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Physiographic Divisions of the United States Author(S): Nevin M Physiographic Divisions of the United States Author(s): Nevin M. Fenneman Source: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Dec., 1928), pp. 261-353 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Association of American Geographers Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2560726 Accessed: 26/12/2009 10:45 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=taylorfrancis. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Association of American Geographers and Taylor & Francis, Ltd. are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annals of the Association of American Geographers. http://www.jstor.org ANNALS of the Association of American Geographers VOLUMEXVIII DECEMBER, 1928 No 4 PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NEVIN M. FENNEMAN Third Edition Revised and Enlarged CONTENTS Page Introduction.............................................................. 264 Need of Natural Divisions ................... 264 Work of the Association of American Geographers.264 General Principles............. 266 Criteria Considered ................................... ..... ... 267 Nature of Boundary Lines...................................... 268 Major and Minor Divisions.271 The Naming of Divisions.............................................. 272 Classified List of Divisions.272 Definitions. .. ............. 280 Description and Interpretationof Boundary Lines`..... 289 Laurentian Highland...................................... 289 Atlantic Plain.290 Landward Boundaries of the Coastal Plain............................... 290 Sections of the Coastal Plain.292 AppalachianHighlands .292 Piedmont Province.292 Boundaries. ...................................................... 292 Sections of the Piedmont.294 Blue Ridge Province.294 Boundaries....... ; 294 Sections of the Blue Ridge Province................................ 296 AppalachianValley Province................................ 296 General Relations.296 Tennessee and Middle Sections ............. .......... 297 Hudson Valley.300 St. LawrenceValley .301 AppalachianPlateaus............... , ... 301 Boundaries....................................................... 301 Sections of the AppalachianPlateaus .303 New England Province.305 Boundaries .............. .................................. 305 Sections of the New England Province .....305 AdirondackProvince. 307 Interior Plains................. .. 307 Interior Low Plateau.................,... 307 Features of the Province.................. , . .......... 307 Boundaries....................................... 308 Sections of the Interior Low Plateau.309 Central Lowland....................,,,,,,........... 309 Boundaries...... : 309 Driftless Sections of the Central Lowland...,, . , 313 261 262 FENNEMAN-PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF THE U. S. [Dec. Page Lake Sections of the Central Lowland............................... 314 Till Plains Sections of the Central Lowland............ 316 Great Plains Province............ 317 General Relations............ 317 .Boundaries... 318 Middle Sections ............ 320 Northern Sections............ 322 Southern Sections............ 323 Texas Hill Section............................. 323 Interior Highlands ..325 Ozark Plateaus..325 Boundaries . ................................................... 326 Sections of the Ozark Province.327 Ouachita Province ..327 Rocky Mountain System........ 328 Southern Rocky Mountains.328 Wyoming Basin........................................................ 331 Middle Rocky Mountains............. 333 Northern Rocky Mountains............. 335 Intermontane Plateaus ............. 337 Columbia Plateaus............. 337 Colorado Plateaus ............. 338 Boundaries........................................................ 338 Sections of the ColoradoPlateaus ............. 341 Basin and Range Province............. 342 General Relations............. 342 Great Basin Sections ............. 343 Southern Sections of the Basin and Range Province............. 346 Pacific Mountain System ............. 347 Sierra-CascadeProvince ............. 347 Sierra Nevada ............. 347 Cascade Mountains............. 348 Pacific Border Province................................................. 351 Lower CalifornianProvince ............. 353 1928] NOTE ON THIRD EDITION 263 NOTE ON THE THIRD EDITION This paper was originally published in the Annals of the Asso- ciation of American Geographers, Volume VI, pages 19-98. About 700 reprints were made and kept for sale by the Association. As these were quickly exhausted a second edition of 600 was printed in 1921. For the present edition both the paper and the map have been revised. All changes have been submitted to the physio- graphic committee of the U. S. Geological Survey. Unless other- wise stated the system of physiographic units here described is identical with that in use by the U. S. Geological Survey. The only purpose of this paper is to designate physiographic divisions and trace their boundaries. No attempt is made to de- scribe them except so far as this is necessary in order to justify their recognitionas separate divisions. Physiographersare invited to offer criticismsand suggestions with respect to areas of which they have special knowledge. 264 FENNEMAN-PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF THE U. S. [Dec. INTRODUCTION Need of Natural Divisions.-That the earth's surface must be divided into smaller parts in order to be described, is too obvious for argument. No continent, and probably not the tenth part of any continent (unless it be in western Australia) is simple enough to be described as a physiographic unit. Each division to be described should be as homogeneous as possible; that is, it should admit of the largest possible number of general statements before details and exceptions become necessary. A number of attempts have been made to divide the United States into natural or physical units, but no attempt has heretofore been made to define boundaries so that such units shall not overlap or leave spaces unaccounted for. Without such boundaries it is not possible to tabulate the population, resources, and industrial statistics of each natural division so as to show in an effective way the influence of physical environment on human life. It is not sur- prising, therefore, that demands for such homogeneous units, properly delimited, have come from many diverse sources: from half a dozen government scientific bureaus; from state and national surveys; from transportation companies and the bureaus that supervise them; from a great variety of agricultural interests; from colleges and universities, somewhat in the interests of geol- ogy, but more especially of geography. Official surveys, State and National, are annually describing a large number of small areas. In most cases some attention is given to the geographic setting of such areas and to physiographic description or explanation. Such chapters or paragraphs are com- monly headed Geography or Physiography or Topography. In describing a quadrangle, county, or other area, it is common to refer it to some larger area, generally called a " province," though that word has been used very loosely. The implication of this, beside merely locating the field, is that the province is recog- nized as having certain characteristics common to the whole and that in locating the field within it, a general impression of the character of the smaller area is imparted. The province, with its known characteristics, is mentioned chiefly to give a setting for the smaller field. When used in this way, the value of the province depends largely on its homogeneity. Work of the Association of American Geographers.-For sev- eral years previous to 1915, the Association of American Geogra- 1928] INTRODUCTION 265 phers interested itself in the work here proposed. Two lengthy papers were presented at the Princeton meeting in December, 1913, and published in the Annals of the Association, Vol. IV, 1914.' At the Chicago meeting of the Association in December, 1914, a round-table conference was devoted to the subject. Following these events a committee was appointed to devise a systematic division of the United States. This committee con- sisted of Messrs. M. R. Campbell and F. E. Matthes of the United States Geological Survey, Professors D. W. Johnson of Columbia University, Eliot Blackwelder, then of the University of Illinois, and Nevin M. Fenneman of the University of Cin- cinnati (chairman). The detailed work of this committee was performed largely by a subcommittee consisting of Messrs.
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