its percentage. The rock grades into a schist and other varieties, but all resist decomposition t• a greater degree than the feldspathic gneisses .. The reel clayey lands derived from it are found all over the.region, either in wide or narrow. belts, isolated areas, or thin strata between other formations. · Mica-sohist.-'-This is a loose or very friable material in the metamorphic series, having the appearance of a mass of mica scales cemented together with clays or, silica, but stratified aind penetrated with quartz veins of every thickness, from the, fraction of an inch to a foot, and even more, and from which are derived the great quantities of quartz-rock and gravel that are found 01er the region. These schists are oftfm gold-bearing, especially north of the Chattahoochee river. Itacolu11iite,.:_This sandstone occurs in belts in various parts of the metamorphic region, and in Hall county and the northern part of Gwinnett forms the chief feature of Hog mountain. Along the south side of the Chattahoochee it is highly talcose, with dendritic markings, and in a number of counties it is very flexible in its nature. llfagnesia1i roclcs.-These embrace the "soapstones", or talc, etc., which contain from 25 to 44 per cent. of magnesia and occupy small areas and narrow belts or outcrops in various llortions of the state. They contribute to the soils but very little that is valuable. All of the rocks of the met.amorphic contain more or less of other minerals, which, by decomposition, add other -elements to the lands, but they are not in sufficient quantities to make a description important. ,·Decomposition ofroc7cs.-The average depth of decomposition which the rocks of the metamorphic have undergone is from 30 to 40 feet, the resulting materials below the immeaiate surface still retaining the position and dip of their original strata. Sometimes this undisturbed condition extends to the surface, but there is usually a deposit of clav sand and gravel over the upturned strata having a thickness of but a few inches on the hills and of sever~l' feet i~ the valleys. Very often it happens that thin beds of quartz, grit, and gravel form the :first deposit on these strata and are overlaid by the subsoil and sandy soil. Portions of rocks that have resisted decomposition are often found in their original place in the decomposed material and at various depths from the surface. This decomposition seems to have been more complete and extensive in the southern than in the ~orthern half of the region, which perhaps is due to the. greater proportion of siliceous rocks on the north, with an apparent corresponding preponderance of micaceous and feldspa.thic rocks on the south. AGRICUL'.l'UR.A.L FEATUREs.-As a consequence of the ever changing character of rocks forming them, and in the absence of the great transporting agencies that have so mixed and made uniform tile soils of the various southern belts there is less uniformity in the character' of the soils of the metamorphic tha.n in those of the southern part ~f the state. The lands may generally be arranged in fou~ groups, viz: gray sandy and gravelly soil.~, t•ed clays, including mulatto or chocolate-colored sands and clays, granite lands, an~flatwoods. . The red lands pass through the various shades of color, from the deep, almost blackish red, to the light mulatto or chocolate, and almost invariably have a deep red clay snbsoil. , . The gray and sandy lands are somewhat dark on the surface from decayed vegetati~n, and are often gravelly and 'rocky. 'The subsoil, or underclay, is for the most part of a red or yellow color, and 1s more or Jes~ sandy. Its near approach to the surface, and its exposure on hillsides and in small areas 1.n nearly all of the cultIVat~t, fields, 32 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. gives a variety to the soils in almost every acre in the gray lands of the metam?rphic. region. T~ese lands, wh~le very much intermixed, are respectively found to occupy large areas and belts, m which one variety or color is most prominent and almost exclusively prevalent. · . . . These belts are extremely irregular in their northeast and southwest course through the state, followmg m this regard the general direction of the rocks of which they are the decomposed representatives. GRA.Y SANDY LANDS. The disintegration of the quartz, feldspar, and mica of the gray gneiss rocks produces a loose, sandy, gray soil, more or less clayey, and covered or mixed with gravel and loose quartz-rock. The subsoil is usually a yellowish· clay. The mica· schists which also ate found in large areas, are more or less garnetiferous, and are penetrated 'by quartz seams and. v~ins of eYery size. By the disintegration of these schists a gray sandy, gravelly land is produced unless there is protient much iron or biotite mica, as in the southern part of the· region. By the subsequent denudation of the surface of the country the quartz fragments are either left on the surface or transported as gravel and sand to the low country. They are often accompanied by narrow decomposed strata of other rocks of the series, but no material change 'is perceptible in the lands. The quartz veins alluded to often contain gold-bearing pyrites, which, by decomposition along with the other rocks, leave in the quartz black or reddish cavities, in which the gold either remains in small particles or becomes intermixed. with the sands and clays, to be washed down the streams when opportunity offers. This feature of the quartz veins is especially noticeable in the country north of the Ohattahoochee river, where many stamp-mills are in successful operation, and where the farmer, after ''laying by" his crops, Ispends his extra hours, until the· time of gathering, in panning out gold dust from the sands in the "pockets" Qf the creeks and ravines. The gray sanely lands of the northeastern part of Habersham county and adjoining portions of Rabun a,re ·from the sandstone which forms Tallulah mountain, and which underlies a large portion of this region. Many other rocks of the metamorphic are hig·hly siliceous. Area.-The area covered by these gra,y lands can only b~ approximately outlined because of a want of minute examinations of the entire section, and because of the existence of small areas of reel lands all over that country • which is designa,ted as gray land. The country north of the Chattahoochee river across to the .Alabama line is 1 for the most part, covered by soils of this gray character. Red lands are often formed from the mica-schists, there being but two or three narrow red belts, as far as at present known, to break the continu,ity of th~ gray lands from the river to the Blue Ridge chain on the east and the northwest Georgia region on the west. Answers from correspondents give as the entire area of gray lands in the section named over 60 per cent. of the surface of the country.· A. number of the counties have little other than this soil. South f1~om the Chattahoochee river, on the eastern side of the state, after passing a broad red belt, we find the gray sandy lands, from gneisses, extending southward to Columbia county with but few intermissions. The gray gran;itic soils of Elbert and Lincoln counties are included in this area. These lands are a continuation of the broad and extensive gneissic soils of South Carolina, and are found westward until interrupted by the &<:iutherly treml of the reu lands in Jackson, Clarke, and Oconee. counties, their rocks also taking the same direction. Still farther westwardt to the large granitic region, the gray lands, derived from gneisses and mica-schists, follow in their course the geueral sontlrand southwesterly bend peculiar to this section of the metamorphic. . On the western side of the state the rocks have resumed their regular southwest and northeast trends, and from the northwest region at Dug Down mountain, in Haralson county, to the pine hills in Muscogee county the gray sandy lands are but slightly interrupted, except in Troup county and at the county-line of Haralson and Carroll counties, where red lands again appear. Topography ana ohitracter of the land.-The sLufoce of country covered by gray lands is always more or less rolling aml hilly, but has broad level areas either on the ridges or in the valleys. The slopes of the ridges are so gradual as not to interfere with their successful cultivation, excepting, of course, in the more mountainous districts. Their light, sandy natu're makes them very liable, when opened up to cultivation, to wash ii;i.to gullies and flood the lowlands with sands, but the methods of hillside ditching and horizontalizing practiced are successful in preventing such damage. There is comparatively little of the gray lands too broken for cultivation outside of the Blue Ridge mountain region. The growth is generally short-leaf pine, post, Spanish (red), and white oaks, hickory, dogwood, and per.$hnmon, with some ash, black and sweet gums, poplar, walnut, and cherry on the lowlands. Pine has not as large a growth as on granite lands, and only the short-leaf variety is found. The soils are coarse, gray, and sandy, frequently colored dark for an inch or two with decayed vegetation, are more or less gravelly, from 3 to 12 inches deep, and have a ;yellow, clayey subsoil. From the intermixture of the soil lund subsoil by cultivation a yellow mulatto soil is obtained. Loose quartz-rocks or stones are often so abunchmt on the surface as to require removing before the ground can be broken up. . Though these lands are said to produce late crops of cotton, they are preferred to the red clays, as being more procluctive, and because they enable the stalks to stand the drought better. They are also easy to till and a larger 298 ' PHYSICO-GEOGRAPHIUAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 33 ~1:-ea can be cultivated than of the reel lands with the same labor. Of the gray lands under cultivation, from one-half ~~ two-thirds is deYoted to the culture of cotton. Fresh lands yield from 500 to 700 pounds of seed-cotton per acre, ~ ~ do also old lands by the aid of fertilizers; but without fertilizer§! the latter yield only 250 or 300 pounds per ~re, or about 100 pounds of lint. The following analyses show the composition of these gray lands in different counties: ~ Nos. 82 and 206. Sandy soil and redclish subsoil, taken one mile north of Pray's church, in the southern part of t ouglas county. Its depth is 3 inches, when a change occurs from the gray sandy soil to thered clay subsoil (No. 206), 4e latter taken to 10 inches. Growth, white oak and hickory. A granite region occurs not far from this land. ..__ No. 172. Sanely mulatto soil from 5 miles northeast of Athens, Clarke county. Depth, 12 inches; growth, ~l.ckory and short-leaf pine. · Nos. 507 and 508. Gray soil and rnulatto subsoil, taken from the place of Dr. T. P. Janes, near Penfield, Greene 1 ~Qunty. (It has no further recort1.) Nos. 212 and 213. Gray soil and yellow sandy subsoil, taken near Olarksville, Habersham county. Oak and l::tiekory growth. Depth: soil, 6 ,inches; subsoil, from 6 to 9 inches. - Grwy sandy lands of the meta1norphia. DOUGLAS COUNTY. CLARKE COUNTY, GRRE!rn COUNTY. lliBERSH.AM COUNTY. lilLE NORTH OJ! !'RAY'S MILES NORTH• 1 5 J>"EAR !'ENFIELD. 1 :MILE NORTH OE' CLARKSVILLE. CHUIICH. EAST OE' ATHENS, SoiL Subsoil. soil. SoiL Subso!L Soil. Subsoil. No.82. No. 206. No.172. No. 507. No. 508. No. 212. No. 218. soluble matter .•••••••••••••.•••••. 9 244 so. 276 ~ 86. 265 } 88. 835 80. 430} 87. 950 88. 440} 9 1 615 1. } 92. 261 85. 344} 92 518 OL 098 } 92. 926 83. 685 oluble silica •••••••••••••••••••••••• 2. 570 1. 520 B.175 . 1. 017 7.174 ' 1. 828 B.40D otaah ..•••••.•••••••••••.••••••••.•• 0.159 0.225 0.153 . 0.135 0.110 0.122 0.171 Soda ..•.•.•....•.....••.•••...... •••. 0.100 0.095 0.071 Trace. o. 004 0.122 0.036 i.me .•.••••••••••..••••••••••.••••••. 0.133 o. 095 0,060 0.026 o. 023 0.021 o.ou ngnesia .••••..••••••••••.•••••.•.•. o. 033 o. 080 0.111 o. 089 o. 084 0.031 o. 053 rown oxide of manganese •.•.•••••• 0.157 0.145 o. 060 o. 022 o. 018 o. 025 0.161 eroxide of iron ••.•••••••••••••••..• 2.660 3.810 2.214 1. 320 1.178 0.847 4.134 lumina ..••..•.•••••••..••.••••••••. 3.183 4.708 4.272 3. 305 B.428 2.598 7.066 Phoa])horio acid ...... o. 207 0.142 0.105 0.116 0.132 o. 035 0.076 Sul])huric acid •••.•••••••••••• : •••••. 0.196 0.101 o. 050 0.020 o. 017 0.026 o. 006 ""\V"ater and organic matter ••••••••••. 4. 508 S.175 1. 038 2.416 3.122 3.816 4. 619 Total ••••••••••••• : •••••••••••... 100. 351 100. 526 100. 649 99. 710 100. 634 100. 009 100. 051 Hygroscopic moisture , ••••.•••••.•••. 2.847 2. 960 2. 039 2. 800 2.670 1. 700 3.270 absorbed at ••••••.••••••••••••••••• 18 o.o 19 c.o 18 c.o 16 c.o 16 c.o 12 c.o 12 c.o . These analyses, on the whole, show low percentages of potash, the sample from Douglas county containing the higliest, probably from its proximity to the granite region of the county. . • With the exception of tliis county, the amount of pboi;p horic acid is only moderate, while with the same exception the lime is exceedingly deficient, ancl its application is indicated as the most urgent as well as the cheapest means of improving· all these soils. These analyses, showing such small percentages of plant-food and proving tlle soils to be comparatively poor, are supported by the fact that nearly one-third of the gTay lands once under cultivation now lie turned out for rest aml recuperation, and on all the lands fertilizers or manures are used in the cultivation of cotton. In some of the counties one-half of the gTay lands is reported as lying idle, while in others but little is now resting. RED LANDS. Under the desjgnation of red lands are included both red sanely and clayey soils, from whatever source they may be clerived. Hornblendic rocks, by decomposition, form a red clayey soil more or less sandy for a few inches, but have a deep red-clay subsoil. The color and character of the soil is as varying as is the proportion of hornblende ancl associatecl minerals in the rock. Biotite mica contains also much iron, and, if present very largely in the r9ck, forms by decomposition a deep mulatto or sometimes re(l soil having the same general appearance as that f1oUm hornblendic rocks, but usually lighter in character. · The magnesian rocks, soapstone and serpentine, frequently produce red lands, but their areas are very- narrow, and are not extended in belts. They soon become intermixed with clays and sands frolll surrounding hills, and their separate designation or description is not necessary. Another source of the red soil is in the mn.ny trap clikes, which 290 34 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. are found chiefly in the central part of the region, usually not more than 100 feet wide, and some but a few feet. The rock sfowly decomposes on'the surface into a deep yellow ocherous and silty material. So thick are theJ' piled up on each other, and so varied are the sizes, that fences are often built of them. · The area occupied by the dike is untillable because of the rocks, and on either side the decomposed material extends but a short distance. THE DIFFERENT RED BELTS.-It has already been stated that the country north of the Chattahoochee river, including the Blue Ridge, has almost entirely gray sanely soils, excepting, of course, the many patches of red land th.at always accompanies them. .A. narrow belt of mulatto land reaches from Rabun county southward into Lumpkin county, and thence probably turns northward into Forsyth and Milton, but becomes very much intermixed with gray soils in those counties. . · .Along the foot of the Blue Ridge some red areas also occur in Towns and Union counties, where there is much hornblendic rock . .Another red belt froni the nortlleastern part of Cherokee county passes south ward (south of Canton) into Cobb, Paulding, .and north Carroll counties. This belt is formed from hornblendic gneisses exclusively, and is deep red and clayey, rather sanely on the surface, and covered with loose rocks. Kennesaw and Lost mountains, in Cobb county, situated on the upper limit of this belt, are composed entirely of hornblendic gneisses, while Sweat and mack-Jack mountains, on the southern edge, are composed of quartz. These lands are considered best for grain, though cotton is largely planted on them, especially in the more sandy portions, and because of early frosts fertilizers are used to hasten maturity. Prom the Ohattaboochee river southward to the pine hills the country embra,ces the largest areas of red lands, Chattahoochee ridge of Habersham county is composed mainly of hornblendic rocks, and on the sout.h, lying parallel with the river, is a narrow belt of red land extending into Fulton county to the granite section, at East Point, with. an apparent continuation on the west into Coweta and Troup counties, and terminating a little west of La Grange; thence, after a narrow break, a wide area extends southwesterly into .Alabama. Some outcrops of soapstone, serpentine, and corundum are found accompanying this belt. · On the east and south of the central granite region the red lands largely predominate, covering large areas aml occurring in wide belts. In the gourd-shaped areas lying immediately to the east and south of th.e granite region the red lands are formed mostly from biotite gneisses or granites, small areas of gray soils being found associated or mixed in with them. The app Red lands of the metamorphic. COBB BALDWIX I ELBERT COUNTY, TROUP COUNTY. '.MONROE COUNTY. COUNTY. COUNTY. I GREENE COUNTY. 1~~~~~~~11---'-~~~~--:--ll--:--~~~~~ll-~~-I NEAR ELBERTON. NINE MILES EAST OF LA NORTH OF MILLEDGE· GRANGE. NORTHEAST FROM FORSYTH. MARIETTA. VILLE. I\ NEAR i'El\'l!IELD. Soil. Subsoil. Soil. Subsoil. Soil. Subsoil. Soil. Soil. ! Soil. I Subsoil. No.149. No.150. No.390. No.391. No.254. No.255. No.203. No.516. I No.514. No.515. 1 Insoluble matter .••••••• ---.. 78.690} 81.820} 77.688} 77.005} 81.924} 71.582·~ 60.370 1 82.402} I 75 803 1 ' 73 805} , , 77.060 "'85,830 83.435 84,942 87.377 80.603 62.370 85 742 I • 80 8041 • 80116() Soluble sil1cn...... 8.870 4.0lu 5.747 7.937 5;453 9.021 2.0001 i 3.340 · JI 5.00ll ' 7.lfi5 ' Potash...... 0.176 0.131 0.147 0.138 0.129 0.154 0.186 f 0.1341 0.151 0.128 Soda...... 0.004 0.080 , o.049 0.015 0.042 0.093 0.119 I 0.034 0.0351 0.014 Lime ...... ~...... o,ooo 0.081 0.059 0.001 0.057 0.033 0.070 ' 0.132 1 0.1621 0.077 '.Mngneala ...... 0.112 0.037 0.127 0.151 0.125 0.149 0.065 0.353 I 0.146 i 0.180 Brown oxide of mangn.neso.. 0.146 0.072 0.029 0.004 0.020 0.005 0,106 0.039 \I 0.020 [ 0.150 Peroxide of iron ...... ,.. 5.080 5.177 4.812 5.213 4.100 0.212 0.705 3.8-03 !1 5.877 \ 4.343 .Aluminn...... •• ...... 7.305 4.883 5.670. 6.713 3.560 3.810 18.066 4.554 ',II' 5.7i0 I 9.5i2 1 1 Phosphoric nchl ...... 0.071 0.051 0.131 0.100: 0.137 0.104 0.2041 0.030: 0.096 \ 0.055 Sulplnulo nci Totnl ...... 99.809 oo.417 I 90.934 101.274 100.105 99.902 I 100.219 Ill 100.232 ! 9MG2i 100.319 I ---- -·" 1====11====1~===11---- ==== I ii liygroscopic moisture -...... 15.980 3.7881 3.533 3.841 3.498 4.709 I 8.479 I 4.890" 6.600 I 5.180 absorbc1l at ...... ; ... 22 c.0 18 c.o 19 c.o 13 c.o lG c.o I 13 u.0 II 11 c.o 16 c.o J6C.o 20 c.o Ii !Ip A comparison of the results shows that the red-clay soil of Cobb county contains an unusua1ly large percentage of phosphoric acid, and is a characteristic homblendic soil, though containing little lime. The report of productions from the county places that of these fresh lands as between 250 and 500 pounds of seed-cotton per acre, and after three years as only from 150 to 300 pounds. The very large amount o~ clay-nearly 20 per cent.-gives to the land a cold, stiff character, unsuitable for cotton. The Monroe county soil and subsoil, which shows much less amounts of these elements, is reported to yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed-cotton when fresh and 500 to 700 after ten years' cultivation. The land is much more loose and sandy and has a little more lime than that of Oobb county, while the subsoil is more clayey. The Monroe land is derived chiefly from biotite gneisses. GRANITIC LANDS. Large ancl small areas of gray sandy soils having outcropping and underlying granite rocks are found in many counties of the mGtamorphic region, but chiefly in its southern half, and cover about 2,600 square miles. The rocks often graduate into the gray gneisses in such a manner that the line of separation cannot easily be determined. · Topography· and soils.-The surface of the country is generally rolling and broken, with sharply defined and rounded hills in localities which have the granite bowlders or rounded masses, and broad level areas when only the :tl.llit rock underlies the land. .A. little hornblende occasionally accompanies the granite, and black tourmaline 301 crystals are also often found in the quartz-rock near its outcrop. 36 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. The almost universal timber growth on all these lands is pine (either long or short leaf), with oak, chestnut, hickory, and some black-jack. ' , The soil is often a coarse gray or gravelly sand from 3 to 6 inches deep, with a subsoil of yellow or red clay more or less sandy, or sometimes a whitish impervious clay, the result of feldspa.r decomposition. The soils are reported by some as cold, but are easily tilled and well adapted to cotton culture. About 2 per cent. of the entire granite lands of the state are reported to be untillable either from their broken character or because of the exposure of the granite or its near approach to the surface. In Colmnbia county one of these exposures is said to cover 125 acres, there being nothing but :fiat and bare rock, having a low scrub growth only in its seams and crevices. The yield per acre on these lands is about 800 pounds of seed-cotton when fresh and unmanured, equal to 270 pounds of lint. Cultivation rapidly reduces this product to 350 pounds of seecl-cotton. Cotton is planted only on the uplands, it being liable to rust on the lowlands. Localities.-The largest area of granitic lands lies south of Atlanta, covering all of Olayton, Henry, Fayette, and Rockdale counties, and portions of Fulton, Campbell, Coweta, Spalding, Butts, Newton, De Kalb, Walton, Gwinnett, and Jackson, while an offshoot follows the river in a southwest course. It covers in all about 1,660 square miles, and has a general altitude of from 900 to 1,000 feet above the sea. The si;irface of the country in De Kalb and Fulton ancl some of the counties southward is very broken, with granitic hills and outcrops of large rounded masses or weathered bowlders. Stone mountain, 1,686 feet high, or 800 feet above the surrounding country, and Little Stone mountain (near Lithonia, in De Kalb county) are the most prominent of these hills. The base of the former covers 2,000 acres. Southeastward, and also northeast in Gwinnett and Jackson counties, the country is very much more level but still rolling or undulating, the granite existing chiefly in its ''flat rock" character or largely -: decomposed. Large areas of land lie beautifully for farming purposes in many parts of the region. "I ! ; The rocks of the region are generally coarse, with large crystals of feldspar. There are quarries,. however, of fine building material. The mica is chie:fiy the clear variety on the north and west, but southward it changes to black. Hornblendic gneiss appears in small patches, with accompanying red soils in many places southward. The coarse granites give to the soil a loose gravelly and sandy character, with over 90 per cent. of sand and other insoluble matter. · As shown by the analyses of a ,Olayton county soil, the lands also contain a fair percentage of potash and phosphoric acid~ though lacking in lime. These soils, from 3 to 6 inches deep, have a yellow or red clayey subsoil, and are said to produce, when fresh, about 12 bushels of corn or 800 pounds of seed-cotton, equal to 267 pounds of lint, per acre. This yield, however, rapidly diminishes, and the use of f~rtilizers is necessary to keep it above 350 pounds after a few years' cultivation. Even with the aid of fertilizers, which are almost universally in use, the average yield per acre is only about 500 lJounds of seed-cotton. The granite lands of other counties in the metamorphic ·region differ but little from those just mentioned. The surface presents the same characteristics, with gray sandy and gravelly soils and red and yellow clay subsoils. In Lexington, Oglethorpe county, large bowJders of granite are pilecl one on another. One of these, several tons in weight, is so nicely poised on a diagonal and central pivot that a slight rocking motion is easily given to it. In their composition th~se granites vary greatly, those of Oglethorpe and Elbert being very fine-grained and siliceous, with small specks of black mica, while those of other counties are coarse and more feldspatbic. In Greene county the feldspar is in coarse crystals. The productiveness of these lands is about the same as that of the large granite region. Granite, witli pink jeld9par.-Another granite is found at points along the southern edge of the metamorphic region the feldspar of which is a pinkish color and very coarse and the mica a black biotite. It is found only in this lower belt, and then in small outcrops in Muscogee, Jones, Oolum bia, and other counties. This southern granite belt outcrops largely in Columbia county, extends from Warrenton, beyond Sparta, nearly to Milledgeville, and is found in Muscogee county north of Columbus. The following analyses are given of the granitic lands of Clayton, Lincoln, and Hancock counties: . No. 288. SandJJ mulatto soil, 1 mile north of Jonesbqro', Clayton county, taken to a depth of 6 inches, the soil itself being 3 inches and gray sandy. The growth is hickory, post oak, black-jack, and chestnut. ' No. 142. Gray sandy soil, southwest from Lincolnton, Lincoln county, taken 6 inches deep. This soil has a growth of red and post oak, pine, and hickory. The subsoil of this (No. 143) was taken several inches deeper. No. 170. Ogeecliee ?'idge gray sandy soil from 11 miles northeast of Sparta, Hancock county, taken about 6 inches deep. 302 PHYSIOO-GEOGRAPHICAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 37 Granitic lands. CLAYTON LINCOLN COUJ>'TY. HANCOCK COUNTY. COUNTY. ONE l!ILE F!tOM ELEVEll'I MILES JONEBDORO'. SOUTHWEST OF LINCOLNTON, NORTHEAST OF SPARTA. Soil. Soil. Subsoil Soil. No. 288. No. 142. No.143. No.170. Insoluble matter...... 86. 572 ~ 92. 090 ~ .91.810 J 92. 335} Soluble silica...... a. 441 590.013. 1. 220 93. 310 1. 190 93. 000 1. 455 93. 790 Potash...... • .. .. • • .o. 240 0.110 0.154 0.099 Soda ...... 0. 081 0.035 0.024 0.020 Lime...... 0.080 0.090 0.062 0.175 l' Hygroscopic moisture ...... 2.776 1.890 1. 560 2.160 absorbed at ...... 19 c.o 210.0 20 c.o 21 c.o Between the soils of Lincoln and Hancock counties there is a strong similarity, except in the matter of lime and organic matter, thereitieing nearly twice as much lime and one-third less of organic matter in those of the latter; but the soil from Hancock should perhaps be a little more fertile, because of the presence of even so little lime and the greater retentive power for hygroscopic moisture. The Lincoln subsoil is no better tlian the soil, though it has a little more potash. Th.e amount of lime, phosphoric acid, and organic matter is less, and its retentive power is also less, though there is present a larger amount of clay and iron. One of the most striking features in aH. these analyses is the near agreement of the percentage of insoluble residue. The Clayton county soil is apparently superior in every respect, except in the proportion of lime. . A noticeable feature in the soils of the granitic region is the increase of both potash and lime over that of other metamorphic soils, both doubtless derived from the feldspars of the gr, of cotton. The few cotton farms that do exist are usually found on the southern slopes of the hills, where they· secure the direct warmth from the sun and protection against the north winds. The arop is also stimulated and hastened to maturity by the aid of commercial fertilizers. Farmers only plant a sufficient amount to provide for· home use, the spinning-wheel and hand-loom being still in common use in these mountains. Passing south ward from the Blue Ridge counties, we :find at first a small increase in acreage under cultivation,. the average proportion in the counties of Franklin, Hart, Madison, Banks, Hall, Forsyth; Cherokee, and Pickens being about 38 per cent.; but beyond these, to the pine hills of the central cotton region, the general average of• lands that have been or are now under cultivation is about 54 per cent. of th~ entire area. The lands 110,rth of the Chattahoochee river, on the northeast, have almost entirely gray sandy soils, with but a few strips of red clay. The subsoils are almost universally clays. This section has been designated the· "northeast diYision" by the state department of agriculture, and the yield per acre with fair cultivation is reported as follows: Oorn, 20 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; barley, 25 bushels ; hay, from 2 to 3 tons; sorghum sirup, 75 gallons. Tobacco, buckwheat, and German millet can also be grown with great success. The fruits adapted to the section are the apple, cherry, pear, grape, plum in all its varieties, peach,. gooseberry, raspberry, and strawberry. In the rest of the metamorphic or ''middle Georgia" region the products are- Cotton, com, oats, and wheitt, and all the grains and grasses, and even tobacco, may be grown successfully, After the coast country, this division was tho first settled, and has continued to be the most populous in the state. .A. large proportion of the land has. suffered temporary exhaustion by injudicious culture, which claimed eve'i:ything from the sdil and returned nothing; but this ruinous· practice is fast giving way to a more enlightened and economical system. The abandoned fields grown up in stunted pines, and for from twenty to forty years considered useful only aa pasturage, ha-ve been restored to cultivation, and are now among the most productive lands of tho state.-Georgia Department of .Agriculture. The fruits to which this section is best adapted are the peach, fig, apple, pear, strawberry, and rasp berry. The· yield per acre of the common crops under ordinary culture is : Corn, 12 bushels; wheat, 8 bushels ; oats, 25 bushels;. barley, 30 bushels ; rye, 8 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels. · The acreage devoted to cotton is naturally small in the northern counties near the Blue Ridg·e, and averages no more than 1 per cent. of the entire area under cultivation in a belt a few miles in width. &uthwarcl the acreage increases rapidly, until iu the southern half we find that the percentage of the total area occupied by this crop is- 10 to 15 on the east and 15 to 20 on the west, with three countiea whose average is above 20 per cent., viz : Troup,. Pike, and Clayton. THE CENTRAL COTTON BELT. The central cotton belt includes that broad strip of country extending across the center of the state in a slight south of west course from the Savannah river on the east to the Chattahoochee on the west, and is included between the metamorphic on the north and the long-leaf pine and wire-grass regions on the south. Its width eastward from the 0cmulgee river has an average of about 40 miles, but on the west of that river it widens, its southern limit passing in a southwesterly course, via Albany, to the southern part of Early county. Its extreme width along. the Chattahoochee river is about !JO miles. The area embraced is about 6,835 square miles, and includes all of the following counties, viz: Richmond, Glascock, Washington, Wilkinson, Twiggs, Houston, Taylor (nearly), Macon, Schley, Marion, Chattahoochee, Stewart, Quitman, Webster, Sumter, Lee, Terrell, Randolph, Clay, and Calhoun ;. I;' I the lower or southern portions of Columbia, McDuffie, Warren1 Hancock, Baldwin, Bibb, Crawford, Talbot, and Muscogee; the ypper or northern portions of Early, Baker, Dougherty, Dooly, Pulaski, Laurens, J olmsou, Jefferson~ and Emke, and the eastern part of Screven, along the river-all of twenty and parts of nineteen countie>J. Within this central cotton region there are three distinct belts, differing very widely from each other. These are: First, the sand-hills anc1 pine belt on the north, and bordering the metamorphic region of the state, its sands also often extending northward and covering some of its rocks'; second, the red hills, adjoining the first belt on the south; third, the oak, hickory, and pine, sandy loarn uplands, with clay subsoils, forming, as it were, a transition belt from the red hills to the sanely wire-grass region of the south, and gradually falling in elevation from the. hills to the level lands of the latter. '.!.'HE SAND AND PINE HILLS. The records of the state geological survey place the northern limit of this belt from a few miles north of" Augusta anq Thomson, a few miles south of Warrenton and Sparta, to Milledgeville, Macon, Knoxville, Geneva, and Columbus, at which points the metamorphic rocks are found outcropping in the bws of the streams, while the sand hills extend northward a short distance along the uplands. The southern limi11 is easily defined by the somewhat. abrupt red clay hills along its border. Its width varies greatly, but is greatest on the east and west, about 25 or 30 miles from each of the large boundary rivers. Between the Ogeechee and Flint rivers it is rather narrow, but. widens to the west to 20 miles or more in Taylor and Marion counties. On the Chattahoochee river its, southern: limit is near the mouth 6f Upatoi creek. The area embraced in the sand-hills is about 2,950 square miles. The surface of the country embraced iil this belt is high and rolling, and this is especially the case near its. northern limit, where the altitude is from 500 to 600 feet 'above the sea, ·and sometimes 100 feet or more ab~ve the· ~ . ' PHYSICO-GEOGRAPHIOAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 39 Iii adjoining· metamorphic region. Southward the country falls to the foot of the line of red hills which often rise abruptly from its limit. Again, in other localities, as between the Flint and Ocmulgee rivers, th~ lower part of the ~lelt y:·esents a broad. pl~teau, which gradually declines southward. In the western portion of the belt the transit10n to the red hills IS gradual. The country is very hilly and broken with a height of from 100 to 150 feet above t~e stre~ms, and is interspersed with deep gullies, formed by the washing away of clays and sands. This belt is characterized by deep beds of white sands and gravel overlying white and \ariegated clays with ledges of a gritty and micaceous mass, called by Professor Lyell" decomposed granite". Heavy beds of ro~nded ~nartz. pebbles, sometimes containing tourmaline and other minerals, are found chiefly alobg the streams. Yellow ferrngmous sandstone, sometimes approaching an iron ore in composition, and rounded concretions filled with sand, are found over the surface of the belt and in great abundance in some of the counties. From the Flint i·iver to the Savannah 011 the east, where the belt is comparatively narrow, the beds of sand and clay deposits are deepest, and where exposed by railroad cuts or excavations show the irregular "flow and plunge" structure. The sand has a depth of 10 or 15 feet, and overlies from 100 to 200 .feet of white or variegated colored clavs while on the west of Flint river the latter is only about 50 feet deep, overlaid by thick deposits of red and white ·s~nds. The usual timber growth of these sand-hills is long and short-leaf pine, scrub· black-jack oak, sweet gum, and some dogwood. Along the streams there is an undergrowth of bay and gallberry bushes, while their Roil is but little less than sand, darkened more or less by decayed w1getation. The lands of the sand-hills region have a soil of white sand from G to 12 inches deep and usually a sandy subso~l underlaid by VlWiegated clays, and are not very productive, except where fresh or highly fertilized. The yielll after a few years' cultivation is only about 200 pounds of seed-cotton per acre, but on the best lanrls it is 300 pounds. A large proportion of the lands originally in cultivation now lies" out". RED RILL~. A region of red hills occupies a narrow and interrupted belt, 4 or 5 miles wide, southward from the sand-bills region, and passes through the northern part of the counties of Burke, Jefferson, and Washington, the middle of Wilkinson and Twiggs, and the southern part of Houston to Flint river. West of that river, in the counties of Macon, Schley, Sumter, vYebster, Stewart, an<.l Rf1ndolph, the red clay lands are found scattered over a large territory, a,nd, with the exception of a few large areas, they are rather in patches, being frequently covered by the white sands of the yellow·loarr~ region. The continuity of the belt throughout is broken by these sand-beds, especially on the west of Flint drnr, where the sands are deeper and more generally distributed. The red-hills region is characterized by a high rolling or broken and well-timbered surface, covered with deep rell clay lands, more· or less sandy, and having a thickness of from 20 to 130 feet, including siliceous fossil i:;hells and rocks, and sometimes beds of greensaml. On the extreme east, in Burke county, the hills have an altitude of over 300 feet above the sea and 175 above Sn.;va.imah river. Their reel clays are covered by sands within a few miles of the river, and only outcrop in the bluff and on the sides of the hills. Silver bluff seemi; to be the most northern point of exposure of these ferrnginous ch1ys, the country northward being covered with the sands aud white or variegated clays of the sand-hills region, while south ward it gradually: falls arnl becomes more sandy, the exact limit between this and the sandy yellow lonm belt being impossible to define. Much buhr-stone is found in fragments o•er ~be surface of this county. vVestward, in the eounties of Jefferson and Washington, the country is more and more level until near the Oconee river, where the b.igh lands are cut through to a depth of 150 feet by the streams, and form broken and abrupt hills facing the boW!m lands. · Still westward, throi1gll t.he county of vVilkinson, this broken and hilly character continues, the sides of the ridges between the streams showing outcropping marls and limestone. The summits of the hills are frequently ~overed with red clays which are also exposed on the south and east slopes, these sides being rather steep, while on the north and west the decline is more gentle, and is usually coveired with sand and a timber growth of pine, with here and there small prairie patches of lt black tenacious soil. Still to the westward, in Twiggs rtnd Houston counties, the red hills continue with broad summits and more or less sand. In the latter county they are in some places 21brnpt or bold on the north, facing the sand-bills belt, with gradual descents southward. ·The small patches of black prairie lands also occur in these counties. On the west of Flint river the country is much more sandy, with variegated and plastic clays covering hard lilllestones to a greater <.lepth. The red lands are very generally associated '"ith siliceous sh.ell-rocks and friable ferrnginous sandstones, and, as before stated, are found in isola.ted areas over the entire yellow-loam region. The beds have a thickness of 60 feet at Shell bluff on the Savannah river1 and 50 feet at Fort Gaines, on the Chattaboo~hee, but between these two points they thin ;ut to 10 or 20 feet as they approach the central .A.thtutic and Gulf water-ll~~ide. . . . Soil8.-The lands of these red clay hills are usually somewhat sandy, and have a depth of from 12 to :"'!·1 md1es 1~ the eastern counties and from G to 12 inches in others. The subsoil is a heavy clay loam, deeper in color than the soil and more clayey, which sometimes overlies a variegated and plastic pipe-clay. The growU1. is oak, hickor~, short-leaf 20 c p .....c.:voL. 11 so., 40 COTTON PRODUCTION IN CiEORGIA. pine and dogwood, with beech, maple, and poplar on the lowlands. The hmds of the belt lying between the Savannah and 'Flint rivers are considered the best of the region, and not only occur in larger areas, but are more productive and durable, and are easily tilled. The subsoil is stiff and tenacious and hard to "break up"· The lands yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed-cotton when fresh, and 500 pounds after a few years' cultivation. lte1)orts give the ·, procluct after 50 years' cultivation as 300 pounds. These lands are, however, preferred for small gra.in. ·west of Flint river the red clay lands of southem Stewart, Webster, and Randolph counties have similar procluctiveness and d.'t.irability; but the more samlyof the red lands, while having, when fresh, a yield equal to the abov·e, are not as durable. .After five or six years' cultivation they produce only about 250 pounds of seed-cotton per acre. The red hills of Chattahoochee, Marion, Quitman, and the northern part of Stewart county are chiefly reel sandy clays or red sands, from the large amot'mt of red ferrnginous sandstones that lie scattered on the surface of the hills or form beds ancl ledges. The underlying stmta are variegated clays and blue-clay marls. This portion of the belt is, however, so broken, that for the most part only the low valley lands, with .thin dark soils, are under cultiYation. There. are isolatecl areas of these red clay lands north and south of the main red-hills belt, a few of which are marked on the map. The most prominent of these is that of Rich Hill, in the pine and sand hills adjoining the metamorphic, a few miles southeast of Knoxville, Crawford county. The summit of this hill is some 200 feet above the surrounding country, and its bed of red clay, 50 feet thick, can be seen for miles. Underlying it is a bed of coral marl (Tertiar,y) and from 50 to 75 feet of variegated and joint clay. Deep white sands· cover tl.te adjoining hills and ridges. The composition of these lands is sllown in the following analyses of soils taken from various points in the belt by the state survey : Nos. 361 and 062. Mulatto soil and red subsoil from 5 miles north of Louisville, in Jefferson county. These are,. J)erhaps, fair samples of the eastern half of the belt. The soil is sandy, and was taken 6 inches deep. The subsoilt while more cla;rey, is not properly a clay. The depth to which it WILS taken is not known. No. 266. Red hill soil from Dr. S. S. Byrd's place, 3 miles south of Americus, Sumter county, taken 10 incltes deep. Buhr-stone fragments, coveretl witl.t quartz crystals aml containing fossil-shell cavities, are in great abundance on the surface of the low hills and in the soil. No. 166. Red clciy soil, taken southwest of Lumpkin, Stewart county. This represents a large body of red laud covering the ltigh and. rolling country. It was taken 6 inches U.eep. Ferrugiuous sandstone is abnnda:nt over tl.te surface of these hills. " · · No. 322. Da.rlc sandy upland 11oil from a few miles east of Fort Gaines, Clay county, taken 6 inches deep. Timber growth, oak, hickory, and long-leaf pine. 1 No. 323. Reil sandy siibsoil ot' the above is rather compact, ancl overlies a variegated or "calico ' clay. Reil-hill lands of the central cotton region. ---J-EFF_·_En_s_oli'._c_o_u_NT_Y_. __ ll SUMTER COUNTY.! STEWAm'COUN'fY.11 CLAY COUNTY, ! ----- 1 3 G MILES SOUTH· 5 MILES NORTH OF LOUISVILLE. I o!:1l'~~I~I~~~~I WEST OF LUMP· 4 MI!,ES EAS'l' 01" FO!t1' GAIKES. !UK, 1------11----...... -,...--- Soil. Subsoil. I! Soil. Soil. Soil. Subsoil. 1------1-----11-----1------1------No. 322. No. 328. 1--N-'o_._3B_i. __ __ No. 362. i\ __N_o_. 2_ao_. _____N_o_. _rn_o.__ ------I 1 Insolublematter •..•... _...... 92.730i. so .. s:_-"} _ :,I s4 .. . 7S •. 422 i. .rn 1· 01. 330 } 03. 681} 94 113 90 590 o"~!}so. 200 76 1 oo. 2ao } 0 ~ l"O Solnblesilica ..•••••••••••••••••.••••••••••.••.••.•..... 1.3835 · 3 7., 4 1 6 "" 2 709 5 l, 940 • I 2, 350 0."180 0.330 0.075 -0.134 o. 067 0.047 Potash...... I 1 So'11L ···········----·····-······ .. ••••• ...... ··-· 0.095 0.145 0.068 Twee. 0, 000 0.034 Lime ...... _.. , 0.110 0.120 0.0811 0.219 0.110 o.osa :Magni.;ia .•.... ·-·····---·················· .. ••·· .. •••· 0. 075 0.110 0.177 o. 289 o. 000 0.087 l:lrownori1leofmangane8e ...... :______0.158 o.~20 0.082 0.104 o. 313 o. IG7 Pl'roxi EY6'l"Oscopic moisture .••••...•.•••.•.•••..•••••••...••. l. 073 2.1G3 4. 372 7. 510 2. 900 2. 222 absorbed at ...... 16 c.o 16 C. 0 20 c.o 16 C.0 l4 c.o 15 c. 0 306 PHYSICO-GEOGRAPH10AL AND AG RIOULTURAL FEATURES. 41 The soil· and subsoil from Jefferson county shows the greatest percentages of plant-food, both pota:h and phosphoric acid being present in reasonable amounts, with enough lime to act upon them for a few ;years. The percentage of sulphuric acid is extremely large. The Sumter county soil percentages are low, as is natural in a. country foll of siliceous rocks. The phosphoric acid is very close to the limit of tleficiency. The Stewart county sample is an improvement on the latter in having a greater percentage of potash and of lime, the latter befug· sufficient for the present to act on the low percentage of phosphoric acid. The Olay county soil is ticher than the subsoil, the hitter being largely deficient in potash, lime, and phosphoric acid. The moisture coefficient is very low, which is unnatural in lands of this color. THE OAK, HICKORY; .A.ND LONG-LEAP PINE HILLS OR YELLOW-LO.A.l\I REGION. This region forms a belt of country across the state between the Savannah and the Ohatt~ihoochee rivers, and extends in widtll from the sand-hills south to the pine-barrens and wire-grass region. Its width varies greatly. Between the Savannah and the Ocrnulgee it is narrow; and is confinecl almost entirely to the country south of the red hills, from 15 to 20 miles. Westward to tile Flint river it is wider, and in Houston county tile lancls are found north of the red hills. On the west the area widens still more, one narrow belt extending· southwest to .Albany, while the lower limit of the rest of the region extends to the .Alabama line a few miles north of Fort Gaines, and the northern i)asses west to the .Alabama line at the mouth of Upatoi creek. The entire area embraced by the yellow-loam region, including the red hills, is about 6,650 square miles. Eastern cUvision. ToPOGR.A.PlIY.-The surface of the countr;y between the Savannah and the Flint rivers, while very broken in sorue localities, is generally rolling, with ridges parallel to the streams, and a timber growth of long-leaf pine~ post and Spanish oaks, and hickory. The long-leaf pine is the most prominent, and in many places \s almost the exclusive timber. In some of the coHnties, notably in Twiggs, Jefferson, and Burke, there are a few large areas of what are termed'. '' oaky flatwoods ", level uplands with a yellow clay soil, mostly free from the sands that generally cover it elsewhere in the region, which have a prominent growth of post aml red and black-jack oaks, hickory, and some long-leaf pine. · This yellow-loam belt extends southward along the larger streams into the wire-grass region in Screven county, and occupies narrow areas, with a growth of oak, hickory, etc. .Along the Savannah river the belt extend::i as far south probably as Sister's ferry, in Effingham county, but the growth there is chiefly black-jack oak. Reel aml yellow loam lands are found along the slopes of the pine hills adjoining the streams aml their valleys, and the entire area represented in Screven county forms about one-tenth of its surface. This belt or region is underlaid at from 3 to 10 feet by the same bed of soft limestone and marl found under the red hills and already described: It outcrops along the streams, and is easily accessible. Red-clay beds are frequently found below the subsoil and exposed on banks of' streams or hillsides, thoL~gh the latter are generally covered with sand. Siliceous rocks are abundant in fragmeuh:i over the surface of the com1try, ancl among them . are found opal, flint, buhr-stone, and the light aluminous or clayey variety. On the east, in Burke connt;y, they form beds from 8 to 10 feet thick, ancl are the more compact rocks used for millstones. They seem to thin out to the west toward the .Atlantic ancl Gulf water-divicle in Houston county. The soils of this eastern part of the belt are samly and gray, except on the immediate surface, where they are clark from decayed yegetatiou. Black, brown, and yellow ferrugiuous gravel is abundant in some of the counties on the surface and mixed with the soil. The subsoil, at a depth of from 3 to 9 inches frnm the surface, is either a yellow-clay loam or yellow sand. Lands having the latter are poor and unproductive, except perhaps for a ;year or two, and are only kept nmler cultivation with fert.ilizer.s. The growth is almost exclusively the long-leaf pine. The better class of soils, with their clay subsoils and mixed growth of long-leaf pine, oak, and hickory, are easy . 'to cultivate ancl are well drained, and yield an avetage of 500 pounds of seed-cotton per acre when fresh and 250 or 300 pounds after a cultivation of ten years. The oak and hickor,y upland soils of Houston county east of Fort Valley Western clivision. West of Flint rivoc these lands cover the greater part of the oak and hickory region. The upper counties,. and those along the Chattahoochee riYer as far south as Olay county, are hilly, and are usually covered with a heavy deposit of sand. Underneath the sandy soil arefthe red and yellow clays over variegated and joint clays with Cretaceous marls. The growth of these hills is ouk aml hickory, with a large proportion of short- and long-leaf 307 42 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. pine, which also clrnracterize these lands southward. Ferruginous sandstone is abundant in some localities on high points. These lands are but sparingly under tillage, owing to their broken character and to the abundance oi gootl valley lands. Going southward from these hills the country becomes more level, and the soil is a finer loam. The clay sub:-;oil is covered by the sandy deposit to a much less depth, and buhrstone is found in fragments. There are large areas of level uplandR in Sumter, Webster, and Stewart counties, in the lower parts of Macon, Schley, and Marion, and in the upper parts of Lee, Terrell, Randolph, and Quitman. In these counties the clays are unclerlai_cl by a hard limestone, outcrops of which are seen in the bluffs of tile Chattahoochee south of Pataula creek, Clay count.y, in the ca\'CS of Randolph county north of Cuthbert, aud in the bluffs of Flint river at l\fontezuma. Pine, oak, and hickory also chamcterize the growth of this section. Going still farther south, into the counties of Chty, Early, Callwnn, Terrell, and the lower part o±'Rarnlolph allll Sumter, we find the lands ver.r level, except along the river. The simdy soil is Rtill more shallow, ancl the reel or ;yellow.clay subsoil often comes to the surface, forming by aclinixture a mnhitto soil sometimes 10 inches in depth. Long-leaf pine llecomes more abnrnlant and the growth more open. Lime-sinks are found, and underground streams frequently arc seen flowing tllrongh them. Streams disappear suddenly and as suddenly reappear miles away. The rock, when exposed, is found to be a very white ancl soft limestone, composed largely of small corals aucl sllells, as in the eastern counties. The largest exposure of limestone is along the Chattahoochee river at Fort Gaines and southwartl for 30 miles or more. Siliceous shell-rock, yarying in charaeter from hn.nl flint to soft, pomlery uutteria,l (fossiliferous), is abundant arnl overlies the limestone. Silicified wood also occurs in many places, some of the logs haNing large diameters and cavities thickly lined with small quartz crystals. On tlle east of tllese pine hillH, and between them and the wire-grass country, is a belt of oak, hickory, and pine nplands very similar in every respect to t~e northern portion of the region. This belt comprises the western half of Dougherty, central portion of Lee, and northward. The soils are largely sanely, with reel or mulatto clays interspersed in large bodies throughout. The yielcl of the fresh lands of the upland region, as claimed by correspondents with but few exception::;, is from GOO to 800 pounds of seed-cotton per acre, or from 250 to 400 pounds on lands of several years' cultivation. There is, however, some difference between the enumeration results in the easteru, middle, and western portions of the region, the product per acre ranging from 470 or 500 pounds in Burke ancl Washington counties to 424 in Pulaski and 300 in Twiggs, while on the west it-varies from 414 in Chattahoochee to 300 in Early county. The following analyses of samples from different counties show the comr)osition of the lands of the oak ' hickorv. ' and pine uplands: No. 359. Gray sandy soil, taken near Bushyville, ~1 few miles from Fort Valley, Houston county. Depth, about G inches; growth, not given. The yellow sanely subsoil (No. 360) was taken a few inches deeper. No. 252. Dark sandy soil from J. Shep. Green's place, near Ohokey creek, in the northeastern corner of Lee county. Depth, G inches; white marl beds underlie these lands at a few ;feet. Ocilc, hickory, and pine itplancls. HOUSTON COUNTY. 1· LEE COUNTY. I 0 --S-oi-1.--·-·--S-ub-s-oi_l._j Dark sanuy soiL I ----! I No. 359. No. 360. , No. 252. 1 Insoluble matter...... 90.681 l i 88.090.l. 9? 4GO l Soluble silica ...... , ...... :...... 1.8855 92. 566 1. 9SG5 oo. 075 ~: 550 5 04.010 Potash...... O. 275 O. 200 O. 095 Soda .. ----...... o. mo o. 001 o. 036 ...... Limo .•.•••.•.•...... •• 7 ~...... o. Oc'> o. 065 o. 076 Magnesia. -..• -...... -...... -.••...•...... •...... · O. 048 o. 007 O. 083 Brown oxide of manganese ....•...., •...... ! 0.172 0.001 0.040 Peroxide of iron ...... · [ 1. 887 i 1. 860 O. 843 I Alumina .•...... ·----·-··········-···················· 1 436 I 3 ogo i 2 649 . Phosphoricacid.~ ...... :· ...... I 0:105 1.. o:~o; i.I 0:030 i Sulphuric acid...... 0.034 ! 0.085 ii 0.045 I Wnter aml organic matter...... 3. 682 : 2. 580 i: 2. 354 • I I< Total ...... •..•...... •...... •.• --loQ.3~1--. ~g!i--~1 Hygroscopic moisture...... 2. 966 I 4.188 l·l 2.125 . absorbe One of the most _striking features of th'ese soils Its their low percentages in lime and phosphoric acid. The percenta~~8of potash m the Houston county soil is respectable, but is not so in the others. That the application of PHYSICO-GEOGRAPHIOAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 43 lime in all of them is of the first importance is very apparent to render available what little phos11horic acid there is. In the case of the Lee count;y soil, this lime from the underlying marl-bed was applied a few years ago on the farm adjoining the timbered spot where the soil analysis was taken, resulting in a large increase in the cotton yield after the first year. An excellent white limestone an°d indurate marl occurs, underlying nearly the entire region, and is easily accessible. Still better than marl alone would be n, compost of marl and fertilizers containing both potash and phosphoric acid, as the amount of each of them that no"r occurs in the soil would soon be exhauste SOU'.I.'HERN OAK, HIOKORY, AND PINE REGION. 'rhe region embraced in this division comprises portions of the counties of Decatur, Thomas, and Brooks, lying along mid 11ear the Florida liue.. The country for the most part is high and rather rolling, and is a\Jout 7u Jeet abo,re the open wire-grass country on the north or 13Q feet above the river. In Decatur county it presents rt bolller front to that region than in the other counties, the ascent along the line from a point 7· miles south of Bainbridge, thei1ce eastward to near Attapulgus and northward by Climax, being quite abrupt. Eastward it gradually ttssumes the wire-grass feature, and the line of separation is not so well marked. The imm embmced in this southern region is estimated to be about 2,317 square miles. The surface of the connt.ry h:; for the most part •ery open, with a tall timuer growth of long-leaf pine. The Eioil is Yl\l'Y generally sandy, from 6 to 12 inches deep, with mostly a clayey subsoil, underlaid by white limestone. A pecnlhir feature of the region is tile presence of a red clay loam in small localities where the. timl.H:.r growth is oak and hickor,y. Wire-grass occurs but seldom in this region, and siliceous shell-rocks are a1rnost entirely absent, except in some lowlands. The ;yield is reported to be from 600 to 800 llOlrncls of seed-cotton per acre after fonr yerus' cultivation. 'rile follo1riug amtlyses show tile composition of some of tile lands of this region. Tlie snhsoihi, unfortunately, were not, taken in every case: , Nos. 307 aml 30"'. Gray sandy soil and subsoil, taken, respectirnly, at G and G to 9 i,nches depth from the oak and hickory hmds at Ocopilco, northwest of Quitman, in Brooks county. Sarsaparilla in abundance. No. 1G5. Gray sandy soil, taken near Thomasville, Thomas count;y, 6 inches deep. Timber growth, long-leaf piue. No. 161. Sandy soil, takeu 15 miles southwest of Thomasville, Thomas county. Timber growth, long-leaf pine, oak, aml hickory. No. 182. Hmnmoo7c soil; taken near Barrows' mill, in the northeastern corner of Decatur county, underlaid by limestone. Lanc1s of the southern oa.k, hickory, cuu1. tJine ·1·egion. 'l BROOKS COUNTY. THOMAS COUNTY. JDECATUR COENTY. ----· , -1i~-M-IL-ES-S-OUT-Il\'i-.E-S~:ll----.-, -- OCOPILCO CHURCH. I TllOllASVILLE. I OF THOMASVILLE. ; BARllO" s MILL. ---So~;,·--··-1·· - -~ulJs~-- ~~-. --S-o~--1 Ru:-i::-~~-soil~·------ii------No.307. 1----;:,:~I No.165. I No.161. 'i No.182. ------'.:..'------' I ' ------····- 91. 544 ( lnsolnlJle matter ... -·------···---.. ------·------·-·--·------~~28} 94.95;1 80.070} 85.5~8 I 04.822} 05.85:1-· 92.726} 93.427 2. 367 5 93. 911 Soluble silica···---····-·---··-·--·--·····-----·-·---··-·--·--·-· o.529 5.528 1.037 0.701 [ o.on; Potnsh. ___ •. ·- ____ ·--. ·- .• _... -·---· -·-··-- __ . __ .. __. ______•••. --· o. 209 o. 255 o. 034 o. 042 o. omi o.114 o. 022 1, o. 042 ! 0. OOil Sulfa ... _. __ . _. _ . ____ •• _. --- . _- .. -• --• ------•• ---- . --.. --. ------· O.U~:! 0.141 0. 046 (J, 0451 0. 019 I.ii1no ...... o. 031 o. 025 0. 013 ' o. Ql6 o.oa hlagucsln, ··-·· _·---- ·--·-- ·--··-··---.. -·--·--··-- ·--·-··-·----· 0. lH u. 089 o. 020 I 0. 1U8 U.047 Brown oxiclo of manganese -·- --- ·----· ----- · · ·- ·-- ·-··-· ---·- --· 1.lriO o. 661 I 2. 172 0. 930 I 1. 42i l'cl'Oxido of iron ...... --- -- . --·. -· -·· -...• · -· ·----· ·--· -- ·----· 1.0[i() i. 195 4. 551 i. 576 : i. no .Alumi1111 ... -•. ·-· ... ·--:--·--··--.------··-----·--·· ·-···-··-·· 0.103 0.183 o. 014 i 0. 021 l l'l10sphoric acicl .•.• _. ----•••• -- -- ·-. - ·------· · -----·-• • • · -- · · --· o 040 I o. 025 o os5 ' o. 020 ' o. 02s SuJ.plml'icncicl ______.•• ---··----·----·-·-·--···---··---·-·--····· ' [ . I 3.~99 \ 2.924 . 3113 2.829 'I 1.03 6 I I ·wnternuclorgitnicmntter.-·---··-.------···----··--··----··-·-·- 1_____ ._I ---·--·- · 1'-----· Totnl ... ·-·-···--··:···---·--·--····----··-·----·-···----·· 100.626 -- ·-95:-s£7i ____ ..=_00~4; 100.007 1\ 99.552 -----=-1~-;~5 .3.707 I 1.502 ----.~~.1=.so=·· 11==-- ;-~30 Hygroscopiomoistnre-----··-···-··----···········-----··-···-- ._,c.o . 2c.• \1 17C.o 2 210 0 1 absorbed n.t ...... ·--····--··············--· ...... 21 c.o 1 A marked difference is readily obs~r\·ell in the soils of Brooks and Thomas counties. The soil and.subsoil from Brooks are by f'n,r the richer in both potasll, phosplioric acid, aud lime, though even the;y do.not contam more thau faiy percentages of each. Tile locality from wllere tlie samples were taken (northern part of Brooks) h~~9rnore of the 44 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. clinracter of the lands of the central region than the soils of Thomas county, and there is .a. comparatively sparse growth of long-leaf piue. The sam1lles from Thomas county, on the c?ntmr~, are from ~ocaht~es where the.lon~-le~f pine is almnclaut, and the soils resemble more those of the long-leaf pme region pro~er m their gT~at clefimenmes m }?otash, lime~ and phosphoric acid. The hummock soil of De.catu:·, pro~£~bly .tt fa:r represen~at1ve of all of th.e hummocks of the sotltheru part of the state, is rich in phosphoric acid, but< eficient m all other unportant elements, jucJmling even the vegetable matter, whose percentage is usually much larger. Lowlands of the central cotton belt. These comprise the bottoms and hummocks of the streams and. gallberry fiats. The bottoms of the larger -streams are usua1l:v liable to yearly overflows, and are therefore but little in cultivation. Their width varies from 200 to 1,500 yard~, arnl even more in the sharp bends of the streams. The growth i~ usually ~ine, oak, hicko~y, 1Ja;y, poplar, maple, beech, gum, etc. The soil is a dark loam, more or less sandy1 red m some of the streams, an(l from 1 foot to 0 feet deep to a tenacious pipe-clay. on tbe Chattahoochee river there is but little bottom land proper, the uplands approaching to the water's edge and forming bluffs. As cotton crops on all of the bottom lands are liable to injury from early frosts aml rust, corn and oats comprise the chief crops. The galluerry flats are lowlands along the very small streams, which have a light sandy soil ancl a dense growth of gallberry bushes about 3 feet high and a larger growth of titi, cassino, small bays, and rL few cypress. They are somewhat marshy, and are not un.der cultivation. The hnmmock8, or second bottoms, of the larger streams above overflow are largely under cultivation, and on some of tlle streams are very extensive. They are very level, ancl have a growth r>imilar to the bottoms. The soil is a rich sandy loam from 12 to 24 inches deep, with much demtyecl vegetation, and is consklerecl the most productive of all the lands of' the belt. An analysis of a hummock soil from Decittur county is given on page 43. Of seed cotton these hummock soils yield about i,400 pounds when fresh and from 800 to 1,000 pounds after being cultivated a few years. Heavy clays also underlie the lands. These lands are, however, not considered best for cotton, tlrnt crop being liable to injury from early frosts and rust, though large crops are produced. They are said to be late, cold, and ill drained. . The allt1vial lands of the Savannah river are very level and wide, ancl have a growth of beech, white and water ortks, hickory, ash, holly, bay, birch, walnut, mulberry, sycamore, and cottonwood. The soil, a fine brown loam mix eel with scales of mica, is from 2 to 3 feet deep, with a putty-like, tei;iacions pipe-clay, which is hanl to till and "brel}ks up in clocls". These hinds are largely under culthration, being well adapted to cotton, corn, and grain, though the former suffers much from rust and early frosts. The yield iu seed-cotton is about 1,500 pounds on fresh laml aml 1,000 pounds after a few Y,ears' cultivation, ancl unless prevented by having the rows far apart, or b;y other means, it grows to a height of 5 or 6 feet. Very little of this land lies out. Along the Chattahoochee river, south from Columbus to Georgetown, there are many level valleys of open prairie occupying a position similar to the second bottoms of other streams, bnt higher, and without their growth. In Muscogee county these valleys are very broad and open, and have a fine sandy loam soil from 5 to 12 inches cleep and a heavy clay subsoil. In the counties south, wher~ the blue-clay marls apflroach near the surface, these prairie valleys are richer, the soil lJeing darker ancl more tenacious. The sand and red clays of the a1ljoiuing hills enter more or· less into its com~lOSi~ion .. In ~he southwestern part of .Stewart county this valley is two or more mil~!? wide. The land:;; under cu1t1n1tion yield from 800 to 1,200 pounds of seecl-cotton per acre when fresh and from 600 to 800 pounds after five or ten years of constant tillage; On the eastern side of the state, in Burke and Screven counties, there are it number of ponds, borne of them coyering many acres each, which were once drained ancl brot1ght into cultivation. The soil, while black from the long accuurnlation of decayed vegetation, was soon found to consist larcrely of a fine dust or silt which when clry was >ery l!gllt.• On being stirred up by plows or hoes this dust rose in bthe air, and by inhalation' so irritated' aud injured' the throats and lungs of the workmen that the fields had to be abandoned. This dust is derived from the 1:1iliceons autl flinty rocks that usually are found in heavy beds on the borders of these i)ond1:1. Examinations of these rocks ''.ith t~e microscope by Lyell revealed the pre8ence nf very minute siliceous sponge spicules, with sharp, neeclle like pomts. The rocks, by t11eir disintegration, ha>e formed this fine and light llust white or sometimes reel from the presence of a little iron, and it is these spicules which have clone the injury to ~he workmen. 1lfar ls aii a limestone. Throughout the central cotton belt th~re occur extensive becls of marl itnd limestone beneath the sands and clays of the hills often .exposecl along the banks ancl bluffs of the streams. The marls, composed of a mass of comminuted shells, ar~ es1~emally valuable agriculturally, beca,use of their richnesl.'l in lime, and sometimes in potash and phosphoric amd. They vary greatly in the thickness of their beds and in their character and composition, and mostly belong to the class of stimulant manures that serve by their lime· to make available for plant use the food elements. that . exi~· t m· th· e soi·1 rn· an msoluble· · comht10n.· · There are also other· becls containing. much greensand (glaucomte), rich m 1lotash aml valuable as a nutritive manure. 310 PHYSIOO-GEOGRAPHIOAL AND AG RIOULTURAL FEATURES. 45 ~he marls belong to the two geologimtl formations, Oretaceous and Tertiary, and. their localities and characters have, to i:;ome extent, been examined by the state geological surve;y. Analyses have been made of some of the chief beds, an(l tlle result'.'! are given below, as taken from the Hcind-Book of Georgici. (a) Oretaoeoits mnrls.-The beds embraced within the Cretaceous region south from Columbus are generall;y of a blnish micaceous character, and contain comparatively little lime, usually from 4 to 6 per cent., and are tllerefore hardly worth the cost of removal to any distance. The ::;hells they contain are in a good state of preservatiou, and in the beds on Pataula creek, Clay county, they are far more abundant than farther north, in Chattahoochee county, or eastward from the Ohattalloochee river. Their greatest exposure is along the river from the moutll of Upatoi creek, Muscogee county, tO that of the Pataula, in Olay county, the beds having a thickness above the water's -edge of from 15 to 20 feet. In some places there occur beds of a stiff clay, yellowish or slightly bluish in color, in which the shells are of a firmer character and less broken and the clay apparently less calcareous, tllongh still properly belonging to the class of marls. Iu both blue and yellow clay marls there is much decomposing iron pyrites, which tend to render the mass more or less acid in clrnracter, and therefore unfit for fertilizing purposes. The following analyses have been made of samples of blue marl from a few localities: No. 1. Bliw marl fr.om "the narrows", Pataula creek, Clay county, dark bluish-gray color, a friable mass of shells a.nd calcareous fragments mixed w1th flue, dark-colored earth-micaceous, the small particles of mica giving it u, glistening· appearance, and slightly acid in reaction, hence dangerous to use alone, and should be mixed with a small amount of caustic lime or purer marl before application. No. 2. Bltte marl from near Hatchie station, Quitman county, of a light bluish-gray color, coarsely granular 1 .and friable, containing sand and pebbles, and slightly acid in 'reaction. No. 3. Bfae rnarl from Bagley's if'lill, Chattahoochee county, in general appearance and properties Yery Similar to No. 1. • Blue mcirls ( Oretaoeous). I I I CLAY COUNTY. I QUinlA."< COUNTY.' cuA1;;1'o"-~~~7BEE Pat1 Water······ ...... 'Ii ----10-::-::-:-1--- 10::::~ 100.118 Totnl ...... The c~mparatively small amounts of lime (for n;ia~·ls), ancl o~ potash, _soda, and phosphoric acid, are ~·ea~ly ()bserved in the above, while at the same time the acid character is shown m the large amounts of sulphuric acid, which probably occurs, combined with some of the iron, as copperas. Bliw green.scincl ?Jutrl.-There is, however, an extensiye bed of blue marl along the bank~ of th~ Chattahoochee river in Stewart county which is rendered valuable by its greensaml character. It_ occurs m a bed expo:;ed some 15 or 20 feet, and for many miles along the river dips to the southwest, and finally chsappears below the wate~: . A. ·complete analysis bas not been made of tllis marl, but 'a test for potash alone sllowed the presence of from 1 to _. per cent. of that element. h Tertiary marls.-The Tertiary marl-beds are far more extensive, as well as more valuable, than are t, e Cretaceous beds They are crenerall:v a white and friable mass of broken shells and fine corals, and ares? compact as to form almost p~rpenclicula; bluffs ~here exposed on tlle larger st~·eftms. This is especiall~ the cas~ '~1th th~ lower or Claiborne beds, which occur at Fort Gaines, ?lay county, fornung the.re a bed 25 feet o: m?re tluck, and I~ t~:n overlaid by hluisll fossiliferous clays, ancl still higher b~' 50 feet or more of red loam. A white limestone unclerlie:s it. This marl has numerous outcrops eastward to tlle Savannah river, where thick ~eds occn~ at the foot of S~ell bluff ~nd .at Silver bluff. It contains usually as much as 95 per cent. of carbonate of lime, and is well worth transportat10n · lt 18~6 The analyses were mnde by Professor W. ·C. White, of the University a A publication by the state clepartment of agncu ure, 1 • 311 -0f Georgia. 4G . COTTON PRODUCTION IN .GEORGI.A.. . to the farms of the region and elsewhere. Its use upon the soil has been attended with a large increase in procluctiveness as attested by several farmers in Lee county. When used broadcast on the land, its effects are not usually appare~t in the first year's crop; but afterwartl'it produces a marked anJ continuous improvement, provided there are fair amounts of potash and phosphoric acitl already present in the soil. The following analyRes are selected to show the average composition of these marls : No. 6. 111arl from Shen bluff, Burke county. This marl has a faint brownish tinge, and is coarsely granular and friable, showing fragments and impressions of shell. A similar marl at Sapp's mill, in this county, contains more lime and 0.251 per cent. of phosphoric acid. No. 5. A nearly pure white marl from Reddick's quarry, Screven county, coarsely granular and friable, similar to No. 6. Another bed at Crockett's spring, in the same county, contains the same percentage of lime, but less phosphoric acid (0.045). No. 3. .Dfl,rk-broivn marl from Mrs. Longstreet's, Effinghaill county, a mass of coarsely comminuted shells, mixed with sand, pebbles, etc. No. 1. White marl from 2 miles north of Tennille or Station No. 13, Central railroad, coarsely gral.).ular, friable, and dry. Contains fragments of fossil bones. No. 17. Light bnjf-aolored shell marl from Houston county (locality not given). This is one of three specimens analyzed, a notable feature being the yery lligh, percentages of phosphoric acid in each, viz, 0.758, 0.894, and 1.012. They have nearly the same percentages of lime, sand, iron, and alumina. No. 13. S!tell marl from the plantation of J. S. Odom, near Montezuma, Macon county, light colored, friable, ancl coarsely granular. No. 18. Darlc·aolored marl from the neighborhood of Albany, Dougherty county, loose and pulverulent . White •marls (Tertiary). .. EFE'INGJIAM WASHINGTON DOUGHERTY DURKE co lJNTY. I SCREVEN co UNTY. I COUNTY. COUNTY. MACON COUNTY. I COUNTY. HOUSTON COU:l\'TY. Reddick's j Shell bla.ll'. Mrs. Long· Near Tennille. Near Montezuma.I Near Albany. I quarry. street's. I I I , I I No.6. No.5. No.3. ·No.1. No. 17. No.13. I No.18. 1------I Sand ...... 8.412 7.321 65. 620 5. 32B 13. 551 12. 642 14. oos Soluble silica ...... , 1.216 1. 582 o. 612 0. 984 0. 314 1. 215 0.435 Limo ...... 46. 763 5o.J.36 lli. 948 49. 872 45. 654 43. 672 42.876 Magnesia ...... o. 046 o. 054 Trace. 0.120 o. 076 o. 035 0.145 Oxide of iron ...... 4. 310 3, 218 2.380 1. 654 2. 082 3. 025 i 2. 6ri·1- .Alumina...... 0.621 0.549 1.354 0.406 1.114 1. 758 1. 3~8 Phos]Jhoricacid ...... 0.125 0.132 0.075 o. 78_2 1. 012 o. 028 2. 574- Carbonic acid ...... 36. 521 37. 054 12.452 39. 215 34. 874 34.122 31. 958 Orgnnic matter ...... 0. 752 o. 658 o. 256 Trace. 0.130 2.105 ~- 304 Water ...... 1.314 1. 231 1.168 1. 628 1.194 1.450 1. 02S Total...... 100. 080 101. 935 09. 865 1· 90. 981 100. 000 100. 050 100. 000 While all of the above marls are hig·hly valuable because of their high lime percentages, those from Wa:sltington, Houston, and Dougherty counties are made more especially so by their additional very high amounts of phosphoric acid. The Dougherty county sample is extremely rich, and its extraordinary percentage of phosphoric acid is probably due to the presence of animal bones. Greensand alays.-Overlyiug these beds of limestone and white marl in the counties of Twiggs, Wilkinson, and Hanston are other beds of greensand clays from 12 to 24 inches thick. These contain, as shown by analysis, from 2 to 3 per cent. of potash, and are well worth removal to those farms whose soils are lar1 ing in this element of plant-food. A complete analysis of the marl has not been made. LONG-LEAF PINE A.ND WIRE-GRASS REGION. This region covers a large portion of southern Georgia south of the oak and hickory and pine lands of the central cotton belt, extending from the Savannah river on the east to the Chattahoochee river on the west, and including in its area eighteen whole counties and large parts of others. The entire region is, as it were, a vast plain very nearly level, except on the north, and covered with a growth of tall long-leaf pine. Their large and straight trunks are devoid of branches for from 30 to 100 feet above the ground, and stand so far apart as to make an average of only from 50 to 75 trees per acre, with only here and there some undergrowth. In most of the region public roads are of use only as guides and a means of crossing any smaU streams that may come in the way, and to avoid the fallen timber that marks numerous storm tracks. Over large areas, where the land;:-; are a dark sandy loam with yellow sandy subsoil, the roads are compact, hard, and smooth. Houses in this region are few, and the feeling of loneliness that steals 312 PHYSIOO-GEOGRAPHIOAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 47 \~~ traveler passing through the "piny woods" for the :first time is enhanced by the peculiar sighing of the 'b~ among tile tree-tops. Tile roots of the pine tree do not penetrate to a great depth, but are rather inclined ~ ~ead out under the surface soil, and the trees are therefore easily uprooted and thrown to the ground by a ~l;hat would scarcely affect another growth. As a consequence, the paths of destructive. winds in the RP.f'.tion t ~rked for many years by fallen timber, which lie parallel with tile track or with the tree:tops toward its l{'~. The hearts and knots (" lightwood "). of t~e depaying pine timber are utilized for f'nel (making quickly l) ~d, durable, aml hot fires), and also for llght mstead of lamps, lily the backwoodsman. Lumber, turpentine, ) > and charcoal are prominent products. "Turpentine farms" of from 10,000 to 75,000 trees each are found '--1- ghout the entire region, and especially in the middle1 eastern, and southeastern portions. l· ~hen once killed, either on cultivated lands or on burned areas, the long-leaf pine does not return, but is .~~ml by a stunted short-leaf species (" loblolly pine"). Large open tracts or "prairies" are now being farmed li;:; section of the state, the grass and undergrowth being yearly bnrned off. t ':.l.::-be lo~g·-leaf pine, while one of the most prominent cl.rnracte:istics of the wire-grass region, is also found b.:ward m small patches even as far as the Tennessee hue, while north of the central cotton belt it becomes i:'. l::t:._ aller growth. ~s might be judged from the name given to the reg'ion, its chief charactetistic feature is the so-called wire-grass l'i.e>us species of A1'i1:1t'id1i), that covers the entire region from the Savannah river westward to the Chattahoochee ~-l.... and into Alabama.. In many places it forms a thick "carpet" over the land, while westward especially it is not Q~use. This wire-grass is, as its name implies, a long mid round bladed grass, tapering to a sharp point, growing in ~-~ tufts, which bend outward on fLll sides, though quite stiff ancl upright for from 6 to 12 inches from the ground. tb e spring, when young and tender, it furnishes excellent pasturage, and stock-raising is now becoming the chief 'l."-~try of the region. As winter approaches the grass becomes coarse and tough. It is said to be easily choked ' by the weed known as "dog-fennel", i~ml whenever once destroyed, either by cnlt.ivat.ion or otherwise, does uot lL:t:>:n. Another peculiarity is that it is never found on lands that are subject to overflow. It is also found in t.ches in the coast region and on the islands. STRE.A.Ms.-The streams of the long-leaf pine and wire-grass region soon after they leave the oak and hickory lt:; become slow in their movement, and have banks from 25 to 30 feet high (showing on some of the streams a.v-y beds of sandstone), with bottom lands not very wide, having a growth of magnolia, bay, aml titi. Southward ~;y become slower in movement, with bottom lands increasing in width, and having banks only from 15 to 25 feet ~li. The small streams are usually very sluggish and dark from decayed vegetation. They often have little or bottom land, and but fo~ the undergrowth that skirts their low banks a traveler would hardly suspect their r:>:x:imity until a,t their very edge. The saw-palmetto appears on the lowlands, while the pitcher-plant also covers ·ge areas. The former increases iu growth until it :finally seems largely to displace the wire-grass in the coast 1 (l swamp counties. The growth of the bottoms in the lower section differs but little from that in the upper. The surface of the upper and western portions of this region is somewhat rolling or undulating, with a few low • lges or hills, and is elevated from 25 to 50 or even 75 feet above the streams and from 200 to 500 feet above the E\t. This is especially the case in t~e northeastern and southwestern portions of the region, which also differ )JXl. the rest in being underlaid by limestone ("lime-sink region") and having a better class of soil, as inaicatecl · the occasional admixture of oak and hickory with the long-leaf pine. · The differences in the two regions mentionetl are sufficiently great to justify a subdivision into what may be t" J.lled the "pine barrens" proper and the "lime-sink" divisions, the growth of long-leaf pine an cl wil'e-grass being il1 common to both. This entire wire-grass region is the special home of the gopher (" Testudo polyplwmus "), Liose holes are marked by the innumerable small hills of sand seen everywhere. The salamander (triton sp.) is 6 0 a native 6f this region. '.!.'HE Lil\IB·SINK REGION. The lime-sink region lies chiefly on the west of the Atlantic and Gulf water-divide. The soft limestone t:l.erlyiug this section, instead of the sandstone alluded to, is accompanied on the surface, and sometimes in ~cJ.Si by masses of a siliceous and aluminous and often flinty shell-rock. The eastern limit of this lime-sink ,. ion is markecl by a line of low ridges branching off southwarcl from the main divide and separating the waters ~~lHl A1lapaha art'cl Withlacoocbee rivers from those of the Flint riYer. This line passes through the eastern side ; -VVorth and Colquitt counties, and southeastward into Brooks and Lowndes. The region embraces about 7,020 · [email protected] miles, and includes the following counties ancl parts of counties: Screven, except a strip along the eastern l ,J. northern sides of the count.)•; the lower part of Burke; the upper part of Bulloch; all of Miller, Mitchell, i:;,J a.uitt, and Worth; the southern parts of Pulaski, Dougherty, Baker, and Early; the northern parts of Decatur, omas, Brooks, and Lowndes; the eastkirn parts of Dooly, Lee, and Dougherty; and the western parts of Irwin, :1;:erien, Dodge, and vYilcox. ' In this lime-sink region the banks of the stream'S are from 50 to 75 feet high, and the bottoms rather narrow, , {)µ a growth of oak, hickory, walnut, magnolia, and dogwood. The water is generally clear, though not rapid in r:l- ll13 48 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. movement. On the uplands the timber growth is almost exclusiYely long-leaf pine, except in the vicinity of the largo streams, where oak is.found to some extent. The country is very open, aud resembles very much the pine barrens, though it is not as level. The depressions of the surface, callecl "lime-sinks", are caused by the dissolution and wearing away of underlying, limestone. Into one of these sinks sometimes a small stream falls and disappears, while in another the underground stream ma.y be seen fl.owing past. In others the water is still and quiet, bnt rises and falls in conjunction with some neighboring large stream, thus showing underground connections. Ponds are also abundant, one of these, near Bainbridge, Decatur county, being .'3 miles in circnmference. Onives are often fonncl associated with these sinks, and in some the great rush of air that either enters or comes from them has given to them the name of "blowing caves"· .A.griculturalfeatures.-This is a better cotton-producing region than the pine barrens, and Decatur county was at one time reported to be even the "banner cotton county" of the state in total production. It is said that 4 per cent. of the land is irreclaimable swamp, and of the rema.inder over 26 per cent. has been cleared. l'lfuch of this is reported as now lying out; but 15.5 per cent. of the area, is under culth-ation, and of this 34.4 per cent. is in cotton. · The uplands of the region, with th~r long-leaf pine and wire-grass, have a gray, sandy soil, which is from 6 to 12 inches deep, aml a reel or yellow sandy clay subsoil, ancl contains some ferruginous gravel. These lands are less under cultivation than the other Yarieties, as they are not as productive or as durable. They _yield at :first from 500 to 800 pounds of seed-cotton per acre, but after eight or ten years, without fertilizers, this is diminished to 350 or 500 pounds. The country is so sparsely settled that the farms are located chiefly on the better classes of land. The following analyses of soil and subsoil Nos. 500 and 501, taken near Sylvania, Screven county, may be considered a fair representation of the lands of the lime-sink di vision of the wire-grass region. The soil was taken 6 inches deep; the subsoil from 6 to 12 inches. Growth, long-leaf pine. Long-leaf pine land, Screven county. Soil. Subsoil. No.500. No.501. InsolublE> matter ...... 93. 050 l 94. 820 } 95. 410 Soluble silica ••• _•.. _. _.•.•. _•..••••••••••••••. o. 806 593. 910 o. 590 Potash .••.....•.....•....•••.•..•.•••.••.....•. o. 320 0.102 Soda ...... •••.••.....•••••.••••••••.....•.•..•. o. ms 0. 051 Lime ...... 0.129 0. 043 Magnesia ...... _.•...... 0.110 o. 033 Brown oxido ofmanganese ...... 0.103 0. 067 Pcroxiile of iron ...... 0.672 1. 090 .A.!11mina ...... 1. OD5 1. 078 Phospboria acid ...... •....•...... • , .. .. 0.125 0.112 Sulphuric acid ...... : ••.. 0.125 0. 007 Water am1 organic matter ...... ·· 3. 617 1. 575 Total. ..•...... ••.•.•...... •. 100. 380 99. 028 Hygroscopic moisture·······---·-······· ...... 2. 950 1.171 absorbeil at ...... , ...... 10 c.o ~o c.o In this case the soil proves to be much richer than the subsoil in all the essential elements of fertility. There is a fair percentage of potash, phosphoric acid, and lime. The bottom lands lying along the rivers ancl hummocks of the creeks have a dark loamy soil (alluvial), with a clay subsoil at a depth of from 10 to 2~ inches. They are very durable, ancl yielcl from 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed-cotton per acre when fresh, and nearly the i;iame after several years' cnltivation. The growth on the streams is white and reel oaks, ash, hickory, poplar, beech, bays, and magnolia; on the uplands, along the large water-colUSt>s, oaks are a promiuent growth. No. 504. Black ,qoU from Brier creek near its junction with the Savannah river, in Screven c~unty. This soil has a depth of from 1 foot to 3 feet, and, as its analysis below shows, contains over 20 per cent. of vegetable matter. Its native growth is chiefly cypress ancl black gum. The subsoil is either sand or a pipe-clay. 314 PHYSIOO-GEOGRAPHIOAL AND AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. 49 Bottom land, Brier r:reek, Screven county. No. 504. Insoluble matter ...••...... •..•...... 03. 310 l oo 715 Soluble silic11 ...... •...... •.•.....•..••.•..... 3.4055 • Potash ...... o. 315 Soda ...... •..•.•••••..••.• :·••...... 0.184 Lime ..•••,. ...•...•.•...•.....•.•...... •.•.. o. 235 ·Magnesia ...... ••...... •••...... o. 044 Brown oxide of ro11nganeso ...... o. 074 Peroxide of iron ...•....•.•..••.•...... 0.449 Alumina ...... •..•.•...... ••••...... 2. 050 Phosphoric acid ...... •.....•...... 0. 208 Sulphuric itci The la.rge percentages of potash, lime, and phosphoric acid make this a very fertile soil. These elements are probably largely derived from the oak and hickory lands on the north, in which the stream has its source, and .,hrough which it cuts its way. Hon. George R. Black, of Sylvania, says of the productiveness of this soil: These fancls produce cotton remarkably well for three or four years, but after a few years' cultivation the cotton 1Jecomes subject to ~ust. L'or corn these lands are famous, producing '\"ery fine crops for a long series of years of continuous cultivation without fertilization. PINE BARRENS, OR SANDY WIRE·GRASS REGION. The diviRion known as the pine bcirrens proper covers au area of over 10,000 square miles, and includes the -following counties and parts of countit;,s: Tattnall, Montgomery, Emanuel, Telfair, Appling, Coffee~ the middle of Effingb~m, the southern portions of Bulloch, Johnson, and Laurens, the eastern parts of Wilcox, Irwiu, Berrien, and Lowndes, the upper portions of Pierce, Wayne, Mcintosh, Liberty, and Bryan, and areas in Jefferson, Washington, Dodge, ·ware, and Cline]¢, and is indicated on the map by a deep green color. It has a generallw level or slightly undulating surface, and is Hnderlaid in many places by a sandstone, which juts out in bold bluffs on some of the streams. The soil is usually fine and sandy, with a yellow sandy subsoil, though clay frequently unclerlies it. The surface of the country in the upper counties is rolling or undulating, but becomes quite level sonthward, the soil also becoming less sandy. The lands contain much ferrugiuous gravel or brown pebbles. The Atfantic and Gulf water-divide forms a rolling country as it passes south and then southeast through the counties of Dooly, vVilcox, Irwin, an(l Ooffoe. The wire-grass reg'i.on termina,tes near the coast, forming the seconcl terrace. From this terrace there is a .0.escent for 15 or 25 feet to the savannas and pine-flat aucl palmetto lands. This terrace is very marked along its course from Effing·ham. c'l:mnty, 30 miles above Savannah, through Bryan and Liberty (near Hinesville), Mcintosh, Gl;ynn, and Camden counties, to the Saint Mary's river: 30 miles west of the coast-line. The lower limit of the region, however, leaves the terrace in Mcintosh county and turns westward nearly through Ware county, anrl thence southward to Florida, the Allapaha river nearly IDarkiug ffs course. Between this line and the coast the .saw-palmetto supplants the wire-grass. The country in this lower or southern part of the wire-grass region is more open and the views are more -extended than on the north, being broken only by the many cypress ponds and small streams, with their dense .and low swamp growth. Rocks or stones are almost wholly wanting on the surface. Agricultimii features.-This cam1ot properly be callecl a cotton-growing section of the state. Of the large area ;included in it, the estimate made by the Georgia department of· agriculture is that about 6 per cent. consists of irreclaimable swamp, and of the remainder only 15 per cent. has been clearecl ~or cultivation. Returns show thn,t ·of this a large percentage now lies out, antl that hut about 5 per cent. is under actual cultiva~ion. About eighteen .counties are devotecl to cotton culture, lumber and turpentine interests absorbing nearly the whole attention of its -0ountry people, especially near the navigable water-courses. The introduction of fertilizers in this section has made the cultivation of cotton profitable, and has broken up to some extent the old method of throwing away old laml .ancl taking in new. · 315 50 OOT1'0N PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. The soil of the uplands is sandy and gray or ash-colored, 12 inehes deep, and has a subsoil of ~-ellow or orange colored loam. In the higher regions thete is sometimes a clay subsoil approaching the surface, giving to the land: greater fertility and durability, as indicated by the oak and hickory growth. The soil is frequentlr covered with gravel, either of quartz or of ferruginous concretions, yellow or dark-brown externally, and either smooth or rough, with a black interior. These latter are commonly known in some of the counties as the so-called ''Georgia pills". ' Both kinds are found in the upper portion of the region; but in the lo\ver the ferruginous concretions only are obsenrecl, and then usually on the low llills. It has been noted that on lands containing these latter c Soil. Subsoil. No. 509, No. 510. InsolulJle matter ...... •.....•••.••...... ••.. 93. 354 t 94 455 73. 480 } 77. 725 SolulJle silica ....• _ .. _...... 1.10i5 • 4. 245 Potash ...... o. 094 0. 251 Soda .•.•...•...... •• ········--·····-········ 0. 078 0.169 Lime .•...... •.•.•..•.•••.••.••••••.•.•. o. 022 o. 035 Jl!agnesin ...... 0.150 0. 826 Brown oxide of manganese .•••••...•.•.••..•• 0.018 o. 031 Peroxide of iron ...... o. 074 4,413 .A!umim1 ...... •.••••••....•...•....•••.•....••. 2. 202 11. 659 Phosphoric acicl. •••.•. __ ....••••...... •••••••• 0.039 o. 024 Su!p!turlc nc!tl...... 0.082 0. 290 W nter nml orgnnio matter ...... _•••••. 2.080 5. 278 Total···-·····-···-·············-········-· 100. 260 100. 206 Humus .....•.....•.•..•..•..•••....••••••.•••. o. 836 .A ~nllalJ!e inorganic ...•...•.•••••.••.• __ .•..•. 1. 298 Hygroscopic moisture ...... 1. 908 8. 752 alJsorbe Little can be said of this soil except that it is very poor in all the elements of fertility. A rather remarkablE~ feature of the subsoil is, that although containing so much clay (iron, alumina, and soluble silica) its amounts of phospl.10ric acicl and lime should be so deficient. Its water and organic matter are also large for a subsoil, while its percentage of potash is fair. PINE .A.ND P .ALMETTO FL.A.TS. The region thus designated lies in the southeastern corner of the state, around Okefenokee swamp, and eml>races 1~ainly Charlton, Echols, and Clinch counties, ancl large portions of Ware, Pierce, and Wayne. It is considerably nigher than the belt of the coast regfon that extend13 across other counties to the Savannah river, a dotted line through Glynn an(l Camden alone marking the line of separation between the two on the map. The country is \'Cry level open, and sparsely settled, and is covered with many swam1}s having a dense growth of titi, tupelo, and m . . J PHYSIOO-G.EOGRAPHIOAL AND AGRIOUL'l'URAL FEATURES. 51 black gums, sweet ancl loblolly bays, cassino, a short-leaf pine (Pinus Elliotti, or pitch pine of Mississippi), all interlocked and frequently tied together with bamboo briers, forming an impenetrable thicket. Long-leaf pine and LIVE-OAK A.ND coasT LA.NDS.-Along tlle coast (as well as occnpy·ing tlle islands) from the Savannah river t() Saint Mary's 1frer there is an irregular ancl interrupted belt of yellow or mulatto sand.)' lands about 10 miles wi Liv~-6alc land, Libe1'ty coimty. Soil. Subsoil. No. 511. No. 512. Insoluble matter ...... -. -. · 93. 220 } 03. 532 05. 355 } 06 029 Soluble silica ...... o. 303 0. 074 . Potash ...... ·-··· 0. 062 0.136 Soda ..... ····-················· .. ·••····••··•·· 0.153 0. 070 Li1nr...... 0.106 o. 039 Magnesiu...... ------...... · .. . 0.178 0.136 Drown oxide ofmnnganese ...... o. 030 0. 015 Peroxide of iron .•••• - ••••.•...•.•..•.••••••••. -! o. 285 0. 429 o. 742 .Alumina ... ---·································i o.mo Phospb~ric ~cic1 ..••••.••••...•..•••••. - ..... "'I o. 007 o. 036 Sulphuric a cul ...... 0.180 0.141 Water and organic matter ...... _...... 4. SGO 2. 509 ' Tot.tl ...... ·········:·····1 100. 000 100. 282 - - ' 3. 770 1 •...••••.••••••••• Humus ...•...•..••.••••• Available inorganic .•••••..•••.••...... ••....······················1 0. 312 1..•..•••.•••••...• Hygrosco11ic moisture ...... 3. 210 i 2.419 1 0 0 almorhed llt . _...... · 1 14. 5 c. I 14. 5 0. I ln view of the surnll amount of potash and phosphoric acid iu this soil, its richness is 110 doubt due to the large percentage of humus ancl·the fair quantity of lime, which renders available the phosphoric acid for plant-food. The subsoil does not come up to its assistance as these under-strata nsual1y do, but is even more sanely and more deficient in plant-food than the soil; except tha,t it ha,s twice the perceuta,ge of pota,sh, even then too small. l\fr. King thus describes these live-oak lanus: They vary in quality from heavy bottom to light. sandy, all(l may he classed as U!)ller, ruidule, ancl lower bottom lands, each covering. one-thir(l of the entire wiUth. The soil of the uottum live-oak lauds is dark and mucky, the upper belt having a ulue-clay suusoil, the middle uelt 11 dark samly subsoil, while on tho coast or lower l:lelt the suusoil is a wllite sand. The ridgelive-oaklalllls aro confinetl to the coast belt aud the islands. 'rile soil is s11nrly, either light or gray colored, with white sanrly subsoils. The ridges are in reality hut a huge ocean sand-bank covered with lh-e oak and saw-palmetto, a few water oaks, and an. occasional pine. These oaks on Black Beitrds' island are mostly stunted iu growth, aml on the sea side look like a elosely trimmed heclge. Such lauds wonlrl not remunerate cnltirntiou, while the inland 11.vc-oak bottoms were considerecl the richest lancls of the county. In tho· blue clay underlying these lauds have been found well-1ireservecl stalks and leaves of marsh grass ( Uniola). The liYe oaks of the region attain a great size, their li1teral limbs often extending as much as 50 feet from the trunk. Long moss hangs in gre!ttest profusion from the limbs, al)cl wild grape-vines, measuring as much as 37 inches in circumference at the ground or 27 incl.Jes at !t height of 7 feet, arc found einwineu among them. Tl.Jc live-oak bottoms were mostly cleared aml planted two or three geueratio11-s ago. TrrE CO.A.ST TIDE sw .A.MP L.A.ND.-This occupies a narrow belt, not continuous along the Atlantic coast, bnt bordering on the various inlets and streams to the limits of tide-water. In White's Statistics of Geol'gia appears. the following: On the Savannah river the boclies oft,i(le swamp laud are extensive, and are cultivated upwitrd of 20 miles from the brackish marsh up. the river. On the .A.ltamaha these lauds equal in wiclth those of the Savannah river, bnt from the marshes upward their extent does not exceed 16 miles, wliere the freshets forbid their ueing of any valne except for t,imber. The soil has more of decayed vegetable mold than the htnd of the Savannah river, anrl is more easily oultivate(l. The tide lands of the Ogeechee extend from the.marshes about 10 miles .. Those of the Sittilla, not as broad as those mentioned auove, extend from the marshes 20 miles up the river, and are not liable to fresllets.. 31R GENERAL DISCUSSION. 53 1. :- 011 the Saint Mary's the swamp lands on the Georgia side extend only to the foot of the second terrace, some 0 ll. l:ni es east of Colerain, though tide-water reaches Traders' Hill. These are the rice lancls of the state, being c <::)'\\, l1' 1 most exclusively devoted to its cnltivatiou, thongh other crops do well. Black seed or Florida sea-island e>tton was once one of the principal crops of these low swamp lauds. ta The soil of the swamp lands along the streams and inland is ash-colored and clayey, from 1 foot to 6 feet deep a Mue clay stratum. The growth is cypress, water oak, gum, ash, maple, beech, and saw-palmetto. An analysis of a sampie of this soil, No. 513, taken near Savannah, Chatham county, ga-v-e the following results: Rice or swamp land, Ohatha.m coimty. No. 513. Insoluble matter ...... 444 os. } 74. 769 Soluble silica ...... 11. 325 Potash ...... 0.242 Soda ...... '...... 0.079 Lime ...... o. 387 Mn'gnesia . --·····-·· .... __ ...... ---··- ... --- .. o. 508 Brown oxide of manganese ...... 0. 052 Permdlloofiron ...... 3. 894 ' .Alumina ...... 13. 454 Phosphoric :10id ...... 0. 071 I 0, 055 0, 843 I ·::_ ::::: ·:- - ~:~:;:~~:~,~:~ 100. 354 Rygroscopie moisture ..•.•..•.•....•.....••.... '10. 720 absorbed at.: •...... •••.....•..•.•...... ••. 13 c.o I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'--~~~~· The percentage of phosphoric acid in this soil is very small, the potash respectable. 1rhe high lime percentage m nkes it thrifty by acting on the former; ancl as long as it holds out the soil will be good, especially with con tin necl overflow. · MARSH LAND.-There is very little of what may be properly termed sea marsh along the Georgia coast. Very small areas al'e fonnd at the mouths of some of the rivers. TJIE SEA ISLANDS.-Along the coast there lies from one encl to the other a perfect net-work of islands, Jar:,:·e and srnall, having a rolling surface, not exceeding 15 feet above tide. Their united areas amount to about 5GO square miles. The growth is live oal~, cedars, pines, and saw-palmetto, with some magnolia, gum, etc. 'rhe soil is nsnally sandy and well adapted to the production of sea-island cotton, corn, and sweet potatoes. Lemons, figs, pomegranates, olives, oranges, and lemons grow finely. The cultivation of the sea-island cotton llas been nearly abandoned since 1861. The changes made in machinery for the manufacture of coarser staples wllen sea-island cotton conhl not be obtained (1861-'65) arc said to have been its tleath blow. The cultivation of upland eotton (short staple) is now receiving more and more attention since the introl1uctiou of commercial fertilizers. Of sea-island eotton these soils forinerly yielded from 400 to 500 rwnnds per acre in tbe seed when fresh and 300 poumls after the fourth year. REMARKS ON COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEOUGI.A.. . ' . EARLY HIS'fORY.-But little data are at hand concerning the early history of cotton production in the state. :J_ts culture seems to have been begun on a very small scale in 1735, or about the same time as in South Carolina, seed having in tl!e previous year been sent from England. In 1791 the yield was estimated at 500,000 pounds, equal to 1,250 bales of 400 ponuds ea,ch. The sea-island variety, or long staple, is said to have been introclucecl j_n 1786. The New Yorlc Commercial Bulletiii gives the following copy of a bill of lading, bearing date of July 20, ::L 751, now in possession of a prominent cotton commission merchant of New York: · Shippe~l by the grace of God, in good order and well conditioned, by Henry Hansen, in and upon the good Snow called the "Mar~·", -.whereof is master under Goel, for this present voyage, B11rnaby Badgers, 11nd now riding at anchor in the Harbour of New York, 11ncl, by God's· gmce, bound for London-To say-Eighteen Bales of Cotton Wool, being marked and numbered as in the margin; and are to be deliverecl in the like goocl order and well-conditioned at the aforesaid port of Lonclon (the Danger of the Sea only excepted) unto Messrs. :Borke and c'hampion, or to their Assigns, he or they 1mying Freight for the said Goods three farthings p. ponnd, with Primage amlAverage ,p.ccustomed. In witness whereof, the Master or Purser of the said Snow hath affirmed. to three bills of Lad.ing, all of Tenor and Date; -t]Je one of which three bills being accomplished, the other two to stand void. And so God send the good Snow ~o her desirecl Port in safety. Amen. Dated in New York, July 20fl1, 1751. (Signed,) BERNARD BADGERS. 319 54 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. In the margin of saiu document are the following references: 5 Bales marked III No. 105; 13 Bales marked II No. 1@13. On the back of the wdl-worn fhtllle which helps preserve the curious document is an extract of a letter from the secretary of the trustees for establishing t.he colony of Georgia. The following is an exact copy, and was addresseu to the president of the "colony ": · GEOUGIA OFFICE (LONDON), July'.;:, 174fl. " ' * # Yon say, sir, lilrn\\·ise iu your '1ett1~r, that the people of Vernonburgh and Acton nre giving visible appen.mnces of reviving their industry; that they are propn.gating litrge qu11ntities of tlax r1lld cotton, aud n,re provided with weavers, who have already wove several large piece;, of cloth of an nsefnl sort, whereof they sold divers autl some they made use of iu their own families. The account of their indu~tryis highly sn.tisfactory to the; trustees; hnt as to manufacturing the produces they raise, they must expect no encoumgeme».t from the trustees, for setting up m:1nufactnres which may interfere with those in England might occasion complaints here, for wliich reason you mni>t, as thoy will, alw:tys lliscoiintenauce them; aucl it will l!e necessary for yon to llirect the industry of those people into a way which might l!e more beneficial to themselves and would prove satisfactory to the trustees an T,ua.E IIL-POPULATION AND COTTON PRODUCTION IN EACH AGRWC"LTUIUL HEGION OF THE STATE. POl'l.'T.A'flON. COTTO]{ l'RODUCTIOX. --·---~------~ ------'1! !' I Avemge per aero. I Totnl in tons. I Per-· f Aver- Agricultuml region. , Area. 1 I . · Icentnge age cot- 1 Total. \ White. Colored. Acres. I Bales. , . . I I I I I~fo~~·~ lac~~~ge lj l I Frnct10n Seed I I total per I. , I of _bale, dotto~. 'I Lint. Seed. Lint. Seed. produc-' square I\ I ---1--- 47nlbs.1' _____1 _____ 1 ___ 1 tion.: mile . .--11--1- I I Sq. mls. Ji ' Lbs. I Lbs. Lbs. I I I ' Northwest Georgia...... 3,660 116,018 [[ 86,798 1 30,120 107,lna 40,019 0.44 ! 621 2071 414 11,072 22,144 \: 5.72: 29.3 Blue TI.idge...... 3, MO 63, 169 : 59, 592 j 3, 577 6, 837 2, 400 1 0. 35 501 1G7 334 572 1, 144 o. 30 I 2. 2 1 Mi1ldle Georgia...... 18, 110 74S, 151 [[ 393, 781 [ 354, 370 1, 363, 539 440, 811 \ 0. 33 471 157 314 106, 830 213, 660 55. 23 [' 75. 3 Central cotton belt ••.•..••. : 10, 570 320, 493 122, 002 , ms. 491 818, 898 [ 231, 411 I o. 28 402 134 268 54. 900 109, 920 28, 41 77. 5 ii 1 Lime-sink nnc!lsouthernonk : 7, 360 121, 847 ii 59, B74 J 62, 473 253, 5661· 62, 140 I o. 25 348 116 232 14, 760 29, 520 7. 63 •; 34.4 •m Pine lJnrrens .... : •.....•.... : 10, 140 70, 076 ( 55, 922 I 23, 154 57, 443 1· 19, 350 0. 34 480 160 B'.?O 1· 4, 596 O, 192 : 2. BB ! 5. 7 Coru;tamlpineilats ...... i_ 6,080 92,526.11 39,4371 53,089 __9,_72_2 ,__ 2,692 --~ 396 ··132 __264 1 ~ 1,27~-l~i 1. 0 _ To~al •.••...... •..• ,.158,YBO 1,542,180 Ii 816,9-06 I 725,274 2,617,138 f 814,441 0.31 444 148 2961193,4291 3d6,Sii8: 100,00 I 44.4 ~L\P OF G-E011GI_,A SHITT\'L'<9 IN THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OFTRE STATE 'l'.HERELA'l10NBETWFJ•:.'f THE AREA CCLTIVXJ'ED IN COTTON ~<\Nll THE TOTAI,ARKc\ BY R H. t01JGJHUIJGE. P11.Il. SPF.CIAL ;\GE.NT, JU'!'tt CKN8T:S 18BO. T'erce:rrta.L:1.! oftotlli m'1;.'U plmLtml i1\Cotlfmi1dflfJO l~ (J UJ 0.lJH'l"<'.Pfd. J"" L@J O.lto l ~_lt.o'> :, 1u 1U " Sc..ule lOO M!U:S- nnsrr··--·-.. ·r:-;----··- GENERAL DISCUSSION. 55 TABLE IV.-"BA.NNER COUNTIES" AS REGARDS PRODUCTION .AND PRODUCT PER ACRE IN THE VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL REGIONS OF THE STATE. REGIONS ACCORDING TO rnODUCT l'llR AC!l!l. ii COU~TI!lS IN EACH Rll~ION l!AVIXG HIGIIEST TOTAL \II COUNTI!lS I!! RACH REGION' HAVING H~~onuur l'ER , PRODUCTION. ' ACRE ------,--'----!! ____ I\ · · 1 ~ 111 ·~ 0 I I i 11· I~. i § 11 ] 1' cl g I I I I ;; e~ I 0 ~a t:Jj :p II ~ 11 ~~q ::::i ?r. .;::; Name. '""' \[ Counties. i'i,.."1 cl " .; ·I Counties. <).."1 I " :;; ~ ;; ~ ..s Q ; I ~.,.., I ~ ; ..§ ~£ !: .s·;; 1 ~ ~ II ~ ,\ I .:=r~ : " [ ,.; 1.: µl 0 0 ,.....i p ,II ~ I = ~ I 2 d ~ ~ I 8 :1 ~·z I! ~ :S _-6: 0.38 i ~O COMP.A.RISON OF .A.CREAGE .A.ND PRODUCTION REGIONS.-The northwest and Blue Ridge regions together })l'Oduce about ~ per cent. of the state's production, and here tM corn acreage very largely predominates; but southward the difference becomes less ancl less, until in the counties east from Atlantrt to the Savannah ri.,er aml also south of the Chattahoochee from Atlanta to the Alabama line, cotton begins to gain predominance and re~ches its ma.ximmn in the central cotton belt, its acreage being about one-seventh greater. In the pine barrens corn again takes prececlence, its acreage being more than llouble that of cotton and four times more in the coast counties. The metamorphic region, because of its greater extent and larger population, produces more cotton thau all of the rest of the state combined (55.23 per cent.). Nearly all of this ('149,811 bales) comes from the counties south of the Chattal10ochee river. The average cotton acreage for this part is about 75.3 acres out of about 199 acres of tilled lands per square mile. In some counties this average is considerably greater, ancl we flnd in Troup 153.9 acres of cotton out of 300 acres of tilled land per square mile. The ratio between production ancl population of the entire region is over one-half a bale per cripita. If from the entire })Opulation (7481151) that of the cities of Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, and Columbus be taken the comparison would he more nearly correct, and the ratio would be about 0.70 of a bale per capita. " Tlie central cotton belt (embracing the sand and pine hills and the oak; hickory, and long-leaf pine uplands) produces 28.41 per cent. of the state's entire production, while its cotton acreage per square mile (77.5) is greater than that of any other region as a whole. Its ratio between production ancl population also is greater, being 0.7:3 of a bale per capitt1, a little more than that of the middle metamorphic region outside of the large cities. Cotton production is, however, largely concentrated in the western part of the belt, or west of the Oconee riYer, a maximum, region d 20 per cent. of the area occurring in Houston county. Two areas of over 15 per cent. occur along the Chattahoochee river in Olay, Quitman, and Stewart, and on the red lands of lJee and Dougherty near Flint river. The rest of the region, excepting the belt of sand-hills on the north, bas from 10 to 15 per cent. of its total area in cotton. The linie-sink division ancl southern oak and hickory uplands region ranks next in its production (6.2,1J9 bales) and in its average of 34.4 acres of cotton per square mile. It is a sparsely settlecl region in the southwestern part of the state, with an average of but 17 persous per square mile. The ratio of cotton production is a little more than lutlf a bale (0.51) per inhabitant. It proclnces 7.63 per cent. of the state's total production, and from 5 to 10 per cent. of its total area is in cotton. A portion of the region, that of •Baker county, has a cotton acreage of from 10 to 15 per cent. of i~s area, due in part to a greater population. In the part bordering the pine barrens of the east this average is much less (from 1to5 per cent.), forming a crescent-shaped belt reaching from Bulloch county, westward and southward, to the Florida line. This forms a transition to the lumber and turpentine or pine barrens region of the state, whose lands are poor, except near the streams and whose cotton acreage is less than 1 per cent. of the entirC' area. The average population of this' division' is but 8 persons l)er square mile, and that of cotton acreage 5.7 acres per square mile,. the~otal cotton yield being but 2.38 per cent. of the state's production. The northwestm·n region, or "northwest Georgia", ranks next below the lime-sink division and southern oak and hickory uplands region in its cotton production, 46,619 bales, or 5. 72 per cent. of the total yield of the state. Its average cotton acreage is 29.3 acres per square mile. Production is, however, chiefly confined to the southern part of the region, and here we find from 5 to 10 per cent. of its are11i in .cotton. Northward of this the acreage is !li.minished from 1 to 5 per cent. of the total area, and in Catoosa county and a strip along the eastern border to less than J per cent. 'In Dade county and in a small strip of Walker there is scarcely any cotton produced'. 21 C P-VOL. II 321 56 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. The rich valleys of Floyd, Polk, and Bartow give a vigorous growth to the stalk, fertilizers hasten maturit;y of the cotton and the season is sufficiently mild and long to permit the gathering of a very good crop. The average proc.luct.io~ for the region is four-tenths of a bale per inhabitant. The altitude of the Buue Ridge region is too great and the season too short to make the production of cotton as profitable as in other parts of the state. Up to the present time the lack of sufficient transportation facilities to market also causes the farmers of the region to take but little interest in cotton production, and we therefore find an average of but 2.2 acres of cotton per square mile, the counties of Fannin and Towns reporting none at all. The region proc.luces but 0.30 per cent. of the total yield of the state. The coast anil pine flats also produce very little cotton, the average of that crop being but 1.6 acres per square mile, and the total yield but 0.33 per cent. of the state's production. The region is well adapted to the_ sea-island or long staple variety. PRODUCTIVENESS OR PRODUCT PER ACRE.-The general average yield for the state is nearly one-third of a bale per acre, and this, too, is the general result anticipated by the farmers themselves when they prepare their lands for the crop. This yield would be very greatly increased by the judicious use of fertilizers, as is shown in the many experiments made under the direction of the Georgia department of agriculture and by individual persons. A. comparil:wn of the scale of productiveness in the counties of the eastern, middle, and western parts of'th.e state (excepting all that part north of the .Atlanta parallel, which is newer in cotton culture) shows· that those having the highest product per acre lie chiefly on the east of the Ocmulgee and Altamaha rivers, their averages ranging from 0.30 to 0.45, while on the west to the .Alabama line they range from 0.30 to 0.17 of a bale. Comparing the averages of the two extreme tiers of counties, we :find those on the Savannah river from the coast to the Blue Ridge to average a little over one-third (0.34) of a bale p~r acre, and those on th,e Chattahoochee from the Florida line to the northwestern region to average but little over a fourth (0.28) of a bale. The counties of Haralson and Carroll, in this latter list, have high averages, which raise the total above that which it would otherwise be. In view of the fact that there is a larger proportion of the better class of oak and hickory uplands and less of wire-grass lands on the west, the results show a better system of culture on the east, with perhaps a more general use of fertilizers. The great bulk of commercial fertilizers euters the state from the east and from the coast ports, and would naturally be brought into more general use there than in other parts of the state. The culture of cotton in the northern counties of the state is a comparatively new industry, and the lands are not so much worn as southward. We therefore :find the maximum of natural productiveness per acre in those counties north and east of .Atlanta, with a gradually descending scale as we go south. Comparison by regions.-The northwestern 1·egion not only ranks highest in product per acre (over four-tenths of a bale), but embraces the "banner" county of the state, Polk, whose average is about one-half a bale per acre. The freshness of the lands, still further enriched by fertilizers, has tended to produce this result, which. would be much greater but for the fact that early fall frosts cut off a large part of the maturing crop. The product per acre in the metamorphic reaches one-third of a bale, while that of the central belt is far below it. In view of the immense amount of commercial fertilizers used in the state, these low per cents are surprising~ Even the "poor piny woods" are made to surpass the lands of the central belt, and that, too, when marls and limestones underlie the latter so abundantly. The lime-sinlc region and southern oalc and hiclcory uplands, because of 'the small area comprised in the latter, are classed as one. The a:verage productiveness per acre of the two is one-fourth of a bale, or about what the lands would produce without fertilizers. The region ranks lowest of all in this respect, a fact coincident with thn,t already mentioned, viz, a low scale of productiveness per acre in nearly all of the counties of the western side of the state. The pine barrens, which heretofore have been almost exclusively devoted to stock-grazing and the turpentine and lumber indust.ries, are being settled by people who see that with the aid of fertilizers the poor sandy la.nds of the region can be made to produce cotton abundantly. The result is seen in a product per acre somewhat greater than that. of the oak and hickory clay lands of even the more favored 'metamorphic region. In contrast with the southwestern region, this belongs to the ectstern side of the state, where the products per acre are highest, owing, no (1oubt, to a more judicious and abundant use of fertilizers. The cotton acreage of the region is comparatively small, and only the best lands are devoted to this crop. The coast comities are low in the scale of productiveness, and cotton is considerecl rather a secondary crop in that region. The variety to which these lands are specially adapted (sea island) is not in great demand, and its culture is said to have decreased since 1870. Attention is now being turned to the culture of the short staple. In the tables which give the amounts of seed-cotton, lint, and cotton-seed produced per acre in each region the estimate is based on 475 }Jounds as the average bale and the generally accepted rule that seed-cotton will "third itself" in lint. This weight of the bale is the average reported for 'the season from Savannah and .Atlanta, nn increase over that of 1870, due probably to the more general use of improved presses having a greater powc•r anu capacity for heavier bales, rmd also because transportation charges are per bale, irrespective of actual weigh L ''BANNER COUNTIES."-For the state with regard to total number of bales:.-Burke, 291172 bales; with regard to average product per acre.:....Polk, 690 po'unds of seed-cotton; with regard to percentage of tilled lands in cotton • 3'!2 GENERkL DISCUSSION. 57 Troup, 51.29; with. regard to average cotton acreage per square mile-Troup, 153.9 acres; with regard to average bales per square 1mle-Clayton, 47.2 bales. Twenty-three counties produced more than 10 000 bales each and of these nine produced about 15,000 each. · ' ' In the entire state Burke county, of the central cotton belt, is the" banner" county as regards number of bales produced in 1870, Washington being next. In "product per acre", however, it falls far below, to the fifty-thii:;cl place, Polk county, on the northwest, being first. In its own region it ranks third in product per acre. In the metamorphic region Troup county produces the largest number of bales, but its product per acre is low (not three-tenths of a bale), there being fort.y.six counties in the region and ninety-six in the state having larger percentages. . Cobb county ranks first in its own region in product per acre producing nearly one-half a bale per acre there bemg. but one connty in the state (Polk) with a higher percentage.' ' Echols and Bryan counties are the two banner counties of the eleven coast and pine flats counties, the latter ranking highest in product per acre in its region (four-tenths of a bale). Column 13 shows that there are in the state twenty-one counties above it in this regard. Its acreage and its number of bales are small. In the central cotton belt H.ichmond county stands first in product per acre, even above Burke, the "banner" county for tota! production in the state, owing probably to the large cultivation .of valley lands of the Savannah river, and to the fact that within its limits (in the city of Augusta) there are fertilizer manufactories, from which supplies can be obtained in abundance. The greater part of the county is included in the sand-hills region, comprising the poorest lands of the central belt. In the lime-sink and southern yellow-loam regions Dooly for total production and Screven for product per acre rank first, the latter being also above that of any of the counties of the central belt; a fact to be accounted for only in the improved methods of culture, for the lands of the county, except along the river and on the north, are mostly sandy with sandy subsoils, and are much inferior to those of Brooks, Jefferson, and Washington. It will be seen also, by reference to the tables placed at the beginning of this report, that there are in the state twent.r-two counties with average products of 0.40 of a bale per acre, and thirty having over 0.36; also that there are sixty-three counties whose ave.rage is at least 0.33 of a bale, each of the rest producing less. l\fr. McOutchen says of the region of northwest Georgia: The i)roduction of cotton as a staple crop in this part of the state until within the last few years has been confined mostly to the counties of Polk, Floyd, Chattooga, Bartow, Gordon, and the southeastern part of Walker. Since the general use offertilizers, there citn be saicl to be no limit to its area within this state except that due to the altitude of high mountain ranges. There is a marked increase in cotton production in all of these counties in the last ten years. Of this the southern counties show the largest amount of increase, though the largest percentage of increase is found to be in some of the northern connties .. where comparatively little is grown. From a comparison of the i·eturns of the district enumerators it appears that lands on which cotton ha8not been grown until recently have given sometimes even a better average yield per acre than that of other localities where cotton has long been grown with success and where the lands are thonghtto be better adapted to its growth. Two causes may combine to produce this result: (l)The parti11l exhaustion for this crop of the lands on which it bas long been grown, and (2) the greater dependence on the use of fertilizers on some 11mcls not naturally so well suitecl to this crop. LADORERS.-Negroes comprise the majority oflaborers throughout the state, though in the extreme northern counties tllere are very few of this class, for they prefer the warmer climate anu towns of middle and southern Georgia. While a large majority of them live "from hand to mouth", many have been provident and have accmnnlated property both in the country and in towns. This fact, as well as their mania for living around towns and cities, is shown in the report of the comptroller-general for 1880, from which the following summary is taken: . . Value of laud owned bythe1n (586,6!l4 acres) ...... ·---···------·------·----·--·-·····-· $1,52'2, 173 Value of town propertyownecl by them. -. ------·· •••• ---· --- . ---- ·----· ... -- - -- .. ---- 1, 201, 992 Value of stock of all kinds ownecl by them _. -- . ----... ---- ..• -•.. ----- .. ---- -. -- -.•• -.. ------. -. -. • . . 2, 054, 787 Value of other property ...... -- -· ..... --· .. ---- .. ----·· ------· -· •. ·- -· -- ··-·-· ------·- -- . ------985, 341 Making a total of .. _--- .•.....•..•• --·· ...• ····-· ------· -- -·:· .••• -· .. ------· -- --·· ·-·- 5, 764,293 METHODS OF OULTIVATION.-A. Sll1llmary of the answers in Part III, showing the general method of the planting and cultivation of cotton, may be thus given: The preparation that precedes planting consists usually in first "laying off" the rows by deep furrows 3 or 4 feet apart and then "bedding up" over these, with turn-plows. By some farmers this " bedding up" is not practiced, but planting is done in the furrows on level land. When fertilizers are used, they are either placed in the furrows and the land bedded over them, or the top of the bed is opened with two furrows, one- in the ot~er, into one of which from 100 to 200 pounds of the fertilizer is placed by means of a tin fnnneled tube 3 or 4 feet long, and into the other the cotton-seed is distributed either by hand or by cotton-seed planters and covered usually with a plow or often with a board drawn on its edge over the rows. The seed is either plantecl directly or is first soaked or rolled in fertilizers, which.is said to cause an earlier appearance of the plant. Each farmer has his favoritf\ among the many varieties of seed, which, either because of the long limbs of the pll),nt (producing more to the stalk) or its short limbs (allowing the stalks to be nearer together), or of some other feature, apparently causes a prochictiveness greater than that of any otlier \'ariety. Some planters try to im1n·orn 323 58 COTTON PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. well-known varieties by various means, and, wltile successful in part, the re.sult frequently is but different names for the same seed. Although the careful selection from the crop of cotton-seed for planting is of as great importance as with other seed, it seems to be but little thought of by many planters, who, upon the principle that "cotton-seed is cotton-seed", simply take their seecl from the gin-house pile. Two or three bushels are usually required per acre, except when the s.eecl is carefnlly selected, whcn 1or1~ bushels are used. ' Planting usually occurs in April, or, if the season is unfavorable, in May. The seed comes up in a week or ten I'· The boll soon becomes brown and begins to shrink up, ancl the cotton, thus loosened, lrnngs from it, and is liable to be blown to tlle ground by the wincl, or after a time falls of its own accord. The demand for pickers is therefore great. and the price paid is usually from 50 to 75 cents per 100 pounds of seed-cotton, the pickers furnishing their own subsistence. Weighings are made every night, and the laborer is either paid then or is given credit. The cotton jg storeil in some safe place or in the gin-house until it can be ginned and baled. Some few farmers sell the cotton while in the seed, but most of them either gin it themselves or have it ginned by others, paying tt certain toll. Picking continues until but little cotton remains in the :fielcl or until the winter rains begin, tbe crop being picked over once in each month, or ortener if possible. The bolls continue to ripen and open until killed by frost, which occurs usually about the last of October, the picking continuing until near Christmas. Ropes have gone entirely ont of use as a means of baling cotton and hoop-iron has taken their place. The tie is usually au inch in width, and, after being passed around the bale while the latter is under heaYy pressure, the ends are fasten eel together by means of ~L small cast-iron "fastening"· These fastenings comprise a number of kinds, the points most to be desired, next to strength, being the readiness and quicknesr:; with which they may be acljuste.d ancl security against becoming loo::;enecl or broken in the rough handling to which the bales are afterward subjected. There are four classes into which they may be _grouped: (1) The "arrow", in which the ends of the tie are attachell by simple loops, each Ming bent under. (2) The buckle, as the "Beard", being the fastening- attached (by the manufacturer)· to one end of the tie antl made to slip through the perforations of the other end. (3) The hook fastening, which is fastened to one end of the tie and simply hooks into the perforations of the other. (4) The "Delta", also fastened to one end of the tie, and mi:i.de to clasp the loop of the other by simply closing the two arms of the fastening. The "arrow" fastening is most generally in use. The cost of cotton production, exclusive of commissions, freights, etc., is variously estimated at from 7 to 10 cents per pound, the general average, as well as a 1mijority of estimates, being 8 cents. This embraces the cost of commercial fertilizers, which are usually applied directly to the soil and without reganl to its actual necessities. With the raising of home supplies and the more careful attention t9 cultural details, as embodied in what is known as the "intensive system", there is no doubt but that the cost woulcl be greatly lessened and the net profits of cotton production correspondingly increased, in addition to the many other advantages to the farm and home that would be derived from the system. Mr. Furman's estimate by his method is 4~ cents per pound (see below). INTENSIVE CULTURE.-Within the past few years the subject of an intensive system of cnlture has begun to attrn.ct much notice, chiefly through the successful efforts of a few intelligent farmers, who, by scientific methods of treatment, have produced enormous yields ·of cotton from fields accustomed to give an average of but about 500 pounds, and even less, of seed-cotton per acre. Hon. F. 0. Furman, near Milledgeville, Baldwin county, is most prominent because of his extraordinary success in producing 75 bales of cotton ancl 500 bushels of oats from 65 acres of old land that had previously yielded but 8 bales of cotton and was considered worthless. That this was no spasmodic result, but was attained by careful and intelligent culture, based upon a knowledge of the wants of the soil and of the plant, is shown in the following method, which, by request, he has furnished: In ltl7S I took 65 acres of landJ the original growth of which was scrulJ oak and pine. It lies well, is slightly rolling, and was clearell near 30 years ago. The soil is light sand with a firm red-clay subsoil within 5 or 10 inches of the surface, and was worn out at:tl conshlcre1l worthless years ago. This piece of land, planted in cotton and cnltivatetl carefully without manure, yielded me the first year 8 bales; second year, with 500 pounds of compost per acre, the yield was 12 bales; thircl year, with 1,000 pounds of compost per aCrL', the yieltl was 23 bales; fourth year, with 21000 pounds of compost per acre, the yield was 47 bales. Thia year (1882) I used 4,LOO pound,; of compost per acre and have gatherecl 75 bales. From 5 acres of this lau Up to this time. I have .macle no great departure from the Dickson system of cultivation and preparation, have never subsoiled, aml only bre~k U:Y land m be~dlllg, plant very 1ate, never till after May 1, manure in tb.e drill, opening deep ancl wide, listing in the manure a~d lettmg it ~ta~cl until ready to plant, th~n. throw two furrows on the list allll plant with a Dowlaw planter, breaking out tho middles ancl ~mshmg t?e bed .after the cotton ism the ground, thus giving a porous bed for the plant and killing the first crop of grass :;_;, at the same t~me; cultivate with a sweep, and let the cultivation be as shallow as possible. I change the drills 12 inches e>ery ;rr.!lr, 80 to enable me m four years to manure across my lr.ud with 4-foot rows. 'l'he true secret of my success lies in the character of my compost. I insist upon furnishing each crop 1vith a manure that contaius every element uccessttry to that crop (combinecl in the proportions in which the crop requires them). In order to do this accurate knowledge of the chemic~l composition of the crop (stalk, leaf, and fruit) is essential. For cotton, then, my aim was t;J make a c?mpost that ~voukl ,~o~tam the el.ements th~t form it, viz, phosphoric acid, potash, soda, humus, lime, silica, allll nitrogen, :mil in the right proport10us. Ih1s compost is made with 30 bushels of cotton-seecl, 30 bushels of stable manure or well-rottell leaves or 0 r.,anic matter, 400 11onutls of acicl phosphate, and 200 llOUJHls of kainit. "' ~n this. mixture t~e kaiui~ is ind.ispeusah~e. It. furnishes potash, lime, magnesia, soda, aud a imhstance calletl "bitteru", aud, combmecl with humus, is a specific agamst rust rn cotton, After manuring in the drill for 4 years and filling the ground with hllllllls we co~e t~ a point where i.clea,l cotton culture can begin.' Now we begin.to manure broadcast, turning it iu flush, harrowing the grouud, laymg it off on a level m rows 4 by 4 feet, and lllantmg cotton at the mtersection of each fnrrow. In this system we dispeni;e with the hoc, the most deadly enemy the cotton-plant has to enco1mter, and use the plow altogether, iilowing hoth ways, antl thiuning ])y hand to a stand of two stalks per hill. Upon this system of culture, properly carrietl out, I belie\·e that an average protluction of 3 bales' of cotton per acre is possible. TR.A.NSPORTATION.-The princii1al cotton markets in the state are Savannah, Augusta, Atlanta, ::\lacou, and Columbus. As a rule, farmers prefer to sell to local buyers at railroad stations, thus avoiding delay, trouble, and commission charges, which are found to counterbalance any atlditional advantages that might arise with small shipments to great markets; The owners of very large farms usually secure the services of commission merchants, to whom tbe factories send their orders. Some of the latter, however, have their agents in the various portions of tlie state, wbo buy directly from the planters, taking the cotton from the wagons at the depots. The rates of transportation over the different routes vary according to the relation of competing lines. Tlie rates were once fixed pm· bale of any 'Weight above 300 pounds, and it was therefore to the au vantage of the shipper that the weight of a bale should be as great as possible, limited, of course, by other expenses, such as the extra handling and drayage incident to such an increasecl weight. Those weights frequently reached GOO pounds, but 475 pounds was in 187!) the usual bale. The irregnlai·ity of charges made by the railroads eaused such a feeling of dissatisfaction in the state that a railroad comIDis;:;ion has been created by the legislature and a schedule of rates as uniforID as possible has been adopted, uot by the hale, as heretofore, but by the i1ound, and the tendency now is a reduction in tbe weight of the bale for greater convenience in handling. This commission hasjnst been established, and this fact will explain the cliscrepanc,y IJetwceu the answers of the various correspondents in the county descriptions, which were made at different times. The ordinarj· hales coming from the country presses are large and bulky, aucl take up so much unnecessary i:;pa{)C that tmusportation companies now almost' imrariably have them reduced from 40 to 50 per cent. in size before shipment b;r means of steam hydraulic compresses. The pressure appliecl varies in the different presses, the highe;;t beiug about :J,800 tons per bale. So perfect are the details of ma.nipulation that from 100 to 150 bales per hour are passed throug'11 each press. The cities of Augusta, .Athens, Atlanta, Savannah, and Brunswick are supplied with these pres8es, all ownetl by private companies, the charges, which rang·e from 25 to GO' cents per bale, being paid by the transportatiou companies. Sa,vannah is the chief export town of the state. FERTILIZERS.-Previous to the late civil war, when there was much lan(l that had never been under tillage, planters gave but little attention to the restora.tion of old worn-out lands, or to the maintenance of fertility in those under cultivation. When crops became poor, new lands were cleared and cultivated, and tillage was shallo'": sn bsoiliug bnt little practiced, and fertilizers were al!Ilost unknown. With the abolition of slavery, and the consequent unreliability of labor and greater cost of production, came the question of obtaining the greatest resnlt8 1\"ith tlle least labor and cost. Commercial fertilizers were iutrocluced and fournl to be beneficial on some lands and not on others, and because of high prices were thought to be unprofitable by most farmers. l\Iauy inferior brands "ere also introduced and finally the legislature, to protect the people against worthless fert11izers, required that none be oiferetl for ~ale without having been analyzed and approved by the state department of agriculture. Inspectors, were appointed at Savannah, Augusta, .Atlanta, ancl other points, whose duties wore to take average samples of cwery cargo or braml and transmit them to the department for analysis. Every" aromoniatecl snperphosphate" must have'in its composition a minimum of S per cent. of available iillosphoric acid and 2 per cent. of ammonia; every brand of "acid phosphate" or "dissolved bone" must have 10 iier cent. of available phosphoric acid; and it was made tlle duty of the commissioner of agriculture to prohibit. t~e sale of any fertilizer which was found not to meet these req1iirements. The cost of inspection aml of an~lys~s .1s covered by a fee of 50 cents for every ton inspected, and is paid by the manufacturer. Tlle result of this ng1d inspection law is a greatly increaisecl nutritive value without additional cost per ton to the farmer. 325 60 COTTON PHODUOTION IN GEORGIA. The department of agriculture has also institutecl a general plan of experiments with the many brands of fertilizers. Each manufacturer is required to furnish 500 pounds of his own brand for this purpose, and this is distributed to persons selected in the various sections of the state. The ·experiments are conducted under directions of the department, and the results published. The use of commercial fertilizers in the form of composts with cotton-seed, stable manure, and other ingredients is growing in favor among the farmers, as better results are often obtained, an cl at a less cost, than when the several fertilizers are used alone. There has been au increased demand for commercial fertilizers since the season of 1875-'76, when the sale amounted to 551316 tons. In 1879-'80, 119,583 tons, embracing 182 brands, were used in the state; of this amount, 104,838 tons were ammoniated superphosphates and 13,906 tons were acid phosphates. Of the entire amount but 40 tons were rejected because lacking the necessary percentages of ingredients. The analyses made of these fertilizers numbered 277. In bis report to the commissioner the chemist remarks : The fertilizers offered on this market, while mostly coming up to the minimum required by law, present a wonderful Yariation in quality by reason both of material used in the manufacture and the.percentages of valuable ingredients containeil. The acid phosphates range all along from 16.3 per cent. to 6.5 per cent. of available phosphoric acid; the guanos from 13 per cent. to 51Jer cent. of phosphoric acid, aud from 7 per cent. to less than2 per cent. of ammonia and from 3 per cent. to less than 1 pei' cent. of potash, and still these, each of its own class, respectively, are sold to the farmer at practically the same price. The general average percentages of all the fertilizers for the season is reported as follows: Available phosphoric acid, 10.25 per cent. ; potash, 1.33 per cent.; ammonia, 2.58 per cent. SoIL EXHA.US'.1.'ION.-The exhaustion produced in soils by cultivation (without returns) varies with each crop planted. · · The following statement of estimates has been prepared by Professor E.W. Hilgard: Soil ingredlents withdrawn by varioits arops. Potash. Phosphoric acid. One bale of cotton : Pounds. Pounds. 400 potmtlsof lint makes 4pounda of ash, 1, 350 pounds of seed-cotton. containing ...... ·-·-·· ...... 1. 0 O. 5 { 950 pounds of seeu makes 41 pouuds of ash, containing . -.. -...... _...... 14. 7 15. 2 Totalsce Of tlie 41 pounds of ash in the seec1- The bulls, weighing 475 Jmuuds, contain O. 5 pounds of ash. The oil·cuke, weighing 308 pounds, contain 31. opounds of ash. The oil, weighing 107 pounds, contains O. 5 poumls of ash. 950 41. 0 Fifteen buRhela of wheat: The grain m11kes 18 potmds of ash, contnining ...... _·-·- ...... 5. 5 9. 0 Two tons of straw makes 200 pounds of ash (silica, 128 ponnc1s), containing 8. 0 8. 0 Total------.. -----·---·: ...... 13. 5 12. 0 Thirty-five bushels of corn: The grain makes 25 pounds of nsh, cont11ining. __ ...... _...... 6. 0 13.0 Tw'! tgns of stalks, etc., makes 200 pounds of nsh \50 pounds silic"), con· tammg ...... 15. 0 16.0 Total ...... 21. 0 29. 0 From t11ese tables the following is drawn: If nothing bo returned to tbo soil- .A. bale of cotton (seed and lint) withdraws ...... 16. 3 15. 7 Fifteen bushels of wheat (grain am! straw) withdraws ...... 13. 5 12.0 Thirty-five bushels of corn(gralnamlstalk) withuraws ...... 21. 0 29. 0 If the cotton.seed. wheat. straw, anil corn stalks be returned then there is permanently w;tbdrawn: . ' The cotton lint (of 1 bale), containing ...... 1. 6 0.5 The wheat grains (of 15 bushels), containing ...... 5. 5 9. 0 The corn grains (of 35 bushels), coHtaining __ , ___ ...... 1 6.0 18. 0 From this statement it will be seen tltat corn, with its stalks and cobs, withdraws more from the soil than either of the other crops; but as the stalks are altl\ost always returned, either as ashes or by plowing under, the loss is much less than with cotton. · ~ Under the present system of a1lowing the seed to be virtually thrown away, cotton is thus seen to be the most exhaustive of all crops, whereas the reverse would be tme should this seed be returned to the soil. - 326 GENERAL DISCUSSION. 61 The oil, of which 107 pounds are contained in the seed belonging to every bale of cotton is another source of waste of a highly useful product. With only half a pound of ash, its return• to the soil with' the seed is a matter of no consequence, as the proportion of plant-food it contains is extremely sman. The cotton-seed oil-mills now springing up in various parts of the state afford an op"portunity of having the hulls removed and the oil extracted from the seed, the resulting cake or meal (if ground) still retaining nearly all of the essential elements in a mute concentrated and more available form. In this connection th~ following estimates may be of interest. Taking-. the general average proportion of two of seed to one of lint, we find that there were at least 386,858 tons of cotton-seed produced in Georgia in 1879. Hefrrring to the table, and takillg the percentages of phosplloric acid and of potash, we again find that the seed of the cotton crop of 1879 alone took from the soils of the state 6, 189 tons of phosphoric acid and 5,996 tons of potash, makiug an average loss to every acre cultivated in cotton of 4.7 poundR of phosphoric acid and 4.6 pounds of potash. The lint produced withdrew 244 tons of phosphoric acid and 1,547 tons of potash or an average of 0.2 pound of phosphoric acid and 1.2 pounds of potash to each acre of cotton. ' To replace the 6,189 tons of phosphoric acid taken from the soil by the cotton-seed of 1879 alone there were returned through the medium of fertilizers, in the spring of 1880, 11,500 tons, or nearly double the amount lost~ For the 5,996 tons of potash, but 1,500 was returned, thus creating a loss of nearly three-fourths of the potash . .These fertilizers have been applied on an increased cotton acreage, and hence the gain may be considered less in the case of phosphoric acid and the loss greater in potash. These .figures are again influenced somewhat by the fact that cotton-seed it8elf is being returned to the soil as a manure. The Jong table of analyses appended to this report shows that the soils of the state are, on the whole, very poor in the percentage of phosphoric acid and of potash, and cannot long bear the great loss inflicted by the immense cotton crops unless fertilized. This, too, will account in part for the great proportion of lands now "lying out" becanse of exhaustion. Had the cotton-seed or its equivalent been returned to the soil each year since first brought into cultivation, the fertility would now be nearly if not quite the same as at first, and ~he necessity of a large excess of fertilizers would have been obviated. Fertilizers are applied in drills by means of tin fonnels with long. tubes, the planter walking in the rowR, keeping the funnel full from a sack at his side, and allowing the fertilizer to fall evenly.. This extremely disagreeable method is fast giving way to "distributers" on wheels, by which the object is attained with greater economy of time, labor, material, and a partial relief from the disagreeable odors that attend it and fix themselves in the clothing. NATURAL FERTILIZERS OCCURRING IN GEORGIA..-1l.1arls.-These embrace the extensive beds of marl that occur in the central cotton belt from the Savannah to the Chattahoochee river south of the metamorphic or middle Georgia region. They are described and their analyses given on page 44, in the regional description. 'fhe Cretaceous marls on the west, from Columbus nearly to Fort Gaines, in Olay county, are of but little value agriculturally, except the bed of greensand that outcrops along the river bank in Stewart county. The Tertia~y marls, on the contrary, are very v-aluable, containing, as they do, above 90 per cent. of carbonate of lime, and m DOlwherty Houston and Washington counties very hig·h percentages of phosphoric acid. Anoth~r bed of ~ whit~ pulv-erulent marl occurs in the banks of the Satilla river at Burnt fort, in Charlton county; it is doubtless also very rich in lime. Blaolo muclo.-The cypress swamps of southern Georgia (embracing the long-leaf pine and coast regions) very , generally have thick deposits of a black muck or mass of decayed ;egetation that would be valuable on the sandy lands of that region and are used to some extent. An analysis of a sample from near Albany, Dougherty county, is hero given. It is spongy and light in character. Swamp muck. I ~~~~--~~-1-~-1I 1 ~~!;~-~~~~~·:::::::::::·::::::::: :::: :::::::: ::::::::::::! 5!: ~~~ rotnsh and soda ---········--·- .•••.. ···-··-·-·······-·· 0.152 Limo .•••..•.•• ·······-·-···-·---·-···················---- L312 Magnesia·-·······-······-----··---···-···-·--···...... 0.129 Oxide of iron···········-···-·········------········----· 3.224 Alumina ..•.•••••.•••••• ····--·--···---··-··--······--··· 2.415 Phosphoric acid··----·-·····-······---·-·-···-····-·---- 0.241 Sulphuric acid .••.••••••••••• - .. ----·- ·-···-...... ·--· 0.106 Carbonic aoid .. -··--··- -···----·-·· ···-·· ·--···-··-··---· O. 914 Organicmatter ·············--·-··-·--··-······--···-·-·· 22.450 Water ...... ;··-······-····-··--··-·-·-··---···-······1---11-.s-21_ Total .•.•..•••••• ·-······-·····-··-·-··--······--·· 100. 000 The muck deposits that cover the greater part of Okefenokee swamp are several feet in thickness, and form o. dense mass resembling "peat" in character. 327 \52 OOT11 0N PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA. PINE STRAW.-Another fertilizing element that could very profitably enter into compost heaps is the fallen long-leaf pine straw that usually covers the groun(lin southern Georgia. The following rmalysis and remarks ~re · taken from the report on Mississippi by Professor Hilgard. The air-dried "straw", carefnlly freed from adhermg impurities, yielded. 2.5 per cent. of ash. The composition of the llvtter (calculated exclusive of abont 6.5 per cent. of carbonic acid) was found to be as follows: Ash of long-leaf pine straw. ------·- ! Attl>. ------'------·--~------! -- Silica, ...... \ UG. 242 Potr:i;h ...... ··•··· .••..•.. ! 5. 530 0. 41G ~~!:. ::::: :::::: :::::::::::: :::: :::::·.·.::::·_:·.::::::: ::: :i 13. SGO :hfngneHia ...... •••••• ...... ·-··-·-I 5. :208 Drown oxi<1o of manganese---·····-···----···------·····\ l. 081 Pcrnxi [Notwithstarnliug the unusm.tllj' low percentage of ph0t>phoric aci f X·''"'·&Y."C:'' c·"'""''•·c• ·-.. . ..-,•"~'!'1'11!!'11------ .. Analyses of soils and, subsoils of Georgf a. • ~ ~ I i'i .. 0 " t( .; ~c! "".."' e.0 ~ .,_" § "'"';.....:::= a El i ~ p ., .... ·s .... ~ ~ " .S'g _.,.. o. :tl. oo. "iil "" ~ di;l a NBmo. Loon.lity. County. Vegetation IDepU1.I "" ..,, .. ,,; ~ 13~ fSI Analyst. i:: ]~ .M"'"' ~ "' ~~ ~'O ;::" ". I< -a0 .E"' '0$ d 0 "'"M d 0 ., ~ " _ 'lil 0 ·.:" '"0 .. .. ·~.,, .<:I !;::! .. t:P ""' Jl 0" ~ ~ "' ~ ,; "§, ~ " 13 ~ .<:I ., 'oi !;l, :il :=l .. ·s 0 .e" 0 .., 13"" " -"0 ~ 0 2 0 .. ~ ~ 00 "'"'H p.., "'Ul ~ i>1"' P'l " 1 ~12 Grayso1l •••••..•••••••••••• lmilonorthof Clarksville. Haborsham.} . . f 6 j91.0981 l.828192.9~6I0.122I0.1220.02110.0310.025 0.847 2.598,0.0350.0261 3.316100.06911.70012.0 R.H.Longhridge. Oaks, hickory, 11.ml pme.. J I 213 Sub.soilofNo.212 .••.••••••.••.•. do ...... do...... 6-9 80.276 3.409!83.685I0.1711°"036i°.044I0.053 0.161 4.134 7.066 ?.07 0.006 4.619100.051 3.27012.0 Do. 1 1 1 507 Gray~oil. ••••••••••..••••.• Dr. Janes, near Penfield .. Greene•••••.••••. do·····--······-~-'--·· 6 9~.244 l.0~7l92.2611°"135j Tr. 0.026(089 0.022 1.3~0 3.3051°"11G0.020 2.416 99.71012.30016.0 Do. 1 1 508 su:;a:~::~;::~-~~~;_---· •••••. do ...... do...... 6-9 1 8o.344 7. l,T2. 51T11Tooyo2T 0841°.018 1. 118 3.42T 132 0.011 3.122!100.634\ 2. 67016... o Do. 1 821 Rilllo.nd soil •••.••• --.. .. • . HBlf a mile north of Pray'a Douglas . • . White oak and hickory ...... 3 180. 265I 2. 570 88. 835 0. 159 0.100 O. 133 O. 033 0.157 2. 660 3.183 O. 297 0.196 4. 598100. 351[ 2. 847,18. o/ J". B. Durrett. church. I 1 I I I I I 206 Red clay subsoil of No. 82 •••••••. do .•••••••••••••••.••..••. do...... ••••••.••••.••• .•••.• .•.••• 3-10 186.430 1. 52087. 9500. 225 10.095 O. 095 0.0800.145· 3. 810 4. 7080.1420.1011 3.175100. 526 2. 960·19.o\ Do. 8. 953:100. 219 8. 479 13. o Do. 203 1 Deep red soil •••••••••••••.. ! Marietta••••... Cobb •••... 1 Post, red oak, and hickors-- 8 '160. 370. 2. 000 62. 370 0.186 0.119 o. 070 o. 065 0.196 9. 705 18. 0661·0. 204 o. 285,· I i I I I I I I I I 5. 3601 99. 934I 3. 533l18. O1 R.. H. Loughridge 390 Red soil ..•.••.••.•••..• miles east of La Grange .• Troup Oa~, hickory, ash, popl_ar, { 4 77. 0881 5. 747184. 43y 14710. 0491°" 0591°.12710. 029, 4. 8121 5. 67010.131,0.1~5 I ·-··19 I -····15 pme, chestnut, pel'SIID· 391 RedsubsoilofNo.390 •.••••.•••.. do .•••....•..••••••••..•.. do...... mon, and buckeye. 4-9 77. oosj 7. 937 84. 942 0. rnsJ°" orn o. o9y 15y. oG4 s. 213 6. ny.1001°" 011 3. 776101. 27~13· 841;19. 0 Do. 1 1 1 254 :&edsoil ••.••...••••••..••. Nortbea.stcomerofcounty. Monroe .•.. {Post and white oak~,5 4 81. 924 5. 453 87. a77 0.129 o. 042 0. o.;7 0.125 0. 029/ 4.160 3. 566( 137 o. oss 4. 398 100. lOol 3. 498113. 0 Do. 1 1 1 1 255 RedsnbsoilofNo.254 ..••_ •..••••• do ••••.•••..•.••..••••.•.. do .•.••. S chestnut and pine. ·{ 4-9 7L 58'2 9. 021180. 603 0.154-1 0. 0930. 03310.149 0. 005: 9. 212• 3. 810 0. 16410. 368 5. 311 99. 902 4. 709i16. O Do. I 1 1 I I I I I 1 I 1 172 Sandy mulatto soil...... 5 miles north of .A.thens • • . Clnrke..... Red oak, hickory, and pine .. 12 88. 44-0 3.175 91. 615 0.153 0. 07~ o. 06o o. mr 060 2. 214 4. 272 0.1os o. 050 1. 938100. 649I 2. 039l18. 0 J.B. Durrett. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 514 Red soil ....•. •. .... • .• . . ••. Dr. Janes. near Penfield .• ., Greene ••. - 6 75. 803 5. 00180. 804 0.1511·.0. 030.0.162 0.14610. 02015. 8771 5. 77910. 096,0. 015 6. 777 99. 862. 6. 600 16. 0 R. H. L-Oughridge. .I I I I ~ I I I 515 RedsnbsoilofNo.514 •••••••••••• do ....•••••.••....••• J ... do .•••• ; 6-9 73. 805 7.155l80. :6° O. 128 0. 01y 077 0. l~O 0.150 4. 343I 9. 5JO. 0551°" 008 4. 832100. 319 5. 180 16. 0 Do. 1 1 1 1 1 516 I Red soil Near Milledgeville ••••.••. I Baldwin ••• 6 82. 402 a. 34o ss. 142 0.1341°" o34 0. ia2 o. a53 o. oanl 3. so3, 4. 554 0. oao o. 029 5. 382100. 232 4. 890 11. 0 Do. 1 1 1 1 1 1 8. 891 99. 89915. 980 22. 0 Do. 1491 Red soil··················· 1 NearElberton .•••••••••••. Elbert. ..•• 11R~wbite,andpo~toaks,{ 5 73. 690 3. 370,77. 060 0.176 0. 0041·0. 090 0.112 0.1461 5. 9891! 7. 30510. 071.10. 055 · I pme, dogwood, hickory, · I I · I I 1 150 Red clay subsoil. •••••.••••.•••••• do •••••••••.•.•.••••••.... do ••. ••. and chestnut. 5-12 ·:1· 820, 4. OlOC. 830 0.1311°. 080r osy. 037 0. 072 5.1~14. 38310. 05T. 069 3. 506 99. 41713. 788 20. 0 Do. CENTRAL COTTON REGION. 1 166 Reel hill soil...... 6 miles southwest of Lump- Stewart ..•. , .•••...•....•••..•••...... •.•• 6113. 422 2. 709 16. l~l 0.134 Tr. ,O. 2191°"28910.164 4. 05410. 598(. 0691°" 0~5 8. 3091100. 0021 7. 510116. OI R. H. Longbridge. kin. 1 1 1 322 Dark sandy upland soil..... 4 miles ea.st of Fort Gaines. Cla.y. . • . . . • Long-leaf pine and oak un- 3190. 230 1. ~0192.110.0. 067,0. 00910.11910. 09010. 313. 1. 92712.14110.11110. 054 2. 881 99. 8821 2. 906j14. O' C. Cory. . I dergrowth. 323 Red sandy subsoil ..•••••••.•••... do ••••.••.••....•••••.•••. do ••..•. 3-9 91. 330 2. 3aOl93. 680 0. 047.o. 034J°" 086i°. 087 0.16712. 442, 2. 295 0. 084 0.166 o. 993 100. 081 2. :22 15. 0 Do. 1 1 1 2. 354100. 270 2.125 21. Do. 2521 Dark sandy soil ...•••. ···-·· J. S. Green's, Chocky creek.I Lee r.ong-leafpine, red oak, and 7 92. 460 1. 550 94. 010 0. 0951°" 036 0. 0101°" o83i°. 040 o. 843 2. 641lJ°' 039 0. 045 o 1 ··-·····1 scanty nndergrowtb. 1 1 1 1 1 266 Red·lrlll soil (bnhr-stone) . • . South of Americus . . ••••.. Sumter ...... 6 84. 501 1. 699186. 200 0, 0751°" 06810. 08110.17710. 08213. 01316. 50710. 06610. 041 4. 193 100. 503 4. 372 20. O R. B:. Loughridge. 1 1 ~ 359 Gmysoil NearBnshyvillo ••••••.•... , Houston ... llPost, red, white,. nnd{ • 3 90. 681 1. 885 92. 56~ o. 275J°" 130 0. 055,o. 048 0.172 1. 837 1. 435 0.1051°' 034 3. 682100. 340 2. 966 16. 0 J. B. Durrett. P> black-jack oaks, hick- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t'i. 360 I Yellow loam subsoil •••.•••. !.••••. do ...... do·...... ory, and pine. 3-9 !88. 990 , 1. 985:90. 975 0. 2Qe o. !i6ljo. 065t°' 067 o. 001 1. s6ol 3. 282J°' 1oy. 085 2. 580 99. 338 4.1sy6. o Do. 1 1 1 1- O';) Ct • 66 COTTON PRODUO"TION IN GEORGIA . .Determination of h'U.'lltUS and analysis of its ash from the above soili. ~ I PERCE~TAGES REFERRED TO THE SOIL. , .~~ I .s 74 Analyst. County. . ~ ~ \ S .~ rd d Name. Locality. r1.J r::;:O ,el • • rJ'J i::I i:I s <;j.s I ~~ E ,g ~ ~ ~-§ .~ i ~ ~ ~" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ iJJ -1 Cednrtown ....•.•.•-.- .•--.- .•- ••-.- ••- ••---.J~ ~ l, 378 !~1= = == ~ ~ -0.-7-01-!·-G-.-E-.-C-o-lb-y-. 517 I :Oark mulatto soil .. . Near Adairsville...... B1wtow. 1. 852 o. 000 \ O. 010 l 0. 059 O. 004 . • •• . • • . • • • •. . • . . .• . . . • . . • • . . • • . Jt, H. Lough. 518 I Mulatto soil ...... ridge. ! 0.027 027 0. 020 ···ai·····------· ..... ------·· Do. 519 \ •• ·.••. do .•••.••••.... Near Adairsville (cultivated 100 .. do..... 1. 774 1.313 o. I years). O. 169 G. E. Colby. 1. 264 0.127 • ••• . . • • • • • • . • • • 0.171 0.015 o. 916 G04 I' Black bottom soil... B11er creek...... Screven. 15. 913 :Oo. 509 Sandypine woods soil Near Lumber City •••••• ... .. • •• • •. Telfair. O. 836 1.298• ·••••••• •·•··••· •••••••• ••••·••• ·••··••· ••••••·• ·••··••· Do. 511 j Live-oak land...... Sunbucy ...... · j Liberty. 3. 776 C.312 ...... ········\········ ••••••_ •• 332 i ~'