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Manual .,Landforms; and The1 R Interpretation From British Columbia Forest Serviee . Research Note No. 6681974 , MANUAL .OF .,LANDFORMS; AND THE1 R INTERPRETATION ..^__ FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS "- 'iw~ WITHEMPHASIS ON FOREST LAND MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA PART I - LANDFORMS by N. Keser PREFACE A Landform Interpretation Manual is being prepared by Dr. Nurettin Keser as a result of the Geology-Landform Soils courses that he has organised and presented in several Forest Districts throughoutBritish Columbia since 1969. This is anadvance copy of Part 1 ofthe proposed manual. Part 2 will follow later in the year and will be written in co- operationwith other resource users. It will illustrate landform interpretation for forested land management practice. The purpose of releasing a preliminary copy is to solicit yourassistance, as usersduring the 1974 fieldseason, to improve upon content and presentation before final editing and publication. I believe this pioneering text will contribute much to our understanding. I commend theproject to youand trustthat the information will be of value to you in your work and will stimulate further suggestions for its improvement. G. C. Warrack, Forester i/c , Research Division. ... INTRODUCTION This landform handbook has been preparedprimarily for B.C. ForestService InventoryDivision personnel as an aid to their field undertakings. Thehandbook is not in its final form since there was an urgency to preparethe book so it could be used in the 1974 field season. Texts are presently being prepared forthe various sections although they may not be ready in time to be included in the book. Some tables and figuresare enclosed. It was thought that, having recently completed the landforms - photo interpretation course, the user would easily be able to utilize the information. Again, due tolack of time,critica-1 editing of theinterpretations was not possible andsome errors are anticipated. The finalversion of the landform handbook is planned for the fall. It is hoped that persons wing it during the summer 1974 season will significantlycontribute to thefinal format. It wouldbe most appreciated if the .following information could be provided at the end of the field season: 1. Any errors in thefigures and tables. 2. Inconsistancies or errors in interpretation. Where the user is not satisfied with the interpretation, this fact should be noted . 3. The generallocation when it is notgiven, so that it may be added do airphoto descriptions. 4. Any suggestionsas to how the handbook maybe improved. 5. Photo numbers or examples that theuser maycome across this sumrrcer, or may already know from prev.ious years which can be incorporatedinto the handbook. (Seethe out1 i ne). Note: Corrections andcomments should bemade in theuser's copy. At the end of the book a blank sheet is provided forsuggestions. 4.'. It is sincerely hoped that the handbook - even in its present form - will be of some assistanceto the Inventory Division personnel in their work. Nuretti n Keser , May 3, 1974 TABLE OF CONTENTS '4 PART I A. AERIAL PHOTO INTERPRETATION Kinds and scale of photographs Elements of airphoto interpretation B . LANDFORMS - Basicconcepts .I Bedrock types and landforms I1 Glaciated landforms Erosional Depositional I11 Non-glaciallandforms Fluvial Col1 uvial Aeol i an Lacustrine Mar i ne Organic IV MassMovements PRACT.f.CRLS ,,AND dEXERC-ISES 'W 4. D. GLOSSARY E. REFERENCES . PART I1 F. INTERPRETATION OF LANDFORMS FOR FOREST LAND MANAGEMENT INBRITISH COLUMBIA Forestry Engineering Watershed management Water quality Ground water Recreation Wildlife Fisheries Mining Pollution Industrial Development Integrated resource management Impact Studies G. PRACTICALS AND EXERCISES H. GLOSSARY I. REFERENCES c '" '" L w t- z H z I 0 . I" DENORITIC TRE LLtS RADIAL ANNULAR RECTANGULAR 0 0 e* pa 0 KETTLE HOLE SWALLOWHOLE BRAIDED PINNATE DERANGED BARBED FIGURE 2, BASIC DRAINAGE PATTERNS (Pa.rvis, 7950) v).. W P I" S m r v) ow LaJ CrL CL ow V" am. YLC n v n-? z ov L4- m a ooa wv) nx. VW oms e- ra W CLI P U ma ' ET -t4 tn am c W -.I m a I" -.. -. ... /- TABLE 2. GULLY ANALYSIS - SAND AND GRAVEL GULLIES p.tcr' (Keser, 7974) Description Material Common Landforms notalways Sand, gravgl. outwashplain present short, , appreciablegrain size Val ley train steep V-shaped non-cohesive fluvialterrace "gash" or "nick" high poros i ty fluvialfans - rarely on eskersor dunes GULLY CHARACTER I ST I cs LENGTH short WIDTH . narrow DEPTH shal low to mdderate 1 'Sharp angl e V-shaped 'I L CROSS head atanglessharp f -c SECT I ON ends. angleof repose of the Angleof materialdetermines - sha pe reposethe shape " PLAN shortsimple and direct seldom has more than one tributary Foot ..~ Steep,short PROF I LE uniformgradient sharpnickpoint at headend . Foot' A Head References TABLE 3. GULLY ANALYSIS - CLAY GULLIES (Keser, 1974) Description Common Landforms Material Smoothlycurving clay Marine,glaciomarine . shallow lacustrine,glacio- small grain size "swa 1 e- 1 i ke" I Inol I frictional resistance lacustrine clay loam till "L.vL, 1ow po ros i ty plains shale bedrock. \ I GULLY CHARACTERISTICS smoothlycurving, or at leastnon-intricate, with LAN a moderate number of I simi 1ar branches. dendriticdrainage with mode rate dens i ty . .. I gentle,fairly uniform t"' ROF I LE gradient mergi.nij impercep, tiblyinto the terrain at1 thehead end. Foo t4Head Ref e rences w TABLE 4. GULLY ANALYSIS - SILTGULLIES (Keser, 1974) ~~ ~ Descriotion Materia 1 Common Landforms U-shape gull ies silt, fine sand .1 oes s "trough- 1 i ke" weaklycemented silty marine,glaciomarine to sandy material . ' . lacustrine,glacio- I lacustrine. GULLY CHARACTERISTICS LENGTH 1 ong W 1 DTH moderate DEPTH variablebut tending to be moderate CROSS -variably U SECTION shaped, thevariation occurringtoward the bottom Sharpangles-at head end I s i des intricate, with moderate 9ead P LAN to many branches of s imi lar nature dendriticpattern; w i tn 11 i gh dens i ty.. Foot - gentle,uniform gradient withabrupt head end Head PROF I LE pinnacles and buttresses Foot I cferences TABLE 5. GULLY ANALYSIS - GRADED (TILL) GULLIES *vJ (Keser, 1974) r OESCRI PT I ON ~ MATERIAL COMMON LANDFORMS 11 V-shaped gullies but curved on plan view ''grade gull ies" GULLY CHARACTERISTICS LENGTH moderate W i DTH . wide on clay, narrower on sandytiJ11 DEPTH shallow on clay but deep in sandy tills I analesSharp CROSS similar to -granular SECT ION gullies V-shaped with sharp angles at head ends V curving with moderate PLAN number of tributaries (less than that of clay) dendritic drainage on old tills t Foot steep and short PROF I LE uniform gradient sharp nickpoint at head end head A Head Foot References rn >-f= mo t 0 C, m -r- l- 0 '4- -0 S C 0 m .C.u E nr 0 c, cn .r- W o m 0 m w 0 V > .r ac -0 aJ v) c, v) 3 W 0 L W 0 z % h c t- m- LC L 0 W W S 0, v) z cn ac Ill I I W I- I- 6Ja 2 0 I- 0 S n -I N a Y \D W A M a k- .. .. ".. In W m 2 b Y- O m m QJ L ra C, v) w L u V W P VI t c, 3 S 0 W L W 5. 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