Diplomarbeit Final Version 2

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Diplomarbeit Final Version 2 Viktoria Grossauer Akustische Detektion der Echoortungssignale von Fledermäusen bei lautproduzierenden Laubheuschrecken Magisterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters an der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Betreut von: Univ-Prof. Dr. Heinrich Römer Institut für Zoologie, AG Neurobiologie und Verhalten 2010 Viktoria Grossauer Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die Arbeit selbständig angefertigt habe. Die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind also solche kenntliche gemacht. Die Arbeit wurde bisher keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und noch nicht veröffentlicht. Graz im Juni 2010 Viktoria Grossauer 2 Danksagung: Ich möchte mich von ganzen Herzen bei allen bedanken, die mich beim Zustandkommen dieser Diplomarbeit unterstützt haben. Mein besonderer Dank gilt Herrn Dr. Manfred Hartbauer, der mir jederzeit bei meinen vielen Fragen und technischen Problemen geduldig geholfen hat. Ich möchte mich auch für das angenehme Arbeitsklima im Büro von Manfred bedanken. Ein besonderer Dank gilt auch Herrn Prof. Dr. Römer, der mich ebenfalls sehr unterstützt hat. Danke an alle Heuschreckenmännchen, die sich bereit erklärten mich bei meiner Diplomarbeit zu unterstützen und mir die Scheu von Heuschrecken nahmen. Weiters möchte ich mich herzlich bei meinen Eltern und Großeltern bedanken, die über ganze fünf Jahre lang immer an mich geglaubt haben und mich auf liebevollste Weise unterstützt haben. Meinen Großeltern und meiner Uroma danke ich für die großzügige finanzielle Unterstützung. Danke an meine Geschwister Peter und Julia, die mir immer ein Lächeln schenkten. Danke noch mal an meine gesamte Familie, die mir mein Zoologie Studium überhaupt erst ermöglicht haben. Danke an Conny, Karin, Kati, Daniela, Lisi, Bernhard und allen meinen Freunden für diese wunderbare Uni-Zeit. Ein besonderer Dank an Stefan und Carina, die allzeit für mich da waren und den Mittagscafe vollkommen machten. Danke auch für die wunderbare Freundschaft, die innerhalb dieser fünf Jahre entstanden ist. Meinem Freund möchte ich auch herzlichst für jegliche Unterstützung danken. Dankeschön, das du mir des Öfteren beim Fangen von Heuschrecken geholfen hast, auch wenn das nicht immer einfach war. Danke, dass du meine Launen und meine Motivationstiefs immer mit Humor ertragen hast. 3 1 Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................................... 5 2 Einleitung ....................................................................................................................... 7 3 Material & Methode ................................................................................................. 10 3.1 Versuchstiere .................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.1 Tettigonia viridissima und Tettigonia cantans ....................................................................... 10 3.1.2 Gesangsmuster ............................................................................................................................ 11 3.1.3 Mecopoda elongata .................................................................................................................... 12 3.2 Tierhaltung ....................................................................................................................... 12 3.3 Playbackexperimente ..................................................................................................... 13 3.3.1 Playback Stimuli ......................................................................................................................... 14 3.4 Schallkalibrierung ........................................................................................................... 15 3.5 Auswertung ....................................................................................................................... 16 Signaldetektionsmodell angewandt auf T. viridissima Gesänge ........................................................ 17 Auswerteparameter der T. cantans Gesänge ......................................................................................... 17 Auswerteparameter für Mecopoda elongata Gesänge : ....................................................................... 18 4 Ergebnisse .................................................................................................................... 19 4.1 Gesangsaktivität .............................................................................................................. 19 4.1.1 Bestimmung der Phonatomperiodendauer .............................................................................. 19 4.1.2 Bestimmung der Gesangslautstärke ......................................................................................... 21 4.1.3 Dauer des natürlichen Gesangs bei T. cantans ....................................................................... 22 4.1.4 Dauer der Gesangsperioden von T. viridissima .................................................................... 23 4.1.5 Reaktionen auf einen Stimulus ................................................................................................. 24 4.1.6 Dauer des natürlichen und gestörten Gesangs bei T. cantans .............................................. 25 4.2 Gesangspausen ................................................................................................................. 26 4.2.1 Häufigkeit der Reaktionen auf einen Stimulus ....................................................................... 26 4.2.2 Gesangspausen von T. viridissima ........................................................................................... 30 4.2.3 Vollständige und unvollständige Phonatome bei T. viridissima .......................................... 34 4.2.4 Latenz der Schreckreaktion ....................................................................................................... 35 4.2.5 Einfluss der Stimulusphase auf die Auslösung der Schreckreaktion ................................... 36 4.3 Mecopoda elongata ......................................................................................................... 40 4.3.1 Phasen -Antwortkurve nach Stimulation mit 30 kHz Pulsen ................................................. 40 5 Diskussion .................................................................................................................... 41 5.1 ASR bei T. viridissima ....................................................................................................... 42 5.2 Einfluss von Temperatur auf den Gesang der Tiere ............................................... 44 5.3 Kein ASR bei T. cantans .................................................................................................. 44 5.4 Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Schreckreaktionen ............................................. 46 5.5 Einfluss von Lautstärke und Stimulusperiode auf die ASR .................................. 46 5.6 Sinnesökologische Auswirkungen ............................................................................... 47 6 Literatur ....................................................................................................................... 48 4 1 Zusammenfassung Die Funktion innerartlicher akustischer Kommunikationssignale bei Heuschrecken besteht in der Anlockung von Paarungspartnern bzw. in der Abschreckung von Konkurrenten. Wie neuere Untersuchungen allerdings zeigen, werden durch den Gesang von Laubheuschreckenmännchen nicht nur Weibchen, sondern auch so genannte Nichtintendierte Empfänger wie Räuber oder Parasiten angelockt, sodass die Kommunikation auch negative Fitnesskonsequenzen haben kann. Zu den potentiellen Fressfeinden zählen auch Fledermäuse, für die die Heuschrecken eine bevorzugte Beute darstellen. Für einige Insektengruppen stellen Fledermäuse den wesentlichen Räuberdruck dar, der sich unter zwei unterschiedlichen Bedingungen zeigt. Einmal für fast jede nächtlich fliegende Insektenart, die durch echoortende Fledermäuse detektiert und geortet werden kann. Davon abweichend gibt es zweitens sog. passiv hörende Fledermäuse die auf die akustischen Signale bzw. anderen Geräusche ihrer Beute hören, und diese dann in der letzten Phase des Anflugs auch mit eigenen Echoortungsrufen lokalisieren. Auf diese Echoortungslaute in der Anflugphase zeigen einige Heuschrecken eine akustische Schreckreaktion in Form von vollständigem Beenden des Gesangs oder von Gesangspausen. Diese Schreckreaktion schützt singende Männchen vor der Detektion von Fledermäusen. Während der Produktion des lauten Gesangs kann die Hörempfindlichkeit der Insekten allerdings deutlich vermindert, und eine akustische Detektion von Räubersignalen während der Gesangsproduktion erschwert sein. Um diese Hypothese zu testen wurde in der vorliegenden Magisterarbeit den beiden Europäischen Laubheuschreckenarten T. viridissima und T. cantans fledermausähnliche Signale während ihrer Gesangsproduktion vorgespielt. Die Stimuli bestanden aus Sequenzen sich wiederholender Pulse, die einen Anflug der Fledermäuse auf ihre Beute simulierten (20 oder 50 Hz). Eine akustische Schreckreaktion in Form von Gesangspausen wurde ausgewertet. Da Parameter des Gesangs stark temperaturabhängig sind, wurden alle Versuche bei zwei Temperaturen von 28°C und 21°C durchgeführt. Männchen von T. viridissima zeigten auf derartig simulierte Fledermaussignale eine typische Schreckreaktion
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