HISTORY OF 7 STELLARTON /

t. by \ Aubrey. Dorrington

REFD 971 V .615 D Not To Be Taken Prom the Room Terence

A HISTORY J OF STELLARTON

by Aubrev. Dqrrington

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pioneers 1 Coal Mines 3 Railways 48 Town Departments 55 Early Industries 61 Churches 66 Schools 76 Fraternal Orders and Clubs 78 Military 83 Bands 89 Theatricals , 93 Sports 96 Post Offices 108 Theatres 109 Libraries , 110 Newspapers 110 Power Plants Ill Hotels 112 Airplanes 113 Air Cadets 114 Mining Museum 115 Rifle Association 115 Credit Union 116 Tram Cars 116 Buses 117 Housing 118 R.C.M.P 119 Medical Doctors 119 Male Chorus 119 Local Council of Women 120 Red Cross 120 The Early Days 121 Miner's Houses 127 Origin of Street Names 129 Old Residents 130 History Briefs 131 Biographies 134 Bibliography 144

5Q104 Cover Design by Lynn Cornish °

Copyright 1976.

Printed by The Advocate Printing & Publishing Co. Ltd., Pictou, Nova Scotia

PICTOU ANTIGONISH REGIONAL LIBRAE DEDICATION

I dedicate this book, "History of Stellarton", to my dear wife Mildred, to whom I am indebted for her valuable work and assistance in handling all my correspondence, keeping my files in order, taking dictation and doing all the typing of the manuscript, and for her help in researching and compiling of all material for this book. Without her help this history by me would not have been possible.

Signed Aubrey Dorrington FOREWORD

The writing of this book, has been prompted, by the feeling of the writer, that the need existed for a history of the town. Also, that it would serve a useful pur­ pose, and that this should be a statistical history. Differing to other histories of a general nature, in this respect, that it would furnish specific and ready reference, on matters pertaining to the town and its people. The compiling and gathering of data for this history, was made for the purpose of preserving the history of the town of "Stellarton" for future generations. Also, that it would give a stranger in our midst a thumbnail sketch of our industrial, cultural and religious background. In many cases it will be found that this book does not follow the narrative form, it was felt that articles by other writer's would be interesting and informative, and in some cases written in the present tense. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author acknowledges with thanks financial contributions to assist wiih ili>- publishing of this book. Dr. Frank H. Sobey Branch 28, Royal Canadian Legion The Town of Stellarton The Stellar Curling Club. William M. Sobey ABOUT THE AUTHOR

He was born on March 22,1913, in the Tom Munroe building at Acadia Corner in Stellarton. He attended the town schools and also St. Bridget's School. In 1932, he went to work as an engine driver in the Allan Shaft and later worked on the ventilation system. He obtained his coal miners certificate and worked as a contract miner. He managed three Jr. boy's softball teams and also a girl's team. In 1940 he volunteered for active service and served with the Pictou Highlan­ ders. In 1971 he founded the Order of Stellarite which is composed of sixty prominent citizens.

He is married to the former Mildred Sangster and has two daughters, Janet, Mrs Jack Munsie, Carolyn, Mrs Walter Wallace. They have ten grandchildren.

Stellarton s Pioneer Settlers The history of Stellarton's pioneer settlers began with the sailing from Scotland of the Ship Hector. She set sail from Loch Broom, Scotland on July 1st, 1773, with one hundred and eighty-nine passengers, thirty-three families and twenty-five unmarried men, for Pictou, Nova Scotia, under command of Captain John Spears. After a trying passage of six weeks, in which nineteen of the children died, the ship reached Pictou on Sept. 15th. Most of the new settlers, when they found that their grants were three miles back in the woods behind Pictou, left, and settled in other parts of the province. The rest remained and settled on the three rivers of the county. It being too late in the fall to plant crops they built crude huts and remained in Pictou the first winter, during this time they suffered great hardships, their provisions having run low. The following spring (1774) five of the 'Hector' passengers and their families, Colin MacKay, William MacKay, (Squire), Donald Cameron, Roderick MacKay and Donald MacKay, (Elder), all natives of Invernesshire, took up grants of land (on the strength of their army service) on the East River at what is now Stellarton. (The river was then known by the Micmac name Apchechkumoachwaakade, Duckland). The large expanse of intervale appealed to them, it lent itself to easy cultivation and was very fertile, while the land along the margins of the river was covered with thick forest. Clearing their land of the large trees entailed much time and labor. This group of pioneers were the first to settle in the East River Valley. Their first homes, built on the highground on the banks of the river, were log cabins and usually consisted of two rooms known as the 'Butt' and the 'Ben, the 'Butt' was the kitchen with its huge fireplace, chairs and tables, the 'Ben' contained the beds and was curtained. Colin MacKay settled on a lot of 400 acres at Lourdes, William MacKay, (Squire), 550 acres and Donald Cameron 450 acres, settled on lands that now comprise the district of Red Row. Roderick MacKay 450 acres, settled on the bank of the river south of Bridge Street, his brother Donald (Elder) 450 acres settled further south about River Street. Donald Cameron was the first of this group to receive a grant for his land, obtaining it February 8, 1775, the others did not receive their grants until August 26,1783. ( Stellarton is the only town in the county which was settled by Hector passengers).

Colin MacKay was born at Invernesshire Scotland. He served with the 78th Highlanders at the taking of Louisbourg and Quebec. His grandsons founded the firm of MacKay Bros, in Liverpool England. His property adjoined the old Duff Cemetery on the border of Stellarton. He died in 1804, aged 74. William MacKay (Squire), was born in Kilmorak, Scotland. He had four children with him on the 'Hector', Donald, who was the first settler on Fraser's .Mountain; Alexander, who owned the land where the business district of New Glasgow is now situated (it was mostly swamp land). John MacKenzie, the original owner, sold it to MacKay for twenty pounds, it consisted of 500 acres. Alexander employed William Fraser, surveyor, to divide the river frontage in acre and a half lots which he later sold. He settled in New Glasgow and built a stone house on Almont Ave. which is still standing. He became one of its leading citizens. James settled opposite the loading ground on the East River. Sarah married William (Moose) Fraser, surveyor. Two sons and one daughter were born in Stellarton. John (usually known as Collier), was the first to dig for coal commercially in the county, and William, who inherited his father's property and later moved to the old stone house at MacLellan's Brook. One daughter married John MacKay, New Glasgow. William MacKay Jr., was a surveyor, and the author of a map of Nova Scotia published in London, which has supplied information to all the map makers since. Squire MacKay Sr. was a leading man among his Page 2 countryman, and for many years held the office of magistrate. His wife Janet, died in 1814 aged 78 years. He died on March 2nd, 1828 at the great age of 97 years. He left 19 children, 98 grand and 14 great-grandchildren. Donald Cameron was the only Roman Catholic aboard the ship 'Hector'. He was the first person in the East River Valley to receive a grant for his land. His land stretched from the river bank back to the Cage Pit gully. Later coal was discovered on his land by the pioneer Minister Rev. James MacGregor. Donald was later drowned in the East River and his family moved to Antigonish after selling the farm to Rev. James MacGregor. Roderick MacKay was a native of Beauly, Invernesshire, Scotland. He had one daughter Ann, with him on the 'Hector', (She was later married to the pioneer Minister Rev. James MacGregor) and two children born in Stellarton. He was a blacksmith by trade and owned and operated the first forge in the East River Valley. He obtained a job as head of the blacksmith's work at H M Dockyard in Halifax. He and his wife travelled to Halifax through the woods on foot, each carrying a child. Under his direction the chain was made, which during the war was stretched across the North West Arm to prevent the entrance of hostile vessels. He was a man of middle height, but thick set and strongly built. He remained for twenty years in Halifax, fifteen as foreman blacksmith of H M Dockyard. He returned to his farm in Stellarton in 1796 and died there Nov. 22, 1829 at the age of 84 years. Roderick's daughter Ann, previously mentioned, was the grandmother of James D. MacGregor, former Lieut. Gov. of Nova Scotia from 1910 to 1915 (He attended a private school at Stellarton in 1855). Another daughter was the mother of J.D.B. Fraser, Pictou, who besides being prominent in business, was a distinguished leader in the early temperance movement. R.P. Fraser, former collector of customs of Pictou, was his son. Another son, the late Robert MacKay was keeper of the rolls of the county. His grandson, John Hugh Ross K C, and Roderick's brother Alexander, settled at Riverton and his brother-in-law, John Robertson, was the first settler in Churchville. Donald MacKay (Elder) was born in Invernesshire, Scotland. He was the brother of Roderick MacKay and their farm adjoined one another. His farm was located in the south end of town near River St. He was a very pious man and was ordained an elder on May 3, 1787 and inducted into the Presbyterian Church by Rev. James MacGregor the pioneer Minister. Rev. James Drummond MacGregor DD When the pioneer minister, Rev. James MacGregor came from Scotland in 1786 he first resided in Pictou at the home of John Patterson, the 'Father of Pictou', for about two months. But he found Pictou inconvenient for his work as most of his parishioners were on the East River. He obtained a room with William (Squire) MacKay on the East River at what is now Stellarton. He stayed with the Squire for about two years, but found it unsatisfactory as MacKay and his family were compelled to sleep and dine in the same room. He then obtained lodging with a neighbor, Donald MacKay, who provided him with a room and fireplace in the loft of his cabin. He stayed with Donald for about eight years. He then married Ann MacKay and built a frame house, the first in the East River Valley, on his father-in-law's farm. He lived there for sometime, but Roderick MacKay, his father-in-law, refused to sell any of his property. He then bought the farm of Donald Cameron who had Page 3 drowned in the East River, and whose family moved to Antigonish. He built a brick house on the farm, the first in Eastern Nova Scotia. He had a brick maker come out from England to make the bricks and build the house. As the bricks did not prove to be of very good quality they were plastered over to protect them from the weather. Dr. MacGregor kept a well managed farm, growing prize winning turnips. His farm was the first to use a land roller and he owned the second 'gig' on the East River, which was presented to him by his parishioners. He was the first in Canada to use gas from an outcrop coal seam to illuminate his house. He used wooden pipes for a time, but as this did not prove satisfactory he was compelled to discontinue the use of the gas. In 1827, he sold his farm to the General Mining Association for the sum of $4,600. The GMA General Manager Richard Smith stayed with the Doctor until Mount Rundell House was built. It was ironic that later the Doctor's house was turned into a tavern. He built another brick house at Lower Plymouth, where the church was located, and where he lived until his death in 1830, and he was buried in the pioneer cemetery in New Glasgow. Dr MacGregor lived forty-one years in Stellarton where he brought up two families, haveing been married twice. He was the first Gaelic poet in Canada and his published volume 'Gaelic poems and Hymns' was widely read by Highlanders and others. COAL MINES Duke of York's Lease It turned out a rather fortunate affair for Nova Scotia, that the Duke of York, brother of George IV, had a weakness for jewellery, and a fondness for luxurious living. While a lad his tutors evidently had not calculated on the real pleasure of the simple life. The Dukes tastes were of the expensive order, and in comparison, his purse was slender. The consequence was that he plunged into debt to-among many others his jewelers. Though he was the King's brother, the jewelers did not consider his patronage as fully sufficient to offset the value of tne jewels, so they- as plebians at times will- kept dunning his Highness for the debt. Getting tired of their impunity, he applied to his brother for help. This was given readily, the more ungrudgingly because the donation had cost him nothing in the first place. The gift took the shape of a grant of all the minerals in Nova Scotia to the Duke. He, after consideration, came to the conclusion that he was not eligible for commercial pursuits, and so transferred his grant to his jewelers. The bill he had run up with his jewelers must have been of formidable proportions, or else small value was at that time attached to the minerals, which are now considered of immense value to Nova Scotia. The Duke, of course did very wrong in going so deeply into debt, and yet the province is ready to condone his folly, in view of his debts due to his goldsmiths, for his unwrought copper mines in Nova Scotia, for it was copper, so it is declared, the jewelers looked upon as the principal asset in the grant. Duke of York Lease 1826 In 1826 the crown granted to Frederick, Duke of York, all the mines of Nova Scotia for 60 years 'save and except such mines as are now granted under lease from the King, or any governor of Nova Scotia which have been opened or are in course of working'. At that time two mines were working, one on the east and the other on the west of the East River of Pictou County. The Duke immediately sub-leased the mines to the General Mining Association. Page 4 In 1828 the General Mining Association obtained a lease of the 'reserved' mines in Pictou, and also in Cape Breton, at a fixed rental of $3,000 per year for which they were permitted to raise 20,000 chaldrons of coal Newcastle measure and also to pay 2 shillings currency on every chaldron over that quantity. The agreement between the Crown and the Association was thus made to absorb the lease of 1826. The Pioneer Coal Mines of Stellarton The first discovery of coal in Pictou Co., occurred at what is now 'Stellarton', in the year 1798, on a brook (cage pit gully) to the rear of lands belonging to Dr. MacGregor, the pioneer minister, and William MacKay (Squire). In that year William Fraser (Surveyor) carried a sample to Halifax to the Governor, Sir John Wentworth, who sent him with it to Admiral Sawyer, who ordered a small cargo to be sent to Halifax, which was done. But it did not prove of good quality, and no more was ordered. Later on Dr. McGregor, took out a license from the Government to dig coal for his own use. He first opened a pit on what is still known as the MacGregor Seam, discovered on his own land, and used the coal in his house, this would be early as 1801. From that time he regularly dug coal for his winter's supply. During the first general election in Pictou Co. in 1799, Dr. MacGregor entertained the candidates in his home at East River (Stellarton). He made for them a fire of coal, this they considered quite a novelty, having never seen one before. The first commercial license to dig coal was issued to John MacKay (Collier) son of the Squire, in 1807. Previously the blacksmith's at Pictou had used charcoal, but now they sent lighters up the river to obtain coal for their Smithy. John MacKay opened the 'Main' seam on the west side of the East River, and lightered coal down the river to Halifax. But his operations ended in insolvency owing to a decrease in the demand for coal at the close of the Anglo-American War of 1812, 'Pictou Colliery', was then leased to 'Edward Mortimer', (The King of Pictou), who acquired an area on the east side of the river in 1818. But on Nov. 3rd 1919, both properties were leased for twenty years to Mr. George Smith, (Who paid the arrears on the property then due to the crown(, on the following terms. (1) For the Mine on the west side of the East River, two hundred and sixty pounds per annum and three shillings per 36 bushel chaldron on coal mined in excess of fourteen hundred chaldrons. (2) For the area on the opposite side of the river, one hundred and ten pound annually up to 1733 chaldrons of 36 bushels and three shillings per chaldron on coal mined in excess of that quantity. In 1820 the properties were sub-leased to Adam Carr, who worked the 'Main' and three foot eight inches of the lower section of the 'Deep' seam west of the East River. The 'Main' minings extended towards the river; and, in 1827, the colliery had an estimated capacity of 10,000 chaldrons of coal per annum for the remainder of the lease. The Pioneer Coal Mines of Stellarton

The cost of production and the market price of 'Pictou' coal at that time were: -

Cost Price Per Chaldron Per Chaldron

s. d. Rent and royalty 4 Mining 3 Blacksmith & tools 9

Pit timber 3 Haulage ex-mine & maintenance of horses and carts 1 9 s. s.d. Cost at pit mouth 9 9 Pit mouth 10 to 13.6 Cost at River side 12 9

Cost at Loading Ground 15 On wharf at Pictou 20 9

These Pioneer operations depended on horse and ox-carts to haul their coal to the river for shipment. The first loading ground was situated at, 'Parks Hole' opposite the Allan Shaft. Later on Adam Carr shipped his coal from a loading ground at what is now Lourdes, near Duff's Cemetary. The next loading ground was on the upper side of the New Glasgow Bridge, near the old Coal Chutes. Later the G.M.A. shipped their coal to chutes about 800 feet below the bridge, these were known as the 'Fourth Chutes'. The Early Mines In 1827 having obtained a lease of the unwrought mines in Nova Scotia from the Duke of York, a group calling themselves, 'The General Mining Association', headed by rich London Jewellers named, Rundell Bridge and Rundell heard of coal seams at East River, Pictou Co. They sent out their chemists to investigate, a favorable report being received they decided to mine for coal. They sent out their mining engineer Richard Smith, who bought up the pioneer coal mines of Adam Carr and paid him for the buildings and mining gear on his properities. He also bought the farms of William (Squire) MacKay, Colin MacKay and Dr. MacGregor (pioneer minister),Their lands consisted of about 1500 acres. Squire MacKay moved to MacLellan's Brook and the Dr. to Plymouth, where he built a brick house. The Doctor received the sum of 1150 pounds ($4600) for his farm.

The first operations of the General Mining Association were on lands on the west side of the East River, north of Bridge Street. In June of that year (1827), a vessel arrived at Pictou from Liverpool, with 40 artificers and mechanics and 200 tons of machinery for the mining of coal. Two shafts were sunk to a depth of 250 Page 6 feet on the low ground by the East River, these were known as the 'Storr Pits', named after Paul Storr R.B.R. designer of Jewellery. These workings mined 12 feet of the main seam over an area of 40 acres. During the summer about 200 men were employed erecting a general store and a mansion house (Mount Rundell), for their agent William Smith. They also built five ranges of brick buildings on the south side of Bridge Street for their workmen. They erected a foundry, machine shop, carpenter shop and brick making plant. The first year they manufactured 300,000 bricks. In September coal was raised by primitive horse gins. In December a 20 h.p. hoisting steam engine was brought into successful operation, the first in Nova Scotia. To transport their coal to the loading grounds above the bridge at New Glasgow, and later below, they constructed a horse tramway. The rails, cast at their own foundry, were 5 ft. in length. During the sinking of the 'Storr Pits', when the 'sinkers' struck the 'Main' seam water flew out of it, depositing a 'kind of mineral fermentation', roaring gas hurled pieces of coal off the wall with an explosion like the report of a pistol, and a deafening noise, 'like a hundred thousand snakes hissing at each other' filled the shafts. The East River over the crop of the seam, boiled, and when ignited with a torch on a calm day, became literally on fire. Blowers of gas, one of which burned with a flame 2 feet long, from the end of a 1 inch diameter copper tube for 6 weeks, appeared to have been particularly troublesome at this colliery. The GMA built in 1830 the first Steamboat in Nova Scotia, the 'Richard Smith'. The engine for it was built at their own foundry. It served as a tugboat and plied the East River. Later they built 3 other steamboats, the 'Dragon', 'Albion' and the 'Pocahontas, which they also used on the river. In 1833 the Canadian Steamer 'Royal William', one thousand tons burden and 180 h.p., built at Three Rivers and engined at Montreal, bunkered in Pictou for London England, thus inaugurating the first steam navigation of the Atlantic with Albion Mine coal. During the pioneer coal operations the area (Stellarton) was known as 'Coal Mines Station'. Later with the advent of the GMA, the place was called 'Albion Mines', and retained the name until 1870 when the new name 'Stellarton' was chosen. The 'Storr Pits' produced steadily until December 29th, 1832, when at an early hour in the morning the works were discovered to be on fire. On the day preceding nearly 100 miners and 14 valuable horses had been at work in the pit. The men retired from their work between 5 and 6 p.m., the following morning when the men assembled for work they found several of the shafts admitting dense volumes of smoke. The miners bailiff with two other persons descended one of the ventilating shafts when the works were discovered to be on fire in several places and all the horses dead from suffocation. The intensity of the fire obliged them to make a hasty retreat to the surface. The manager instantly set all hands to work to cover the mouths of the pits, hoping by preventing the circulation of air to stifle the flames. The pits were thus left covered for several weeks, when they were again opened, it was found that the fire had done extensive damage and was still slowly burning. But this had proved ineffectual for the total suppression of the fire, the managers were reluctantly compelled, toward the end of April following, to Page introduce the waters of the East River. This proved successful, but it required the power of their steam machinery for pumping, working night and day until the 14th of Dec., to clear the pits of water. An examination of the works led to the belief that the fire was the work of malice and design. An investigation took place under the direction of the Solicitor-General, William Hill, Esq., when a mass of testimony was taken, which left no doubt of the fact. Large rewards were offered for the discovery of the guilty, but they were never detected. The 'Storr Pits' were finally recovered and put back in operation. In 1834, the 'Storr Pits' exploded and were recovered. They exploded again in 1836, but one explosion in October 1839 exceeded all the rest in severity. The heat was so intense that it melted the iron chains which were used for hoisting the coal out of the pit. The workings were in consequence abandoned, and have since been known as the 'Burnt Mines'. In 1834 Richard Smith, the first GMA agent was recalled to England and his nephew Joseph Smith was appointed agent for the GMA operations. In 1836 the first railroad in British North America was started, and was finished in 1840. It ran from the coal mines (now Stellarton), to Abercrombie, a distance of 6 miles. In 1840, Henry Poole succeeded Joseph Smith as GMA agent. In 1839 the 'Bye Pits' were sunk, 200 yds west of the old 'Storr Pits'. These mines were explosion free, until they exploded at twenty minutes past ten p.m. on May 29th, 1861. The workings were re-opened ten months later; but they were dangerously hot, and the following year the colliery again ignited. The pit was recovered and put back in operation. In 1867 the 'Bye Pit' exploded again and owing to the intensity of the fire, the pit was flooded and the 'Bye Pit' was abandoned. These works have since been known as the 'Crushed Mines'. The next mine opened by the GMA -960 yds. to the west-was the 'Dalhousie Pit'. It was sunk in 1850 to a depth of 150 ft. to the 'Main' seam. It produced 450 tons of coal a day and employed about 250 miners. The 'Dalhousie Pit' was a steady producer for many years. In 1872 it caught fire through fissures in the seam from the 'Foster Pit', which had previously caught fire, and the pit was abandoned. In 1852 the 'Cage Pit' was sunk 300 ft. to the 'Deep Seam', it produced 300 tons of coal a day and employed 150 miners. This mine was located a short distance past the old 'Town Dump'. This pit was a steady producer for many years and had four explosions. It was later connected by 'Drifts' with the 'Foord Pit', and when that mine exploded in 1880 it so affected the 'Cage Pit' that it caught fire and the mine was abandoned. In 1854 Col. James Scotte" became agent of the General Mining Association, he died in 1865 and James Hudson took over as GMS agent. The Monopoly of the General Mining Association to mine the minerals of Nova Scotia was broken by an act of the legislature of Nova Scotia in 1858. They forthwith obtained a new lease from the Provincial Government, it expired Aug. 25th, 1886. Besides other provincial areas, they retained 4 square miles in Pictou

In 1864 the 'Stellar Pit' was sunk",''it was located at the end of Grove Street near Asphalt. The Stellar oil coal mined from this pit, yielded 120 gallons of oil to the ton. • It was so called because it was the first pit to use a cage. * In 1864, the Tom Pit was sunk, by Gen. Mgr. James Scotte. It was closed in 1866. Page 8 From this coal Stellarton received its name in 1870. Its entire output was shipped to the United States for extraction. The market failed when oil was discovered in Pennsylvania U.S.A., and the mine was abandoned. In 1866 the 'Foster Pit' was sunk to the 'main' seam. A railroad was constructed from the main line, and a bankhead and hoisting engine erected. These operations proved dissapointing, as the coal deteriorated to a shaley textured, dull lustring seam, towards the west. For some unexplained cause this pit was found to be on fire in May 1869. The place in which it was first seen had not been worked but was near those in operation. Immediately steps were taken to extinguish the fire, but the rapid accumulation of smoke so overpowered the workmen that they were obliged to resort to the plan of excluding the air by closing the top of the shafts. In consequence the pit was abandoned. In 1866 the 'Foord Pit' was sunk, the last by the General Mining Association in the Pictou coal field. The pit was named after J.B. Foord the secretary of the GMA. The 'Foord Pit' was the most modern and elaborate mine in North America at that time. The sum of $860,000 was expended on new machinery. The 'Foord Pit' was sunk to a depth of 960 ft. On March 27th, 1869, during the driving of levels, the pit caught fire and in order to extinguish the flames it was necessary to partially flood the pit. After being pumped out, the pit resumed operations. (In 1872 a new concern called 'The Halifax Company' and headed by the celebrated British coal operator Sir Georg Elliot (a grand nephew George Elliot Dawson resides in Westville, Nova Scotia) acquired all the rights and interest of the General Mining Association.) On Sept. 15th, 1880, the old 'Dalhousie Pit' was broken into and a large quantity of water came through, causing great damage to the Foord Pit, but fortunately the accident caused no loss of life. Then on Oct. 12th, there was a more disastrous accident of a similar nature. The miners were tapping one of the slants of the old 'Bye Pit' to draw off the water which had been put there when the pit was flooded. The water broke through unexpectedly carrying all before it and killing 6 men including James Fraser and James D. Conway, two of the most efficient overmen in the employ of the company. The loss to the company in clearing debris and searching for the bodies of the dead men was very great. Ten days later work was resumed. On Friday Nov. 12th in the same year the 'Foord Pit' exploded at 6.30 a.m. shortly after the men had entered the pit. The blast was confined to the south side of the pit. Several men at the bottom of the pit were rescued, but those farther inside at their working places were all killed, a total of 44 lives. Also killed were 29 pit horses. (In 1925-42 several of the men's bodies were recovered through workings of the Allan Shaft, and were buried in the Miner's Cemetery on Foord Street. Twenty-seven of the 44 victims were of the Catholic faith, the remainder were Protestants.) Those on the north side of the mine made their way to safety through tunnels that were connected to the old 'Cage Pit'. The following day the pit exploded again with a tremendous blast that wrecked the fan house and other surface buildings. A serious fire developed in the pit and every method to extinguish the flames proved fruitless, after consultations with the officials the manager decided to flood the pit. Large steam pumps were brought in from the Drummond and Vale Page 9 collieries and put to work with steam supplied by the old locomotive 'Albion'. The steam fire engine from Pictou and one from New Glasgow, the 'Lulan', were also put to work pumping water into the pit. The fire in the 'Foord Pit' had so affected the 'Cage Pit' that it also caught on fire. The jobs of 500 men from the 'Cage' and 'Foord' pits were lost. This disaster completed the destruction of the collieries established in the Albion Mine district, and the ruin of the works left an immense fire infested burrow holding roughly 10,000,000 tons of the Main seam. In 1889 the Acadia coal company attempted to re-open the 'Foord Pit', but their new winnings 'holed' into the old workings in the upper part of the 'Main' seam, in 1892, and the work was abandoned. The 'Foord Pit' was then permanently sealed over. Following the destruction of the 'Foord' and 'Cage pits', John Rutherford, the general manager, issued an order to John Douglas, (former underground manager of the 'Foord Pit' and father of J.C. Douglas M.P.) to search for a new coal seam. These explorations led to the discovery of the 'Third Seam'. In 1881 the 'Plant' was shifted west and two slopes known as the 'Albion Mine' were driven to the 'Third Seam', and two shafts were sunk to the MacGregor Seam. In 1886 the Halifax Company entered the Amalgamation as it was popularly called at the time. The Amalgamation included the Halifax, Vale, and Acadia Collieries. The corporate name of the new company was Acadia Coal Co. On the completion of the Amalgamation H.S. Poole of the old Acadia Company took a position of Agent or General Manager, which he retained until 1900, when he was succeeded by Charles J. Coll of Pittsburg, who in his turn was succeeded by Cadwallader Evans. The 'Albion Mine' was a steady producer until 1888, when a disastrous explosion completely wrecked the mine and extensively damaged the bankhead, fortunately, the blast occured on Sunday and there was no loss of life. So completely did the explosion wreck the slopes that they were compelled to drive 2 new ones. The Albion produced steadily until 1910, when a fire occurred that required the work of the Draegermen for several days before it was subdued. It was only three years later, on June 20th, 1913, that another fire broke out in the mine, it was July 6th when the Draegermen finally succeeded in quenching the flames. Also at the scene, pumping water into the mine, was the 'Lulan', the New Glasgow steam fire engine. The Albion Mine resumed operations and worked for many years without interruption - except for a few strikes - until all the available coal was mined, it was then sealed over and abandoned in July 1955. • The following were managers of the Albion Mine: John Rutherford, John Higson, Daniel Gillis, Sol MacDougall, George B. Fraser and Frank Sim. The MacGregor Mine, the last to operate in the Stellarton coal field, was sunk in 1881, to tap the 'MacGregor Seam'. The mine was a steady producer for many years and had a good record. About 1915 Belgium interests gained control of the

The last rake of coal was hauled by stationary engineer George E. Dawson. Page 10 Acadia Coal Co., and it was from this mine that they made their famous test borings directed by their chief engineer Felix Notebart, that revealed the presence of 200 ft. of workable coal. Hector Prud'homme was President and General Manager at that time. It was during the Prud'homme era, that a new mine was sunk, to meet the increased demand for coal during the First World War. It was Acadia No I sunk in 1918 and known as the 'New Seam'. Due to diminishing demand for coal after the war, this mine worked only a short time and was then abandoned. The MacGregor produced steadily until Jan. 14th, 1952, when it was rocked with a terrific blast that claimed the lives of 19 men. The blast occurred in the borehole balance of No. 7 section. The men had gone below to build a fire stopping, following a 'fire smell' that had been detected the previous day. They all died instantly. The explosion was choked off by rock dust and did not affect about 100 men at work in other parts of the mine. The searing blast with its terrific impact came at approximately 1.20 p.m. Rescue work under direction of MacKenzie Flemming, Superintendent of Acadia Coal Co. Rescue Corps, started as soon as word reached the surface. Three men near the scene of the explosion got out safely, Fraser Lorimer, Jimmy Hawboldt, and William Sewell respectively. The grim task of removing the bodies continued until 11 p.m. when the last body was taken to the surface. One of the mine overmen who died in the explosion, was a son of the late Alex Sample, Resident Superintendent for the Acadia Coal Co. Following the rescue work, permanent stoppings were erected to close off the blast area. In a short time the mine was again put back into operation. The MacGregor worked steadily until Friday May 20th, 1955, when an accident occurred that trapped 130 miners, for more than three hours, a mile below the surface. The day shift, about half the MacGregor working force, were at various levels in the mine, when pools of water in the abandoned underground workings broke through, ripped out supporting timbers on the way down and blocked the two avenues of escape- the 'Main Slope' and the travel slope. Wading, stumbling, and swimming in water which at some levels was about 10ft, deep. The miners scurried up the jagged edges of the coal face, and when rescue teams led by H.S. Hasslam, Assistant General Manager of Acadia Coal Co., broke their way through, the men were standing in water up to their chest. Cyril Carpenter, a chain runner and 2 surveyors, George MacLean, and Clarence Hood, were the first to be hit by the fall of coal and water. Their riding car was dumped amid a pile of rubble, MacLean was the only one injured and was taken to hospital. With the air intakes to the mine blocked, and the flood waters rising rapidly, it was only the quick action of the rescue men that prevented a disaster. The rescue men smashed through a door 400 ft. below the surface, and led the miners to safety through the water pipe slope. The accident occurred at 10.30 a.m. and it was 1.30 p.n. before the men were rescued. After the work of cleaning up the debris, the mine was immediately put back into operation. Fatalities in MacGregor Mine Explosion

Albert Moss, overman William MacLeod Tom Carpenter Winton Sample, overman Dave Russell Robert Davidson Brenton White Ed Arthrell Sam Campbell Joe Nearing John Mailman Archie Hayman Arthur Moss Ed MacCallum Bain Nicholson R.H. McNutt Robert Cunningham James Wright Leonard Wheatley Page 11

After 159 years, coal mining in Stellarton came to an end, when on Feb. 3rd, 1957, the fan that ventilated the McGregor Mine was turned off. About two weeks previous, on Jan. 23rd, a 'fire smell' had been detected in the mine, and temporary brattish stoppings were built, until the mandatory 24 hour waiting period expired, before permanent stopings could be erected. This was a new coal mine regulation inacted after the 1952 'McGregor Mine' disaster, which claimed 19 lives. Due to a 'high glass' officials were unable to enter the mine to take tests of the atmosphere. Later, when smoke began to pour out of the fan shaft, it was feared the mine might explode and, the fan was turned off, as stated above. Immediately, work began on the sealing over the mouth of the mine. The notice of abandonment was sent to the Provincial Mines Dept., Stores and equipment were removed off the property, and the work to demolish all mine buildings began.

The coal in the mine had been practically all worked out, and the fire had only hastened its end. The mine had been producing 600 tons of coal daily, and with its closure 300 men were left unemployed. The McGregor Mine was on the same area, where, in 1798, Dr. James McGregor, the pioneer minister, first discovered coal, it was in recognition of this, that the McGregor Mine was named in his honour. At one time Stellarton was the biggest producer of coal in North America. All of the pits from the beginning of mining, until the present time, may be placed in the very gassy class and, therefore, it may not be surprising that pit after pit has been lost and abandoned. It appears evident, however, that neither now or at any future time will it be feasible to mine the coal in the abandoned working of the Main seam, unless steps are taken extinguish all crop fires, and to prevent recurrence of spontaneous fires in the deeper sections by admission of air, or relighting of any fires that may have been burned down from the crop. Which amounts to the verdict that no attempt can be made to recover any coal that may remain in the old workings, until it is impossible to get coal anywhere else in the district.

In 1888 the 'English Slopes' were driven. They were located about 200 yds. west of the old St. Bridget's School on Bridge Street, this mine has a brief history. Shortly after it started to operate it caught fire from one of the old pits, through a fracture in the roof. Such was the nature of the fire that the mine was abandoned. Some years later, on Sept. 3rd, 1906, an accident occurred there, which claimed the lives of two boys and severely injured two others. They had descended the abandoned slope to retrieve a baseball, on striking a match a body of gas was ignited and they were instantly killed, their two companions escaped a like fate by being further up the slope, although they were badly injured. The last mine opened in the Stellarton area by the Acadia Coal Co. was No. Seven the 'Moss Mine' sunk in 1936. This mine, a small operation, was located in the Evansville district and employed about one hundred and fifty men. The mine was not served by a railroad, the output being transported by truck to the coal handling facilities at the Allan Shaft. Due to the petering out of the coal seam the mine was abandoned in September 1947. The first Manager of the mine was Samuel Moss, after whom the mine was named. Later, he lost his life in an accident in the mine. The second manager was Alex Sample and the third was George Fraser and the last manager of the mine was Frank Sim. Page 12

In Commemoration of those Who Lost Their Lives

III UIK I'W ft U J. If. J-JAtfJlUSUSIl 11 IS

James Mitchell (Mgr. ) John Mclnnis William Murdock John Carr Peter Mclnnis Joseph Nearing John Crawford John Johnson John McNaughton John Cummings Angus McKay Edward Roberts (Sr.) Daniel Cummings Thomas McKay John Roberts Charles Dunbar Roderick McKinnon Edward Roberts (Jr.) William Dunbar Roderick McKinnon Thomas Rogers John Dragen William Lewis William D. Ross Murdock McDonald James Lennon John Ryan Angus McDonald Hector McLean Daniel Sutherland Alexander McDonald John McLean Thomas Sullivan John McDonald Burkett McLean Edward Savage Ronald McDonald Robert McLeod Joe Skinner John McEachern John McLaughlin Lewis Thomas Angus McGillivary John Morrison Henry Hadden John Morrison

In Commemoration of the Men Who Lost Their Lives in Rush of Water in Foord Pit, Oct. 12, 1880

Marrlo Bennett James Fraser Charles Bowron Charles Lecoin James D. Conway Huge McElvie Page 13 The Foord Pit The last pit sunk by the General Mining Association is known as the Foord Pit, which, in the costliness and efficiency of its equipments, is said to be unequalled in America. We may therefore give a particular description of it. The hoisting shaft strikes the main seam at a depth of 960 feet, but to the bottom of the seam it is 1,000 feet. Its size is 12 feet by 9 feet 6 inches, inside the lining; and it is divided into two compartments, with cross stays and slides, passing perpendicular to the sides of the shaft, and bolted to the cross stays, where the cages work in. The cages are double decked, each cage holding four boxes, and each box containing 12 cwt. coal. The winding engine is a double horizontal one, with cylinders of 36 inches in diameter and 5 feet stroke, and nominally of 160 horse-power, though capable of working considerably above this. The winding drum is 18 feet diameter, with two six inch iron wire ropes, which pass from the drum over two large pulleys and connect to the cages. When the engine is put in motion, one of the cages goes down with empty boxes, and the other comes up with full ones. On reaching the surface, the boxes are passed to the screens, where the slack is separated, and the coal passes into the cars ready for shipment. The pumping pit is 40 feet deeper. It is provided with an engine, known as the Cornish pumping engine, with a cylinder 52 inches in diameter, and a stroke of 9 feet, and nominally 260 horse-power. There are three sets of pumps, 18 inches in diameter, two what are called bucket pumps, the third known as a ram or forcing pump. At each stroke 100 gallons of water are brought to the surface, and the engine works 7 strokes a minute and 10 hours each day. The winding and pumping engines are supplied with steam from 10 large boilers, each 35 feet long and 5 feet 6 inches in diameter. When the mine is in full working order, it will produce 1,000 tons of coal per day. The ventilation is produced by a Guibal fan, 30 feet in diameter and 2 feet wide, an instrument closely resembling a steamer's paddle wheel. It is placed at the mouth of what is known as the fan pit, which is 600 feet deep, and is driven by an engine of 70- horse power. The engine is supplied with steam from two boilers, each 25 feet long and 5 feet 6 inches in diameter. The air goes down by the winding and pumping shafts, circulates through all the works, making a course, it has been calculated, of 7 miles in length, and is expelled by this fan, which produces a current of air equal to 60,000 cubic feet in a minute. This is tested in the pits-every day. The Foord Pit coal is noted for its excellent quality, for generating steam, for making gas and for making coke. There are at present 42 coke ovens, each 11 feet in diameter, making coke night and day from the slack coal, and a large addition to their number is contemplated. The coke is of superior quality for smelting iron ore, and is now used for that purpose at the Londonderry Mines. From the Foord Pit a drift level, 600 yards long, has been run to the deep seam, and the Cage Pit from that seam is now mined. The system of working pursued from the commencement of the colliery has been continued, with some modifications in the pillars, which from the thickness of the seam, and its declination, often proved inadequate, and led to crushing of the workings. The bords are driven eighteen wide, and parallel to the levels. They are turned out of balance ways or headings, which are put up to the full rise at intervals of 150 yards, the width of the pillars between being eight or ten yards. These balance ways are used to bring the coal down to the horse road, on the principle of a self-acting incline; the only difference being that the loaded bogie Page 14 raises the empty tub to the respective bord ends, and it is in its turn taken back by a tub of coal, which exceeds it in weight. The bords are driven in opposite directions from these inclines, to shorten the putting. John Douglas Discoverer of 3rd Seam, Albion Mine We would place the discovery of the third seam (Albion Mine) in the category of lucky finds, though it was not found until sought for. The story of the finding is very simple yet interesting. After the big explosion which put not only the Foord but the Cage pit out of commission, then the only available sources of supply, the order was given to the late John Douglas, father of J.C. Douglas, M.P., by the general manager, to go out and find a coal seam. The relation of its discovery as given by Mr Douglas, before the Commission on Finds in Pictou County, is as follows: 'We started to explore after that (that is after attempts to recover the Cage pit had been abandoned, etc.) for coal; previous to that the third seam was not known and we looked around for coal and we dropped on the third seam. By Mr. Poole's permission we got 5,000 tons off his area (the area of the old Acadia Coal Co.) until we got opened out on the third seam on our own area. The third seam varies. We got it first near the Cage pit 7 feet 9 inches. I was acting under Mr. Rutherford; he told me to explore for coal and I went to work. I did not know that the third seam was in existence; we had gone up the brook and saw some burnt material alongside there, and we considered that there must be coal not far off; before noon I saw six foot of coal. Next morning Mr. Poole came to me and said he thought it was a 2V2 foot seam and it turned out 7 feet 9 inches. When it was found that it was of value that plant was shifted west.' From the above evidence it is clear that the third seam was stumbled upon, as the chief explorer when he went searching for coal had no definite plans in view.

The Number of Persons Employed at the Halifax Company's Colliery in 1875

UNDERGOUND SURFACE

Cutter's 275 Mechanics 47 Laborers 62 Laborers 118 Boys 69 Boys 38

TOTAL HORSES Persons 607 Above Ground 22 Below Ground 32 Page 15 Albion Mines According to the State papers of Canada, the relations between capital and labor at the 'Acadia' Coal Company's collieries, in 1888, were: From the operator's standpoint; 'Company works four mines - Acadia, MacGregor, McBean and Six Foot. Over 900 men and boys employed, divided into day and contract men. Working at timbering, average wages $1.30 a day; carrying coal, 60 to 80 cents; ages from sixteen to nineteen; some drivers get $1.00. Coal-cutters work by contract at so much a yard or ton. Shovellers get $1.30 a day, a few get $1.20; average hours would be less than ten. Coal-cutters made $704 in twelve months; average of men at shifts something over $400. Company owns a number of houses, which rent from $1.50 to 2.50, and cost about $650. Some of them are sixty years old. No stores are kept by the company. Is willing to advance money to steady men. There are often little disputes with the men. Last May was the last; cause, reduction of wages in one pit. Men in other pits refused to work if order was enforced, and quit work. They made proposition, which was withdrawn after. The company refused arbitration, and a compromise was the result. No men were refused afterwards in consequence. Has considerable amount of respect for men who are leaders in these matters. Some men have built houses for themselves. Has heard that some men have put money in savings banks or made other investments. Meat is cheaper in Stellarton than in Halifax. Charge $1.60 for coal delivered to employees; outsiders $2.50 at the shaft. Our men get it about half price. Fines per box for stone, 17 to 20 cnets, which go to the company. Price for cutting coal is 38 Vz cents per cubic yards to 70 cents-a ton to a cubic yard, roughly speaking. Thinks men are generally satisfied and the bulk sober. Think miners pay $1 a head to public schools. Has not found it advisable to pay men oftener than once a month. No general fund for men in case of sickness or accident. Men now earning both more and less than in former years; as a rule are steady and sober. Boys under twelve not employed. No rule to pay in case of accidents. Monthly pay roll from $24,000 to $25,000. Company owns about 350 tenements. Houses built by men worth $400 and $500. Acadia Coal Company's Collieries. From Workmen's standpoint:- (1). 'Last year earned $351.89 at box and pillar work. Married with family. Taxes from $7.90 to $9.80. Partly built own house out of money earned before going to mines. Saved no money since. Could not keep a family of seven on present wages. Pays 42 cents a month to doctor and voluntary fee to minister. Is paid monthly. Would be beneficial to be paid oftener, as men could live from $5 to $18 per month less for cash. Provincial Workmen's Association pays no benefits. Distress is met by men's subscriptions. Favors arbitration as a settlement of strikes. Coal sells higher than six or seven years ago and wages are lower.' (2). 'Thinks $1 for every working day average earnings of fair coal-cutters; average man could get $1.50, but does not think he has averaged $300 the last three years. Company has no store. Rent of company's houses varies from $1.20 to $2.50; three rooms and a porch for $1.20. House he lives in ($2.50) has five rooms and an upstairs; not fit to live in, and not very warm. Company supply coals at $1.20 a ton, besides hauling. Has had one strike, or rather a lock-out, lasting from January to 15th May, reduction being the cause, company accepted offer of compromise. Is paid once a month, on the 15th; two weeks held back. Not many accidents, except in 1880, when forty-four were killed, and six killed before them. There are fines for stony coals, damage to lamps and oil cans. If the gauge is damaged it is $3, cost only 80 cents; also fined $5 more than price of lamp. Company gets fines. Men Page 16 leave mostly on account of bad light, which is the cause of fines; men loading cannot see quality of coal. Has made complaint about light, but got no satisfactory answer. Sanitary matters are never looked after, and houses are neglected to a great extent.' (3). 'Cannot see properly with lamps. Would sooner be paid fortnightly or weekly. A coal cutter may make $1.30 per day. Average earnings per month at the rate of $1.30 to $1.60 per day. Pays 42 cents per month to doctor; boy pays 30 cents. Doctor gives advice and some medicine, not all. Men choose doctor. Is paid monthly and pays taxes. School, $1.00; road work, $1.00; poll tax, 30 cents, some years 50 cents; rent to company,$2.50 per month; house cold and not well finished; no outhouse, except tenants erect them; no Board of Health. Weekly and fortnightly payments would encourage the men and lead to cash payments.' (4.) Was discharged from Acadia mines because he took part in labor organization. Had worked here for nineteen years. About thirty were discharged, some being taken on again. Thinks that men now belonging to labor organizations have the preference. Two dollars a day would be fair average in Acadia Mine. Is paid once a month; applied to be paid fortnightly or weekly, but did not get it. A majority desire it. If there are 28 lbs. of stone in the box 20 cents is checked off. Men have grumbled about fines being too heavy. No fund for sickness or disablement. Used to ask for donation of coal, fines for sickness, but always refused. Does not think men save any money; some with a large family of boys have accumulated something.'

Sinking of the Allan Shaft

The Allan Shaft was sunk by the Acadia Coal Company in 1904, to recover the Cage and Foord Seams, which were lost when the Foord Pit exploded in 1880. The shafts are located about 1,200 feet north of the Foord Pit shaft and are 350 feet apart. No. 2, being 25 feet east of center line of No. 1. These shafts are each 12 ft. 4 in. x 24 ft., three compartments, two hoists and one airway. Ground was broken for No. 1 Allan Shaft on April 29,1904, and No. 2, on May 2, 1904. No. 1 was completed on Dec. 11,1905, at a depth of 1,505 feet and No. 2 on July 17, 1905, at a depth of 1,016 ft. The sinking was entirely through carboniferous shale and a good rate of progress was maintained from the start to finish. The best month's work in No. 1 was in November, 1905, when 132 feet were sunk and 137 feet were timbered, while in No. 2 the best month was August, 1904 with 102 feet sunk. Both shafts were sunk through to the second seam. This distance was temporarily timbered with close 10 x 10 inch timber and replaced with the regular sets when the sinking was completed. Very little water was encountered below 300 feet in either shaft. A horizontal Cameron pump placed at a ring in No. 1, 200 ft. from the surface, took care of the water in the ring and a special Cameron vertical, plunger sinking pump 12 in. x 4 in x 13 in. was used on the bottom, pumping directly outside until a depth of 850 feet was reached, then discarded entirely, the water accumulating on the bottom being baled into the muck bucket. A ring in No. 2, 300 feet from the surface fitted with a 7Vz in x 3% in. x 10 inch direct-acting Northey horizontal pump was all that was required for the water in that shaft. Page 17 The timber is all of Georgia yellow pine with tongue and groove lagging. Sets were placed with 4 ft. 10 in. centers and packed with slabs. Guides are 8 in. x 8 in. yellow pine. On account of the character of the rock two methods of timbering were employed, one of which consisted of hanging one set at a time on iron rods until nine or ten sets were thus placed. This method was used only when the nature of the rock required timbering every few feet. The other method was by using anchor timbers placed in hitches cut in the walls and building the timber upon them. Work was carried on continuously from midnight Sunday to midnight Saturday with three 8 hour shifts. The same shifts doing the drilling, mucking and timbering. The sinking buckets were cylindrical shaped. A special 18 in x 10 in. cylinder was used for hoisting the long steel, etc., from the shaft. Just above the bucket a travelling crosshead was used on the permanent guides, which were extended to the bottom set of timber about once a month. When the bucket was up, a simple automatic dog held the crosshead in place while the bucket was swung clear of the shaft and dumped direct into the muck car. Each shaft used two bars and four Ingersoil-Sergeant type D24 drills. An Ingersoll-Sergeant cross-compound compressor furnished air for the drills and pumps used in the shafts. At No. 2 shaft a Lidgerwood reversible link-motion friction engine was used throughout for the sinking. The same type engine was used at No. 1 until July, 1905, when it was replaced by an Exeter Machine Co., Pittston, Pa., engine with 20 in. x 30 in. cylinders and a 72 in. x 90 in. drum. This engine was direct-connected and made the 1,500 ft. of hoist in 30 seconds. The rest of the plant considered of two Stirling water-tube boilers of 200 horsepower each. Two sturtevant fans each with a capacity of 20,000 feet of air a minute, were used for ventitating the shafts and blowing the smoke out after shots were fired. Fifty per cent dynamite was used. In all 35,400 pounds or an average of 14 lbs. per foot of shaft sunk. Charles J. Coll was general manager for the Acadia Coal Co., W.F. Paterson, Pittsburg, Pa., the contractor and W.H. Hyde, Assoc, M. Am. Soc. C.E., was superintendent for the contractor. Allan Shaft, April 7, 1905 We have heard a thrilling story from the Allan Shaft. A young man named Harry McQuarrie was sent from the bottom or down from the deck to do something at the pumping station, several hundred feet above the bottom of the shaft. When he got through and was just stepping on the skip it suddenly started away from him down the shaft. McQuarrie in pitching forward caught the bell rope and hung on, although he slid down a few timbers, until he was rescued. All the injury he sustained was to wrench his arm. The cause of the tub starting was that conflicting signals confused the engineer. We congratulate all concerned on the wonderful escape and McQuarrie on his nerve in holding on. The bell cord is not of course, a single wire but a woven cable. McQuarrie was working at the Niely shaft in Golden ville at the time of the accident that killed two men there upwards of a year ago and Murphy, one of the men, if not the shift boss, in the bottom of the Allan Shaft when McQuarrie hung on was also then in the Niely employ. Page 18 The Allan Shaft The Allan Shaft was sunk in 1904. The first sods were turned by Mayor's, Robert Keith, of stellarton, and charles M. Crockett, of New Glasgow. Mayor Keith turned the sod on No. One shaft, and Mayor Crockett turned the sod on No. Two shaft. The Allan Shaft was named in honor of the First President of the Acadia Coal Co., Sir Hugh Allan. He was the owner of the Allan Shipping Lines, and was also, the donor of the 'Allan Cup', the Amateur Trophy of Hockey.

Number One, the main shaft, went down a distance of twelve hundred feet, and Number Two shaft went down nine hundred feet, it being the fan shaft, it was also used for an emergency exit from the mine, having its own cage, and hoisting engine. From the twelve hundred foot level of the main shaft a sinking went down to the fifteen hundred. The coal was raised up this sinking by a large electric engine, which was operated by, among others, Angus Dorrington, Tom Cullen, and Alfred Hand, respectively. Other sinkings were driven to a depth of seventeen hundred and fifty feet. The Allan Shaft tapped three seams, 'The Foord', 'The Cage', and 'The Deep Seam', the Foord being the thickest in the world, with an average thickness of thirty-eight feet. There were three landings in the Shaft, the five hundred, the nine hundred, and the twelve hundred, respectively. In 1910, an up-to-date Power House was built, with a smoke stack that was one hundred and fifty feet in height, (it was a landmark for many years, until it was demolished on November 30th, 1961.) Besides its own needs it supplied power for the mines at Thorburn, and Back Mines. The mine had a large warehouse, carpenter shop, fan house, mine office, machine shop, an up to date wash house, lamp cabin, and a pickling house for timber, which was used in the mine. Around 1925, the Company kept a large stable of horses above ground as well as below. They had about three hundred acres of land under cultivation, and grew all their own hay and oats. Jack MacLellan managed the farm for a number of years. The main hoist of the shaft was made in Germany, and was the largest steam engine of its type in Nova Scotia. The double drum had a lap of thirty-eight feet, it permited the two four-deck cages to be lowered, and raised simultaneously. Two of the engineers who operated it were both named James Thompson, to distinguish them apart one was known as, 'Stellarton Jimmy', and the other as, 'Westville Jimmy', another operator was Thomas O'Connor. The Acadia Coal Company built in the period from 1910-1913 the large double houses which comprise the 'Red Row' district, and also the houses at Evansville. It may be noted here that the name, 'Red Row' originally applied to a row of red brick buildings on the south side of Bridge Street, below the Car Barns. The Coal Company built on North Foord Street a large boarding house for the accommodation of miners. It was leased out to different individuals, the first to operate it was a Rideout family, followed by MacLeod, Kowalski and Gunn families. The Allan Shaft, known as, 'The Million Dollar Mine', was responsible in it's forty-seven year old history for more drama, excitement, and heart rending scenes, than any other mine in the province. There were numerous explosions, mine fires, fatal accidents, strikes, and lock-outs. Page 19 In 1925, when the miners went on 'Strike' for higher wages, the 'Strike' lasted six months. At the same time, two rival mine unions were vying for supremacy, 'The United Mine Workers', and the 'O.B.U.' (One Big Union). Suffering was great among the miners and their families, and food was gathered from all over Nova Scotia to feed the hungry strikers. Soup kitchens were set up in the mining district, and the soup was portioned out to the hungry families. There were large parades by the miners, and the effigies of the strike breakers were hung up on poles by their houses. After much suffering the miners finally went back to work for lower wages than what they struck for. In 1934, there was another violent strike, and on top of this, the U.M.W., and a new union 'The Amalgamated Mine Workers', were fighting it out at the pit heads for leadership. There were numerous incidents, miners coming off shift at the Albion Mine were dunked in the pond, Mounties cars were turned over, strike breakers' homes were stoned, and the company stables were set on fire. Over one hundred Royal Canadian Mounted Police were brought in to maintain law and order. As the strike breakers were going to work at the Allan Shaft, the Mounties lined up two feet apart, single file, so no one could enter the property. At one point the pickets were jeering, and pressing against the Mounties lines. Without orders one Mountie struck one of the pickets with his billy, then a wild fight followed, and the Mounties ranks were broken. The miners rushed for the bankhead to try and prevent the 'Scabs' from going down the mine, and a 'Battle Royal' ensued the Mounties finally gained control of the situation. Dan Willie Morrison, President of the U.M.W. came to Stellarton to persuade the strikers to go back to work. As they did not agree with his policy, he was forcibly taken to the railroad station, and placed aboard a train by the miners for Cape Breton. The first explosion at the Allan Shaft happened on Sunday Dec. 20th, 1914. There was a slight explosion about 9.30 o'clock. At eleven o'clock, James Brown the manager, and the deputy Inspector of Mines, Thomas Blackwood went down into the mine, together with Neil MacLean an overman, in order to ascertain the cause of the explosion. The three men were gone sometime, and encountered quite a quantity of gas in that portion of the mine where the explosion occurred earlier in the morning. After the men on the surface waited some time, they became anxious, and men with Draeger helmets, descended into the mine to find all three men unconscious. They were rushed to the surface, and willing hand endeavored to resuscitate them. Their efforts upon Mr. MacLean were successful, but Mr. Blackwood, and Mr. Brown were quite dead on being taken from the mine. Deputy Inspector of Mines, Thomas Blackwood, was a resident of Westville, he was sixty-three years of age, and was survived by his wife. James Brown, the Manager who lost his life, left a large family, his wife having predeceased him by a few month's. As there was not much damage done to the mine it was back in operation in a short time, no cause could be found for the explosion. The next explosion in the Allan Shaft, and the one that took the greatest toll of life (88 lives) in the Pictou coal fields, happened on Jan. 23rd at five thirty p.m. on a Wednesday afternoon in 1918. There was an explosion that was slightly felt on the surface, ten minutes later there was a more severe explosion which shook everything for miles around. In the course of a few minutes the engine winder got a message to lower to the five hundred landing, eight men were in waiting there, and were taken to the surface. Page 20 Three or four men working inside at the five hundred landing did not get out. The cage was lowered quickly to the twelve hundred landing, but owing to obstructions some seventy feet above the bottom it could not land. Emergency calls were issued for the Draegermen, and they got into the mine as quickly as possible. It was not long until some bodies were brought to the surface, the first man taken out was Fred MacKenzie, he was found sitting at the shaft bottom in the twelve hundred drift. There were ninety-six men in the mine when it exploded, eight of them got out alive. An emergency call for help was sent to the Mines at Glace Bay, and Sydney Mines. At three a.m. Thursday a special train left Sydney with thirty-two experienced Draegermen, and necessary equipment. The Allan Shaft at the time of the explosion was producing 800 tons of coal per day, double shifts. On the day shift the loss of life would have been much greater. The material effect of the explosion at the bottom of the levels was not great, but great damage was done to the interior of the workings where it took place. The bodies recovered later in some cases, where almost beyond recognition. The Acadia Coal Rescue Corps (Draegermen) played a very prominent part in the rescue work, and later in the recovery of the mine. The real cause of the explosion probably will never be known. The Allan Shaft exploded for the third time in its existence, on June 30th, 1924, at 4 p.m. shortly after the night shift entered the mine. There were 74 men in the mine at the time. Sixty-three of the men either succeeded in getting out to safety by themselves, or were assisted out very shortly after it became known that something was wrong underground. Eleven men were entombed, cut off by a fall of coal in number three level, about twelve hundred feet down. Isaac Fukes was the first man to reach the imprisoned miners, he accompanied the draegermen, but did not have their equipment. After the first heavy fall of coal had been cleared, he went down to the third seam where the accident occurred. Then the draeger party and Mr. Fukes met Samuel Moss and Thomas Scully, who were searching that part of the mine. They followed up to the head of the Third Seam Sinking, here they found the men, huddled together and in a state of great exhaustion, seven were rescued but four were found dead. Their names were: Hugh Mclnnis, Lourdes, Dominic Van Larkin, Stellarton, James Scully, formerly of Westville, and John Walsh, of New Glasgow. Mr. Fukes carried a canary around with him to detect gas and the canary returned to the surface quite alive. Although the explosion took place about 4 o'clock, it was after midnight before the last of the men were either rescued, or taken from the mine dead. Some of the men rescued had remarkable presence of mind, they heard no explosion, but noticed a heavy smoke accumulating and one of the men smashed the compressed air pipe, thus securing a supply of strong clean air, which saved them. They were almost blinded by the smoke and were just rescued in the nick of time. The first inkling that anything was wrong was when men at the 962 ft. level noticed a thick black smoke and there was a smell like burning rubber. The alarm was immediately spread and the men were rushed out of the mine. The first group to arrive were badly gassed and overcome, William Piatt, and William MacMillan, the fan man, were badly gassed, but soon were restored by the rescue men. Manager Edward C. Riley of the mine, was on hand from the outset directing operations under the supervision of General Manager Malcolm Blue. Page 21 The Acadia Coal Company Rescue Corps (Draegermen) played a key role in rescuing the men. It was never ascertained what caused fhe explosion. The mine was sealed over for several months, so as to comply with the coal mine regulations act before the work of recovery could take place. Five years later, on Sunday Feb. 10th, 1929, the Allan Shaft exploded again. The blast was so terrific, it completely demolished the interior of the mine and black clouds of dense smoke rolled out of both No. 1 and No. 2 shafts. Of all the shaft explosions this was the worst, the fumes were so noxious that the Draegermen had to use their breathing gear in the sealing-off operations. The mine was closed down a few months before the work of recovery began. The mine was later recovered. On Sept. 5th, 1932, the Allan Shaft blasted again, but was mostly confined to one part of the mine. The heat of the blast was so searing that mine timbers eight inches in diameter were turned into charcoal. The mine was closed down several months before being re-opened. On Tuesday April 16th, 1935, a few hours after the night shift had entered the mine, the shaft was rocked by an explosion that was confined to one part of the mine, the fifteen hundred foot level. There were about two hundred men in the mine at the time all made their way to safety, except seven, in the blast area, they were killed instantly. The explosion was confined to five hundred feet of the main and counter levels, where the men were working. The explosion was chocked off by the liberal use of rock dust, which is used as a safety measure. The force of the blast brought down large falls of rock and it was not until the next day, that the bodies were recovered. Their names were: Richard Clark, Abraham Hennessey, Ignate Bortniak, Ross Flemming, Shotfire, Alexander Beaton, John McEachern, James McEachern. The late D.H. MacLean, resident superintendent gave his reconstruction of what happened. 'From the position of the bodies at the end of the wire, one hundred and twenty-five feet from the coal face, Ross Flemming, the shotfire, had just fired a charge, a fresh fall of coal at the face proved this and with the firing of that charge the blast occurred.' McLean admitted a 'gas pocket' might have been the cause and this theory has generally been accepted. The mine was shut down for a short time, but was soon back in production, as the other parts of the mine were undamaged.

The last explosion to occur in the Allan Shaft, was on April 28th, 1950. At 5.30 p.m. the mine exploded, severly burning seven men who were caught in the blast. Several others in the section were uninjured and made their way to the mine bottom unassisted. There were seventy-two men in other sections of the mine at the time. Immediately following the blast Draeger Crews headed by Kenzie Flemming, Rescue Superintendent of the Acadia Coal Co. made their way into the mine to rescue the injured men. Directing surface operations was James White, Dominion Coal Co. Rescue Superintendent. It was fortunate that in this blast no lives were taken, as the men were right in the blast area, and lived to tell about it, one of the few times this has ever happened. In the three fifty section of the mine, about a mile from the blast area, and on a different level, men were quickly lowered in man rakes down the half mile long balance, and made their way to the bottom of the shaft. The engine driver Leonard Morrison, who volunteered to stay at the top of the balance, lowered the men to safety, and then made his way down the balance on foot and reached the bottom of the mine a half hour later. Mr. Morrison was later presented with a gold watch from the Mining Society of Nova Scotia. Page 22 The seven injured men had their clothes almost completely burned off their bodies, and were severly burned. They were hospitalized for many months before they were able to work again. H.C.M. Gordon General Manager of Dosco Coal Operations happened to be in this area at the time, and together with his assistant Bud Nicholson and H.M. Sample Resident Superintendent, went down in the mine to investigate the near tragedy. After the men were rescued, the fire was still smoldering and the shaft was sealed over completely for thirty days, putting five hundred men out of work. The injured men were; James Johnson, town councillor, Stellarton, Dallas Porter, Stellarton, William B. Dorrington, New Glasgow, Bert Vacheresse, Stellarton, Reginald Davison, Stellarton, William Petelka, Stellarton, Brenton Yuil, Stellarton. Immediately after the 1950 explosion the shaft was sealed over for the customary thirty-day shut-down. After the waiting period ended the seal was lifed and the work of recovering began, under the direction of Acadia Coal Company Rescue Corps Superintendent, MacKenzie Flemming. This was a slow and tedious job that entailed the restoration of the ventilation and the de-watering of the mine. During this time the Draegermen worked from air-locks. After reaching the mine bottom they used a small boat which enabled them to reach the various areas to be repaired. After several weeks the mine was recovered, and put back into production. Before the end of the year, the mine was producing from 800 to one thousand tons of coal a day. On June the 15th of the following year (1951) a section of the mine was discovered to be on fire. In order to prevent the possible loss of life in fighting the fire, the Superintendent gave the order to abandon the Allan Shaft. Subsequently all the equipment was taken out of the mine, as were the four horses, named, Sparky, Harry, Jerry, and Ted, the last in the employ of the company. Both shafts were filled with rock and then permanently sealed over. In 1961, the headframe, bankhead, and surface buildings were demolished, all that remains today besides the coal washing plant which handles the coal recovered from the old stone dumps, is the weigh scales, machine shop and diesel shed. About 50 men are employed in the coal recovery operations as truckers, loader operators, and wash plant workers. They are under the management of Clifford Carr. The following men were managers of the Allan Shaft: Simon Lott, Alex Sutherland, Malcolm Beaton, James Brown, Malcolm Blue, Edward O'Riley, Col. L.H. MacKenzie, A.H. Baudoux and Ernest Wright.

Allan Mine Explosion, Jan. 23, 1918

Wentzell Sherider Alex Smith August Vaast John Savage * Jno. Tarbot William Walsh Dan Sloan Melvin Thompson Robert Winten (U.G. Mgr.) Alex Stubbart Louis Vaast Howard Works Sam Sample (Jr.) Floriland Vaast Peter Zarmoskie Page 23 Thomas Adderley (Jr.) Mich. Pembroke Charles Lindsay Antoine Buenviaco Thomas Pinkerton Truman Luddington Nicholis Brisco Wentzell Paloski Jos. Lohey Fred Borden William O'Brian Desire Laderie Andrew Bastin Wentzell Nacas August Lussen Andrew Bosman Jno. W. McDonald Pierre Lechambre Joseph Borallan Joh. A. McLellan Issac Luther Edward Bosman John McAulay Mich. Kaiser Louis Bartholomew Jas. Morrison Mark Kennedy Joesph Bartholomew Fred A. McKenzie Jos. Kay ens Andrew Buko Wm. McLellan Felician Kayens Clement Barcey Geo. Martin James F. Johnson Peter Sullivan Wm. Mintis Norman Jordan Jas. Stephenson Ed. Merritt Victor Heyne Robert Stratthie Nicholas Mellisse Camille Hanus Albert Rogers Wm. Myers Alf Manuse Norman Parris Lemuel McPherson Jas. W. Hale William Partner Kenneth F. McKenzie Jas. Hand Karal Parcella Francis Launey Victor Hawbolt Jno. Hanes

Superintendents of Acadia Coal Company

Jessie Hoyt 1865 1879 Henry S. Poole 1879 • 1900 Charles J. Coll 1900 1912 Cadwallader Evans 1912 • 1915 Hector Prud'homme 1915 1919 D.H. MacDougall 1919 1934 Michael Dwyer 1934 1941 D.H. MacLean 1924 • 1940 Alex Sample 1940 1957 Charlie MacKenzie 1957 • 1968

Colliery Engineers Acadia Coal Company

Harry Coll 1900 - 1908 H.C. M. Gordon 1929 - 1942 Feliz .Notaebert 1908 - 1919 W.J. Graham 1939 - 1941 J.J. MacDougall 1919 - 1921 R.P. Nicholson 1945 - 1951 Malcom Blue 1921 - 1924 H.S. Haslam 1952 - 1957 T.L. McColl 1924 - 1929 Page 24

Near Tragedy at Allan Shaft: One of the most dramatic and harrowing accidents to occur in the long history of the Allan Shaft took place in 1933 when four shaftmen, namely; John Simpson, Martin Boutilier, Billy Campbell and Thomas Cardiff, were engaged in their nightly inspection of the shaft and guides. They had inspected the shaft down to the 1200 ft. bottom and then boarded the cage and signaled the hoisting engineer to take them to the surface. When they reached the surface the cage suddenly reversed itself and went down to the 1200 ft. bottom where it suddenly reversed itself again and went to the surface. This procedure was repeated for about an hour or more, the men getting a wild ride up and down the shaft and not knowing what had happened. The fortunate part of the accident was when the night watchman, Tom Nicholson was making his nightly rounds and entered the hoisting house to check and make sure that everything was in order. The hoisting engineer on the job Jimmy (Westville) Thompson, informed the watchman that he was in trouble; as the pin which held the steam throttle had slipped out of place and had fallen to the floor and rolled some distance away, which prevented him from turning off the steam, and all he could do was to keep reversing the cages up and down the shaft. The watchman hastily retrieved the pin and put it back into its proper place and the engineer was then able to land the men safely at the surface. Were it not for the fact that the watchman came around when he did this unfortunate accident might have had a tragic ending. Acadia Coal Co. Mine Rescue Corps The Acadia Coal Co. Mine Rescue Corps was formed in 1911, when a mine rescue station was built at the Albion Mine. The station included all the facilities for training the crews and storage room for all their equipment. The coal Company ordered six sets of self-contained breathing apparatus from European makers. The first sets were named after their inventor Mr Draeger from whom we get the name Draegermen. At about the same time the employees, with some help from the company, purchased a horse drawn ambulance which was driven by Davie Thompson. Later, the employees bought a surplus World War One Rolls Royce ambulance and in 1946 another ambulance was bought. The first Draegermen to be trained in the use of the new breathing apparatus were; Jack and Ted Simpson, Frank Carroll, Dominic Nearing and Colin Jameson. They were instructed by Dosco Mine Rescue Supt. Malcolm MacGregor. To be eligible for the Corps one had to be below forty and above twenty-five years of age and have practical experience in underground work, and be in good physical condition and have a cool disposition. Part time instructors for the Corps were; George MacHattie, James Russell, George Curtiss and Joe Goss. In 1919, James White was appointed full time Supt. of the Acadia Coal Rescue Corps. He served until 1949 when he was made Supt. of all Dosco's Mine Rescue Corps in Nova Scotia. He was succeeded by MacKenzie Fleming as Supt. of Acadia Coal Rescue Corps who in turn was succeeded in 1965 by Robert Sample Jr. who served for a short time and was succeeded by Gordon L. Whalen who supervised the Acadia Corps. Page 25 The first work of the new rescue corps was fighting the fire in 1913 in the Albion Mine Colliery. The Corps first rescue work was at the 1914 Allan Shaft explosion. Thereafter they took part in all the explosions that occurred in the mines in Pictou Co. and was responsible for their recovery. In the 1920's the corps assisted at a mine fire at Inverness and saved the old Aberdeen Hospital from a serious fire. In 1930, the Rescue Corps headed by Supt. James White, took part in international competition in mine rescue work in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. They were awarded first prize in the competition. Following are the members of the team: George Fraser, Capt., Billie Baudoux, Vice - Capt., John Simpson, Syd Hopton, Kenzie Fleming and Ross Fleming. In 1936, the Rescue Corps played a prominent part in the rescue of Dr. Robertson, Alfred Scadding and Herman MacGill at the Moose River Gold Mine Cave - In. Later, each member of the Corps were awarded a medal for their heroism by the Nova Scotia Government. The Corps took part in rescue operations at Halifax when a boat caught fire during the Second World War. The Corps answered the call for help at the two explosions in Springhill in 1956 and 1958, where they did yeoman service in rescue operations. Stellarton Miner Wins Fame and Fortune The writer was discussing with a young man various people who had made their mark in the world, particularly those in the town of Stellarton. The young man then went on to relate an experience he had a few years ago. At the time he was driving a taxi in the town of New Glasgow. One night he received a call from the Norfolk Hotel to pick up a passenger. Arriving at the hotel a distinguished looking man came out, apparently a stranger, and got into the taxi, giving him an address of a house on the outskirts of town. During the trip the driver inquired of the man if he was a stranger in these parts and was surprised to hear him say that he was not, in fact he had lived for a number of years in Stellarton and had been employed as a miner at the Albion Mines. The man went on to relate how one day while at his work in the mines, he was digging coal from the face of the seam when suddenly without warning the roof gave way and came crashing down about him and he barely escaped with his life. Later, while eating his lunch, he began thinking about his narrow escape, and suddenly realized that coal mining was a very dangerous occupation; he then decided to seek work elsewhere. At the end of his days work he informed his boss of his decision to quit his job. The next day he received and order for his time, which he drew at the pay office. The following week he left for the United States and had been there ever Page 26 since. This was his first trip home in sixty years, and he was renewing old acquaintences although a good many of them had passed on. Reaching their destination the man took out his wallet and paid his fare with an American ten dollar bill. The driver, being rather curious about the man's identity, asked him his name and was informed that his name was on the ten dollar bill he had just paid his fare with. Examining the bill he found the signature of Robert J. Grant-Treasurer of the United States Mint. * Early Mining In the beginning of coal mining in Britain, shafts were shallow and workings of limited extent. Ventilation, it may be said, was allowed to look after itself, natural ventilation, without interference, had its way, and light was furnished by candles, with small illuminating power. The candlestick, as a rule, was a lump of plastic clay, and this plasticity enabled the candle to be stuck in any handy place, a nearby prop or stick of timber, on the side of the coal wall, or even, at times, on the cap of the miner. The first mention of gas was on or about the year 1550. Mr. A.D. Kays thus describes the first appearance of fire damp: 'The unwholesome vapor whereof is so pernicious to the hired laborers, that it would undoubtedly destroy them, if they did not get out of the way as soon as the flame of their lamp becomes blue.' The early appearance of these gases, or rather of their effects, was very puzzling to those employees, and such was the want of mining schools in these days that any phenomenon of this kind, which they did not understand, was attributed to goblins, wicked ferries, etc., and other individuals of like nature. But fire damp was not the first of these noxious gases to make itself troublesome. It must be remembered that there was not the slightest attempt at artificial ventilation, and the very natural result was that as the workings got more extensive the air got foul with the breathing of men, and the burning of candles. And so we find that choke damp was the first enemy the coal miner had to contend with, and during the whole of the 17th century we find that nearly all collieries were troubled with choke damp, a carbonic acid gas, and to a lesser extent with fire damp. So prevalent did choke damp become in the air of the mines that it was frequently necessary to test the air of the shaft before descending. This was done by lowering a lighted lamp, or candle and if this continued to burn it was taken that the mine was free.' It may be of interest to describe the method adopted to recover a man overcome by choke damp. The instructions to the ambulance man of those days were as follows: 'Dig a hole in the ground and lay the asphyxiated person face down with his mouth in the hole. If he does not recover with this treatment he should be turned over on his back and, to use the exact words: 'then fill them full of good ale'. It seem highly probable that the number of asphyxiated colliers in a day would be considerable, and they would take care not to recover, until this second method

!,! Robert J. Grant was born on Nov. 12, 1862, at Springville. He was appointed director of the United States Mint on Nov. 12, 1923, by President Coolidge. Page 27 had been applied to its fullest extent. No doubt there was a clause in the instructions stipulating that no collier must get asphyxiated more than three times a day in any one shift, or words to that effect. Probably the first recorded instance of asphyxiation from this cause occurred in 1621. Gas Used for Washing Long ago, in the winter as well as the summer months the wives of the workmen at the Albion Mines did their washing 'on' as well as at the river. Mr. F.W. Gray in the Bulletin previously spoken of, quotes Mr. Smith- and early Manager for the General Mining Association- as relating how washing was done in the summer but as Mr. Smith, probably, did not among his other duties have supervision of the washings of the households, he has omitted to mention what the writer considers a far more interesting point, that washing was done on top of the frozen river in both winter and early spring as well. In summer a hole was dug in the ground on the westerly bank of the river; a match was waved over the hole till the gas issuing was lighted, and this gas kept burning steadily until extinguished. The water pots were hung by means of a hook and tripod over the burning gas and a regular supply of hot water was obtained. In winter time two holes were cut in the ice, one for the gas to light the fire and and the second for a soft water supply. Historians have related of the coming of 'Water gas' but never of this early method of securing it. Just how the washerwoman knew without prospecting, the best place as a rule they had no difficulty in securing a site where sufficient gas issued to keep the pots boiling while the operation of washing lasted. The Use of Gas as an Illuminant Dr. MacGregor, for sure was the first to use gas to illuminate, and in this case showed it to some of his brethern- on this side of the Atlantic. This was a hundred and more years ago. The gas from the coal mines in the vicinity of his dwelling exuded from the coal below ground. By inserting pipes in the ground Dr. McGregor collected the gas and carried it to his house. As the Doctor had no gasometer and no cocks or valves, he found it impossible to regulate the flow, and so this very economical method of obtaining light had to be abandoned. History of Church Check Off

In the early days of Mining not only in Pictou County, but in other parts, the miners were content to take fewer off days than they have in the habit of doing since the coal trade started, that is idle days on their own account, though in the eighties and previously the pits were frequently idle owing to the number of Holy days or Saints days that were celebrated. These interferred seriously with shipments, which of course, could be made only in the season of navigation. The off days were a serious loss say in 1882-83, on account of the heavy demurrage of vessels not loaded in a given time. The Secretary of the Glace Bay Mining Company wrote the Grand Secy., of the P.W.A. asking what could be done in the matter. The latter suggested that the Secretary of\the Coal Co. should invoke the cooperation of the clergymen, telling them that commemoration days were abused, and offering to collect Church dues through the office in return for their intervention. Mr. Lithgow did this, and the outcome was that from that time Church dues were collected in very many cases in the pay offices. The miners in the province so long as payments were monthly and payment was Page 28 made on the yardage and not the tonnage, or by part tonnage- or by box- and part yardage, had or took a day and a half or so only, regularly each month. The half or three quarter day was on measuring, and the whole day was on pay days. This arrangement or understanding was more acceptable to the operator than a day off now and again as it suited the worker's fancy. The operators did not expect the men to appear in full force, if at all on these days. So if a number did not show up there was no disappointment and little disarrangement. The Use of Cannon in Mine Fires There is little wonder if in the early days of mining at Albion Mining there were fires and minor explosions. All the pits were very gassy and its constant presence bred that contempt which accompanies familiarity. The gas came hissing through the solid coal. Sometimes it caught fire accidently from a Miner's lamp, and on occasions it was set on fire by miners or driver lads, desirous of obtaining a lesson in chemistry, or of satisfying a devilish curiosity. To light the gas was extremely easy, but at times it was very difficult to put out. The usual fire apparatus consisted of Miner's coats. If these failed, then calls were made for the cannon which was kept in an accessible place in the mine. The discharge and the concussion had generally the effect of extinguishing the flame. Old miners have described to the writer that the cannon was used more frequently in bench shots which did not do their work and had set the coal on fire at the back of the shot, where the fire could not be got at. The cannon then became servicable. The nozzle was long and of small bore, small enough to enter the front of the shot hole. When in position the cannon was fired and was as a rule, successful. When it failed to work, then as many hands as there was room for, set to work to loosen the coal in the bench and expose the fires. There was difficulty in maintaining the roadways on account of the swellings and upheavels. There were those who said the great pressure was responsible for this. Others said it was due to the pavement becoming inflated with gas. Probably it was due to both causes. The Abolition of the Truck System The introduction of the English custom of paying miners wages in goods into Nova Scotia, can be traced to about 1809, to the Crown Mines Agent at Sydney Mines, who was allowed to supply the colliers with food and other articles at a personal profit of 225 pounds per annum. From that time to the entry of the General Mining Association of London, England, into Nova Scotia, 1827, the Truck System appears to have prevailed; and, as a rule, the colliers received their wages, principally in goods and liquors. The Mining Association Abandoned the Truck System about 1831, and did not re-open a mine store until 1878-9. After 1858 their competitors established the system at the outmines of the Sydney Coalfield, where it proved useful in financing the mines, especially over the depressions, after the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty in 1866. The winters and ice-infested Springs then cut off the revenues of the Cape Breton collieries for months; and the necessity of banking coal for shipment at the opening of navigation imposed peculiar burdens upon the less wealthy coal operators, who doubtless found it more convenient, as well as profitable, to defray their principal expenses i.e. the cost of labour during those months, by paying wages in goods. There can be little doubt that abuses penetrated into the system; that it, to some extent placed a premium on idleness; and that industrious men were at times denied work during the 'slack' seasons, in order that less thrifty operatives, who had incurred debts in the colliery store, might liquidate them without delay. Page 29 The Commissioners appointed by the Federal Government to investigate the relations between capital and labor in 1888, reported that the employers contended they kept these stores solely for the accommodation of the workmen, who were there furnished goods as cheaply as at outside shops; but the manager of one of the mining company's stores in Cape Breton admitted to the Commission that the goods could be supplied at cheaper prices. The Commissioners found, that on pay days workmen dealing at the 'company stores' often discovered the balance against them; that the system induced careless, extravagant and dependent habits; that its ill consequences extended to the agricultural classes, who were often obliged to accept payment for their produce in goods; that it enabled the employers to make a double or more than a double profit out of the labor of their workmen and gave them the use of money belonging in all fairness to the men; and they earnestly recommended the abolition of the system by legislation. The Abolition of the Truck System In March, 1895, the Hon. Robert Drummond in his place in the Legislature, stigmatised the company's mine stores as a premium upon beggary; and Mr. Murray, the present Premier of Nova Scotia, acknowledged that the Government considered them liable to disturb the existing relations between capital and labor. The payment of wages in Canadian currency only consequently became a prominent public issue; the members elected to represent Cape Breton County at the election of 1897, adopted the sound, economic principle that the wages of mine workers should be paid only in current coin of the realm; and on June 30, 1898, a deputation from the Church of England Synod, headed by the Bishop of Nova Scotia, urged the Nova Scotia Government to abolish or mitigate the evil of the Truck System. Early in 1899 the Legislature responded by passing an Act entitled, 'An Act for the Further Protection of Miners'. The principal provisions of the Act were: 'No employer of labor engaged in coal mining, shall, after May 1, 1900, pay any wages otherwise than in the currency of Canada. 'Provided, however, that any employee may, if he so desires, give an order authorizing his employer to apply the whole or any part of the wages due to him for any one fortnight, to the payment of any legitimate debt, owing by said employee; but such order shall only be effectual for the fortnight specified therein. 'Provided also, that any such employer of labor may retain out of the wages due an employee, not more than ten per cent of the wages due such employee on any pay day, in payment of any legitimate debt, due such company, if the same was contracted before the passing of this Act.' 'Any such employer of labor who shall violate any of the provisions of this Act, or who shall retain any wages due any of their employees save as in this Act provided shall, for each violation be liable to a penalty of not less than fifty (50) dollars, and not greater than one hundred (100) dollars. The said penalty may be used for and recovered by any person in summary manner.' The burden of proving the strict observance of this Act, from which the stoppage of wages for the payment of powder, coal, rent, church and society dues, checkweighmen and doctors was excepted, was placed upon the employer; and the penalties for a breach of it were assigned to the aggrieved person. The latter were, however, made payable, to the Crown by a subsequent amendment. Page 30 List of Emigrant Ships that Arrived at Pictou, with Miners for Albion Mines Brig Margaret 1827 Liverpool. 85 miners for the Albion Mines. (English) Brig Mary 1827 Liverpool. Miners (English) Brig Maria 1828 Liverpool. 8 Miners (English) Brig Thomas Battersby 1828 Liverpool. 51 days, Miners, (English) Brig Hero 1829 Greenock, 157 Passengers to the ming Co. Brig Mary Ann 1838 Liverpool. 100 Miners (English) Barque Isabella 1839 Greenock, 118 Miners. Barque Lulan 1848 Glasgow, 40 days, 9 cabin passengers, 158 steerage passengers, 30 families miners, 3 small-pox deaths, 15 afflicted. Mount Rundell House Mount Rundell House, on Rundell Street, is the oldest house in Stellarton. The two-storey twenty-two room brick and stone mansion, which was sheathed with wood, was built in 1827 by Richard Smith, General Manager of the General Mining Association. It was built for his use and his successors. The house contained numberous bedrooms a wide centeral hall and a wide deep staircase leading to the upper rooms, a drawing room, study, library, smoking room, a large dining room and inner and outer kitchen. The inside kitchen had a large fireplace with a crane for holding pots and kettles and was used for cooking, the outer kitchen contained a pump and a brick over for baking bread. The estate was situated on 75 acres of high ground over looking the East River. It was surrounded by high hawthorn hedges. It had a frontage of 1400 ft. which later became part of Foord Street and extended from Bridge Avenue to Jubliee Avenue. It had a semi-circular driveway which entered at Bridge Ave. and exited at Jubliee Avenue. Wrought iron gates between dressed stone standards was located at each end of the driveway, to keep out the curious. Twenty-five acres in the immediate vicinity of the house was landscaped with ornamental trees and extensive lawn. There was a large orchard with apples, pears and plum trees, and large garden which was surrounded by a seven foot high wooden palisade. There was a pidgeon cote, pond, ice house, hot house, porters lodge, couch house and stables and to the rear of the property, cottages in which were housed the servants, some of whom were black men. The estate contained a large park which had a dancing stage, cricket pitch and picnic tables and chairs. The park was loaned on special occasions to fraternal and church groups for picnics. The Park later became Allan Park and the cricket pitch is now the Stellarton Sports Center. On the north and south boundaries of the estate, two large staff houses were located to take care of the overflow of guests from Mount Rundell. The one on the Page 31 south was named York Lodge, in honor of the Duke of York, who later became King Edward VII of England and the northern one was named Alma Cottage. The first managers used a large coach and later smaller carriages and a wagonette which held six persons inside and two on the front seat and was drawn by two horses.

The managers at Mount Rundell paid for their own food and personal servants. The coal Co. supplied the house and fuel the gardener, groundskeeper, coachman, stablemen, coaches and horses. Mount Rundell was named after Philip and Edmund Rundell, two of the principal shareholders of the General Mining Association, they were rich London jewellers. During Mount Rundell's varied and historic existence many famous personages were entertained there. It was said that Mount Rundell was more important in the affairs of state than was Government House. The following is a partial list of guests who were entertained at Mount Rundell during its active lifetime: Sir Fenwick Williams, the Hero of Kars, Sir William Logan, Scientist, Sir Charles Lyell, Geologist and Scientist, studied humming birds at Mount Rundell, Sir William Dawson, Geologist, General Laurie of Oakville, Earl of Mulgrave, Lieut. Gov., Marquis of Lome, Gov. Gen., Lord Stanley, Gov. Gen., Donor of Stanley Cup, Josephe Howe, Premier of Nova Scotia, Sir Hugh Allan, Donor of Allan Cup, Hon. J.W. Johnstone, Gov. Leader, GMA Solisitor, Judge Haliburton, author of Sam Slick, Samuel Cunard, Owner of Cunard Line, Col. Kenneth Snodgrass, Sir Charles Tupper, Sir Gaston Le Marchant, Sir Colin Campbell, Sir T.D. Archibald, Cyrus Field, Of Cable Fame, Lord Dufferin, Gov. Gen., Sanford Fleming, Father of Standard Time, Herbert Huntington, Edmund M. Dodd, Hugh Bell, William Young, Attorney Gen. Tradition says that the Earl of Mulgrave used to honor this house with more lengthy visits than were always appreciated, but the Earl doubtless considered the honor bestowed upon Mount Rundell by his presence there was ample compensation to his good-natured host. Had he been obliged to earn the dollars in the entertaining of himself and party, he would probably have thought differently. A tragic accident occurred at the house in the late 1890's when it was occupied by the Rev. Morris Taylor, Anglican Church Rector. A tea party was being held on the large front veranda when it collapsed and crushed to death the young daughter of Rev. Taylor. Mount Rundell was the scene of a near disaster in its early days. During a violent strike a crowd of striking miners advanced on the Mount with the intention of harming the manager and burning the Mount down, if their grievance was not rectified. The manager having been forewarned escaped to Pictou. Having lost their quary, cooler heads prevailed and saved the Mount from being burned down. Tradition has it that Mount Rundell House was haunted. A daughter of one of the guests, while staying at Mount Rundell, was given the 'haunted room' to sleep in. In the middle of the night an intruder entered the bedroom and proceeded to take the bedcovers of the bed, the screams of the girl brought her host and others to the bedroom, but they could find nothing, a search of the whole house had the same results. Page 32 One of the guests, a clergyman, volunteered to occupy the room, which he did, and pased a peaceful night. The next night he again slept there and was awakened by hearing footsteps approach his door, then the sound of a hand fumbling the knob, and footstepts entering the room; with this the consciousness that someone was in the room. What, or who it was, got in the bed with him and the clergyman waited until, by its regular breathing, he knew it to be asleep. Then, making a spring, he threw his arms around it to find he had grasped nothing. He got up and searched the house from top to bottom without finding anything that could explain this occurence.

Report has it that Sir Fenwick Williams the Hero of Kars, whose bravery was unimpeachable, spent one night in this room and declared he would never spend another.

The following general managers occupied Mount Rundell House: Richard Smith 1827-34, Joseph Smith 1834-40, Henry Poole Sr. 1840-54, James Scotte 1854-65, James Hudson 1865-80, John Rutherford 1880-93. Later tenants were, Rev. Morris Taylor, Ralph Dawson, Hiram Donkin, Chisholm and Baxter families, and Jack P. MacDonald, to whom the property was sold in 1904, the rest of the estate was sold for building lots. Then followed Everett Little and Eldridge MacDonald, who sold the house to Wayne Harris, who in turn sold it to Kimball Lucas the present owner. Albion Mines, 1828 The First Blast Furnace and Smelting of Iron Ore in Canada The first ore mined in Pictou was a red hematite, discovered in 1828, on McLellan's Brook, by the Rev. Dr. McGregor, and favorably reported upon, by an English analyst, for the General Mining Association. A blast furnace 40 ft. high 8 ft. diameter at the boshes, erected at the Albion mines, was charged with a mixture of red hematite, mined near the Iron Ore Post Office and brown hematite from the Fraser Saddler Farm, at Bridgeville, but great difficulty was experienced in making the metal flow; about 50 tons of iron produced proved hard and unsatisfactory. One analysis of the pig is stated to have been: Silicon .409 Manganese .504 Sulphur 1.238 Phosphorus .788 Graphite Carbon .668 Conbined 1.295 Metallic Iron 95.098

Pieces lay about the yard for years, others were used as ballast at the Shipyard Point Slip; and, after the discovery of gold in Nova Scotia, 1860, some of the pig was manufactured into very superior stamp heads for a mill at Waverley. Some of Page 33 the local clay ironstone, of which fully 41 beds underlie the 'Main' seam, tested in a cupola, at the Albion Mines about the same time, yielded 35 per cent of metal, so lively and fluid that delicate ornaments were cast from some, and No. 1 pig iron, freely susceptible to files and drills from the remainded. The furnace is said to have been ruined in 1829 by the carelessness of the furnacemen, and smelting was not resumed. The ruins of this furnace were standing until 1855. Joseph Howe visits the Albion Mines, Stellarton, 1830 Be it known to the gentle reader, whose love of locomotion has never led him too far that Mount Rundle is a pleasant little seat, overlooking the Albion Mines, where the Superintendent resides. It has arisen upon the borders of the forest within a few years past, and although the grounds around it are not yet brought into high order and cultivation, they already exhibit evidence of good taste and liberal expenditure. The best view of the whole Mining Establishment is to be had from the windows of Mount Rundle. It is situated on the west side of the River, which is hereabouts divided into two channels by a strip of interval each being crossed by a wooden bridge. Near the edge of the western channel stands a large building, comprising an extensive store, cellar, counting house and in which are kept a more various and extensive stock of goods than is to be found in any mercantile Establishment in the country. This store is intended for those engaged about the mines, and is also a great convenience to the population on the East River. Some 40 yards in the rear of this Building the Pits are situated and you may see 10,000 Chaldrons of coal lying in on body on the surface around them. The steam machinery by which it is raised is contained in a small brick building from its top rises a lofty chimney, through a stream of smoke is continually rushing. From the engine house long chains and bands of rope pass upon wooden frames or scaffolds, over the shafts,and bands of rope pass upon wooden frames or scaffolds, over the shafts, and descend to the depths below. One of the most important and expensive operations carried on by the company, near the Albion Mines, is a railroad, which is to extend from the pits, about a mile and a half to the spot where the coal is taken in the boats, which carry it down to the place of shipment. Nearly the whole of this Railway has been already completed, all the iron materials for it having been cast at the Establishment. It is intended to run stout wooden cars upon it, which hold just a chaldron, and are constructed so as to empty their lading immediately into the boats. As the freight of the coal from the boat landing to the vessels is the most expensive part of the business of transportation, it is supposed that if the company would go to the expense of continuing the railroad to New Glasgow, and clearing away some of the Oyster Banks which obstruct the navigation so that vessels may come up and take in the coal without the agency of Boats, it would ultimately repay them amply. About half way between and pits and the foundry is a low range of brick work, in which there are six large ovens or furnaces, employed in the manufacture of coke. This, as the scientific reader knows, is an article made from the fine or slack coal, that will not sell, and which, after being about half burnt out, forms into large lumps or cakes, which are drawn out of the furnace, and cooled by throwing water on them. The coke is used in blacksmith work, and for such purposes is held in high estimation. It sells for about 26s the chaldron. The Foundry is also a brick building calculated for carrying on the smelting and manufacture of iron on a very large scale. It is formed into three divisions - in one Page 34 of which the casting is carried on, the machinery works in the center, and the other contains a work shop, where moulds and woodwork are prepared, and where the castings are finished off after coming out of the furnace. The smelting and manufacturing of iron was always intended to form a very important feature of the company's operations at the Albion Mines; but, from various causes, a great deal has not yet been done in this department, Except the bars for the railway, some plates for Brewery—kilns, castings for mill machinery, and a few articles of hollow ware, but little else has been wrought. Chains have been made in a building situated between Mount Rundle and the Pits. These have not yet been offered for sale, nor will they be, until a proving machine is erected by which their strength can be ascertained. A gentleman of the name of Davies has lately arrived from England to take charge of the Iron Department, in all its branches and has taken a lease of the Foundry. (If Mr Davies can secure enough of the local ore, which from experiments proved to be excellent, he can begin the manufacture of iron required for saw and grist mills, kilns, breweries and carding machines, which cannot now be obtained in our Province and which must come from the British Isles or United States). Mr Davies has, we believe, superintended the erection of several steam engines in Europe, and will be able to supply such as may be required, either in this or the adjoining Provinces. A sum equal to 70,000 pounds has already been spent upon the Albion Mines, upon either the purchase of Land (of which the company own about 1500 acres at the mines and about as much more in other situations) or in the erection of buildings, the importation of machinery, the construction of a Steam Boat &c, &c. The latter will be completed in about a week, and is intended to ply up the East River, for the purpose of towing the coals down from New Glasgow. There are 50 men and 7 horses kept constantly employed in the pits- 80 men and fourteen horses on the surface besides the employment given to Tradesmen and Mechanics and to the country people round, who, with horses and boats, are engaged in the carriage of the coal. Some idea may be formed of the extent of excavation, when we say that there are about fourteen boards, or openings, made in different directions, 17 feet high, and 18 wide, at a depth of from 200 to 240 feet under the surface— one of these extends for a distance of 250 yards. Besides the buildings we have mentioned - there are upon the surface a range of brick, and a number of wooden tenements, where the Miners and their families reside. Now we intend to give you a plunge into the bowels of the earth. At length the sled on which you stand reaches the bottom, and before you are aware, a few links of the chain may be coiling on top of your head; but be in no hurry to leap off—wait until the guide, who has accompanied you in your passage, trims his lamp, and takes the lead, or perhaps you may bump your shins against a block of coal, or measure your length upon the bottom of the pit. And now you discern a lot of beings looking more like Demons than men, with their loose trousers tucked up to their knees, their bodies only protected by a flannel shirt, the sleeves of which are gathered up the elbow- the neck and breast being generally open- their heads are covered by a close cap, something like the Welsh wig, and what adds to the singularity of their appearance, each has a small lamp suspended by a wire to the front of his cap- making them look like the Cyclop, who had but one glaring eye in his forehead. From head to heel these people are covered with the coal dust, which mixing with the perspiration drawn out by their hardy toils, gives to their features a singular, and rather a melodramatic expression. These people are variously employed- some are digging away with their pick axes into the coal measures, or boring holes for blasting; while others are loading Page 35 on the sleds or driving the horses back and forward from the place of excavation to the bottom of the shaft. These sleds run on a movable railway extended along the level of the pit- a broad iron hoop is laid upon the surface, and as the coal is filled in, another and then another is added, until the load is completed, when the traces are unhitched from the empty sled and attached to the full one, which is presently sent up to the surface by the agency of steam. The incessant clatter of the Miner's picks- the rapid passage of the horses to and fro- and the circulation of two or three dozen lamps, altogether make up as singular a combination of sights and sounds as the greatest lover of medleys might require. A large pump, which is sunk in one of the shafts, and worked by the Steam Engine, draws up a great quantity of water, which it deposits in a hogshead, bored with holes- from thence it again descends into the pit, carrying with it a large quantity of air, by which the boards are ventilated, and all dangerous vapours carried off. As the coal is dug out, the roof of the pit is supported by logs, which are stood on end, and wedged with plank, whenever the nature of the strata may seem to require them; large bodies of coal are left at certain distances for a similar purpose, and thus there is but little risk of any danger from the falling in of the ceiling. 'But, Heaven preserve us, what was that? Are we blown into a thousand atoms? Are we suffocated by sulphur and fire damp? Are we not lying, like and Egyptian Mummey, beneath a ponderous pyramid of ruins?' Nothing of the kind, my gentle Traveller, it is only a blast, which you might have seen two stout fellows preparing and which has upturned as much coal as would serve to keep an old maid and her cat warm and comfortable, during the approaching winter, But, if you get so nervous upon our hands, seize hold of the chain again, and let us proceed on our journey. The Building of the Albion Mines Railroad, 1836

The General Mining Association of London, England, owners of the Albion Mines, now Stellarton, were quick to see the possibilities of a railroad as a means of quicker marketing of coal and decided to build a railway from the Albion Mines to the Loading Grounds. At that time there were few construction engineers and not one was available to build the proposed line. A government land surveyor who was also a school teacher, was prevailed upon to undertake the task. His name was Peter Crerar and he made a complete success of surveying the line and making the plans. When the latter were completed, they were sent to the head office of the Mining Association in London, with the request that an engineer be sent out to execute them. When the plans were submitted to George Stephenson, builder of the locomotive who had engineered the construction of the Stockston and Darlington, England's first railroad, he reported to the Mining Association that, in his opinion, the person who prepared the drawings was quite capable of executing them. So the railway was built under the supervision of Peter Crerar. The building of the Albion Railway began in 1836 and the road was opened for traffic in 1839. When completed it was in every way equal to England's first steam railway; a remarkable feat, in view of the fact that Peter Crerar had never seen a railroad. The line, 6 miles in length, was so nearly straight that the least radius of its curves was l"-300 feet. The estimated quantity of excavations was 400,000 cubic yards. At the water terminus there was a wharf 1500 feet long by 24 feet wide, commanding a fall of 17 feet above high water level at the shoots. The masonry, bridges, culverts, etc., were of cut freestone, from a nearby quarry. The total cost of construction was $160,000. Page 36 While the railroad was being constructed, three locomotives were being built in England by Timothy Hackworth. They were landed at Pictou and brought up the East River in lighters, towed by the Company steamship. The three locomotives were The Samson, The Hercules, and The John Buddie. The three locomotives were accompanied by Davidson, a first class machinist, who superintended their setting up and who for a great many years was the driver of the Samson, which was the engine made ready first. The Albion, a locomotive built later, was of neater design, and faster, but was perhaps not as powerful as the Samson. Albion Mines, Stellarton, 1837 Fifty years ago the majority of the houses were log ones. There was a row of them on the upper side of what is now front street. To the south-west of this row there were to other short rows. The only frame houses were the two to the west of the Episcopal Church. The brick houses on front street were built previous to 37, as were the two brick blocks, below the old Company office, and the four smaller blocks further down. The old store was in full blast. The Company built in 37 the houses were Deputy Roger's, I think now lives. Albion Mines had no policeman in those days, yet it had one of the signs of civilization, it boasted a tavern, a building rented from the company, which after a time was put to better use. There was not a single building in Albion Mines owned by a private person, and in that respect Albion Mines has stood stock still. People could not purchase land from the Company for love or money. Last year a movement was inaugurated which will lead to a settlement being formed on the outskirts of the mine. Already on the outskirts several neat cottages have been built and more to follow. In 1837 wages paid to laborers were 3-6 or 70 cents per day, mechanics 5 shillings or $1.00 per day and miners made from $40 to $50 per month. The necessities of those days were far cheaper, for instance, winter's beef could be had in at a cost of 2 to 3 cents per lb.; potatoes 15 cents per bushel; butter 10 cents and flour (being more expensive), was from $10 - $12 per barrel. At first the miners were brought over from England and Scotland and occupied the company houses. It is phenomenal how native miners have developed since the early days. Every bush in Pictou and Cumberland seems to be able to produce a full blossomed miner. Fish was cheap and abundant. Salmon was plentiful in the river, and as there were no fishery wardens, there were no poachers. Gaspereaux were abundant and salmon, as many as 30 were in a net on an evening with the average weight of 20 to 30 pounds. The Number of Persons Employed at Albion Mines in 1838 were: Resident Manager 1 Clerks, bailiffs and overseers 9 Coalcutters 146 Engineers and Fireboys 18 Carpenters, Masons and Assistants 54 Blacksmiths 8 Sawyers, Osters, Saddler and Groom 8 Page 37 Surface drivers 43 Underground Drivers and Laborers 66 Pithead Men 20 Pick Carriers 6 Surface Laborers 78 Wharf smen 4 Brickmakers 40 Plasterers 5 Farmers 2 Shipwrights 10 At Loading Ground 50 In Foundry 40 On Steamers, Albion and Pocahontas 11 On South Pictou Railway 296 Total number persons 915

Forty-nine horses were employed above and fifty-two underground. The steam plant, to Nova Scotia was the most interesting feature of the new operations. It consisted of seven winding, pumping and other engines aggregating 183 H.P., one 16 H.P. engine at the Loading Ground and three 30 H.P. engines on the steamers. The Albion Mines, 1839

Having in a former number conveyed the reader to the Albion Mines by water, in our remarks on the East River, we now introduce him to this interesting and important section of the County of Pictou from a different direction. On approaching the Mines from the Middle River, the traveller passes over three or four miles of dreary barren, rendered so by extensive burning. The eye is occasionally relieved by a solitary dry pine, stripped of its bark and blackened by the action of recent fire, or a clump of young pines emerging from the soil, only to share the fate of their predecessors. Occasionally on the margin of a brook, proceeding through the midst of the waste, may be seen a strip of green trees preserved from the destroyer as if by a Miracle, and resembling all the beauties of vigorous vegetation.

This road however, is soon passed over and emerging from a thicket of young pines of no great extent, the extensive buildings of the Albion Mines burst on the view of the astonished traveller and relieves the mind from the lanquor into which it had fallen by the monotonous scene passed over.

On your right Mount Rundell appears, with its pleasing appendages. It is an exceeding neat villa, situated on a small eminence, tastefully decorated by plantings of all the various trees the forest of Nova Scotia may produce. The house was built and the ground laid out in true English style by Richard Smith Esq., to whom Nova Scotia, (Pictou in particular), is indebted for the establishment we are about to describe. Mount Rundle is now the residence of Joseph Smith, Esquire, the Managing Agent of the Mines. A little further on, through a clump of young trees York Lodge appears to view, a large two storey house; the residence to the Doctor, Clerks, etc. connected with the mines. Page 38 Proceeding down towards the river a very handsome range of brick buildings, one of which contains the offices, while the others are the residence of Overseers and principle workmen. A little further along on the opposite side of the road stands the store, on the western band of the river. In here there is kept an extensive supply of everything required by the workmen and their families. This department is under the management of Mr Neil MacKay. Returning again to where we came in view of the Mines, on our left from Mount Rundle, stands the Inn-always a pleasing site to the traveller. It is kept by Mrs MacKay. Here may be had all the requisites for comfort and from the parlor window an advantageous view of the Mines may be enjoyed. From here may be seen half a dozen large chimneys, issuing columns of dark smoke. These are connected with the steam engines of Foundry and Coalworks. One of the chimneys used for the purpose of ventilation is over 140 feet in height and is a handsome structure. The pits are eight in number, one of them over 60 fathoms deep, and one of the engines is 70 horse power.

To the left and in the rear of the Inn, are the Miner's houses. Their number is astonishing and probably not less than 250, over 100 of which were erected last year. They have a neat and pleasing appearance. In returning from the Inn, nearly opposite to the offices, stands a small high pressure engine of 40 horse power, the only one at the works. Farther in the rear of the store, stands another engine of 28 horse power. These two engines are attached to the first set of pits, into one of which we ascended and enjoyed a ride of near half a mile on a subterranean railroad.

Passing further along you come to the stables, which though a shabby set of buildings, contains the finest and largest stall of horses in the Province. In the lower regions there are upwards of 50 more of equal beauty and strength. These horses have been selected from all parts of the Province, and many of them are the descendants of the Sampson horse. They are certainly fine animals, and their round and glossy appearance do great credit to their keepers. A little farther onward stands the dilapidated two storey brick building built by, and long the residence of the late Dr. MacGregor, of Pious Memory. But, now alas! turned into an ale house! Farther on stands the carpenters shops and lumber yard, enclosed by a neat board fence. To your left crossing the old railroad, are the new range of Pits sunk during the last year. Four of the newly opened pits are for the purpose of ventilating the works. The deepest of the two latter (450 feet) is called the Engine Pit, where the pumps and machinery for drawing the water from the mine are erected.

The two winding engines, 25 horse power each, made at the Albion Foundry are erected. The pumping engine 70 horse power is erected, and the pumps are being put in and will be completed about the first of June. The house containing this engine is a handsome stone building. We are informed that when completed, this new work will employ about 150 colliers, in addition to the immence number now employed on the premises. There are now from 5000 to 6000 chaldrons of coal raised per month.

To your right, on the opposite side of the road, are the coke and coal-tar ovens. A little further onward stands the Foundries and its appendages, under the management of Mr H.W. Davies. This is also a large brick building containing a 20 H.P. steam engine, and ample moulding, pattern, and finishing rooms etc. There is also a saw mill propelled by steam power in operation on the premises. Three of the engines now in operation at the mine were constructed at the Foundry, the beam of one of which is over 30 feet long and weighs 5 tons. Castings of every Page 39 description can be supplied at the Foundry and the fact that the engines contructed there appear equal if not superior to others connected with the works add to the condifence that may be placed in Mr. Davis as an experienced engineer. Before leaving the mines the traveller must visit a spot on the river, a little above the store, where fire may be seen burning on the surface of the water-caused by carburetted hydrogen gas arising from the bed of the river and passing through the water and escaping in bubbles on the surface. Applying a lighted candle on a piece of paper to the gas, it will ignite, and continue burning for weeks. Over is may frequently be seen a pot boiling on the water, the river apparently on fire, while women of the finny tribe may frequently be seen gliding through the water below the flames. Persons in the vicinity avail themselves of this burning gas, in heating water for washing.

Proceeding down the railroad about 2V2 miles and about Vi of a mile below the bridge at New Glasgow, stands the shipping wharves, shoots, etc. Here there are railroad terminates and also there is coal brought down from the Mines in wagons of one chaldron each (one horse bring four or five). They are loaded into lighters, or vessels not exceeding eight feet draft of water. It was the intention of the company to have removed some banks in the river, so as to bring twenty feet of water to this place. We are sorry to say that after constructing a dredging boat, mudlighters, etc., they abandoned this part of their plan, in consequence of opposition experienced, we are informed from persons in New Glasgow whom we certainly think have defeated their own interest. Here are two steam boats of 30 horse power each constantly employed and engaged principally in towing coal lightered and vessels with their freight up and down the river, in one of which a passage down the river may be obtained for a trifle. About two miles further down, on the opposite side of the river, may be seen the shipyard of the establishment. Here are ships for hauling up the steamboats and thirty lighters of various sizes, some of them carrying 40 chaldrons of coal, all placed side by side and far from ice or water. As you proceed down the river, the attention is attracted to the excavations, embankments, bridges, etc. of the new locomotive railroad. About three miles down from the Shipyard is South Pictou. Here there may be seen the largest bridge and range of wharves in Nova Scotia. The 600 ft. long wharves are situated on the bank Oi the channel. On these are conveniences for loading vessels engaged in the coai trade, embracing a steam engine of 18 horsepower, called 'transfer engine'. It was erected last autumn, and adds materially to the previous facilities in shipping. The coal is placed in boxes containing two chaldrons each, the engine raises the box with its contents, and places it over the vessels hatchway, when a trap door in its bottom is opened and the whole speedily transferred with safety and ease in an hours time. Here the new railroad is to terminate, being about six miles in length and connected with the wharves by a bridge 1600 feet in length, built on piles and raised 20 feet above the highwater mark. It is a very forward start and probably will be completed in three months. This part of the establishment is under the supervision of our worthy townman Robert MacKay Esq. During the last summer, from 25 to 35 sails of American vessels might frequently be seen here at a time. Over 300 sail of vessels of various description were loaded here last year. If we are not misinformed, that number will be doubled this term. There are three locomotive engines on their way from England for the railroad, which, when they arrive, with those already at the works, will amount to the number of twelve steam engines to be in operation during the coming of the summer. Page 40 We have thus given a sketch of the extensive operations connected with the Albion Mines, obtained from observation and enquiring and though perhaps incomplete is correct in its statements. The Opening of the Albion Mines Railroad, 1839 One of the novel and imposing spectacles over witnessed in this portion of the world, took place Thursday last, (Sept. 19th) on the premises of the General Mining Association. The event which this exhibition was designed to commemorate was the running of the locomotive carriages for the first time on the completion of the first section of the new Rail Road. The prediction of an unusual demonstration at feeling was amply verified on the morning of the 19th inst. At six o'clock, Pictou town presented a scene of bustle and agitation, which at that hour is rarely exhibited by its peaceful inhabitants. On the arrival of the steamer Pocahontas at 6:30 every street and alley was crowded with people winding their way to the boat and bound to Mount Rundell on a pilg»mage of pleasure. Half an hour after the tolling of the bell, the steamer was on her way with 300 persons aboard. The steamer, Albion, arrived later to carry the Volunteer Artillery and many other late comers boarded her for the trip up the river. One of the passengers had brought his pipes with him and entertained the passengers with various Scotch tunes until the arrival of the boat at the shoots below the New Glasgow bridge. Rain had begun to fall and umbrellas began to appear amongst the crowd. Carriages were waiting to take the ladies and gentlemen to the mines. The procession started from McKay's Hotel at eleven o'clock. The procession returned to the railway station at one o'clock when a salute was fired by the Artillery. The most important part of the ceremony, the running of the locomotives, was to take place at 2 p.m. The intervening time was spent in examining their construction and admiring these most astonishing monuments of human ingenuity. They are universally allowed by competent judges to be engines of superior manufacture, and the various parts of their machinery are in the highest state of polish and repair. The locomotives, are three in number, and are called the Hercules, the John Buddie and the Sampson. On this occasion the first only were called into active service. At the appointed hour people left the carriages and invited guests, to whom the Association had sent tickets of admission to went aboard. In a few minutes both trains were in motion. The Hercules taking the lead having a train of 35 carriages, containing about 700 people. The John Buddie with an equal number followed. It was a wonderful sight to see these splendid efforts of human mechanism, at the magic touch of the engineers, 'walking it off like a thing of life', at a speed varying from 10 to 20 miles per hour. After running two trips in the locomotive, the workers again formed in procession and marched to four tables which were spread out for them opposite the office of the establishment, at which not less than 750 persons partook of a repast. 'There was none of your humbugging of French Sauces,' but about 1200 lbs. of beef and mutton, 6 hhds of Ale, with bread and vegetables in abundance, with the other substantials of life. This formed the principal items of the Bill of Fare, provided by the commissary general, after drinking to the health of the queen, the prosperity of the General Mining Association, and long life and happiness to its agents, they departed from the tables. The Free Masons and Artillery took lunch in one of the new houses, which they washed down with Brandy and water. In the evening Mr. Smith gave a dinner, at which 150 persons were entertained. On entering the Engine House, which was converted into a saloon for the occasion, the scene presented itself. On the north end of the room above the head of the President, the Page 41 Ensign and the Union Jack of Old England were seen in Juxtaposition with the Star Spangled Banner of Republican America, indicative, we presume of the friendly relations between these two Great Empires. Two tables, capable of seating 200 persons, on each side of the building-a small table made to cross the others was erected at the northern extremity of the hall, behind which on an elevation of about 2 feet stood the President, Richard Smith, Esq.'s chair, ('That Prince of Good Fellows'), discharged the duty of President, assisted as croupier by Joseph Smith, Esq. On the right and left of the President, were seated the Hon. William Lawson, and Messrs., Dickson, Holmes, Hatton and Archibald, members of the House of Assembly, and a number of the Clergy and Magistrates of the County. On the removal of the cloth, two carriages, each containing five decanters of wine, traversed both tables on a Railroad. This device had a capital effect, and its discovery elected a burst of applause. After the vineous locomotives went away and next came the champagne. At nine o'clock the ladies who had been entertained by Mrs Smith at Mount Rundell arrived at the dinner and toasts were drank to their health. After remaining fifteen minutes the ladies left and the Lords of Creation were 'left alone in their glory'. at about ten o'clock the president left the chair, and the guests, much gratified with the amusements of the day, departed in quest of accommodations for the night. During the course of the evening several appropriate speeches were delivered. Strike at Albion Mines, 1842 The cause of the suspension of labour is not a strike for higher wages, but an attempt to reduce the amount hitherto paid. The company have ever evinced liberality toward their men. They have allowed them dwelling houses free of rent and fuel at quarter the price and have paid them for their labour at an extravagant rate. About ten weeks since they resolved on lessening their wages still granting them a sufficent sum to enable them to earn from 7 pounds 10 shillings to 8 pounds per month. At these wages they have refused to work, and half of 200 men and boys spent the last ten weeks in idleness. Some have wished to return to work, but having had their effigies burned they were deterred from entering the pits. Some of the men left for the United States, leaving their wives and children behind them, presuming no doubt that the Poor's Fund will provide for them. But they ought to know that if the overseers of the poor undertake the care of their families they are empowered to bind out their children as apprentices it would not be pleasant for the returning fathers to find their little ones so disposed of. About two summers since and at a time when the demand for coal was great, these fellows made a strike for higher wages, and having the proprietors then in a manner in their power, their demands were granted. On the present occasion therefore we cannot but consider the proprietors justified in reducing their pay to a fair compensation for their labour. But this measure having caused a cessation of labour, we cannot approve of the policy of Mr. Cunard in not allowing them to go on at their present rate of wages until other men could be procured as the loss otherwise resulting to the company (to say nothing of its effect upon the community) will be much more than if the highest rate of wages had been paid until the Spring. February 2, we learn that the miners resumed their work today. February 9, they and their employer having split the difference regarding rate of pay. Page 42 Facts and Figures on GMA Coal Operations, at Albion Mines In 1853-1854 a number of questions were submitted to the agents of the General Mining Association by a committee of the House of Assembly. The answers contain information interesting to the historian and also present day miners. Albion Mines coal weighs about 31 cwt. p. chaldron. Coals are sold at Albion Mines by the Winchester chaldron. The prices paid at the loading ground are as follows: Albion Mines large 15-6 per chaldron; 8-2 per ton; slack 8-per chaldron. Price at pit mouth same as at loading ground. The weight of a cubic yard of coal is Albion Mines 15 to 15 cwt. The price paid to miners for quarrying varies from 1-7 to 2-2 per yard, according to the position of the colliery which is equal to about 3-8 per chaldron. A good cutter can earn about 9- a day at these prices. The cost of coal, exclusive of all over head charges, was stated in the House of Assembly in 1839 to be 12- 13-4. At Albion Mines the proportion is one chaldron of slack to every six chaldron of large, each chaldron of slack costing the association the same as a chaldron of large, while it sells for only half the price.

Coal is supplied to open order and the vessels are loaded in turn. The association never ship coal on their own account and consequently have no depots. Freights from Albion Mines to Boston averaged from two and a half to four dollars per chaldron last year 1852. Last year from 170,000 to 180,000 tons of shipping were employed in this trade. The number of vessels were 1788, viz: from Sydney 734 and from Pictou 1054, of these 626 vessels were employed in the trade from Albion Mines to United States, of which only 95 were American bottoms. In former years more than half the coal was carried in American bottoms. Coal raised and sold in 1853; Albion Mines-89,474 chaldrons, of which 6,044 exported to U.S. and 13,430 to neighboring colonies and for home consumption. The average tonnage of vessels was about 120 tons. Vessels are loaded as quickly as possible, shipping about 750 chaldrons or 1150 tons per day. There has been no detention of any consequence, except on the occasional arrival of a large fleet of vessels at once, which may have been detained at Canso or elsewhere by contrary winds. The prices quoted last year in U.S. were $5.50 to $6.00 for Albion Mines. The price of Albion Mines coal before 1846 was 16-6 per chaldron. Albion Mine coal is used to a large extent in manufacturing iron and gas purposes. The Number of Persons Employed at Albion Mines in 1857 were:

Underground Surface

4 Overmen 3 Managers and Clerks 197 Cutters and Loaders 2 Bailiffs 3 Bottomers 6 Carpenters 2 Enginemen 12 Blacksmiths 7 Incline Boys 5 Brakemen 19 Trappers, Way Cleaners 4 Founders 3 Ostlers 8 Enginemen 4 Roadsmen 10 Locomotive Enginemen 2 Watchmen 4 Coal Drivers Page 43

2 Furnacemen 4 Masons 46 Drivers 40 Laborers 8 Wharfsmen 2 Shipping Officers 1 Gatekeeper 289 109 Nine vessels could be loaded simultaneously at the Loading Ground, at which the shipping facilities were equal to 1200-1500 tons per day. Tonnage drawing more than 20 feet of water was usually loaded from lighters towed out to them in the stream. The Social and Economic Progress of Coal Miners in Nova Scotia 'The Nova Scotian miner of 60 years ago bore the reputation of being rough, rude and regardless. In many cases he was a law unto himself and adhered to customs which would ostracize him to-day. In Cape Breton the Lingan miners, celebrated pay days and the succeeding days by repairing in companies to Lingan Bar, carrying buckets of rum with tin pints or tin dippers to serve as glasses. A 'Royal time' came to them every month, when it was fit to bide out doors, and at times too, when it was unfit. Old residents of Albion Mines tell of the times when any stranger who attempted to pass the Cross Roads got very rough handling. But all that is changed, there is not comparison between the miner of to-day and him of sixty years ago. The transformation may be said to be wonderful. Of course, there has been advance among other classes of workmen, but the advance is not so remarkable, from the fact that the miner had a longer and heavier hill to climb. The Nova Scotia miner has made notable progress, whether viewed from a moral, mental, material, social, physical or educational standpoint.

Formerly he was little sort of a machine. Others did his thinking for him. If he had any politics they were those of his master. His reading was limited. In too many -cases he could not read, for his youth had been spent in the pit, and not in school. To-day the miners must have their information direct, and not second-hand. Almost every man is a politican, but neither bigoted nor blind. The miner's houses of the early days were squally affairs. Some of them were rough, low and musty log huts. The miner's house of to-day is a neat wooden cottage, with a plot of ground attached, suitable for a good-sized garden. They are adapted for various sized families. They have some, if not all modern conveniences. One company is putting in town water into new buildings, while another company is supplying its tenants with electric light.

Material progress as a rule, brings social advancement at any rate\ such has been the case wtih the Nova Scotia miner. He is now well received and spoken of in circles which formerly kept him at arm's length, the longer the arm the better. Of course, among all classes, there are the thrifty and thriftless, the industrious and those indifferent to work. It would be untrue to say that many of each class cannot be found among our mine workers, but of late years habits of thrift and industry have been acquired and fostered more largely in proportion by mine workers than in any other class. Page 44 Albion Mines Locomotives

Sampson, Hercules and John Buddie Built in 1838 by Timothy Hackworth, New Shelden, Durham, England. Vulcan Built in 1848 by R. B. Longridge and co., Bedlington Engine Works. Albion and Pictou Built in 1854 by Rayne and Burn Engineers, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

John Bridge Built in 1872 by Fletcher Jennings Co. Engineers, Lowka Engine Works, Whitehaven, England. Sir George Elliot Built in 1880 by Black and Hawthorn, Gatehead-on-Tyne, England.

Ralph Dawson was Superintendent of Motivepower.

Acadia Coal Co. Locomotives In 1887, the company sold to the Cumberland Railroad Co. a Dickson 0-6-0 engine named 'Stellarton'. It remained in service until 1911. Other engines owned by the company were: No. 10, No. 12, No. 103, No. 42, and No. 25. On July 5th, 1962, Acadia Coal Company's last steam engine No. 42, was replaced by a diesel-electric locomotive.

^Stellarton "—A New Name, 1870

A public meeting of the ratepayers of the village situated on the East River, in the immediate vicinity of the Albion and Acadia mines, and variously designated as 'Albion Mines' and 'Coal Mines Station', was held February 1, 1870. Cap.J.C. MacKay was appointed Chairman and John Matheson, Esq. Secretary. The Chairman stated the object of the meeting to be the selection of a name for the place.

'Resolved - that all the names submitted for the consideration of this meeting shall be original names, and not those of any Post Office or telegraph town in the United States or Canada.' A large number of names were then submitted and the voting under Inspector James McDonald brought forth the following names: First Ballot: Colburn 5, Stellarton 5, Devon 5, Ayr 3, Blackburn 3, Hollytown 2, Centerton 2, Minerton 1, Page 45 Albicadia 1, Lennerton 1. Second Ballot: Colburn 5, Stellarton 10, Devon 10, Ayr 2, Blackburn 1, Albacadia 1, Minerton 1.

On motion the Chairman then divided the meeting on 'Stellarton' and 'Devon', there were 'Stellarton' 22, 'Devon' 9. The selection of Stellarton was then made unanimous. On motion the main street was called 'Albion Street', the name now selected has reference to that celebrated oil mineral pecular to the Pictou Coal field, called in the first instance by Mr. Henry Poole, 'Stellar Coal' from the brilliant coruscations which it throws off, like stars when ignited and recently designated by that eminent Chemist, Professor How, 'Stellarite' as distinguished from 'Toobanite' of Scotland and Albertite' of New Brunswick. Mother Coo During the town's early coal mining days a character by the name of 'Mother Coo', held the attention of the townspeople by her uncanny predictions of coal mine disasters. Originally she came from Miramichi and settled in New Glasgow on MacDonald Street, where she told fortunes for a living, with cards and tea cup readings. She accurately predicted to the day three major mine disasters. The first was the Drummond Mine in Westville which occurred on May 13,1773, with the loss of 55 lives. Then the Foord Pit explosion which occurred on November 12, 1880, with a loss of 52 lives and the Springhill Mine which exploded on February 21, 1891, with the loss of 125 lives.

One month before the Foord Pit explosion she predicted there would be a loss of life by water in the mine October 12, as she predicted six men were drowned in a flood from old workings into the Foord Pit. When she predicted the Springhill Mine disaster every precaution was taken and the mine was inspected thoroughly and everything was found in order, despite this the mine exploded on the day she predicted. Mother Coo used to attend church in Stellarton and one Sunday a sermon was preached condemming her fortune telling. In consequence she left the church and attended one thereafter in New Glasgow. She was a woman without fear and was very kind-hearted. If there was a person sick of a contagious disease and no one could be found to nurse them, Mrs. Coo would go and stay until all danger was over, yet she did not do it for money. Her fame as a fortune teller was widespread throughout the community. The Governor General of Canada, Marquis of Lome, visits Stellarton, 1879, Dines at Mount Rundle House

New Glasgow, August 13,1879, the Governor General and the Marquis of Lome, arrived in Pictou at eleven o'clock. They continued to New Glasgow by rail, leaving the Princess Louise in Pictou. He passed up to Stellarton by rail and took dinner at Mr. Hudson's home, then came to New Glasgow by carriage at four o'clock. Mr Hudson was the manager of the Halifax Company. Page 46 The town was gaily decorated with spruce. The steamer Dragon, Capt. Campbell, and the steam tug Gypsy were at the wharf below the bridge. The Marquis got on board the Gypsy and went down river to Pictou. The tide being low, the Dragon stuck in the mud on leaving. I, A.M. Fraser, with Robert Fraser and William Thomas Fraser, with two blacksmiths anvils, fired a salute of 18 guns as the Governor General stepped on the Gypsy. The above is an account written as a memorandum in the Minute Book of the New Glasgow Town Council by the Town Clerk, A.M. Fraser, in 1879. When word of the Marquis of Lome's visit to Pictou County was first announced, the New Glasgow Town Council received an invitation to confer in Pictou concerning a joint address to the Governor General. A committee was appointed to go to the Shiretown to consider the matter, but later reference to it in the minutes, states that since all arrangements had to be made with the Halifax Coal Mining Company, the Council decided 'to suspend all operations and no official preparations would be entered into by any of them, nor funds expended for the purpose'. Just what arrangements were made or how the town came to be 'gaily decorated' is not explained. The whole visit came about through the Marquis. He expressed his wish to visit the mines at Stellarton. The Old Mining Town BY AUBREY DORRINGTON The old mining town is silent now The familiar sounds are heard no more There's only an eerie silence As we sit outside our door The varied sounds of the old bankhead And the tipples noisy spill Are silenced now forever And everything is still The puffing sound of the old steam hoist That raised and lowered the cage Is nothing but a memory now It belongs to another age The compressors haunting sound Was heard both night and day It is now gone forever All this has passed away A stirring sight was old No. 10 As she puffed up the Albion grade Thoughts of her still linger As our last adieu is bade The creaking honey carts That made their nightly rounds Are vanished now forever a*e Along with other sounds The squeaky crunch of hobnailed boots On a frosty winter's morn And a lonely whistle of a miner boy Are sounds that we now mourn The horse drawn ambulance With its big brass bell Was sounded by Davy When accidents befell Bought by the miners The best ever seen It hauled the injured To the old Aberdeen Its fate was tragic A rare antique Stripped of its treasurers It stood bare and bleak A watchman's room From it's shell was made Brave Tom died there The price was paid

The whistle for work is heard no more Its throaty voice is mute We listen in vain on the steps of our home To hear another toot The cheery greeting of old mine buddies Are few and far between Their ranks are getting thinner A sad sight to be seen In bygone days when we were young The mines they worked full blast But times have changed they're all gone now Too bad they didn't last The clanging of the street car As it rumbled by the door Loaded to the tunnels It's gone forever more

A ringing bell on a summers day Signalled ice-cream-George was near It brings a pang of nostalgia A sound that kids held dear The noisy games that children played London-bridge and hoist-a-sail Are hardly now remembered Down memory's fading trail. Page 48 Railways Stellarton's central location in the East River Valley is ideally situated for the role which it has played and will continue to play as railway center for Pictou County. The history of railroading in Stellarton began in 1836 when, the General Mining Association built a six mile railroad from Albion Mines (now Stellarton) to -heir coal-loading pier at Abercrombie. It was the first heavy duty railroad in British North America. It officially opened for traffic on September 12, 1839. Two of the original locomotives which ran on the line, the 'Sampson' and 'Albion' are now housed in museums in the county. The 'Sampson' is at New Glasgow and the 'Albion' is in Stellarton. Due to the building of a deep water coal pier at Pictou Landing, the coal company abandoned that portion of the Albion Mines Railroad which ran from New Glasgow to Abercrombie in 1893. The last train of coal to run on the original portion of the railroad from Allan Shaft to the coal chutes at New Glasgow was made by locomotive No. 42 on May 26, 1961. The engineer was Elliott Smith, fireman Alford Gray, conductor Gordon Henderson, and brakeman Billie White. The last run over the line was made by locomotive No. 25 when she was engaged in lifting the last rails from the old railroad. The engineer at the throttle was John MacPherson. No. 25 was the last engine purchased by the old General Mining Association. Later she was taken to the National Railway Museum at Quebec. The first diesel train to pull through Stellarton was on October 6, 1955. It was a 35 car double headed freight train made up at Truro. The crew that picked up the diesel at Truro were all Stellarton men. They were: conductor-W.D. MacKenzie, rear brakeman-Roy Chisholm, forward brakeman-John Livingston, engineer- Norman Ferguson, and fireman-Percy Carrigan. The new crew (also local men) which took over at Stellarton for the run to Pirate Harbour, on the Strait of Canso, picked up extra cars to bring the total to 54. Crew members were: conductor-E.C. Patterson, rear brakeman-Ray Stewart, forward brakeman-Don Arthur, engineer-Jim Salter, and fireman-Louis Lemaire.

Stellarton is more deeply steeped in railroad history than any other place in Canada. It was here that the first railroad switch was brought into use. Here also was born 'standard gauge', which was later copied by other railroads of North America. V> *\ The first fatality on a railroad in Canada occured at Abercrombie, on July 28, 1962. Three girls were killed in a collision of two trains. Their names were : Miss Betty Ross, McLellan's Brook, Miss Miller, Merigomish, and Miss Jane Smith, Truro, (niece of the stage coach tycoon, Hiram Hyde, M.P.P. of Truro). The Albion Mines railroad was the first in Canada to use iron rails. The rails were cast at their own foundry, they were five feet in length. With the building of the 'Pictou Branch' by the Nova Scotia Railroad from Truro to it's terminal at Pictou Landing; a new era in railroading began in Stellarton. The first sod for the new Branch was turned at 11 a.m., November 30, 1864, at Fisher's Grant, Pictou Landing, by a Stellarton woman, Mrs James Scotte, wife of the Superintendent of the coal mines. The contract for the 'Pictou Branch' was awarded to the noted, Standford Flemming, the father of 'Standard Time'. He completed the job one year ahead of schedule. Page 49 The railroad was officially opened for traffic on Friday, May 31, 1867. Seven cars left Halifax with full freight of five hundred invited guests, which were met at New Lairg by two cars from the terminal at Fisher's Grant with guests from Pictou and New Glasgow and other parts along the line. A luncheon was given in the large culvert which gave passage to the Middle River, through the 'Big Fill'. Afterwards the whole party proceeded to Fisher's Grant, where a banquet was held in the depot of the wharf. Seven hundred guests sat down at the tables. The first roundhouse and turntable at Stellarton was built in 1872 on the east side of the railway yard, adjacent to were the old carshop was located. Due to the heavy demand of traffic and the use of larger locomotives, a new roundhouse and turntable was built about the year 1902, on the westside of the railroad yard in the same location where the old Victoria ice-rink once stood. The first railroad branch line to run out of Stellarton was used to transport coal from the Acadia Coal Mine at Westville to the main Nova Scotia Railroad line. It was 3 miles in length and was built in 1867. The same line is now used as part of the Pictou town branch railroad. A few years later a seven mile branch line was constructed by the Drummond Coal Company at Westville, which connected with the Intercolonial railroad at Riverton. Later, about 1887 the line was abandoned and part of the road bed was used as a rifle range. The next branch line constructed in the county with its terminal at Stellarton was the six mile, 5 ft. 6 in. gauge Vale Coal Company line, which was completed in 1874. Due to the fact that the I.C.R. in the same year, had converted its track to standard gauge, the Vale Coal Company was compelled to do the same.

In 1887, the Pictou town branch was constructed. They acquired part of the right-of-way of the old Acadia line which ran to Westville. The contract for the job was awarded to M.J. Hogan. The line was officially opened on November 28, 1887. The conductor in charge of the first run was W.G. Foster. The last big branch line with its terminal at Stellarton, the Sunnybrae branch, was constructed in 1892, by the New Glasgow, Iron, Coal, and Railway Company. The line ran from Ferrona Junction to the company's blast furnaces at Ferrona. Later the line was extended to Sunnybrae. The completion of the 'Pictou Branch' provided a shorter route for the voyage up the St. Lawrence. Passengers from Halifax could board the boat at Pictou Landing and sail to Quebec without having to sail around the coast of Nova Scotia.

The terminal at Pictou Landing had a large stone engine house and a turntable. There were also facilities for fueling and servicing the locomotives. These first locomotives were wood-burners and it was not until 1870, that they were replaced by coal-burners. The gauge of the track at that time was 5 feet 6 inches. The Nova Scotia railroad constructed, in 1869, the 'Eastern Extension', which ran from New Glasgow to Sydney and thereby completeing the last leg of the railroad in eastern Nova Scotia. In March 1871, the Pictou Landing stone engine-house sustained $12,000 damage from a heavy gale. The following year on November 9, 1872, the Nova Scotia railroad became the Intercolonial Railway with headquarters at Truro, when the last section of track linking the two railroad was completed at Folly Lake. With its completion regular passenger service was inaugurated between Halifax and Montreal. This linking of the two roads spelled the doom of the Pictou Landing terminal. Page 50 In the 1930's the line was further extended to Guysboro County, which was to be the Guysboro Railroad. Due to the 'depression' this line was never completely finished. Still standing are the completed abutments for the bridges, and the old road bed. An unique feature of the Sunnybrae branch, was the old hand operated turntable. When passengers arrived at Sunnybrae they were generally obligated to help with the turning of the locomotives. The last branch line constructed in the county ran to the Scott Paper Company's pulp mill at Abercrombie. It branches off at Alma from the Pictou town branch, and is about 3 miles long. The line was constructed on a former road bed, and the track was laid by C.N.R. crews. It was completed in 1965. One of the most celebrated wrecks in the History of the Eastern Extension, which occurred about midnight, January 23 and 24, 1901. Several weeks of torrential rains washed out a culvert at Mile 52.50 West Merigomish, now Egerton, and into the wide and deep hole went engine 191 with 13 freight cars on top of her and the van left teetering on the eastern brink. Engineer W.R. Wheaton, Stellarton and Sackville, was instantly killed, Fireman-Hugh Blackwood, Stellarton, fatally injured. Rear brakeman-Nelson Simpson commandeered a horse from a nearby barn and rode four miles through the storm to West Merigomish, whence Operator-Harry Cummings alerted New Glasgow and called for assistance. This spill has gone down in railroad legend as 'The White Horse of Merigomish' because of a remarkable prediction the day before the wreck by forward brakeman, Freeman Prevost, based on a series of dreams of his train meeting a white horse, which he said was an invariable forerunner of death, on the exact spot where the washout occurred. Prevost escaped death by sticking closely to the van and disregarding Conductor, Joe Mahoney's orders to ride in his usual place on the engine. A disaster of another nature occurred in 1887, in the Stellarton railroad yard, when the boiler of a locomotive exploded killing 4 men and injuring 3 others. At 5:25 on the morning of December 5, locomotive No. 170, engaged in hauling coal from the Acadia Mine at Westville, proceeded from the roundhouse, picked up a few empties and a van and stopped in front of the I.C.R. station, while the conductor Alex Grant and engineer, James Sproull went into the dispatchers office to receive the days orders. Out on the platform, section foreman William Eastwood, Dan Robertson, and Alex Fraser, a mechanical official of the Acadia Coal Company, who was going to ride over to Westville to work. It was a cold morning and the trio climbed up into the engine cab to enjoy the heat of the boiler head. In the cab the gauge showed 120 lbs of steam and fireman, Alex Murray was trying to get it up to 125 before tackling the stiff grade to Westville. He opened the fire box door and skillfully directed a scoop of coal to the far corner of the grates. He turned to the tender for another scoop of coal and just then the boiler exploded, blowing down the south end of the station, driving the loaded tender and train back 50 feet and hurling a ten ton section of fire box and boiler 20 yards down the platform. So terrific was the blast that it rocked houses in the town and the noise could be heard as far away as Thorburn. As the scalding steam permitted, the conductor and the driver, with the help of the yard force, who came running from all directions, recovered Fraser's body which had been blown high into the air and had come down in the space between the engine and the tender. In the tender also were found Eastwood and Robertson, both dead and partly covered, buried in coal and ashes. Fireman Murray at first seemed to have experienced a miraculous escape. He was found sitting in a dazed condition near the tender with no recollection of what happened after he closed the fire box. Page 51 He was a man of powerful physique, and it was thought he might recover, but his injuries proved too severe, and he died a short time later. Conductor Grant had been hit by a piece of shrapnel which came through the office window and gave him a severe gash on the face. W.E. MacLean an I.C.R. brakeman who was near the engine at the time was painfully injured, and later John Mclnnis another I.C.R. trainman, was found wondering on the road to New Glasgow, severly injured and temporarily blinded. At 6:30 o'clock on the morning of September 27, 1898, one of the worst wrecks in the history of railroading occurred at Adams Cut, Asphalt, on the Pictou town branch of the Intercolonial Railroad. Due to a mix-up in orders a one coach 'Miners Train' from Stellarton, and bound for the Acadia coal mine at Westville, with about 40 miners aboard, collided head-on on a curve and in a deep cutting, with a five coach excursion special, made up at Tatamagouche and travelling down hill from Westville at about 40 miles an hour, bound for the exhibition at Halifax. Such was the force of the collision that the crews of both locomotives were instantly killed and also a passenger on the excursion train, another one dying later. The first coach on the excursion train was catapulted completely over both locomotives to land on the other side. Strange as it may seem, although both locomotives were completely demolished the track was not torn up, and with the exception of one passenger car, the rest received no damage. It was the first time in railroad history that the crews of both locomotives were instantly killed. The first physician to arrive at the scene of the disaster was Dr Louis Johnstone, driven there by horse and buggy by his able assistant Thomas Mason, later to become zone commander of the Royal Canadian Legion. The engineer and fireman on the miners train were : James Sproull, and John Robert MacKenzie, respectively, and in charge was conductor, William Gordon. The engineer and fireman on the excursion special were: Michael O'Brian, And W.D. Henderson, and in charge was conductor Alex R. MacLeod. The first railroad wreck on the New Glasgow division of the C.N.R., involving diesel locomotives, since their inception in 1955, occurred at Pompquet, a few miles east of Antigonish, at 6 p.m. on February 18, 1960, when 2 double headder freight diesel trains collided head-on, killing 3 crew members from Stellarton, engineer James A. Maclvor, fireman Clarence W. Lowe, and Stanley from Sydney, engineer James Laffin, fireman Arthur Matheson, and brakeman Malcolm MacDonald, on the west bound train. The two trains came together in a fiery crash that was followed almost immediately by a thundering blast when fuel tanks on 2 of the 4 locomotives involved exploded. The diesels were toppled on their sides and blazed like a fiery inferno. The heat was so intense that it was 6 hours before the bodies of the 3 east bound crew members could be recovered. Malcolm MacDonald fireman on the west bound diesel was knocked senseless but quickly regained consciousness to find the cab a blaze and engineer James Lappin, trapped in his seat, he pulled him loose and threw the engineer from the cab, he then searched for forward brakeman Arthur Matheson, and found him lying dazed beside the locomotive. He hauled both of them into a ditch seconds before flames enjulfed the diesel. Two local residents who were passing by in their car found the men in the ditch and took them to hospital in Antigonish, except for superficial cuts and burns they were uninjured and were able to leave the hospital shortly afterward. The accident derailed 20 cars, completely burning out 7 of them, including coal cars and a wine car. About 300 feet of track was destroyed and the cost of the total damage was estimated to be well over one million dollars. Page 52 The accident was caused when the 66-car west bound train from Sydney, in charge of conductor Donald Maclnnis and known as extra 30-30 failed to go into the siding at Pompquet as per orders to permit the 30 car east bound train from Stellarton, in charge of conductor Lloyd Chisholm and know as 'second 728' to pass. The brakes on the west bound train failed and it ran past the siding to collide with the oncoming east bound train which had applied its brakes but it was too late to avoid the collision. The rear end brakeman on the west bound train was Donald Maclntyre, Sydney, and the rear end brakeman on the east bound train was David MacEachern of Stellarton.

The second head on collision to occur in 1960, on the Sydney-Truro main line happened at Riverton, on July 10, when a seventy car west bound train from Sydney hauled by 3 diesel locomotives, collided head on with an 81 car east bound train from Truro hauled by 2 diesels, just within the limits of the Stellarton freight yard. The crews of both trains were uninjured, with the exception of crew member Lloyd Welling who sustained an injured ankle when he jumped from the cab of the east bound train. Due to the fact that both trains were braked and running slow they did not ignite on impact. The force of the collision toppled 3 of the diesels on their sides and left 2 others badly damaged. With the exception of two refrigerator cars the rest were undamaged. The collision was caused when the west bound train ran out unto the main line in order to back a string of cars into the siding of the Stellarton freight yard.

Due to the blocked line 25 cars of equipment of the Bill Lynche's Shows on a siding of the Truro freight yard had to be routed to Oxford Junction and down the short line to Stellarton and thence to Sydney to keep a playing date.

Immediately after the collision, auxiliary wrecking crews and cranes from Sydney and Halifax, moved in to clear the line. The wreck was one of the costliest to occur on the Sydney-Truro main line in years. The members of the 2 diesel east bound crew were: Lloyd Welling, Moncton; R. MacLellan, Truro; J.M. Fraser; E. C. Patterson and Fread MacDonald all of Stellarton. The members of the 3 diesel west bound crew were; conductor, Joe MacDonald; rear trainman, Ray Stewart; forward trainman, Don DeWolf; engineer, Francis Carter, and fireman, Percy Carrigan, all of Stellarton.

A disruption to railway traffic occurred in 1906 when 2 cars of a freight train crashed through the old wooden tressel-bridge between New Glasgow and Stellarton. The locomotive had just cleared the bridge when the mishap occurred, leaving 2 cars tottering on the crashed bridge. Fortunately the train crew, engineer Hugh Campbell, fireman, Jim Mclvor, and brakeman, Jack Vacheresse, were not injured. It was necessary at that time in order to keep the traffic moving, to route the freight via the Acadia Coal Company line on the west side of the river. It was then transported by horse and wagon to freight cars on the east side and thence to Sydney. On September 13, 1896, locomotive No. 173 exploded at the east end of the Stellarton freight yard and Enock Culton and Dave Duncan were killed.

In 1956, 2 tank cars containing eight thousand gallons of diesel oil caught fire when they were accidently derailed. It required the efforts of three fire departments to quench the fiery flames. Page 53 Crews Make Last Runs The last runs of the C.N.R. 'Locals' in service for many decades were made on April 29 and 30, 1955. They served Sunnybrae, Pictou Landing and Pictou. The crew on the Jitney that made its last run to Sunnybrae was Clint Giles engineer and Stan Heighton conductor on April 30. The crew on the Jitney run to the Landing (which only went as far as the Car Works) was J.M. Bain engineer and Ira P. MacKenzie, conductor. The rest of the crew when steam was used included Frank Geddes, fireman, J.M. Adamson, baggageman and Tom Esling, brakeman.

On the last runs to Pictou on the 29, there were two crews. The day crew were; Harry W. Simons, conductor; Lawrence Cameron, engineer; R.G. Henderson, baggageman; BW. Gerrior, brakeman; and H. Hoegg, fireman. The night crew were: Miles R. Ryan, conductor; N. Ferguson, engineer; D. MacLellan, baggageman; J. A. Grant, brakeman; and S. MacKenzie, fireman. The last passenger train through Stellarton powered by steam was in 1955 when locomotive 6007 made the last run from Truro to Sydney. The last steam locomotive to operate in the Stellarton yards was in 1955, it was driven by Clinton Giles and was known as the 'Trenton Shunter'. The last run of a passenger train over the 'Short Line' to Oxford Junction and return was on November 19, 1960. George Elliott Dawson,Westville, bought the last ticket and the last woman passenger was Mrs. Alex Grant.Pictou. She was also the first passenger when the line started in 1887.

Members of the train crew were; J.P. Diamond of New Glasgow, conductor; D.A. MacCormick of Stellarton, trainman; the engineer was Frank Madden and the fireman, Steve MacKenzie. In 1916, the freight yards at Stellarton had a total area of 15 acres. The round house had 26 stalls for locomotives. The yards had an up-to-date fire protection system of their own. They also had their own power plant, which supplied lights for the offices and yards of New Glasgow and Westville, besides its own needs. The yards employed some 125 men, besides 30 resident engineers and firemen. They received $120.00 yearly in wages. Trains for New Glasgow, Westville, Trenton, Sunnybrae, and other points east were made up in the Stellarton yards. Connected with the yards was an auxiliary wrecking crane which served points as far west as Oxford, Mulgrave and Sydney on the east end of the line.

Thirteen passenger trains left Stellarton every 24 hours, exclusive of through passenger trains and through freight trains. About eight hundred engines were dispatched from the yard monthly. In 1948, previous to the introduction of diesel electric locomotives in 1955, 61 steam locomotives were required and kept on hand in the New Glasgow division of the C.N.R. This number included all typed from the big freight haulers to the switcher engines, operating in the yards. The division included m ain track Truro to Sydney and branch lines New Glasgow to Pictou Landing, New Glasgow to Page 54 Thorburn, New Glasgow to Sunnybrae (which includes the Guysboro branch from Sunnybrae to what is known as Mile 12 adjacent to Eden Lake), Stellarton to Pictou, Pictou to Oxford Junction, Point Tupper to Inverness, and Point Tupper to St. Peter's. In 1948, three hundred and one thousand eight hundred and thirty-four railway cars passed through Stellarton both east and west bound. The present railway was born in 1867, and was named the Nova Scotia Railroad. In 1872, the name was changed to the Intercolonial Railroad, and in 1912, it acquired the name of the Canadian Government Railway, and in 1921, the present Canadian National Railway was born. Better known as CN. The first step in the moderization of the railroad began with the introduction of the automatic cupling which replaced the pin link cupling. Then compressed air brakes which replaced the manually operated brakes. The next step in the early 1920's was the introduction of automatic stokers on passenger locomotives and later on the freight trains. This replaced the old hand fired methods. Another step in this direction was the introduction of diesel passenger 'Jitney's', in 1928. These were suitable for short line work. The first 'Jitney' to operate out of Stellarton ran between Hopewell and Pictou. The crew were: conductor, Daniel Bruce; Driver, George Conway; and brakeman, Peter Dunbar, (a later driver was Melford Filmore). The next big step in the program (which spelled the doom of steam-power) was the introduction of diesel electric locomotives in 1955. In 1957, they introduced rail-liner service between Sydney and Truro. In 1959, Piggy-Back Service was inaugurated throughout the whole system. On January 20,1962, two-way radio was installed in freight trains, which made it possible for the conductor to speak to the engineer and also to the dispatching offices. In 1962, freight services for the whole county was consolidated at Stellarton. In 1967, the old type vans were disposed of and new modern vans were introduced, which were fitted with upholstered seats, electric hot plates and windshield wipers. The once familiar railway pocket watch gave way to the modern up-to-date electric wrist watch. In 1972, the old railway station was razed and a new general servo-centre was built on the site. It handles al! the express for the surrounding towns. Beginning in the early 1960's all the buildings that catered to the steam locomotives were demolished. The first to go were the water tank, coal chutes, round house, power house and machine shop. They were followed in the early 1970's by the controlled burning of the resthouse, storeroom and carshop, and the razing of the express building and station. Page 55 Town Departments Stellarton, situated in the East River Valley of Pictou County, lies on the west side of the East River, about six miles from its mouth. From its tree-lined spacious streets with their high elevation it affords an excellent view of the interval and the stately elms with grace the landscape, it is one of the beauty spots in the county. The town has an area of 5 square miles and a population in excess of 5,000 people. It has about 20 miles of concrete and asphalt streets and about 10 miles of concrete sidewalks.

The town is well serviced by a modern sanitary sewer system and an up-to-date water works. The town draws its water from the East River. It is electrically pumped into a large high-elevation reservoir in the town's south end. Easy access to and from Stellarton is afforded by three bridges over the East River, south-end, north-end and one in the centre of town.

Stellarton is governed by a mayor and six councillors, who are elected to three year terms of office. The offices are honorary and do not carry a salary, being filled by public-spirited leading citizens of the town. The town is divided into three wards, each which elect two councillors. Stellartonians are justly proud of their well managed civic affairs. The town office is efficiently managed by town clerk, Adrian Pearson. The town is protected from fire by an active volunteer fire department which is equipped with up-to-date fire fighting aparatus. There are four modern up-to-date schools, embracing Primary, Grammar, High, Junior High and Vocational schools. Stellarton is served by four religious denominations, Anglican, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, and Sharon St. John United Church. All have their own halls for Sunday School and recreation. Following are the town departments. Mayors of Stellarton The following Mayors have served Stellarton since its incorporation on Oct. 22, 1889.

Alexander Grant 1889-1891 James Mitchell 1892-1894 W.G. Miller 1895-1898 R. Drummond 1899-1900 John Fellows 1901 Robert Keith 1902-1904 George Gray 1904-1906 James Mahoney 1907-1908 Lewis Campbell 1909-1911 B.D.Rogers 1912-1913 W.C. MacDonald 1914-1915 Hugh Campbell 1916-1918 B.D.Rogers 1918 G.W.Whitman 1919-1923 N.G. Munroe 1924-1931 Page 56 H.S.Cutten 1932-1933 G.R.Saunders 1934-1937 Frank H. Sobey "'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 1938-1959 D.R. Hayman 1960-1964 Harry Miller '.[['.'. 1964-1965 William Sobey 1966-1970 Robert J. Munroe 1971-

The first town clerk was Donald (Dan) Gray who served until 1907, and was succeeded by school teacher James W. Henderson who served until 1915 when he received leave of absence for overseas duty with the 85th Band. The office was held temporarly by C.W. Dixon who served until 1919 when Henderson resumed the office, and served until 1938 when he was succeeded by his son Gerald who held the office until 1974. The present town clerk is Adrian Pearson.

The town hall was built in 1930. The total cost of the building and furnishings was $42,000 which included a town clock that cost $1,800. The architect was L.R. Fairn. Police Magistrates

Stellarton's first chief of police was Archie Nicholson. He was succeeded in 1894 by William Tupper who was followed in 1913 by J.I. MacKay, who was followed by James L. Watters, who in 1922 was followed by Don Fraser, in 1924 Alex Beaton became chief, and was followed by Sam Baker in 1926, he served until 1954 when Cecil Martin was appointed.

The following constables served on the force: Dan Ives, Jim Keith, Fred MacKenzie, Bob Chisholm, J. Jardine, Dick Smith, Murray Terris, Nick Deagle, Eddie Davis, Bob Scott, George Bushlack, Mark Scott, Johnny Cake and Whit Whitewood.

Previous to the building of the present town hall the jail and court house was located on MacKay Street in the building now occupied by Ted Hale. Jail custodians which included their wives were: James L. Watters, Dick Hayes, Dick Hayes, Sandy Beaton, Arthur Murray and Kampt MacDonald, the present custodian is Fred Wilson. In the early 1920's liquor inspector R.C. Soy was hired by the town to close up the rum sellers. Many convictions were made and successfully prosecuted, but it failed to stop the rum runners. They were always one step ahead of Soy and continued in their illegal trade. In 1928, Stellarton set up a legal vendor under the management of Nat Doherty. Liquor could be obtained only on a prescription from a medical doctor for medicinal purposes.

The provincial liquor store opened in 1930. In the early days of the town when the miners were paid on a Saturday things got wild and wooly and the police would not venture near the mining sections. During Mayor William Sobey's term of office, traffic control lights were in­ stalled, the first in the county. The force is now equipped with a modern police cruiser which has two-way radio communication with headquarters. Page 57 The first magistrate was Donald Gray, who was followed by Rod G. MacKay, he was succeeded in 1911 by Allan Henderson. In 1912 D.C. Sinclair was appointed and was succeeded in 1916 by Malcolm A. Patterson who held the office until 1917 and was followed by Finlay G. MacDonald (of basket ball fame) who held it for 14 years. He was followed by W.A. Richardson (noted baseball pitcher) who retired in 1968. He was appointed a provincial magistrate in the 1940's later called judges. He was succeeded by Judge Herbert F. Grant, who, like Richardson, held court for all the county towns and areas. Town Works Department After the town's incorporation in 1889 street repairs were done by private in­ dividuals hired by the town. They were paid $2.00 a day for a horse, cart and driver and a ploughing team was paid the same amount. The town purchased their first horse and cart in 1909 for street work. In the early 1920's they purchased a large iron grader for street work which was hauled by two horses. They also bought a horse drawn water wagon to water the streets. In 1920 the town purchased their first motor truck for town work, it was the first manually operated dump truck in Pictou Co. The first sidewalk snow plow was made of wood and was V shaped and was hauled by one horse. After a snow storm when they ploughed the sidewalks the plow took a zig zag course which was determined by the height of the snow banks. Later on, a more modern plow was built which had side boards and enabled the plough to take a more even course. It is interesting to note that in the early days the sidewalks only were ploughed out. What few motor cars there was, were put up on blocks during the winter; ploughing roads for them wasn't required, while horse and sleighs made their own roads. In 1952 a jeep with a snow blade on it was purchased to plough the sidewalks. Later on a modern tractor - tread snow plough was purchased for town sidewalks. In 1932 the town horse was sold which was replaced by a new truck (Ford) costing $1,225. In Sept. 1953 the town purchased a modern heavy duty street grader at a cost of $16,000. Also purchased was a modern motor street sweeper. In the early days town employees were paid $1.10 a day for a ten hour day. Employees are now organized and are paid the prevailing labour rates and work a five-day forty - hour week. Engineers serving the town were: W.C. (Billy Pump) MacDonald, followed by WJ. Potts in 1907, Dan MacEachern in 1929, Lome Whiteway in 1946, Lester McCully 1947 and Robert Hoegg 1966. Firemen

The Stellarton fire department was organized in 1893 under chief James Cor- bett. There were 31 men in two companies. Hose, reels and ladders were bought and a reel house built for the expenditure of $2,143. The volunteer firemen were exempt from taxes. Page 58

In 1894 the entire department resigned, but later returned and the department was re-organized under Chief George Grey. The firemen were given keys in 1895 to the St. John and Sharon churches to permit them to sound alarms from the church bells. Later the Allan Shaft Power House siren was used as a fire alarm, it was moved to the CNR roundhouse where it served until 1925 when the town installed 12 gamewell fire alarm boxes and a horn which was located on top of the high school on Victoria Avenue. During the period of 1897 -1933 there were many fire chief's, among them were: J.W. Henderson, James R. Murray, H.A. MacQuarrie, E. Falconer, David Fraser, Robert Stewart, Edward Hewitt and E.H. Culton. On Aug. 14,1905 the department was re-organized. The following officers being selected: Honorary Chief Charles J. Coll, Chief Edward H. Hewitt, Assistant Chief Enoch H. Culton, Wm. MacLeod, Duncan Gillis, and Jas. Blair Foreman, Warren Johnson, Sect, and 40 firemen. The firemen bought dress uniforms in 1907, with rubber boots and hats. They were having 20 practices annually. In the same year a hose reel was placed at the Car Barns. A ten man company was located at Lourdes under foreman Walter Chisholm and equipped with hose and reels. A hose wagon and harness was purchased in 1913. A motor truck with pump was purchased in 1927. Since then 2 modern pumpers and a ladder truck have been purchased. The CNR maintained their own fire fighting apparatus for the protection of the roundhouse and other buildings on their property. In 1933 disagreement with the council resulted in many dismissals and the Dept. was re-organized under chief Sam Baker, the latter was succeeded by Lester MaeCully in 1954.

The present chief David A. Hayman was appointed in 1970. Under Chief Hayman new uniforms were purchased and also a utility van with first aid equipment and breathing apparatus. A new fire hall is being contemplated. The department had a noted fire horse which was driven by Harry MacKean, he was also used for town work. Whenever he was out on a job and heard the fire whistle blow he would automatically take off for the fire hall whether or not the driver was on the cart.

In the early days some of the firemen used bicycles to reach the fire hall. One of them who was noted for his impatience, on one occasion, threw his bicycle in the ditch when he considered it was not going fast enough and finished the rest of the way on the run. One of the departments most zealous members, Walter Tye, who died prematurely in the late 20's, was conveyed to the cemetery in the new pumper. The department fought many big fires in the town throughout the years, among them was the Sharon Church in 1924, which was burned to the ground. The Stella Rink fire in 1930 which also consumed 3 houses and the departments fire hall. Fortunately the new town hall, which would house the new fire hall, was being built. Page 59 Other big fires were the Pictou Co. Dairy in 1930 and the Johnny Hoare building in 1925 and the Oddfellows building in 1926. Later fires included the Stella Bedding Co. in 1959 which also consumed the onld Kirk Church near by. The old sanitarium at Lourdes in 1973 and MacDonald Co.'s plant on Foster Ave. in 1974, were consumed by fire. They also assisted at outside fires at New Glasgow and Halifax after the 1917 explosion. Something new has been added to fire fighting in late years with the control burning of old buildings, some of these were the Allan Shaft Office, Birch Hill Receiving Home and the CNR carshop. One of the big events in past years was the annual firemen picnic in which they raised funds to help buy equipment. Of late years they have used other means to raise funds, such as card parties, bingo's and raffles. Following are the original members of Stellarton's Fire Dept. 1896: Pat Ker- win, Joe Murray, Jim Ross, Jim Mitchell, John G. Corbett, William Sutherland, John MacKay, Tom Reid, Ed Falconer, A. MacKay, Oliver MacLeod, Jim Murray, Assistant Chief, David Henderson, George Fraser, Jim Henderson, William Mason, Robert Stewart, Rod Stewart, H.A. MacQuarrie, E.H. Culton, J.H. Murray, Bill MacLeod, George Gray (Chief), William Henderson, Ed Reeves, Willard Murray, Charles MacDonald, Harry Murdock, Alex Inglis and Len R. Purvis. Members of Dept. 1976, No. 1 Co.: Chief, Dave Hayman, Capt. Russell Works, Lieut. Steve Fitt, Sect. Roger Flemming, Gary Macintosh, Ed MacLean, Rollie Cameron, Dan Dykens, Earnie Martin, Archie MacDonald, Marvin Reynolds, Dwight Campbell, Robbie Sample, Carl Baudoux, Robert Morrison, John Cassidy. No. 2 Co.: Deputy, Earl Martin, Capt. Ken Campbell, Lieut. Jim Baker, Sect. Hugh Hale, Charlie, Morgan, Richard Hayman, Art MacDonald, Cliff Scott, Harvey MacLeod, John Duff, Charles MacLaren, Lewis Cotton, Brian Campbell, Garf Johnson, Beryl Scott, Paul Doucette. The Water Works Stellarton's water works was established in 1892. A coal-fired steam pumping station was built on the bank of the East River. The water was drawn from filter beds in the river and pumped to a large reservoir on high ground in the town's south end. Water lines were installed to serve one hundred and twenty domestic customers in the first year. Thirteen hydrants were installed throughout the town for fire protection. In 1903, a 968 ft. water extension line was laid on North Main Street and during the same year 32 house connections were made to houses owned by the Acadia Coal Co. and occupied by their workmen. The town made a contract in 1904 with the Acadia Coal Co. to supply them with water at their works at the Back Mines for the sum of $800 per year. During 1908,15 house service connections were made at Red Row to furnish water for 15 families. During the year 1910,3.300 ft. of 8 inch water main was laid to Lourdes extension and 5.927 ft. of 6 inch pipe, also 1200 ft. of 4 inch pipe at Red Row. Page 60 Asphalt was connected to the system in 1913. Previous to the new water system the residents obtained their water supply from wells. In 1920, Stellarton was connected briefly to the New Glasgow water system. During 1928 the pumping station installed a new up-to-date chlorinating plant to purify the water. In 1949, the station converted to electric pumps. Evansville's water supply was pumped into a large standpipe to give them the necessary pressure in case of fire. In 1964, the water system was extended to the Clairtone plant on Acadia Avenue and thence to Evansville. In 1972, a new water line was installed to serve the Foster Avenue district. Pumping station operators, among others, were: George MacDonald, James Cottie, Amos Conway, George Blackwood, Bob Chisholm, Bill Boudreau, Milton MacDaniels, Alfred Richardson and Arthur Murray. Sewage System In 1903 the plans and specifications of a combined storm and domestic sewage system was prepared by W.G Yorston CE from Sydney. In charge of the engineering and carrying out of the work was R.F. Boyer CE, town engineer W.C. MacDonald was inspector and the contractor was James W. MacDonald.

At first the system served Bridge, King and MacKay streets. Gradually other areas of the town proper were serviced with the sewage line. All sewage outlets flowed into the East River. It was financed by a $10,000 bond issue. During 1946 Tidewater Construction was given the contract for constructing sewage lines at Lourdes, Red Row and the Asphalt district, costing $70,000. In 1973 Mayor Robert Munroe signed an agreement with New Glasgow and Trenton for the construction of a modern sewage treatment plant to take care of the sewage outfalls of the three towns which flowed into the East River. Street Lights The first street lights made their appearance in 1889, they consisted of six lights and poles and were confined to the business section of the town. Power was sup­ plied by the New Glasgow Electric Company, which was situated at North Foord St. Their service did not prove satisfactory, and in 1909 power for street lights was obtained from the Albion Mines Power Plant.

The Pictou County Power Board in 1928 installed a new lighting system throughout the town, which replaced the old arc light system. The new system consisted of 236, sixty candlepower and eleven 600 candlepower lamps. In 1931, street lights were installed in the Red Row District. In 1904, the light rate from the tramway company was 15 cents per killowatt hours. In Nov. of 1918, it climbed to 17 cents if the consumption was under 100 hrs., if over 100 it would cost 16 cents, the minimum charge ran about $1.10 per month. Page 61

Streets The town has an area of 5 square miles and has 26 miles of streets. The first material used to maintain the streets was gravel and cinder ash which was sup­ plied by the Power Plants. In 1905 the first hard surface street was laid, it was made of macadam and was laid to a depth of 9 inches and ran from Macintosh's store (now Air Force Club) to Acadia Corner. The curb and gutter was laid by Robert S. Lowe. In 1907 the street from the Acadia Corner down to the CNR station was macadamised. During Mayor Whitman's term of office the contract for the cement paving of Main Street from the southend limits to New Glasgow limits was let in 1919 to E.S.Fraser of New Glasgow. The job was finished in 1921 and cost $87,544. Foord Street was repaired with asphalt and gravel, the entire length of the street in 1930, 215 barrels of asphalt were used. The Pictou County Electric Company in 1931, laid down cement pavement on Acadia Avenue from Foord St. to Stellar St. Beginning in the early 40's during Mayor Frank Sobey's 22 years of office most of the towns residential streets were paved. During 1949 a contract was let to the Warren Paving Company for laying con­ crete with curb on the following streets: Rutherford 1150 ft., Hudson 1287 ft, Kirk Ave 600 ft., Pleasant St. 1550 ft., Pleasant Ave. 450 ft., Maple St. 1000 ft., River St. 1000 ft., Scott Ave. 500 ft., and Park St. 900 ft. laid with asphalt. The total of the above work cost $1, 025, 055. The following year Asphalt was paved and the four streets at Lourdes were paved soon afterwards. The last paving program took place after Mayor - Robert Munroe took office in 1971. The parking grounds and the remaining streets of the town, including Bunker Hill were all paved. For all practical purposes the streets of the town are all paved. In 1975 a major repaving project was completed, when Foord Street was repaved from Foster Avenue to Acadia Avenue, which included new sidewalks. The old pavement was torn up and excavated to a depth of 14 inches which also included the lifting of the old tramcar rails. Early Industries

The very first industry in the East River Valley was a Blacksmith's business, it was operated by pioneer settler Roderick MacKay on his farm at what is now Stellarton. His farm was located across the tracks from the present CNR station. He supplied all the needs of his neighbour's in iron work. Later he was made foreman blacksmith at H.M. dockyard in Halifax. In 1812, he forged a chain that spanned Halifax harbour, which prevented the entry of enemy ships. His decen- dents helped to establish the iron and steel industry in this county. It is interesting to note that during the American War of Independence in 1776, an American Privateer at Pictou proceeded up the East River in their longboat to Roderick's farm, and pilfered his forge and all his iron works, and captured Roderick and his brother and took them to Pictou as prisoners where they were held for several hours before being released. Page 62 Stellarton was the birth-place of heavy industry in Canada. Besides its coal mining operations the company had a large foundry in which they manufactured rails and mining equipment. They made stationary and steam-boat engines, these they sold on order and others they installed on their own boats* Another enterprise of the General Mining Association, was the manufacture of brick. Their first years operation (1927) they made 300,000 bricks, which they used to build several rows of brick houses. The brick houses were situated on lower Bridge Street, some of them are still standing. The company also had large wood - working shops in which they manufactured all the wood-work for the making of houses.

The following business firms once flourished in Stellarton, but for one reason or another they have all disappeared.

HATTIE BROTHER'S They manufactured heavy team wagons, carts, and sleighs, and were dealers in farm implements, harness, including "Nova Scotia" buggies and wagons. The firm was also the distributors for the International Harvester Co. for the Province of Nova Scotia, handling the Deering and McCormack farm machinery. Their location in Stellarton gave them special advantages in distribution to all parts of the Province. Their building was located on the lower north-end of King Street, it is still standing. With the advent of the automobile, and the decreasing demand for wagons and sleighs, the firm was forced out of business.

FRASER & ROSS FLOUR AND FEED MILL Fraser and Ross purchased the buildings which were once owned by Hattie Brother's and installed machinery for the manufacture of flour and feed grains. They catered to farmers for miles around and for many years did a thriving business, crushing oats and grinding flour. The firm went out of business in the early 1920's. MUNRO BROTHER'S Munro Brother's operated a large flour and feed mill, in the south end of Stellarton, close by the C.N.R. tracks. They manufactured cornmeal, flour, and feed grains, which they sold wholesale throughout the Province. Munro Brother's also operated a retail grocery store on the east side of Foord St., across from the old Y.M.C.A. building. The store was managed by Tom Munro. About 1915 fire destroyed the feed mill and the store at Acadia Corner was razed in 1966.

STELLARTON'S SOAP FACTORY The factory was located near where the C.N.R. roundhouse was situated, and employed about 15 persons. In their early days they did a good business but due to competition by other brands of soap the firm folded.

STELLARTON CIGAR FACTORY The building was located on the lower south end of MacKay St. The building was later used as the legal vendor, it is still standing. F.A. Carr was manager and owner of the factory. They had about 20 employees and it was a going concern for a number of years, until stiff competition forced their closure.

* They also made "Franklin" hall stoves and square stoves. The manager was W.H. Davies. Page 63 THE UNION STORE The "Union" Store, of Stellarton, was the first co-operative store in Canada. The Assocation was founded in October, 1861, the manager and secretary was James Mitchell, one of its founders. They erected a large building on the east side of Foord Street. The Assocation was organized with a captial of $1,000 and steadily increased until it had a capital of $18,000, and did a business of over $1,000 per month with outside customer. Though originally formed in the interest of miners, the benefits of the association extended to working people in many branches of the industry, the shareholders numbered 200, and the shares held by one person did not exceed 40. The association paid 6 percent on stock and the balance off profit, ac­ cording to the amount of goods purchased. The store had seven employees. The lines of goods carried included everything that went to stock a miscellaneous store, from the smallest want in groceries to the largest in hardware and dry goods. For many years the store did a thriving business with net income of from $45,000 to $50,000 a year, with the opening of other stores in the community and the declining interest of the shareholders, the' 'Union'' store fell upon hard times and went out of business. Their building was purchased by a grocery firm, the "Two Barker's", whose business was later taken over by Sobey's Stores Ltd., and while occupied by them the store was destroyed by fire. LYNCHES LTD. They operated a large bakery business and employed about 20 persons. Their large up-to-date building was located on the lower side and south end of MacKay St., the building was later used as an Armories, and still later by the Fibre Glass firm of Jack Smith. They commenced business in Stellarton about 1910. The company made the famous "Colonial Cakes" put up in packages in ten varieties and flavours. They also made a speciality of package doughnuts and variety pastry, all of which like the bread was wrapped in wax paper and sealed. The product was delivered daily by wagon, to the towns of Stellarton, New Glasgow, Trenton, Westville, Eureka, Thorburn, and Hopewell and shipped by train every morning to about fifteen towns in Northern Nova Scotia, as well as to Prince Edward Island. They went out of business in Stellarton in the early 1920's and removed their operations to Sydney, Cape Breton, which was one of their branches. They also operated a bakery in Halifax. THE ALBION MACHINE COMPANY The firm was founded during the First World War by Walter MacNeil. They had about 250 employees. They took over the old "Stellar" skating rink which they renovated, and then installed shell making machinery for the production of 4 pt. 5 war shells of which they produced from 500 to 600 per day, and paid out in wages about $17,000 every fortnight, they were one of the largest producers of these shells in the Maritime Provinces. After the war was over the firm went out of business. STELLARTON BRICK AND TILE CO. The company made brick and tile from clay deposits at Sylvester. The plant was located at South Foord Street adjacent to the railway. The manager was William A. Cameron. The company was taken over by the Westellar Terra Cotta Co. in 1905. After a few years the firm failed. The directors were local business men namely; President, Robert Drummond, Secretary, George E. Munroe, and Directors; James MacLeod, James R. Porter, Nat Doherty, William A. Cameron and Robert P. Brown. Page 64 FRASER'S SHOE FACTORY During 1890 a thriving shoe factory was operating in Stellarton. It was owned by the two Fraser brothers Robert and Daniel. Besides making boots and shoes for the local trade they were turning out larrigans for lumbermen throughout the province. The building was razed in the 1960's to make way for a parking lot beside the Liquor Commission Store.

WILLIS BROS. STORE On Oct. 1875 a new store was opened in Stellarton to retail groceries and dry goods. The proprietors were Robert and J. Frank Willis, Robert was the father of Austin and Frank Willis of CBC radio and television fame.

Later the brothers moved to Montreal where they built a factory to turn out the famous Willis Piano. They maintained a branch office in Stellarton. LINAMENT FACTORY In the late 1890's a linament factory was established in Stellarton. They manufactured the famous "Semples Horse Linament". Their product was sold locally and also throughout the Maritimes. With the advent of the motor car and the decrease in the horse population the business fell upon hard times and they were forced to close.

B.D. ROGER'S B.D. Roger's wholesale, grocery and provision house, was founded in 1872. It was situated in the building that is now occupied by Drs. Joe MacDonald and John Hamm. The premises occupied some 8,000 feet of floor space. The line of goods carried in their wholesaling and retailing business included biscuits, fruits, con­ fectionary and fancy goods. They sold to more than 150 stores in the Province. At one time Mr Rogers served a term as mayor of Stellarton. The firm went out of business about 1913. THE PICTOU CO. DAIRY COMPANY The company was incorporated on Aug. 22,1913, it was a co-operative business, and the stock was largely owned by farmers in the district. The first President of the company was Dan MacDonald of Sylvester, . With him on the original board of directors were George W. Thompson, as vice president; and directors Hugh E. Ross, Piedmont; William Cragie, Merigomish; George Milne, Woodburn; Sinclair Cameron, and Smith Fraser, from the East River; Johnson Cameron and James MacLeod, Hopewell. The first creamery building was erected near the railway station in Stellarton, it was later destroyed by fire in the late twenties. A new brick building measuring approximately 50 by 100 feet was erected on the original site. A cold storage plant was incorporated into the building. The company employed about 20 people. Besides the usual dairy products, the company also made the famous "Picoda" ice cream. For a number of years the company did a good business throughout the Province, but in recent years they had operated at a loss, due to high over-head costs this forced them to sell their business. In 1966, another dairy, the Scotsburn Co-operative Services Ltd., purchased the "Picoda" plant and their business. They also purchased the Farmer's Co-Operative Dairy, Allan's Dairy, and the Onslow Lass Dairy which makes them the largest distributors of milk and dairy products in the county. The "Picoda" plant at Stellarton has never re-opened. Pace 65 DONATO FAINI & FIGLI (CANADA) LTD. s In 1958, an Italian firm Donato Faini & Figli (Canada) Ltd. makers of women's knit wear garments and headed by president Dr Faini came to Stellarton and located in the Industrial Park on Acadia Avenue. Industrial Estates Ltd., a crown corporation built a modern brick factory complex which they leased to the firm, which also included all the necessary machinery for the manufacture of their product. The plant employed 90 women in their various departments, which in­ cluded dyeing, sewing and knitting. The plant turned out a high-class product and sold their goods throughout Canada and the United States where their ladies garments were in big demand.

In June 1972 the plant suddenly closed down, which was due to the death of the firm's president, Dr Faini in Italy. The firm's general manager was Gabriel Massi, who made an offer to Industrial Estates to take over the plant, but his bid was too low and the government sold the plant's machinery and leased the building to Wear Well Garments of Stellarton.

THE STELLA BEDDING CO. The Stella Bedding Co. was founded in 1950 by Richard Chisholm and Robert MacBeth, president and vice president respectively. The secretary was Julie Macintosh. The purchased the old IODE building on the east side of Foord St, which they renovated for the manufacture of matresses, their product was in demand and found a ready market and the business thrived.

In 1955 the 60 ft. building was expanded and in 1958, 70 more feet were added to the building. At the height of their operations about 15 people were employed. In 1959 a spectacular fire, which was set by persons unknown, completely destroyed the building. As the loss was too great for the owners to sustain they decided not to rebuild, but went into another line of business known as Wear Well Garments Ltd., situated on Acadia Ave. CLAIRTONE SOUND CORPORATION LTD. Clairtone Sound Corporation Ltd., an Ontario based Electronic firm, makers of hi-fi sets and radios and headed by president Peter Monk decided to expand their business by locating in Stellarton's Industrial Park. In 1964 the provincially owned Industrial Estates Ltd., built and leased a temporary building containing 30,000 ft. of floor space in the park. The firm made high-class stereo sets. In 1966 the firm moved into new quarters adjacent to the old building which contained 7 acres of floor space, making it the biggest building in Nova Scotia. Industrial Estates also equipped the building with $750,000 worth of the latest wood working machinery in the world. The firm branched out into a new line of products besides the stereo sets and hi-fi's they turned out several models of colored televisions. A sideline with the co. was the manufacture of the world's smallest radio set. At the height of their operations over one thousand persons were em­ ployed which were mostly women. The firm prospered for a few years but the market took a slump and they were forced into bankruptcy in 1972.

NORTH EASTERN BUSINESS EQUIPMENT GROUP LTD. In 1959 the firm moved into the old Clairtone plant in Stellarton's Industrial Park en Acadia Ave. The firm manufactured the famous Royal typewriters. About Page 66 one hundred persons were employed in the plant, mostly women. The plant operated for a short time only, due to a change in ownership and their operations were shifted elsewhere. The manager of the plant was Selwyn Jones. THE J.W. MACDONALD HIDE CO. LTD. The J.W. MacDonald Hide Co. Ltd., which was formerly located at Market Square, New Glasgow, where they bought raw hides, both domestic and wild, which they processed and shipped to tanneries in Upper Canada. In the early 1960's they outgrew their Market Square quarters and moved the firm to Foster Ave in Stellarton where they built a large building for their operations. They employed about ten persons in the plant and as truck drivers. They had a ready market and the business prospered.

In 1974 a fire completely destroyed their building. Due to a zoning by-law they were unable to receive a permit to rebuild and they moved their operations to Coalburn, where they re-established the firm with the help of a government grant. SCOTIA FIBRE GLASS PRODUCTS LTD. In the late 1950's Scotia Fibre Glass Products Ltd., was founded. It was owned by Jack Smith, and was located in the former Armouries building on MacKay St. The firm turned out a variety of moulded fibre glass products, specializing in pleasure boats, which varied in length from eight foot to twenty-one foot cabin cruisers. They also made "tear-drop" auto passenger trailers with capacity for two people. They turned out the first fibre glass milk truck bodies in North Arnerica. They had a contract with the provincial government to supply fire look-out towers for the entire province. The towers were moulded in on piece and were very light and durable. The process of manufacture required molds and chemical heating. The firm employed about 20 people and some of whom were women. Jack Smith retired and his son Brad took over the business and renamed the firm The Eastern Fibre Glass Co. Ltd. In the early 1%0's the firm ceased operations. Churches Rev. James McGregor D.D., The Pioneer Minister The residents of Pictou County, appointed a committee, consisting of Robert and John Patterson of Pictou, William Smith of the West River, Robert Marshall, Middle River and Donald McKay of East River to secure a minister. They agreed to pay eighty pounds for the first and second years. The call was sent to Scotland. It came before the General Associate Synod of Scotland at its meeting on May 3, 1786, when it was accepted by Rev James McGregor who accordingly sailed for Halifax, from Greenock, in the brig Lily, on the fourth day of June, 1786. Dr McGregor was born in Perthshire, Scotland in 1759. He arrived in Nova Scotia in July 11,1786, when he was 27 years of age. He had had some experience in ministerial works in Scotland. He was a good scholar and a sound theologian. He knowledge of Gaelic was accurate and his mastery of the language complete, as may be seen from his "Gaelic Poems and Hymns" which were in demand among Highlanders. Page 67 He landed in Halifax, after a voyage of 37 days, and at once proceeded to Pictou, where he arrived on Saturday, the twenty-first day of July, 1786. His first sermon was preached in Squire Patterson's barn about a mile west of the present town. He preached in English in the forenoon from the text, "This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners", and in Gaelick in the afternoon on "The Son of Man is come to seek and to sav e that which was lost". The second Sabbath after his arrival, July 30th, he preached at the East River, a little below what was afterwards Albion Mines. During the summer he preached in the open air, then during the winter, in private dwellings. For nine years, Dr. MacGregor was the sole minister in Pictou County, preaching, visiting, traveling on snowshoes in winter, and by canoe in summer. His congregation was widely scattered. Thomas, Simon and Alexander Fraser, having been previously ordained as elders before leaving Scotland, they were elected by the people, and these three men, with Dr McGregor, as Moderator, formed the first session in Pictou, Sep­ tember 17,1786, thus completing the organization of the Congregation which at that time comprised the whole county. The next year the session was increased by the addition of Donald McKay and Peter Grant of the East River. Robert Marshall and Kenneth Fraser of the Middle River, John McLean and Hugh Fraser of the West River and John Patterson of the Harbour. They were ordained on May 6, 1787. During the month of July 1787, a log Church was built near the site of the Old Duff Cemetery, below Stellarton. Instead of having a contractor to build it, they agreed to divide the work among themselves. One party cut the logs and hauled them to the site; another hewed and laid them; another provided the shingles; those who had knowledge of carpentering made the doors and the windows; the glass and nails were bought. Moss was stuffed between the logs to keep out the wind and rain. The Church at first had no pulpit, and, when one was provided at a later date, it was not of mahogney but, of the white pine of Pictou. The building was forty-feet long by twenty-five feet wide. The seats were logs of wood with the upper side hewed. There was a gallery with a floor seated with logs and slabs to which the young went up by ladders. Such was the first Church in the East River Valley. In 1803, the old log Church near Stellarton was replaced by a frame-building at Irishtown (now called Plymouth). Here Dr McGregor built a house made of brick, here he lived until near the close to his life, his salary was to eighty pounds for the first two year, ninety for the third and fourth and one hundred pounds currency per year thereafter, which was a very generous allowance for that time, more particularly in a newand struggling settlement, the salary at first was raised by an assessment on lands and cattle. With certain changes this was continued until 1815 when the method of obtaining the salary was changed to voluntary sub­ scription. On the 27th day of July, 1788, the first Sacrament was held at Middle River, in the open air. It was dispensed on a beautiful green plot, on the left bank of the river, sheltered by a lofty wood. Here one hundred and thirty sat down in Nature's great cathedral, for the first time in this newland, to own a Saviour's dying love. There the sacred Supper was dispensed annually until 1795. The next step was for those three to organize a Presbytery. Accordingly, at the close of the sacrament, on Monday, July 7, 1795, Messrs. McGregor, Ross and Brown held a meeting in Robert Marshall's barn, and formed themselves into "The Associate Presbytery of Nova Scotia." On this occasion Dr MacGregor Page 68 preached on Neh, 2:20, The God of Heaven, he will prosper us; therefore we His servants will arise and build." Dr MacGregor and Mrs Ross were associated ministers for the county until July 14, 1801 when a division was made. Thereafter West and Middle Rivers formed one congregation, with Mr Ross as minister. East River, another, with Dr MacGregor in charge; and the Harbour a third, to be supplied by these two until another minister could be secured.

For forty-four years, Dr MacGregor laboured in the County. He died on the third day of March, 1830. He had lived to see the congregation of which he was originally the sole Pastor grow and develop into six congregations with settled pastors, a Presbytery and a Synod organized to conduct the business of the church, an Academy and Seminary founded to educate and train Ministers, and the cause of Presbyterianism firmly established in Pictou County. Dr MacGregor was twice married, first, to Ann, daughter of Roderick McKay, by whom he had James, Christina (Mrs Abram Patterson, Pictou) Roderick, Jessie (Mrs Charles Fraser, Green Hill), Sarah (Mrs George McKenzie, New Glasgow), and Robert.

In 1812, he married Mrs Gordon, widow of Rev Peter Gordon, by whom he had Mary (Mrs (Rev) John Cameron, Nine Mile River), Annabel (Mrs (Rev.) John Campbell) Sherbrooke, and Peter Gordon. One of his grandsons, James Drummond MacGregor of New Glasgow, became Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, from 1910 to 1915, and another grandson, James Gordon MacGregor was Professor of Physics at Dalhousie University in Halifax, from 1879 to 1901, before being appointed a Professor of Natural Philosophy at Edinburgh University. The author of "The History of Pictou County", Rev George Patterson was also a grandson.

Christ Church

The oldest church in Stellarton is Christ Church, its history dates back to July 12, 1849, when a meeting was held at the Albion Mines, chaired by Rev. Charles Elliott of St. James Church, Pictou. When a resolution was moved by D.A. Dickson, and seconded by James Donnelly, and passed unanimously, that a church be erected for public worship, according to the rights and ceremonies of the church of England. For this purpose, one hundred and seventy-five pounds were sub­ scribed by the inhabitants, and one hundred and twenty-five pounds given by the General Mining Association, which also gave the land for the church and cemetery. The building was begun soon after, and completed about July, 1851. The miners of the parish took a day off from their labours to erect a frame of the church, which was done in one day. The coal company was provided with a special pew, rent free. The district was made a separate parish under the name of Christ Church, Albion Mines, by a decree of the Right Rev. Hibbert, Lord Bishop of Nova Scotia, bearing date 24th March, 1852, at or about which time, the Rev. Joseph Forsyth, Missionary of the society for the propagation of the gospel, took charge. The first church wardens were: W.H. Davies, and Henry Poole, respectively. The church and cemetery were consecrated in the latter part of September of that Page 69 year. The chancel corner-stone was laid on Aug. 20, 1880, and was consecrated by BishopBonney. The present pulpit was hand-made and carved by Daddy Hall, an English cabinet maker. He also made the cabinets in the vestry. The baptismal font is of stone, brought here from England, and was cut by Thomas Simpson a stonemason. The first church rectory was on the back of the East River on Bridge Street, the building is still standing (1975). The present rectory was built in 1912. Previous to the building of the church, they worshipped in the Mining Company's school house, at the top of what is now Hudson Street. Services were held there as early as 1830, with Rev. Charles Elliott in charge. The first organist was Mrs Ralph Dawson in 1880 who played a small seven reed organ. Previous to this a tuning fork was used to lead the singing. The organ is still in existence in possession of her son George Elliott Dawson of Westville. She later played the pipe organ.

During the ministry of Rev. Morris Taylor, who was inducted in 1890, a large community began to form in Bridgeville owing to the iron ore mines that were opearating in the area. Rev Taylor was the recipient of a legacy of $500 which he used to build a church in Bridgeville. The building of the church, which was named St. Stephen's, was begun early in 1897 by contractor Daniel J. Cameron. It was opened and dedicated Aug. 26, 1897. The bell in the church could be heard in Centredale. In 1906 the church was free from debts and was consecrated by Rt. Rev. C.L. Worrel on Oct. 28,1906. Sometime between 1915 and 1918 the church was dismantled, owning to the closing of the iron ore mines. The land where the church stood was donated to the people of Bridgeville for a fire hall.

The church hall (crypt) was started and completed during the ministry of the Rev. H.R. Deering B.A., 1945 - 1951. Christ Church is the mother church of St. George's, New Glasgow and St. Bee's, Westville.

The following rectors served Christ Church:

Rev. Charles Elliott, Pictou, took the first services up to 1851 Rev.J.Forsyth 1851-1857 Rev. Henry de Blois 1857-1859 Rev.O.M.Grindon 1859-1864 Rev. L.M. Wilkins 1864-1869 Rev. Chas. Bowman 1869-1878 Rev. David C.Moore 1878-1890 Rev.M.A.F. Taylor 1890-1911 Rev.R.B. Patterson 1911-1916 Rev. Edward Morris 1916-1920 Rev.B.P. Colclough 1920-1921 Rev. FA. Heffler 1921-1944 Rev.H.R. Deering 1945-1951 Rev.A.E. Kingsbury 1951-1967 Rev.R.Farwell 1967-1974 Rev. C.W.Russell 1974- The Catholic Church

The first Catholic Church built at Albion Mines (Stellarton), St. Mary's was built by Father Hugh O'Reilly and his people in the 1840's. Page 7£ Father O'Reilly was born in Ireland in 1794, was educated in Paris and was ordained Priest in 1819. He served at Liverpool, N.S. before going to Pictou, from whence he served the Missions of Albion Mines and Merigomish. Father O'Reilly was transferred to the new parish of North East Margaree in Cape Breton in Oct. 1858, where he died eight months later. His former charge then became part, again of the parish of Pictou. Father Alexander MacSween, the Pastor of Pictou, renovated the Albion Mines Church and gave it the new name of St. Bridget's and re-opened it on Sunday, Jan. 26, 1862. The next pastor of the extended pastorate of Pictou was Father (later Bishop) Ronald MacDonald, who enlarged the Albion Mines Church in 1866. The Lourdes Parish when formed had appended to it Missions that are now the Parishes of Westville, New Glasgow, Thorburn and Trenton. The present Lourdes Church was built during the pastorate of Father William B. MacDonald. "Father William", as he was affectionately called by all who knew him, was "The Maker of Lourdes". He was ordained to the Priesthood on the 28th of May, 1876. On June 15th in the same year he was given charge of the Parish where he accomplished so much. Where now stands the prosperous and flourishing little community of Lourdes, there was at the time of Father William's pastorate nothing but the forest primeval. In May 1882, after clearing away the woods the new church was started by him, and on June 6,1883, Holy Mass was offered in it for the first time and the church was called "Our Lady of Lourdes", from which the community took it's name. He named the four streets of the village Marie, Emmanuel, St. Bernard and St Joseph. On Nov. 21st, 1882, the Sister's of Charity took up teaching duties in the Parish. In 1883, the convent and Glebe was completed. Father William encouraged his parishioner's to build and establish themselves in the immediate vicinity of the school so that the children could benefit more from the teaching of the sisters. A parish hall was built in 1892. (It was razed in 1926 and a new hall was built.) Through the efforts of Father William a railway station was built at Lourdes where the local trains stopped and the mail was received twice daily. At first the Post Office was located in the convent and the revenue received was used to defray the cost of running the parish. His last big project in the Parish in assisting the Sister's of Charity in erecting a Tuberculosis Sanitorium. (Due to lack of patients the Sanitarium was sold and converted into tenements in the late 1960's. In 1973 it was lost by fire.) The Parish suffered a grevious loss in 1880 when 27 of the parishioners were killed in the Foord Pit explosion and again in 1918 when many more were killed in the Allan Shaft explosion. Father William died on the 24 of July 1918. He was succeeded by Rev. J.A. Butts, the builder of St. Bridget's School. To use the words of one of his biographers "Father William was a man of worth and work, a man big and board minded and a man beloved by all classes and breeds, both Protestants and Catholics alike. May his name remain forever engraved on the record grateful memory'.' The Parish of Our Lady of Lourdes gave life to new parishes in New Glasgow, Westville and Thorburn. Thorburn and Egerton were separated from Lourdes Parish in 1884 and Westville in 1903. The Lourdes Parish had appended to it bet­ ween 1892 and 1900, a small Catholic Church in Bridgeville which ministered to the Catholics who worked there in the iron ore mines. It was built by Sandy Mac­ Donald, the pastor was Father Roderick MacDonald. With the closing of the iron ore mines the people drifted away and in 1920 the church was razed. Page 71 Lourdes Parish gave five young men to the Priesthood They were: Fathers Robert Day, Robert MacDougall, Joseph Thomas, Gerard Maclnnis and Bernard (Father Alexander) Beaton. The last named a member of the Friars Of The Atonement, Graymoor Garrison, New York, was elected Superior General of the Order, and died a few weeks later in an airplane accident in 1967. The Parish produced two world renowned scientists. They were: Rev. Dr. Cornelius Connoly, famous physical anthropologist and brother of Lou Connoly (who donated the land for the Children's Aid Society) and his nephew Dr. Philip L. Connoly, Atomic Scientist, who discovered a new atomic particle called "Omega Minus..' The following pastors served Lourdes Parish. They were Reverends: Hugh O'Reilly (St. Mary's) 1850-1858; Wm. B. MacDonald 1867-1918; J. Ardian Butts, 1918 - 1940; Cyril Miller, D.D., 1940 - 1945; Michael Gillis, L.L.D., 1954 - 1964; George L. Kane, 1964 -1970; and Frank Morley, 1970 - In 1973 the church was completely renovated inside and outside. The History of St. John Church (KIRK)

The St. John Church (Kirk) had its origin when it was organized at Albion Mines (Stellarton), in connection with the Kirk body. The first "Kirk Church", was located on the east side of Foord Street, near the Crossroads. From this Church the present Kirk Avenue takes its name. Later this Church was moved to a new location up town on the east side of Foord Street. On the second floor in the rear of the Church was a well equipped gym­ nasium and on the upper side of the Church was a regulation size tennis court. It continued in use until 1934, when St. John united with Sharon Church. It was then sold to William Ross, who conducted a Feed Store and it was destroyed in a disastrous fire, in 1959 which also claimed the Stella Bedding Factory. The first Minister to serve the congregation was Rev. Wm. M. Philips, inducted in 1863. The next minister to serve the charge was Rev. Chas. A. Dunn, inducted in 1871. He was followed by E.H. Burgess, Rev. D.M. Matheson and Rev. W.L. Cunningham.

Sharon St. John United Church The congregation of Sharon Church, was formally organized on Feb. 19th, 1866, by Rev. Alexander Ross. The first pastor was Rev. Andrew Mowatt, who was in­ ducted on June 15th, 1866. Previous to the forming of the congregation they wor­ shipped at James Church in New Glasgow. Transportation was provided to and from by the Coal Company's coal cars which was hauled by the old locomotives, Sampson and Albion. The original Sharon Church, was built on the lower side and north end of what is now MacKay Street. The name Sharon was suggested by Dr. George Patterson, the author of "The History of Pictou County." William McPherson was the father of the session of Sharon Church. He opened the first Sunday School, and had at the start only eight scholars. He later became the first Superintnedent of the Sunday School. Page 72 The first three ruling elders of Sharon Church were: James MacKay, William McPherson and Alexander Munroe. Rev. George Walker, was interim moderator and constituted the first session. The first synod report made by Dr. Mowatt showed Sharon Church had 170 families and the salary of the Minister was six hundred dollars. Early church records pay tribute to the late John Culton, an organist, Miss Gunn and Henry Ross, and to the late T.J. Reid, who supervised the church school for 20 years. In 1919 members of the session were: Rev. C.C. Macintosh, pastor; J.B. MacKay; J.W. Sobey; JamesC. MacKay; John L. MacDonald; H.D. Munroe; Colin R. Fraser and John S. Whyte. Dr. Mowatt served Sharon Church for seven years and was succeeded by Rev. Thomas Cumming, D.D., who served for ten years, 1875 -1885. Rev. J.H. Turnbull was pastor another ten years, 1885 - 1895. During his Ministry, the second Sharon Church was erected on Acadia Ave., in 1889 and was dedicated on Aug. 17, 1890. Rev. Wm. M. Tufts B.D., became the fourth pastor in 1896 and remained twelve years. Rev. M.S. Fulton was ordained in 1909, and resigned in 1913. The next pastor was Rev. C.C. Mcintosh, B.A., inducted in 1913. He served until 1936, when Rev. D.M. Grant was inducted. He served until 1938 and was followed by Rev. T.E. MacLellan, who served until 1943, when Rev. R.D. Macintosh was inducted. In 1963 Rev. D.H. Gass was inducted, followed by Rev. Ralph Johnston in 1974 , who is the present pastor. On Feb. 24th, 1924, a disastrous fire destroyed the first Sharon Church built on Acadia Avenue. In 1925 a new brick church was erected on the same site as the one that was destroyed by fire. The facing-stone used in its construction was obtained from the old historic locomotive shed that once housed the Sampson and Albion locomotives. The new church was dedicated on Feb. 21st, 1926, with the late Dr. Clarence MacKinnon as speaker. In 1925, St. John (Kirk) and Methodist, joined to form the St. John Presbyterial charge and in 1934 united with Sharon to form the Sharon St. John United Church. Ministers serving the St. John Presbyterial charge were: Dr. George Young, Dr. T.H. Jones, Rev. D.M. Grant, Dr. T.E. MacLellan and Rev. D.R. Macintosh. On Nov. 13th, 1960, a memorial sound system for the church was dedicated. It has added greatly to the convenience of the congregation. In 1963 a modem, commodious church hall was erected for Sunday School and recreation. The sod for the new hall was turned on April 20th, 1962 by Master Colin MacKay, and the late Mrs Harry Cutten, respectively. Sharon St. John United Church operates the United Mission Hall located on Kirk Avenue and is under the super­ vision of Mrs Beryl Scott. The famed "Stellarton Male Chorus" which has appeared on television and radio and performed at many musical functions throughout Pictou County, draws most of its members from this congregation. Ecumenical History was made by the church on Jan. 18, 1967 when combined prayer services were held in the Church Hall. They were attended by Rev. George Kane, P.P. of Lourdes; the late Rev. A.E. Kingsbury, rector of Christ Anglican Church and Rev. Douglas Gass, Sharon St. John United Church. Page 73 Methodist Church The history of Methodism in Pictou County virtually begins with the opening up of the coal mines, although River John had long previously been a regular ap­ pointment of the Wallace Circuit. From 1825 to 1848 irregular visits were paid to Albion Mines (now Stellarton) by the Methodist ministers stationed at Wallace, Truro or River John. In 1845, in response to a request from the General Mining Association (among whose employees were a number of married Englishmen) Richard Weddal was sent to Albion Mines. There is no further record of ap­ pointments to this place until it was made a circuit in 1861, when Rev. J. Cassidy was stationed here. In 1925 they united with St. John (Kirk) Church to form the St. John Presbyterial charge. In 1934, St. John united with Sharon Church to form the Sharon St. John United Church. The Methodist Church and Manse, located on the east side of Foord St. was sold, the church being converted into a garage which was later destroyed by fire. In 1918 the Methodist built the Mission Hall on Kirk Avenue, which was operated by Sharon St. John United Church. The following Ministers served the charge: Rev. John Chalen, Rev. J.A. Ramsay, Rev. Isaac Thurlow, Rev. D.J. Porter, Rev. John Adamson, Rev. E.H. Ramsay, Rev. Scott, Rev. M. Tweadie, Rev. W.W. MacNarin, Rev. W.A. Outer- bridge, Rev. Burgasse, Rev. W.R. Turner, Rev. D.A. Frame, Dr. H.T. Jones and Dr. George M. Young. The Salvation Army The Salvation Army began its work in Stellarton in 1885. Their first place of worship was in an upstairs hall in the former Barker building on Foord Street. The hall was formerly occupied by the Provincial Workman's Association. Robert Drummond, the President, gave the army a donation of $500, which helped them to purchase the hall. In later years the upstairs was renovated into living quarters for the officers and the downstairs portion was made into a large hall. The Army, over the years has contributed much to Stellarton's Christian and Cultural life. They always had a good band and many musicians were turned out by the army band. They also have trained many officers from their corps. The army functioned until 1970, when due to rising costs and dwindling attendance, it ceased to function. A long standing tradition of the Army Band was to visit different sections of the town and play for shut-ins. The Army was the first at the scene of any disaster, explosions, fire, to serve doughnuts and coffee to the volunteers. A familiar scene at Christmas was Santa Claus and his iron pot collecting for the poor. Other features of their activities was the Red Shield appeal and their weekly open air service. In the 1920's the annual army picnic was held at Pictou Landing Park. Everyone would take a basket of food and catch the early morning train for the Landing and return in the evening. The day was spent swimming, digging clams and competing in the sack, three-legged, wheelbarrow and regular races. The Army always maintained an active scout troop. One of the early scout masters was Everett Reynolds, who held the position for many years. Page 74 In the early 1960's the Army equipped and trained a group of tambourine players. They were very successful and put on public displays of their routine. The girls were all uniformed with white middy blouses and blue skirts. They presented a very smart appearance. Members of the group included: Instructor Lieut. Burt; Norma Foster, Beatrice Rice, Juanita Lockhead, Santra Foster, Susan MacKay and Barbara Pentz. The bass drummers for the Army Bands over the years, in order of seniority were: William Tucker, Roderick Petley, Michael MacNeill and Carry Weir. The corps has had 106 commanding officers since its inception on Dec. 6, 1885. The first officer was Capt. Robert Gardiner and the last officer was Lieut. Sheila Willis. Mission Hall The Mission Hall on Kirk Avenue has played a vital role in the life of the residents in the Red Row district. The work began about 1916, when there were about 135 European families, most of whom were French and Belgium, settled in the area. They were all miners and could speak very little English. For this reason the Presbytery of Pictou advertised for a French minister to take care of their spirtual needs. Failing to obtain one, they next tried for a French deaconess and they met with the same results. Next they contacted Miss Susan Sylvester of New Glasgow who agreed to carry on the work. At first Sunday School classes were carried on in various homes of the people until Mrs Lucy Clark made part of her home available for Sunday School classes. Later a large company house on Rutherford Street was obtained through the good office of George Gray. A check-off from the miners at the pay office helped to defray the cost of the up-keep. At the beginning of 1918 there were over 100 children enrolled in Sunday School. The Methodist Church was approached in 1918 to consider the construction of a Mission Hall*A favourable reply was received and the construction of the hall began. The hall has played a very important part in the community at a time when very few of the children in the area attended the town's churches. Besides serving as a Sunday School, it was a social centre for the men and women of the district. Suppers, sewing and knitting bees and sales of home baked pastry and preserves were held. Concerts were held for the children every year and a well stocked library was kept on hand for the benefit of the children. The children attending the Mission Hall always looked forward to the annual picnic in the 1920's, when the merchants of the town would come down in their cars and transport the children to the seashore, where they were treated to ice cream. It was quite a big occassion in those days to get a drive in an automobile. After the church union in 1934, the hall was taken over and operated by the Sharon St. John United Church. For many years the Mission Hall was used as a kindergarden. Its last use was a day care centre for children.

* After the hall was built in 1918, they purchased a portable organ. It was the first in Nova Scotia and is still in use. Page 75 In 1975 the building was damaged by a fire and was sold by the Sharon St. John United Church to a non-denominational church group. Serving the Mission Hall as Deaconess were: Miss Susan Sylvester, Miss Miller, Miss Harris, Miss Murphy, Miss Littlewood, Miss Nicholson, and Miss Maclvor who served two terms. The last supervisor of the Mission Hall was Mrs Beryl Scott. The board of Trustees were: Rev. J.A. Ramsey, Rev. E.H. Ramsey, Rev. B.J. Porter, Rev. W..W. MacNarin, Rev. D.A. Frame, Rev. John Adamson, Rev. D.M. Matheson, Rev. C.C. Macintosh, Rev. W.A. Outerbridge, T.J. Reid, H.C. Cutten, John Fellows, Miss Annie Murray and Dr. C.R.F. MacLellan. First Presbyterian Church The First Presbyterian Church had its origin in the year 1925. In that year, the St. John and Methodist Churches united, and a large minority decided to remain with the Presbyterian Church in Canada. On July 2nd, of the same year, a new congregation was founded under Dr. Robert Johnston, Interim Moderator. Their first place of worship was in Muir's Hall on Foord St. The building is now occupied by J.D. Matheson and Company. Their first services began on Jan. 18th, 1925. Interim Ministers were Dr. MacCulloch Thompson and Rev. D. McOrdum, respectively. In 1926 a moder, brick church was erected on the west side of Foord Street, in the centre of the town, and was dedicated on Dec. 6th, of the same year. In 1948 Carillonic Bells were installed in memory of those of the congregation who gave their lives in the Second World War. In 1954, the congregation built a brick Manse of modern design of the church property. In Sept. of 1965 the sod was turned for a new Christian Education Building by Mrs. W N. Ingram and the late William MacLellan. The new building was dedicated on May 29th, 1966. The Church has steadily increased its membership, and has a large Sunday School under the direction of Carl Skidmore. The following men from first church hve been ordained into the Ministry of the Presbyterian Church in Canada: Rev. John C. MacDonald, Rev. F.G. MacDonald, Rev. James MacLellan, now deceased, and his brother, Rev. Dr. Lloyd MacLellan, Rev. Cecil Kennedy, deceased and Rev. J. Donald MacKay. Since its inception, the church has been served by the following Ministers: Rev. W.O. Johnson, 1925 - 1926; Rev. D.J. Ross, 1927 - 1937; Rev. S.J. McArthur, 1937 - 1943; Rev. M.Y. Fraser, 1944 -1959; Rev. C.A. MacDonald, 1960 -1963; Rev. Alfred Williamson 1964 -1967. The present minister is Rev. Neil MacCombie. Page 76 Schools The name Stellarton has become synonymous with education. Throughout the years our school teachers, both men and women, have been of great merit and worth. The following are just a few of the former teachers, and Supervisors of Stellarton schools who have went on to take responsible positions and play a prominent role in the life of our province: Malcolm Patterson and John C. Douglas, became Attorney Generals of Nova Scotia; Berton Robertson has written several books on education subjects; Donald Gilchrist was director of Nova Scotia's Alcoholic Education Bureau and Donald MacLellan was appointed counsellor of the Pictou Regional Vocational School at Stellarton. The first school (1828) erected at Albion Mines (Stellarton) and was a one-room building located across the tracks from the present CNR station. The teacher (the first in Stellarton) was Alexander MacKay. In later years it served as a sheep shelter before it was dismantled. A picture of this building may be seen in an early pictorial of Pictou County. Another early school was located at the Crossroads, operated by the coal company. It was known as the "Hogan" School and later is served as a reading room. The next school to serve Albion Mines (Stellarton) was four room building located at the south end of "Cricket Row" (Hudson Street). Besides serving as a school, it was a meeting place for the community. The Anglican Church held their services there before their church was constructed. Teachers at the school were, among others: J.W. Henderson, Hector MacKenzie and Annie MacKenzie. The last use made of the school, before it was razed, was a boarding house for Italian work­ men during the construction in 1904 of the electric tram car line. Contemporary with the "Cricket Row" school was a private school operated for the sons and daughters of coal mine officials. This school was located in a brick building on the south side of Albion Street (Bridge Avenue). It is now occupied by Peter LeChambre. The teacher was a Mr Woodsworth. The first school constructed in the uptown district, was a four-room building, two up and two down, located on Victoria Avenue (Claremont Avenue). The school was known as the "Rising Sun School". It served the pupils of that part of town until the Jubilee Avenue school was built in 1897. Teachers serving this school were, among others: Annabel Cameron and David Hynd. In 1877, Mr Hynd lost his life in a drowning accident at West Branch lake. In 1884, a four classroom parochial school was built at Lourdes, during the pastorate Rev. William B. MacDonald, "The Father of Lourdes". In 1946 after many years of useful service, the school was dismantled. The Sisters of Charity, a teaching order, had charge of the teaching duties and were assisted by lay teachers. Among these were Dr. Hugh Munroe and his sister Janie. Stellarton entered a new era of school building in 1897 with the construction of a modern three-storey, eight classroom brick school. It was located at the top of Jubilee Avenue, and in later years became known as the "Old High School". The school (a town landmark) served its purpose until 1969, when it was razed to make way for a new, modern twenty-two classroom Junior High School. Page 77 With a large increase in population in 1913, school enrollment spiraled, and it was found necessary to construct an eight classroom, brick elementary school. Located on Park St., is was condemned as a town school in 1965, and now serves as a pre-vocational trades training school, operated by the Federal Government. A one-room primary school was built at Evansville by the Acadia Coal Company in 1912, for the pupils of that district. It also served as a community hall. After several years of service it was closed and later razed. A Roman Catholic Parochial school (St. Bridget's) was built in 1919 to serve Catholic students in the main part town. The two-room primary school was built on Bridge Avenue.

In the 1940's it was enlarged by the addition of two classrooms. The Sisters of Charity were in charge of the teaching duties. The first sisters to teach at the school were Sister Mary Alban and Sister Mary Paul. In 1969 the school was closed due to the lack of teachers. The students transferred their studies to the public school system of the town.

The first high school in Stellarton, built soley for that purpose, was erected in 1922, on Victoria Avenue. The four classroom brick school, played an important role in graduating high school students for over 30 years. With an increase in enrollment in 1946, a new four classroom school, (St. Mary's Academy) was erected at Lourdes. Shortly after, it was severely damaged by fire but promptly repaired. The teaching duties at the school were managed by the Sisters of Charity, a teaching order. In June 1970, the school was closed and the students transferred to the public school system. It's closing marked the end of separate schools in Stellarton, which had operated since 1884.

In 1953 Stellarton entered the modern trend in school facilities, with the erection of an up-to-date six classroom high school, and a large, and commodious auditorium. The combination auditorium - gymnasium has a full width stage for the presentation of school plays. The building is located on Victoria Avenue, ad­ jacent to the towns first high school. The cornerstone was laid by Lt. Gov. Allister Fraser. The establishment of new industries in Stellarton in the 60's and the building "Boom" that followed, raised the school enrollment to a record high. Sparked by the energetic George Saunders, a former town mayor, a modern twenty-two classroom elementary school was erected in 1966. Mr Saunders finalized the plans, and elicited the support of the Provincial Government for its construction. The "Geoge R. Saunders School" named in honor of its strongest advocate, is located on a large site between Park and Pleasant Streets. The corner stone was laid by Premier Robert L. Stanfield. For several years a trades training school operated in the Department of Mines building on Bridge Avenue. The tradesmen they turned out were of high calibre and they quickly gained employment.

With the establishment of the district Vocational Training School on Acadia Avenue, Stellarton, in 1963, a new era in trades training has emerged with special benefits to citizens of our town. The corner stone was laid by Donald R. MacLeod, MLA. The school was enlarged in 1976 with doubled the classroom space and in­ corporated a large gymnasium - auditorium. The director of the school since its inception is William Moore. Page 78 With the completion of the twenty-two classroom junior high school in 1970, Stellarton now has one of the most modern school complexes in the county. The first Domestic Science Department was introduced in 1903 under Principal John T. MacLeod. The first Domestic Science teacher was Miss W. McKeand. Manual training was introduced in 1915 with the first instructor being a Mr Fogo. During the first World War a Cadet Corps was formed which also included a brass band. Miss Hannah Cameron set a dominion record for teaching when she completed 59 years in 1929 in the Stellarton Public School System. School principal John W. MacLeod took a racial census of the town in 1905, the results were as follows: the town had 588 families numbering 3051 people; there were 1883 Scots, 560 English, 418 Irish, 11 Welsh, 48 French, 36 Belgian, 22 Africans, 13 German, 12 Austrian, 11 Swiss, 8 Jewish, 5 Italian, 4 Chinese, 2 Russian, 2 Dutch and 1 Polish. The salaries for school teachers in 1904 were as follows: Principal $550.00; High School $400.00; Grammar School $202.00; Primary $180.00 In 1915 the rate of pay for teachers per month was as follows: Principal $75.00; Assn. Principal $37.50; Manual Training $41.66; Grammar $25.33; Primary $21.16. The following were school Supervisors: 1897 - John T. MacLeod; 1903 - John W. MacLeod; 1908 - A.W. Faulkner; 1909 - N.S. Osborne; 1910 - M.H. Mussells; 1911 - MilledgeOulton; 1936-E.C. Dunbar; 1951-J.E. Steedman; 1953-Donald Gilchrist; 1955 - Donald MacLellan; 1959 - Berton Robinson and Peter Green. Fraternal Orders and Clubs Fraternal lodges go far back in the history of Stellarton. From the earliest times they have played an important role in the life of our town. The first of these was the order of Oddfellows. On Aug. 18th, 1858, a number of Oddfellows at Albion Mines (Stellarton) decided to form a lodge. History of Fuller Lodge

Their first meetings were held in a small wooden building which was on the site now occupied by the Bank of Nova Scotia. They met there until 1860. Early in 1859, Bro. P. Dickson, D.D.G.M., of Eastern Star Lodge came to Albion Mines to install the new officers. He advised them that it would be to their advantage if they were to secure a larger hall for their work. He informed the members that he was coming to Albion Mines in a few days to sell lots on the opposite side of the street, owned by Mr Morrisey of Halifax. They followed his advise and purchased a corner lot (Southeast corner of Foord St. and Union Ave.) for the sum of $25.00. They erected a three-storey wooden building on the site in 1860. The first meeting held in the hall was in July of that year when the installation of officers took place. The Fuller Lodge was the fifth in the Maritime Provinces. Fuller Lodge is named after P.G.M. Fuller, the first Noble Grand of Acadia Lodge, Halifax, and a prominent member of the order. For a number of years Acadia, Halifax; Eastern Star, New Glasgow; Fuller, and Norton at Pictou were the only working lodges in the province. Early in 1866 the Pictou Lodges were informed from Grand Master J.D. Nash, in Halifax, that the Grand Lodge (Acadia) was about the surrender Page 79 their charter, and asked them to send a delegation to Halifax and take the Grand Lodge to Pictou County, and fill the offices with members from there. As Eastern Star and North declined to send any members, it was left for Fuller Lodge to send a committee. The following brothers were appointed: James Mitchell, John Fellows, John Murray, John Carr, John Matheson and William Fraser. They were instructed in the Grand Lodge Degree and installed in the different offices. John Carr was elected Grand Master. The Grand Lodge was removed to Albion Mines, where it met for two years. Shortly after Lodges were formed in different towns and cities of the province. The Lodge lost a number of their prominent members in the Foord Pit explosion in 1880. Their hall was renovated several times once by a veteran artist, Charles MacKenzie. On Dec. 28th, 1926, the hall was destroyed by fire. Soon after, at a meeting in Masonic Hall, plans were laid for the building of a new Hall. After a lot of discussion, it was finally decided to erect a three-storey brick building on the same site as the one destroyed. The remnants of the old building were cleared away and the Lodge held their meetings in a room at Acadia corner. The work on the new building proceeded, and on Aug. 19,1927, the corner stone was laid by the late R.M. MacKay, P.G.M., assisted by Grand Lodge officers. On Dec. 8th, the Hall was dedicated by the late John D. McDonald, Deputy Grand Master, assisted by Grand Lodge officers and members of the Rebekah branch. The womens branch of the order, the Rebekahs, play an active role in the af­ fairs of the Lodge. The Oddfellows of the county own and operate the IOOF Home in Pictou, for the benefit of the members and their families. On the evening of August 18th, 1858, a number of Oddfellows decided to form a Lodge at Albion Mines, now Stellarton. Meetings were held in a small building which was burned at the same time as the fire at the Rink. This was a very small place to meet but meetings were held in the building until 1860. Our Lodge was the fifth Lodge in the Maritime Provinces. No. 1 Halifax, No. 2 Pictou, No. 3 Truro, No. 4, Lunenburg, but soon after this the Lodges in Truro and Lunenburg went down. Shortly after Norton Lodge No. 6 was formed. Norton Lodge was named after Major Norton, a prominent member of the Order at that time American Consul at Pictou. Fuller Lodge was named after P.G.M. Fuller, the first Noble Grand of Acadia Lodge, Halifax, and a prominent member of the Order. For a number of years, Acadia, Easter Star, Fuller and Norton Lodges were the only working Lodges in the Province. The older members of the Order who have passed on, had taken a prominent part in organizing Lodges elsewhere in the County and Province - New Glasgow, Westville, Thorburn, Hopewell, Antigonish, Springhill and other Lodges have Fuller Lodge as their Mother, and some of the members of the Lodge have held the highest chair in different branches of the Order. Pictou County has always stood in the front rank of Oddfellowship and we trust it will continue to carry on the great principles of Friendship, Love and Truth. HISTORY OF KEITH LODGE

Masonary in Pictou County owes its origin to men of the 82nd Regiment who were stationed at Halifax and had fought in the American Revolutionary War. Page 80 Upon their return they were granted land in 1783 at Pictou Landing, then known as Walmsley Township. A year later, in 1784, a number of the men formed Walmsley Lodge No. 14, the first Masonic Lodge in Pictou County. Keith Lodge in Stellarton was formed in 1860. It was granted a dispensation by the Grand Lodge of England in June of that year. Chartered No. 1172 in 1861, changed to No. 870 in 1863 and became Keith Lodge No. 23, under the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia in 1869. The Lodge was named after Alexander Keith, Halifax, who was a prominent member of the Order. Their first meetings were held in 1860 in a Hall above the present Keith Fulton's store on the west side of Foord Street and immediately south of the town hall. In 1873 the Lodge erected a two-storey wooden building on the east side of Foord Street. The builder was John MacQuarrie, father of well-known funeral director, Herb MacQuarrie. The Hall is located on the second floor, the first floor being devoted to store space. The Hall is famed for the high calibre of its artistic wall murals which completely surround the interior. It is interesting to note that during the early days of the order, permission had to be obtained from the Mines Superintendent in order to hold a parade. Eastern Star Lodge is a branch of the Order and its membership is open to both men and women. The following members have been Grand Masters of Keith Lodge: Dr. Louis Johnstone 1886 - 87 and Rev. Dr. David C. Moore, 1888 -1889. LOYAL ORANGE LODGE

The Loyal Orange Lodge was formed in Stellarton on May 17th, 1883. It was named Choosen Few Lodge No. 42. In 1906, the comer stone for the new two-storey building was laid. The building situated on the west side of Foord Street is now occupied by J.D. Matheson and Company. The Lodge in its early years played a very active role in the life of our town. Of late years the number of its members have diminished from 120 in 1918, to 20 or less in 1970. Due to the Lodges dwindling membership, they were unable to maintain the building, and were forced to let it fall into other hands. The women's branch of the order, the Lady's Orange Benovelent Association, play an active role in the life of the order. The Orange Young Briton's, another branch of the order, had their own Fife and Drum Band, which was formed in 1925, and made many apperarances at public functions throughout the province. Of late years the membership of the Orange Order in Pictou County has greatly diminished in numbers, with the Westville Lodge now having the largest number of members. The Orange Order picnic and parade on July 12th, is an annual affair that is always looked forward to with enthusiasm by the citizens. Their present meeting place is on the second floor of the IOOF building. The following are past masters of the lodge: J.D. Conway, James M. MacKay, Garfield Stewart, John R. Taylor, Ed. Hodghin, Frank Hines, Henry Cummings, Jules Alaffe (Sr).,David Conway, MathallConway, Gibbie Muir. ROYAL CANADIAN LEGION BRANCH 28

The Royal Canadian Legion Branch 28, in Stellarton is a child of the Great War Veterans Association. In June 1919, a veterans club was formed in Stellarton by Lt. Fred G. Gillingwater, M.C., and a number of returned men. They applied for a charter from the G.W.V. A. and in Ma y, 1920, it was granted. There were about 25 members at that time. They met at various locations in rented halls. The aim of the Page 81 G.W.V.A. was to assist vaterans in establishing themselves and interceding for their pension rights. For some years they were very active, but due to the dwin­ dling membership they were forced to surrender their charter. After a lapse of several years, and with a revival of interest in veterans problems, a new group applied to the Canadian Legion for a charter. On Feb. 10th, 1932, a charter of the Canadian Legion was issued to Stellarton, and Branch 28 was born. Names on the charter, which included some of the G.W.V.A. originals were: Col. Alex MacKenzie, D.S.O.; Major J.W. Whitman; Capt. V.H.T. Parker; Major Rev. D.G Ross; Major J.J. Mackenzie M.C.; Lt. F.C. Gillingwater M.C.; James Kopton, Lambert Uhern, J.W. Carrigan, Robert McCoull, Havelock Blair, Joseph Walton, Samuel Kaplan, William Francis and Percy Higgins. After a few years the Legion was at a low ebb until World War II ended, and another revival took place. The large increase in membership and their weekly game, enabled them to erect a Legion building, complete with club-rooms and kitchen in 1955. The first sod was turned by William Francis. Situated on a large lot on the west sideof MacKay St., the modern building served the needs of the Legion until 1981, when it was enlarged by the addition of a large auditorium. When the rink was built in 1947, the legion was instrumental in having it named "Memorial Rink" and placing a plaque inside with the names of the war dead inscribed on it. In 1967, after much planning and work, the legion erected a classical granite cenotaph on the west side of Foord Street, inscribed with the names of those who made the supreme sacrifice in both World Wars. The women's auxiliary play a very active role in all Legion affairs. Branch 28 has the distinction of having had three of its members hold the high office of zone commander, namely, Thomas Mason, William Dudka and Ed F. Gerrior. Mr Dudka was elected to the Provincial executive. The Legion is noted for its spon­ soring of sports activities and donating to all worthy causes. The ladies auxiliary received their charter in May 1947. There were 9 charter members in attendance and the charter executive. Charter members included: Mrs Robert Fields, Mrs Helen Murray, Mrs Vera Bain, Mrs George MacLaughlin, Mrs Norma MacLaughlin, Mrs Rose Adamson, Mrs William Francis and Mrs Margaret Slater. Charter executive: President, AntanoinetteBudreski; Vice Pres., Elsie Sinnis; Sect. May Cunningham; Treasurer, Yvonne Stancombe. BRANCH 28 PRESIDENTS

William Francis 1944 Clifford Smith 1965 Girvin Fraser 1945 Whitman Trefry 1966-67 W. Pavlick 1946 Stanley Doane 1968 George Bud reski 1947-48 P>nest Taylor 1969-70 Robert MacLaughlin 1948 - 54 Ernest MacKay 1971 SydHopton 1955-56 Bernard MacLean 1972-73 David Cullens 1957 Donald Stewart 1974 Ernest Taylor 1958 JohnGoodall 1975 William Dudka 1959-64 Donald Stewart 1976 Page 82 Royal Canadian Air Force Association The Northumberland 110 Wing Royal Canadian Air Force Association, was founded in 1953 in New Glasgow, where a meeting was held for that purpose. The chief organizer was Tom Fraser. They were granted a charter on June 19, 1953. There were 16 charter members present, 5 of which are still active members in 1975. Their first place of meeting was on the second floor of Key's Store at Acadia Corner. In July, 1955, they purchased the original three-storey Macintosh building, which was built in the 1850's and was being used by the Nova Scotia Liquor Com­ mission who had moved to new quarters. The sum paid for the building was $6500.00. To help them get started, the Colchester Wing of Truro, Nova Scotia, Loaned them $100.00 and the Atlantic Group, $25.00 The building was completely renovated, and in Dec. 1955, they moved into their new quarters. It included a lounge, office rooms, a banquet room, dance hall and kitchen and also a complete games room lor the members. The mortgage on the building was paid off in May 1974. The Wing has an active Ladies Auxiliary which was granted a charter on the 27th of Aug. 1968. The Wing has the largest membership in Nova Scotia. The Wing serves the community well with many worth-while projects which includes the loan of wheel chairs, crutches and sick room equipment to needy individuals. The Wing attends all ceremonies and Rememberance Day Observance. They also are sponsors of the Air Cadet movement in Canada in which they have taken a leading part. Charter members are: John W.H. Stewart, Ronald Brennan, Donald H. Fraser, Edward D. Keay, C. Robert Glendenning, William T. Fraser, Alfred J. Mac­ Donald, Walter A. Schurman, J.C. Gordon Weatherbee, Elwood R. Mosher, William I. Ross, Collard Copeland, James R. MacLean, Donald R. Bruce, Graham Townsend and Aubrey Sutherland. PRESIDENTS J.W.H. Stewart 1953 ThomasH. Fraser 1953 •1965 W.H. 'Pat' Mitchell 1965 -1966 Robert MacRae 1966 •1970 Allen DeMont 1970 •1971 Rod J. MacLeod 1971 -1973 Millan J. MacDonald 1973 •1974 Allen DeMont 1974

Kiwanis Club Stellarton's first service club, the Kiwanis, was formed during the early part of the Second World War. There were about thirty charter members. Officers were: Ed Burrows, Chairman; James Johnson, Pres.; Gordon Black, Vice Pres.; Havelock Blair, Treas.; and Don Dickson, Sect. The Directors were: Thomas Mitchell, John MacCallum, Pat Mitchell, Henry Heighton, Ralph Sweet, Pearly Giberson Jr., and Earl Cameron. Stan Chisholm held the office of Lt. Gov. Page 83 The club was involved in many projects in the town, which included the spon­ soring of Little League Baseball and the building and equipping a childrens' playground in Allan Park. They also produced and acted in several musical comedy plays which included among others: "Magnifico", "PowWow in Pictou" and "Woman Trouble." The following, among others, served as President: Stan Chisholm, Erwin Patterson, Don Dickson, Ralph Sweet, Gordon Black, Jimmy Johnson, Pat Mit­ chell. In the late 1960's the service club folded and a new service club the "Lions" was formed. Lion's Club The Lions Club was organized in Stellarton in 1965. The first president was Frank Hickey with Pat Mitchell as Secretary and Walter Currey as Treasurer. Directors of the club were: Jack Ellis, Donald Sobey, Stan Chisholm and George Sloan. There were twenty-two charter members at first meeting. The club is very active in community work and sponsors Little League Baseball and a host of other activities. The following, among others, served as President: Clarence Hickey, Sterling Bain, Stan Chisholm, Ken Sissons, Ken MacFarlane, Robert Stroud, Douglas Sinnis and Jack Kerr. Military Stellarton's role in Military affairs has always been a very active one. It dates back to the very earliest formations of military units in the county. Our pioneer settlers Donald Cameron and the four MacKay's, Colin, William, Roderick and Donald, were given their grants of landat what is now Stellarton on the strength of their military service. They served at the taking of Louisbourg and Quebec. Our loyal tradition of military service has been derived from these settlers.

Our first settlers were formed in a closely knit defensive force and were ex­ pected to muster arms when called on to do so. They supplied their own muskets until later years when regular army units were organized.

Two companies of these early volunteer units from Albion Mines (Stellarton) formed the Guard of Honor at Pictou when his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales ilater King Edward VII) visited there in 1860.

A volunteer Militia Company was formed at Albion Mines in 1864. The company was commanded by Captain James Scott, Supt. of Mines. The fifty enlisted men were uniformed with scarlet tunics, bearing yellow facings and oxford grey pantaloons. The 9th Regiment, a militia unit, with headquarters at Albion Mines, functioned in 1867. The Regiment was armed with one hundred and twenty rifles. It was commanded by Lieut. - Colonel James Hudson, Supt. of Mines. In June 1883^ a Militia unit from Stellarton attended Militia Camp at Brown's Point at Pictou There were 120 troops under canvass. They comprised the 68th, Page 84 69th and 78th Battalions from Pictou, Colchester, Hants, Kings, Annapolis, Cape Breton and Cumberland Co. In 1861 the Albion Mines Volunteers were disbanded. A new Militia Act was passed in 1862 creating the Nova Scotia Militia . Albion Mines was designated Regiment No. 9 under the new formation. The Nova Scotia Militia was disbanded in 1867, and in 1868 the Canadian Militia Act was proclaimed. Enrollment of thereserve Militia began in 1869. On April 6, 1871, the 78th Highland Colchester Hants and Pictou Battalion of Infantry was formed under the command of Lieut. Col. George Campbell. Headquarters was at Truro. The new unit mustered seven companies, all Pictou Co. Companies were rural, the towns were not represented. The 78th was patterned after the old Imperial Seaforth Highlanders that were stationed at the Garrison in Halifax. The 78th adopted their badges and the MacKenzie Tartan. The 78th first camp training was at Salmon River near Truro. Later years they trained at Brown's Point 1883, Shubenacadie 1894. They did most of their training at Old Aldershot near Alysford and New Aldershot near Kentville. In the Spring of 1910, the 78th Pictou Highlanders Regiment came into being, retaining affiliation with the Seaforth Highlanders, and continued to wear the Seaforth badges and MacKenzie Tartan. It's Commanding Officer, Lieut. Col. C.C. Cameron and the Regiment trained at Aldershot for a period of two weeks every Summer.

When war was declared in 1914, the Pictou Highlanders did not serve overseas as a regiment, but were drafted into other units. They distinguished themselves by serving in all theatres of the war and were awarded many decorations and medals, including the Victoria Cross which was won by Stellarton native, James Peter Robertson. Citation JAMES PETER ROBERTSON Pte. James Peter Robertson, No. 552665, 27th Battalion, Canadian Ex­ peditionary Force, on Nov. 6, 1917, rushed a German machine gun and after a desperate struggle with the crew, killed four and then turned the gun on the remainder. Carrying the captured machine gun, he led his platoon to the final objective.

"Later, when two of our snipers were badly wounded in front of our trench, Private Robertson went out and carried one of them in under severe fire. He was killed just as he returned with the second man." Following the First World War in 1920, the Pictou Highlanders were re­ organized, under the command of Lieut. Col. S.G. Robertson, C.B.E., with headquarters in the former Lynche's Bakery building on MacKay St. It was leased by the government and converted into an armouries with the caretaker being Rod MacDonald. In 1921 - 22, the Highlanders trained at the west side Athletic Field in New Glasgow, where they pitched their tents. Page 85 In 1923, the Highlanders trained at Norway Point in Pictou which was the 150th Anniversary of the Ship Hector Landing. The Highlanders put on a full dress ceremonial parade for Governor General Byng of Vimy. In 1924, the Highlanders again camped at Norway Point and entertained the Around the World Flyers in their mess. There was no camp in 1925 and Lieut. Col. J. Welsford MacDonald, M.C., was promoted to Commander of the Unit. From 1926 - 30, the Highlanders trained at Aldershot, winning an efficiency prize of $150 in the latter year. They also in 1930 took part in the "Battle of River John." During 1928 the Regiment's Band , the former 78th and wartime 85th, was replaced by the Pipes and Drums as the official regimental band. In 1930 Lieut. Col. J.A. Adamson, M.C., was promoted Commander of the Highlanders. There was no camp training in 1931 and in 1932 the unit trained at the Arena Rink in New Glasgow. In 1933, an officers and N.C.O.'s training school was held at Aldershot. The signal section, under Lieut. Lyman S. Murray, took first place in the district for signals efficiency. In 1934 - 35, the Highlanders trained at Charlottetown, P.E.I. In 1936, Lieut. Col. S. MacKay Fraser, assumed command of the Highlanders. From 1936 - 39, the united trained at Aldershot. The Pictou Highlanders were one of the first units in Canada to be alerted for active service in 1939. On Aug. 26, detachments of the unit were posted for guard duty, at Grand Narrows and St. Peter's Canal in Cape Breton and also at the Western Union Cable Station at Canso and the cable installation at Hazel Hi 11. On Sept. 1, orders came for the Battalion to mobolize. Recruiting officer was Lieut. Col. GR. Saunders. On Sept. 8, the Pictou Highlanders was ordered to defend the Strait of Canso and the unit moved into billets in Mulgrave. The out-lying detachments lived under canvass in foul Fall weather. On Dec. 18,1939, the Pictou Highlanders sent their first draft, thirty-three other ranks, to the West Nova's. This was the beginning of the Pictou Highlanders principle role throughout the war - supplying reinforcements to other units for overseas service. On June 3, 1940, a company of Pictou Highlanders were incorporated into the North Nova Scotia Highlanders for overseas service. In Jan., 1941, the unit left Mulgrave and moved to Dartmouth to guard the oil refinery. In May 1941, the unit left Dartmouth for Valcartier, Quebec. In the Fall of that year, the unit returned to Dartmouth. Lieut. Col. Fraser vacated command on Oct. 31st, and was succeeded by Lieut. Col. J. Adamson, M.C. In Feb. 1942, the unit moved to New Wellington Barracks Page 86 In Feb. 1942, another large draft of one hundred and three, under command of C.B.M. Foster and Lieut. J.E. Priest, went to Camp Borden as overseas rein­ forcements for the R.C.A. S. C. In Aug. 1942, the unit moved to New Wellington Barracks in Halifax. In Dec, the unit began two months of training at Sussex Camp, New Brunswick. In Feb. 1943, the unit moved to Gander, Newfoundland, to guard the airport. A special force from the Pictou's was posted to Gibraltar and another one to Ber­ muda. The unit returned to Halifax in Aug., 1943, and thence to Debert for training. In the Fall of 1944, Pictou Highlanders picked apples in the Annapolis Valley and potatoes on Prince Edward Island. On Sept. 7, 1944, the unit's Pipe Band, all volunteers, were drafted to Debert to join an overseas drart. In Jan. 1945, two hundred and fifty other ranks were transferred to the St. John Fusilliers, and proceeded overseas. In the summer of 1945, the unit remained at full strength. The Pipe Band was re­ organized and the troops fought forest fires in New Brunswick. By Oct. they were moving to their home district depots for discharge. The Pictou Highlanders served in all theatres of war and distinguished themselves by their valour and discipline. They were awarded many decorations and medals, wherever they served. The 83rd Field Battery, R. C. A. In August, 1921, the 83rd Field Battery, R.C.A., was organized under the command of Major J.J. MacKenzie, M.C, with headquarters at Stellarton. At first they trained in a small building adjacent to the Orah Hotel. Two years later they moved their four artillery pieces and stores into larger quarters in the former Lynche's Bakery building on MacKay St., which was leased by the government and converted into an armouries. The Battery trained for two weeks every summer at Camp Petawawa in On­ tario. In 1929, the Battery won honors by winning the Oland Cup for general proficiency by a Nova Scotia Battery, the same year they won the Oawald Cup, the top prize in Canada for gun practice.

The Battery camped at Norway Point in Pictou during the Hector Celebrations in July 1923. The unit put on a full-dress rehearsal, for Governor General Lord Bing of Vimy. In 1930 the Battery took part in "The Battle of River John" which was the largest combined Military Operations ever held in Canada which included Navy, Air Force, and the Military. It was the first and the last time such an exercise was ever held in Canada. During the Second World War in 1939, the Battery was re-organized and became the 7th Anti-Aircraft Battery, under the command of Major D.D. MacDonald. Before its transition to Anti-Aircraft, the unit had the honor of firing the twenty-one Page 87 gun salute with its four eighteen-pounders from Battery Hill in Pictou on June 14, 1939, welcoming King George VI and the Queen to Nova Scotia on their Royal Tour of Canada. The A.A. Battery served on Lawlor's Island in Halifax Harbour for one year and then moved to York Redoubt in Halifax for another year. In 1941, Major E.D. Walsh took command and the unit moved to Newfoundland to guard Gander Airport. In 1942, Major J. R. Kelly of St. John, assumed command of the unit. On the 29th of Oct. 1943, the 7th A.A. turned over its equipment and sites to the 17th Battery, a home defence force, made up of conscripts. The 7th A.A. officers and men sailed from St. John for home. On Nov. 16, 1943, the unit was disbanded. The Pictou Co. Battery was reformed as the 189th L.A.A. Battery, R.C.A. in April 1946 with Major J.M. Cameron commanding. It was based in the Stellarton Armouries and underwent camp training at Picton, Ont. Major R.S. MacDonald took command in 1950 and Cpt. H.E. MacDonald in 1952. It was amalgamated with the Pictou Highlanders upon formation of the 1st Battalion Nova Scotia Highlanders in Nov, 1954. Armed Forces The following are Stellarton natives who rose to high rank in the Armed Forces of their country: Group Captain E.L. Baudoux, D.S.O., D.F.C., was Commander of Canada's largest air installation and was the first man in Canada to fly a jet aircraft. Wing Commander R.B. (Benvie) Fleming, D.F.C., A.F.C., A.M., V.E.M., served in the Royal Air Force for 32 years. He is the son of the late Hugh Robert Fleming. Wing Commander Arthur Delmotte served in the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War. He was posted to many important commands. Commander D.M. MacLeod, CD., R.C.N., had a distinguished naval air career. First in the Royal Navy in 1941, and then as a pilot with United States Navy. Later, he joined the R.C.N, and was Commander (air) on the aircraft carrier Bonaventure. He is the son of Mr and Mrs Gregor MacLeod. Lieut. Col. G.R. Saunders is a veteran officer of the First World War. During the Second World War he was appointed District Recruiting Officer at headquarters Military District No. 6 in Halifax. When World War I hero Fred C. Gillingwater, MM, died in 1934, he was ac­ corded a funeral with full military honors, the first and only one in Pictou County. It included firing party, Military Band with draped drums, gun-carriage with four horses, bugler and all veterans marching in a body. Stellarton had the honor in the Second World War of having a Royal Canadian Navy Corvette named after the town. Page 88 The "Stellarton" was built in Quebec and was launched from the Morton Yard. She was commissioned June 29,1944, and taken out of service on Aug. 31,1946. She displaced 970 tons, was 208 feet long and had a beam of 33 feet. Her speed was 16 knots, and a draught of 11 feet, 5 inches, and with smaller weapons had one four- inch gun. Group Capt. A.M. Cameron, DFC was commander of St. Jean Air Force Base, Que., one of Canada's largest. Stellarton's Great War Dead 1914 -1918 Dedicated in Honor and Grateful Memory of Our Glorious Dead Edward Allan Chal. Jackson Ed. B. Mitchell W.G. Arthrell Daniel Jameson John J. Martin Leo A. Bain Robert Johnston Matthew Murray Edward Bills Harvey Kennedy Ernest Painter Norval R. Blair G.A. MacArthur Cyril Partner James B. Brown J.A. MacArthur Fred Patten James A. Bowran Walter MacBain Ralph U. Phalen Clifford Culton A.D. MacDonald George Quirk W.K. Cummings R.J. MacDonald R.A. W. Reynolds W.J. Cameron H.C. MacDonald William Roach T.B. Davidson W.S. MacDonald James P. Robertson V.C. Richard Davis William McGuire John E. Ramage William Deacon Rufus MacGrath George P. Sharp Charles Dunbar Arthur B. MacKay Creighton Stewart George Fifefield John A. MacKenzie James W. Tupper Robert Frampton Robert T. McLaughlin John W. Taylor Homer Fulton Hector F. MacLean John Urquhart Merton Fulton John M. McLellan William Vallett E. Forsythe Hugh Mclsaac Daniel White Duncan Grant Ralph Macintosh Harry Whylie Don W. Gordon John P. MacQueen Courtney Williams Angus Grey Alex R. MacDonald Hopton Williams Herbert Hadley James D. MacLeod

Stellarton's War Dead 1939 -1945

Alex R. Amon Fred W. MacDonald Elbert Murray Girvin F. Archibald Charles L. McLaughlin Thomas K. Martell, DCM Clarence Miller Bryne Neil McLean Wilfred Pettipas Clarence Cullen D. Murray MacKenzie Allison Wilson Porter Fred Campbell (DFC, AM) Raymond E. Rhindress James Campbell Charles G. MacKenzie William M. Sutherland Thomas Roy Davidson James McKinnon J. William Spinney T. Clifford Fraser, MC Augustus MacDonald Allister Skinner John Fraser Frederick MacDonald Allister Tupper Garnet Cecil Geddes Frederick L. Myers Beverly Vacheresse P. Dexter Higgins James Alvin Moss John Wilmouth Allister Haggerty J. Gordon Murray Warren A. Watters Daniel Jordan Leslie Mason Robert D. Langille John J. Martin Adrian Lennon Thomas Markie Page 89 Bands Bands have always played a very important part in the musical life of Stellarton. The town has the distinction of having had one of the first bands in Nova Scotia. The quality of our bands have gained world, and national fame. They have played before royalty, governor generals, and high dignitaries of church and state, and participated in the opening of many public projects. At one time there were as many as three bands functioning in town. Albion Mines (Stellarton) had one of the first bands in Nova Scotia. In 1839 a group of musicians from the Mines played in a parade celebrating the opening of the Albion Mines Railroad. Many of the miners from the British Isles who came to work in the Albion Mines were musicians and they soon formed their own band. The first Albion Mines Band was formed in 1842, and the first band master was Robert Wilson, born in Glasgow, Scotland. Their practice sessions were held at the old reading room at Kirk Avenue. In 1846, Robert Wilson removed to Wilkes Varre, Pa., USA. He was succeeded by John Mooney as band master. Mr and Mrs John Mooney had five sons and one daughter, all born in Stellarton. At one time there were six members of the Mooney family in the band. John Sr., John, Jr., Joseph, Andrew, James and Donald. In 1864, the Albion Mines Band played at the official opening of the Pictou branch railroad at Fisher's Grant. John Mooney Jr. succeeded his father as band master. He removed to St. George, N.S., where he was director of the citizens band until his death. He was succeeded by Harry Murdock. Five years later in 1896, Mr Murdock left to reside in British Columbia. Captain Dan Mooney was then appointed band master of the Stellarton Silver Cornet Band. He held that position until 1940, when he emigrated to Buffalo, N.Y. In 1911, the band played a thirteen concert series in Carmichael Park, New Glasgow. It was known as the Stellarton Ban d, until it joined the 78th Pictou Highlanders in 1907. There were 19 members from Stellarton. The best musicians from West­ ville, Pictou and New Glasgow were drafted into the band. The dress of the 78th Pictou Highlanders Band from 1907 to 1912 was scarlet tunic, blue trousers with red strip down the side, skip cap with dice border, leather leggings. In 1912 kilts were issued to both Seaforth Tartan full dress. (Argyll Tartan). On the 29th day of Sept., 1915, the 78th Band (all but two) enlisted as a unit with the 85th Nova Scotia Highlanders. On Oct. 3rd the band left Stellarton for Headquarters at Halifax Armoury. In Jan. 1916, the band accompanied Liet. Colonel Borden, Lieut. Colonel Guthrie and a score of speakers on their tour through the counties of Lunenburg, Queens, Shelburne, Yarmouth, Annapolis, Digby, Kings, Pictou and Antigonish. This resulted in the raising of three Bat­ talions in three weeks, the 185th, 193rd, and 219th. Later the band was issued kilts, Argyle, and Sutherland Tartan. Tunic Olive Drab, Balmoral, Blue with diced border and red feather, Badge mottot, Siol Na Fear Fearail (Gaelic). The 85th Band was referred to as Canada's champion regimental band by J.D. Logan, M.A. The Director of Musical Services, Jasper Vale Lane, London, who came to Camp Witley, to hear and conduct the 85th band at rehearsals (as he did all colonial bands) said of it, in writing: It is the best band that has come overseas from Canada, and remarked especially on its precision in attack, its unanimity, its dynamic qualities and its brilliancy. But in Feb. 1917, it looked as the band would not get to France as a band. The problem was how to keep the band from being broken up and how to get the band- Page 90 smen with their instruments, into France. The bandsmen however, were brought over on the strength as fighting men and the instruments came along too, somehow mysteriously, as part of the Quartermasters Stores, and after months the Band was finally adjusted by the authorities. The Band had a number of its members wounded, 2 killed in action, and 1 died. The 85th Batt. Band had the honor of leading the first troops into the city of Namuor, Belgium, Nov. 1918. Also the war department took the 85th band back from Brussels, Belgium to England on May 1st, 1919, to lead the great march of triumph through London on May 3rd, 1919. Following its return from overseas in 1919, it continued to function as the 78th Band. It played at parades and picnics and also supplied music for skaters at various rinks in the county. After the outbreak of war in 1939, it provided the nucleus for the Aldershot Camp Band, and was directed by Charlie Wilson, a noted bandsman from West­ ville. It remained there for the wars duration. After World War 11, the band was re-organized. At a meeting on March 21st 1955, it was re-named the 78th Memorial Band, with Charlie Wilson as band master. For a number of years the band played at public functions and parades and gave many concerts. The rebirth of the band proved very popular with the public. In 1961, Tom Mason was appointed Band Master, a position he held until his death in 1965. In 1965, Charlie Wilson came out of retirment and became Band Master and remained so until his death in 1967. The original members of the 78th Memorial Band were: Band Master, Charlie Wilson; I. Samuels, Fraser Sutherland, Jim Tibbets, George Sutherland, Norman Calder, Jim Moir, Gordon MacGregor, Harry Mosher, Gordon Black, Bob Stewart, Duke Johnson, Tom Mason, Ralph MacGillivary, Dan Gow, Norman MacLeod, George MacAulay, Howard Pace, R.H. Roy, Hillary MacDonald, Rod MacDonald, Bernard Uebbing, Don Fraser, William Gallagaer, George Fraser, Bill Diamond, Charles Barry, Jack Weir, Joe Partington, Fred Toelke, Ray Mac­ Donald, Ian DeLong, Ed Fraser, John Nicholson, Bunny Wadden and Harry Murray. The original members of the 85th band were: Dan Mooney, Band Master; J.C. Profitt, W.D. MacLeod, Alex Myers, A.H. MacDougall, R.H. Roy, Ronald Mac­ Dougall, E.B. Mitchell, R.Y. Geddes, C.A. MacDonald, A.J. Fraser, T.R. Roy, J.W. Henderson, T.B. Davidson, C.W. Appleton, H.P. Barnes, F.T. Freeman, J.J. Gray, Tom Mason, C.A. (Chud) MacDonald, A.R. MacDonald, A.A. MacDougall, J.R. Munro, Harry H. Murray, CE. Purves, GA. Rackham, W.D. Jamieson, F.A. Ryan, W.P. Cameron, Joseph Smith, James Roy, D.W. Cameron, W.E. Gallagher, F.D. Mooney, A.F. Gallant, W. Dunn, and J.D. Logan. THE ORANGE YOUNG BRITONS FIFE AND DRUM BAND The Orange Young Britons Fife and Drum Band had its origin in 1925. It was connected with the Loyal Orange Lodge, whose members decided at a meeting to organize a fife and drum band. Tom Gordon was chosen as leader and Drum In­ structor with Peter MacNaughton being appointed Flute Instructor. For practice sessions they secured the club rooms of the Old Curlers Rink on Foord Street. They met twice weekly, for instructions. The novel method of instruction, employed Page 91 numbers in lieu of regular musical notes. For this purpose they had numbers printed on cards, about 3 inches wide and 6 inches long, which they inserted into music holders, which were strapped on their wrists. Under their competent in­ structors, progress was fast and they were soon ready to play in public. They played at many public functions, and also, took part in numerous street parades. The Band was well received by the public, and gave a good account of themselves, and when called upon, gave freely of their services. They continued to function as a Band for sometime, but later interest died and the band dissolved. Many of the former members are still living in town and others have moved to other parts of the country. The following were the members of the Band: Tom Gordon, Drum Instructor; Peter MacNaughton, Fife Instructor; Fife Players - Murray MacNaughton, Frederick Van Larkin, William Diggens, Angus Dorrington, Cecil Watters, Frederick Gordon, Joseph Nickerson, Frank MacKay, John Burden, Bill Flem­ ming; Bass Drum - Duncan Cameron; Kettle Drum - Raymond Scott; Kettle Drum - Alex MacCready; Triangle - Harold MacNaughton. AIR CADET BAND The Stellarton Air Cadets Fife and Drum Band Squadron No. 374 was formed in 1961. They made their first appearance on June 4, 1962. The band consisted of 6 drums, 1 symbol, 12 fifes. Gordon Black was the fife instructor and Bob Stewart was drum instructor. It started out as an all boys band but now it is composed of both boys and girls. The boys wear regular Air Cadet uniforms while the girls wear Air Cadet jackets and Air Force tartan skirts and white boots. The band won the top award at the Maritime Band Festival at Moncton. The band was selected to play at a Provincial Air Cadet Parade at Halifax to honor Lt. Gov. H.P. McKeen on his retirement as Lt. Gov. of Nova Scotia. 36 Squadrons attended the parade with a total of 600 in attendance. On several occasions the band has appeared on television. The band has won many trophies and awards and are always in demand for public functions and parades. The following are the original members of the band: Dennis Vint, Barry Bowden, Bobby Wojick, Terry Keating, Harvey Stewart, Steve Dickson, Barry Sponagle, Freddie Mitchell, Mike Keating and Herbie Oldford. THE BALMORAL GIRLS PIPE BAND The Balmoral Girls Pipe Band, has earned for itself, an enviable reputation as a fine musical organization and as ambassadors of good will. They have carried the name of Stellarton far and wide. This fine Pipe Bands musical talents have been widely sought after by many organizations throughout the province. They have won many trophies, and medals, at the various highland gatherings throughout the Maritimes. The Band had its origin with the formation of a Mother's Club, in the fall of 1952. The Mothers were desirious of having a girls Pipe Band for the town. They secured the services of Robert Stewart, Drummer, and Robert MacBeth, Piper as instructors, who gave freely of their ti me and talents. To raise the funds necessary to outfit a Pipe Band, the mothers (besides paying weekly dues) sold fudge, held tag days, concerts and pantry sales. Page 92 The first two years of their existence was devoted to learning music, and how to play the practice chanters and learning the various drum beats. Under the com­ petent tutelage of their instructors, they were finally ready for their debut. Mention must be made here of Jack Flemming, a former Pipe Major in the Pictou Highlanders Pipe Band, who helped with the teaching of pipers in the early for­ mation of the band. The Band made their first public appearance on May 7th, 1954, when they paraded to the First Presbyterian Church Hall and gave a concert of Band Music and Highland Dancing. Balmoral was chosen for the Band's name, in honor of her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, whose summer home is Balmoral Castle, in Scotland. The adoption of the MacKenzie Tartan by the Band, gives them a very uniform and smart appearance, as contrated with other Pipe Bands whose individual members have their own particular tartan. The Pipes, Drums and Kilts, were procured from Scotland and the jackets, hose and pla ids were made locally. In 1960 the band made the first stereo record of Pipe Band music in Canada. The band took part in the opening of the Canso Causeway. The parade was preceeded by one hundred pipers. The Nova Scotia Government presented each piper and drummer with a certificate as a memento of the occasion. Another highlight of the band's early engagements was a week at Yarmouth County exhibition. In appreciation of their playing, they were presented with an engraved trophy. The band won four first place trophies in 1961 - the Sinclair Shield at Braemar in New Glasgow; first place at the Highland Games at Rothesay, N.B.; first place at the Highland Games at Elgin, P.E.I, and first place at Pugwash at the Gathering of the Clans. The band played at the 74th Highland Games in Brookline, Mass. in 1962. They were accompanied by Pipe Instructor Jack Maclsaac and Drum Instructor Robert Stewart. In 1964 the band led the St. Patrick's Day Parade in Montreal. The Pipe Major was Laureen MacLellan. In 1966 the band won the North American Girl's Junior B Pipe Band Cham­ pionship at Maxville, Ont. The Pipe Major was Madeline Russell. The band won the Sinclair Sheild as the top band in Pictou County and the Hawker Siddley Trophy in 1968 as the best band in the Maritime Class. The band spent a week in 1972 in Toronto as the Canadian National Exhibition. They were accompanied by Pipe Instructor Harold MacDonnell. The highlight of their 1973 engagements was three days at Gander, Newfoun­ dland. They also won the Sinclair Shield at Westville. The original band was taught marching by Don Dickson. Don MacLellan also served in this capacity. Barbara Cunningham was the bands music teacher. In late years the band has taken part in numerous parades, highland gatherings, and christenings and in welcoming important dignitaries. Following are the members of the original band: Pipe Major Ann Hall; Pipers - Betty MacKenzie, Thelma Fraser, Janet Dorrington, Beverly MacDonald, and Ann MacDonald. Drummers - Ora MacKay, MarjorieTurnbull, Carolyn Dorrington, Kathleen Brownrigg, Marie MacDonald, Carol Patterson and Bass Drum - Wally Ellis. Page 93 The following served as Pipe Majors - Ann Hall, Betty MacKenzie, Karen Ryan, Laureen MacLellan, Beverly Sample, Madeline Russell, Judy Crockett, Robena Milne, Jo-Ann DeLaney and Margaret MacDonald. Serving as Pipe Instructors were: Bob MacBeth, Jack Fleming, Harold Sutherland, Jack Maclsaac, Sandy Boyd, Harold MacDonnell and A.M. Baillie. Serving as Drum Instructors were - Bob Stewart, Diane Myers, Sue Ellen Cum­ mings, Mike Steel, Ted Ricketts and Angela Stewart. Serving as Drum Majorettes were - Joe Lynn Brownrigg, Aileen Ross, Robin Kitson and Stephannie MacKay.

STELLARTON SCHOOL BAND The Stellarton School Band was organized in 1971, and made their first public appearance in the 1972 Dominion Day parade at Westville. During the Ship Hector Bi - Centennial Celebrations they took part in all public functions and parades. Their local band concerts have proven very popular with the townspeople. During the graduation ceremonies of the Regional Vocational School they were highly complimented for their playing by Lt. Governor Clarence Gosse, who remarked that he never heard the Royal Salute played better in his travels throughout the province.

The band has proven very popular and has made many public appearances throughout the Maritime Provinces, where they have won wide acclaim and many trophies. School Board chairman, Mayor Robert Munroe fully supports the band. The original band had 26 members, 13 boys and 13 girls. They now have a compliment of 44 members. They are smartly uniformed with blue blazers and light grey skirts for the girls and blue jackets and grey trousers for the boys.

The veteran instructors for the band are Bob Stewart and Gordon Black. Most of their instruments were obtained free from the Armed Services surplus stores. The following are the original band members: Shelly Munroe, Susie Henderson, Elenor Gordon, Laurie MacKay, Diane Melanson, Alana Fahey, Caroline Kut- chera, Cathy Dickson, Marion Henderson, Mary McDow, Sherry Ellis, Pam MacLean, Lorna Cameron, Mike Scissons, Billy MacLellan, Ed Stewart, Don Emery, Harold Murrell, Allan MacGregor, Greg Giberson, Allan Rutledge, Douglas Bain, Chris Lamey and Peter White. Theatricals Stellarton always excelled in Theatricals and had available at all times a ready supply of top talent. Before the turn of the century and after there were many plays musicals and variety shows by church groups and others. The themes were many and varied and included religious, humorous, musical and ministrel productions. In the 1890's and into the early 1900's the plays were usually held in church halls, the old Orange Hall, Scenic Temple Hall, Ingles Hall and the Old Star Theatre.

With the building of the Jubilee Theatre in 1914 a new era in theatricals began. With its large stage and elaborate scenery facilities it was then possible to stage large production numbers. Some of the plays produced among others were: "Ten Page 94 Nights in a Bar Room", "The Cat and the Canary", "Apple Sauce", "Lena Rivers", and "People." Some of the local talent who acted in these plays were: Leonard Purvis, Ron Chabassol, Helen Munroe Purdy, Grace Oulton, Mrs Jack Cummings, Hugh Watters, Mrs Belle Rodgers, Roe and Harry Murray, Charles MacKay, Noble MacKay, Reginald Stewart, Anna MacKay, Dr. V.H.T. Parker and Pearl Purvis. Many of thse starred in the "Old Homestead" which had a long and successful run over the years. The orchestra which played the overture for all of these famous plays was directed by the late Mrs R.M. Benvie, who during her lifetime contributed greatly to the culture of this town and the county in general. In later years Anna MacKay produced many plays for the local council of women as a means of raising funds for free scholarships. Those with Mrs MacKay among others were: Belle Rodgers, Marjory Cummings, Flossie Reeves, Elsie Murray, Florence Conway, Tillie Langley Ellison, Mable Stewart, Hugh Watters and Joseph Hudry. In 1936 Stellarton native Stan Curruthers produced a musical show entitled Hi- Di-Ho-Revue in which he also sang, danced and acted. The show had its premiere in the old Academy of Music , New Glasgow and was very popular and well received by the public. Many of the talented boys and girls were from Stellarton. The show featured two orchestras, the principal one consisted of Breton Miller, Alice Randall, Frank Hanright, Alton Ross, Edgar (Slick) Purvis and Jessie Heighton Spencer, pianist. They also had a Hill-Billy orchestra which included Vernon Eastwood, Don Macintosh, Alex Murray, Leslie Dixon. Chorus girls taking part were Juanita Tucker, Eloise MacDonald, Sally Macintosh, Sheila MacDougall, Ruby Curruthers and Pauline Frederick. Soloists on the program were: Mary Gordon and Eldridge MacDonald. Duo numbers were song by Pauline Frederick and Sally Macintosh "How Do We Rate With You?" and Eldridge MacDonald and Betty Murray sang "Lady in Blue." In the early 1930's the men's club of Lourdes Parish sponsored a play in the hall, entitled "Abbies Irish Rose" with Robert Munroe singing the lead parts. The three- night run was a sell-out and was well received by the public. Members of the cast were: Jack "Hockey" Campbell, John MacLean, Harry Trainor, Steve Bushie, Joe Beaton, Ray Beaton, John "Bubbles" MacDonald, Simon Higgins, Eileen (Connolly) Travis, Bernadette Brooks, Mary Torley and Mary MacLean. Light opera was also a highlight of past productions and was directed by Langston N. Miller and among these were: "Savage Land" and "In the Garden of the Shah". Mr Miller, besides being a noted pianist, has also composed several successful songs. A noted producer of plays was Roe Murray. One of the plays which he produced and acted in was entitled "When Trails Meet", which had a very successful run. Another veteran actor and showman, Harry Murray (brother of Roe) had an amazing career in show business. Besides being associated with several different orchestral groups, he is also an original member of the famous 78th Band. While overseas in World War I he wrote the complete script of "The Old Homestead" from memory and acted the leading part of Cy Prime. The play had an all-male cast and was well received by the soldiers at the front. This all-male cast per­ formed the female roles admirably. The bng and successful career of Harry Page 95 Murray as a bandsman, orchestra player and master of ceremonies at numerous functions and concerts throughout the years is an achievement which very few attain. For many years, a veteran actor and singer, John "Jock" Ward entertained the people of Stellarton, with his authentic impersonations of Sir Harry Lauder, the great Scottish comic and singer. After World War Two, theatricals took on a new lease of life with the production of many plays. This period was Stellarton's golden era of stage productions. Some of the plays were of such high calibre that they were presented throughout the province. The following were among some of the more notable plays during this period: "Women Trouble", an original musical comedy produced in 1960 under the auspices of the Kiwanis Club. Producers of the show were: George Sutherland, Ralph Sweet, Gordon Black and Don Dickson. The show had a cast of 40 with 14 original hit songs, 12 of them were composed by George Sutherland who did the orchestrations and two by Ralph Sweet. The lyrics were by Don Dickson and Gordon Black. The show was directed by Mr Dickson, and the chorus numbers by Mrs George Brand. The choregraphy was by Mr Pat Black. The score was played by George Condon's orchestra conducted by Mr Sutherland. Among the cast were: Shirley Bent and John Ryan in the romantic leads and Jean Hawboldt, Gordon Black, Dean MacAdam, Marie Pettipaw, Judy Kerr and Pat Mitchell in the singing and acting roles. Some of the songs among others were: "Love is Blind", "My Star", "The Darling who lives in my Dreams", 'Carousel of Love", "Precious Years", "Hold down your spot in the Line", "No More Whistle Stops for Me", "Life's Getting Us Down", "Liars Lullabye", "Pictou Co. Playboy", and "The Fickle Little Nickle." The female impersonators the "Kiwanis Kokettes" chorus line included: Eddie Burrows, Bill Ross, Jim Johnson, Dick Giles, Dave Shaw, Havie Blair, and Don Dickson. The female chorus line was made up of Irene Fraser, Lois Degale, Janet Cottie, Carol Burton, Joyce Smith, and Loraine Smith. The male chorus in­ cluded: Francis Matheson, Dee Fraser, Stan Fraser, George Durning, George Kelly and Joe Hudry. The opening night performance was attended by Lt. Gov. and Mrs E.C. Plow, Harvey A. Veniot, M.L.A. and Clyde Nunn, M.L.A. "Carolina Moon", a variety show was produced and directed by George Kelly in 1962 under the auspices of the Men's Club of Sharon St. John's Church. Master of ceremonies was Harry Murray. Among the artists taking part were: Art Thomp­ son, Victor MacBeth, Harris Rideout, George Kelly, Harry Murray, the MacNeil sisters, Marjorie, Janie and Susan, the Balfour sisters, Nelda, Cheryl and Joyce, Sandra Milne, J.D. Fraser, Zelda Fraser, Eric Arbuckle, Harmony Quartet, Don Larsen, Claude Sutherland, Don Taylor and Bob Worth, J.D. Fraser, Harold MacLeod, Jack Ellis, Janet Cottie and Karen MacKay. The chorus numbers were "Carolina Moon", "Let a Smile be Your Umbrella", "Old Man River", "Let the Rest of the World Go By", "Yes We Have No Bananas". Miss Cottie and Miss MacKay were the soloists for the above songs. "My Blue Heaven", Kenneth MacFarlane and "Oh What a Beautiful Morning", Karen MacKay. "Pow Wow in Pictou", an original three-act musical comedy sponsored in 1962 by the Kiwanis Club had dialogue and lyrics by Don Dickson and music by George Page 96 Sutherland and Ralph Sweet. The overture was played by Mrs Hugh S. Ryan on the electric organ and George Condon on the saxaphone. The story centred around the recruiting and training of an army stationed at the Garden of Eden with the sole purpose of freeing Nova Scotia from Canada and finally setting up the people'e republic and parliament. The songs included "The Old Prospector,", "Slow Shot MacNutt", by John Ryan, "Duces Wild", Dave Hayman and Pat Mitchell, "Swigger'' by John Ryan, "We All Love Our Sergeant", "The Army has a Detail for You", "Kitty Becomes a Cat", "Never Put Your Faith in Officers", "Give Me Your Answer", and "Dreams". The cast included Historian Harry Miller; General Hardrock - Ralph Sweet; Sgt. Shipshod - Don Dickson; Mexicoli Pete - Bob Stewart; Luscious Lola - Jean Hawboldt; Hot Lips Hattie - Marie Pettipas; Twinkletoes Tessie - Judy Kerr; Greasy Gus - Gordon Black; Kitty - Shirley Bent; Zircon Zelda - Doris Dickson; Slow Shot MacNutt - John Ryan; Wild Bill Hiccup - Fin Chisholm; Cold Deck Charlie - Pat Mitchell; Shakey Sam - Dave Hayman Jr.; Swigger - Peggy Condon and Doris Dickson; Governor - Havie Blair and Aide-de-Camp - Tom Mitchell. "Magnifico" was an original three- act musical comedy produced in 1963 by Don Dickson, with music by George Sutherland and Ralph Sweet. It was sponsored by the Albion Chapter IODE. "Magnifico" is the story of a kingdom in fantasy, where all is lovely and beautiful, and the perfect spot to live in, until a certain power-made Duke Diego (Gordon Black) plots to overthrow the complacent fun-loving King Dino (Dean Mac Adam) and have the government run his way. The eternal triangle is supplied by a visiting Duchess from Londonderry (Jean Hawboldt) and her daughter Lady Kathleen (Judy Hayman) and the captain of the palace guard, Antonio (Don Dickson). The remaining members of the cast, the Lord High Chamberlain (Jim Sears) and ladies-in-waiting, Gail Black, Irene Nearing and Margaret Wilsack and Sean I. Regan, the Irish Ambassador (Pat Mitchell) Prince of the Realm (Racardo, John Ryan) and the inn keeper's (Harry Fergusson) daughter, Roxanne (Shirley Bent.) There were 22 songs with "Magnifico" the theme song. The hit tune of the show was "Sweet Nothings" sang by Margaret Wilsack, Gail Black and Irene Nearing. The love songs, "Say You're Mine", "To Share With You", "Love is so Strange" were sung by Shirley Bent, Judy Hayman and John Ryan. The comedy songs were sung by Jean Hawboldt, Gordon Black, Jim Sears and Dean Mac Adam. Among these were "Take a Lesson", "He Wants to be the Ruler" and "The King's High Chamberlain." The show was presented at the hi gh school auditorium with an attendance of 1500 for the three-night's run. "Magnifico" had the distinction of performing the last stage show in the old "Academy of Music" shortly before it was razed. Sports The Stellarton Amateur Athletic Association was formed in 1905. They ob­ tained, for the sum of $500 from the Acadia Coal Co., the lease of the land which now comprises the Stellarton Sports Center. The terms of the lease were that the land was to remain in the possession of the Association as long as it was used as an Athletic Field. The first organized baseball played in Stellarton was in 1903, when a Pictou Co. League was formed, that comprised New Glasgow, Westville, Stellarton and Page 97 Thorburn. Previous to that date, baseball was of an exhibition type and was played whenever opportunity presented itself. The Pictou Co. League functioned until 1911 when a provincial league was organized. It comprised of New Glasgow, Westville, Stellarton and Halifax Standards. Stellarton was a strong contender for league honors in 1912 when they had several American imports on their team. The following were the members of that team: Pitchers - Krepp, Jack Cogan; Catcher - Tom Daly; Harry Saunders, Mette, Charlie Foley, Bob MacGillivary, Herb Sprague, Armstrong, Landers, Charlie Fraser and Malcolm. (Tom Daly later signed a contract with the Chicago Americans). They also fielded a strong team in 1913. The following were the members of that team: Jimmy O'Hanley, Assn. Mgr.; Charlie Carr, pitcher; Ed Chapman, Herb Sprague, 1st B.; Eddie Walsh, CF; Jimmie Boutilier, LF; Bob Ferguson, RF; Henry Brooks, 2nd B.; Harry Saundrs, LF, P.; Eddie Reddingham, SS; Eddie Carr, 3rd B.; Jimmie Cunningham, Mgr.

A great impetus was given to baseball in Pictou Co. with the arrival in Westville of an American, Harry Saunders in 1901. First he played cricket for Westville which was the popular game at that time. In 1903 Harry switched from cricket to baseball and organized Westville's first baseball team. Harry was a noted pitcher and was the first one to curve a ball in Pictou Co. Harry's brother, Jim, followed Harry to Westville to be bis catcher. J im was one of the best all around ball players in the county. Later in the year 1912, Harry moved to Stellarton, where he played baseball and was also active in cricket and curling. He later became a sports writer for the Halifax Newspapers. Others that played a prominent part in Stellarton's early baseball days were the sports noted Ferguson brothers, Bob, George and Norman. Bob, besides being a first class baseball player , was also the manager of several teams. He exc elled in many other sports, notably cricket, badminton and curling. Brother George, was an outstanding baseball pitcher in the early twenties through to the 1930's. He also was an all around athlete, playing cricket, badminton and curling. Norman, the third of the famous brothers, played baseball and was also a top cricketter and played on many championship teams. There were also the outstanding Rideout brothers, Leo, John and Emerson. Also the classy Mooney brothers, Leo and Billie. Among other standouts were Charlie Fraser, Simon Higgins, Dune Maclnnis, Charlie Appleton, Ducky Brooks, Abbie Works, Johnny Murphy, Jimmy Boutilier, Jack "Hockey" Campbell and Doddie Brooks. Playing briefly for Stellarton were Billy Richardson and Jimmy Trott. The Provincial League expired in 1913, and then semi-pro ball was introduced in Stellarton in 1914 and continued until 1920, when the Nova Scotia Amateur Baseball Association was formed, with Billy Ross as the first President. Stellarton's strong 1920 team of home brews, won 21 consecutive games in the county league which comprised Stellarton, New Glasgow, Westville and went on to win the Provincial Title, but were disqualified due to an infraction of the Amateur rules. Springhill was then ordered to play a sudden dea th game with Middleton, for the Nova Scotia Title, Springhill borrowed Stellarton's Emerson Rideout, southpaw pitcher for the Page 98 game and beat Middleton in a sensational two runs to one finish. It has been freely said, by old-time ball fans, that Stellarton's 1920 team would have had no trouble taking the Halifax and District League Title. The following were members of he 1920 team: Catcher Leo Mooney; 1st Base Home Run "King" Dune Mclnnis; 2nd Base Classy "Ducky" Brooks; 3rd Base Talented Abbie Works, Stortstop Jimmie Boutilier and Johnny Rideout; Outfield Charlie Fraser, Charlie Appleton and Johnny Murphy, one of the best outfields in the Maritimes. Jack (Hockey) Camp­ bell was manager. In 1927, Stellarton was a strong con tender for league honors, but were beaten by Westville, who played off with Springhill and lost. The members of the 1927 team were as follows: Simon Higgins Manager; Bob Ferguson, Secretary; Catcher, Vance Maxwell; Pitchers, Roy Maxwell, Fraser McDougall, M. Maxwell; 1st Base, Joe Nearing; 2nd Base, Henry "Ducky" Brooks; Shortstop, Basil Wilson; 3rd Base "Doc" Carrigan; Rightfield, Don MacLean; Centrefield, Johnny Mur­ phy; Leftfield, Charlie Potts. Stellarton won the Pictou Co. League Title in 1931 under the management of Alex Sample. The following were the members of that team: George Whytewood, Joe Nearing, John "Nip" Sample, Fraser MacDougall, Bernie MacLellan, Crow Campbell, Harold "Goog" Chenell, Clary Lowe, Billie Weir and Sam Flemming. During the "hungry thirties", in Pictou Co., interest in baseball was at a low ebb due largely to the popularity of softball which had taken over at this period. During the Second World War, a Pictou Co. League functioned that comprised Westville, Stellarton, and New Glasgow. It was composed mostly of service per­ sonnel that were stationed in the area. With the opening of Stellarton's Memorial Rink in 1947, there was an influx of hockey players from Cape Breton to play hockey for Stellarton, who were also proficient ball players. These players started Stellarton on the road to cham­ pionship baseball. In 1947, Stellarton joined the Central League. The League was composed of the following teams: Stellarton, Truro, Windsor and Kentville. The next year, 1948, Stellarton brought in a former big league ball player from the United States, John "Stuffy' Mclnnis, to coach their team. The Central League that year was composed of the following teams: Stellarton, Westville, Truro and Springhill. The following were the members of the 1948 team: Tom Higgins, short­ stop; Leo Fahey, 2nd base; Murrell , pitcher; Dave Cummings, 3rd base; Tom "Twit" Clark, pitcher; Al Legere, R. field; Charlie Pile, C. field; Mel Gadd, Pit­ cher; A. Adams, pitcher; Harry Reekie, L. field; Phil Connolly, catcher; Hen- drican, pitcher; Bob Matheson, pitcher; Frank Prozener, catcher; John "Nip" Sample, Manager; Nonie Morgan, trainer. Stellarton made the finals that year, but lost out to a strong Springhill club. In 1949 Stellarton strengthened their team with a number of imports from the U.S.A. The league consisted of: Stellarton, Westville, Springhill, Amherst and Kentville. Stellarton was unsuccessful that year in their bid for the Title. Stellarton in 1950, joined the Halifax and District Baseball League and imported a new coach Johnny Watterson from the U.S.A. and a complete roster of ball players. The only locals playing on the team that year were Sid Roy, Westville, a pitcher and Harry Reekie, Stellarton. Stellarton lost out in the finals that year by a narrow margin to a powerful Dartmouth Club. Page 99 In 1951, Bill Brooks, was named coach of the Stellarton Albions . For the next three years they dominated the Halifax and District Baseball League winning three consecutive championships. The following were the members of the championship ball teams: 1951 TEAM Brother MacDonald, 1st B.; John Kuharetz, P.; G. Hough, P.; Joe Fulgham, CF; Art Hoch, LF; Leroy Sires, C; John Alford, LF; Harry Reekie, RF; BUI Brooks, 1st B. (Coach); Don Woodlief, P.; Preacher Mustain, P.; Sid Roy, P.; Kent Rogers, 2nd B.; Huck Keeny, 3B; Gair Allie, SS; Ray Moring, P.; Harry Hayden, (Bat Boy); and Joe Pasden, P. 1952 TEAM Harry Reekie, RF; Sid Roy, P.; Don Woodlief, P.; Billie Weber, IB; Bill Brooks LF; Joe Fulgam, CF; Preacher Mustain, P.; Rudy Williams, P.; Eddie Morris, C; Doc Murphy, 3B; Sonny Way, C; Joe Willard, SS; Joe Pazdan, P.; Kent "Baby" Rogers; 2nd B; Bill Brooks (Coach).

1953 TEAM Cecil Heath, SS; Bob Stewart, 3B; Jack Turney, LF; Kay Rogers, 2B; Ray Nesbitt, P.; Monk Rains, P.; Joe Fulgam, RF; Harry Reekie, RF; George Carver, P.; Tom Harkey, P.; Vance Long. P.; Bill Brooks (Coach) LF; Bob Brown, P.; Bill Weber, CF; Sonny Way, C; Eddie Hooks, C. Stellarton Albions ball club was run on a grand scale. They had professional umpires from the United States, a paid grounds-keeper and a laundry service for the ball players. They completely renovated the ball diamond, at a cost of $10,000 and built two new grandstands with a commodious broadcasting booth and press l»x. At the height of their H. and D. League ball operations the seasons expenses exceed $60,000.

The following men among others were the driving force behind Stellarton baseball teams from 1947 - 1958: Alex Sample, Robert "Bob" Munroe, John R. Oieek, Clarence Potts, John "Nip" Sample, Herb Partner, Dave Hayman and John "Fin" Chisholm. These men toiled diligently and hard to give Stellarton its championship ball teams.

Stellarton continued in the H. and D. League until 1958 when interest wained and they dropped out of the high priced circuit and thus ended Stellarton's Golden Decade of Baseball. In 1959, the Pictou Co. Twilight Baseball League was formed, with teams from Stellarton, Westville, New Glasgow and Antigonish comprising the circuit. Stellarton, under the old banner of the Albions, won two consecutive League Titles in 1959 and 1960 and were top team in schedule play in 1961 but lost out in the play offs. The following were the members of the teams that won the League Titles in 1959 and 1960. 1959 TEAM Sam Scott, Lawrence Whytewood, Nelson Wilson, Granville "Gun" Mason, Trevor Fahey, Davie Cummings, Sterling Bain, Billy Billick, Leo Fahey and Sambo Turnbull. 1960 TEAM Lowell MacDonald, Melford MacLean, Sterling Bain, Nelson Wilson, Lawrence Whyewood, Granville "Gun" Mason, Arnold Fraser, Sam Scott, Wright, Lonnie Reekie and Charlie Hafey. Page 100 Stellarton had strong teams for the next few years but failed to produce a winner. Stellarton's ball team in 1956, under the new name of "Keiths" won the Provincial Intermediate "A" Championship Title, in a play off with a strong Springhill Club. The following were the members of the 1965 Championship Team. 1965 TEAM Doug Hoare, Manager, John Kingsbury, Bert Dalling, Sterling Bain, Bob Fanning, Gun Mason (coach), Davie Scott, Hugh Townsend, (president), Keith Battist, Lonnie Reekie, George Bushalack, John Young, Sam Turnbull, Ernie Hafey, Stew Young, John Ryan. In the last year of the Twilight League's operation, Keith's won the Provincial Championship. 1969 TEAM Bill Stewart, Manager, Doug Carpenter, John Young, Clary Hale, Ernie Hafey, Charlie Hafey, Jerry Reid, Jack Brown, George Bushlack, Lonnie Reekie, Gary MacGillivary, Donnie Murray, Stew Young and Donnie Hale. SOFTBALL The first Softball played in Stellarton was about 1928, when the old Stella Rink was used for night games. A schedule was drawn up comprising Allan Shaft, C.N.R., and Back Mines. The old outseam ball was used and the pitching was underhand with no windup. The league functioned until the early 1930's when a town league was formed, which comprised Asphalt Checkers (Bill "Hop" Watters, Mgr.), Red Row 7 Up's (Gus Dorrington Mgr.), Red Row Cardinals (Ray Scott Mgr.), Mulgrave Row Hawks (Gus Newberry Mgr.), Back Mines Moonshiners (Harold "Goog" Sheneel Mgr.) and the Evansville Nine (Andres Fraser, Mgr.) The town was served by five baseball diamonds. The one at Lourdes was used by the "Hawks" (it is now occupied by Sobey's Warehouse), the "Moonshiners" used the Coalfloors (the site is now occupied by houses), the Evansville Mine used their own diamond as did the "Checkers" while the 7 Up's and the Cardinals used the Sports Centre. These teams took their softball very seriously and on one occasion the 7 Up's and the Cardinals settled the score with their fists, after a hectic game. On another occasion the 7 Up's were provided wi th police protection when they played off at Thorburn with the Mohawks for the county title. The Asphalt Checkers won the town title in 1932-33-34 and the 7 Up's won it in 1935-36. The Stellarton Monarchs won the Nova Scotia Title in 1937-38-39 which included the Maritime Title in 1938. Following are the members of the Championship teams: ASPH ALT CHECKERS 1932 Cyril Atkinson, H. Osborne, Roy Cummings, Harvey Sample, Whitman Lawrence, William Watters (Mgr), Charlie Potts, Bedford Fields, Freddie Wilson (Capt.) Clary Potts, Leo Bain, James Hayes, George Boutilier, Jack Fleming, Chester Clark (Mascot). Page 101 SEVEN UP 1936 Joe Wilsack, Boots Frame, Peter Le Chambre, Cecil Walton, Benny Sibel, Billy Diggins, Chet Flemin, Woodie Trott, Frank MacLeod, Buckey Keith, Midge Fleming, Albert Trott, Gus Dorrington (Mgr), George Haley (Bat Boy). MONARCHS MARITIME CHAPS 1938 Bobby Potts, Ned MacKinnon, Woodie MacLean, Chet Flemming, Laird "Boots" Frame, John "Twit" Clark, Frank MacLeod, Clary Potts, Clary Lowe, Krnie Works, George "Toot" Boutilier, J.W. Sobey (Mgr). GIANTS JR. TOWN CHAMPS 1935 Bill Reid, John MacKinnon, Eddie MacKay, Leo MacKenzie, Bill Haggerty, Uoyd Diggins, Duncan MacLeod, John Fanning, Herb White, Lawrence Tye, Fen Grealy, Jack Blake, Aubrey Dorrington (Mgr), Morris Roache (Bat Boy). CHECKERS JR. TOWN CHAMPS 1936 Clair Cunningham, John "Brick" Fraser, Davie Cummings, William, Osborne, i Mgr)., Victor Barbour, Robert Kellock, Herbert Hale, Rowe Blackwood, Cyril Carpenter, Cliff Blackwood, Sam Sample, Harry MacDonald, Allister Osborne (Mascot). HOCKEY

The first hockey played in Stellarton was on the ponds and the river. The gas from the out-crop coal enabled them to play hockey at night by the simple ex- IK'dient of punching holes in the river ice and igniting it. The first covered rink for hockey and skating (it was also used for curling) was I he "Victoria" built about 1876 in the south end of town about where the former roundhouse was located. A unique feature was the flooding system, water from a small brook was dammed and whenever a "Flood" was needed, a control gate was lifted and the water diverted into the rink. Hockey teams from Pictou and New (Ilasgow competed with Stellarton in this rink until 1892 when it burned down.

The next covered rink was the "Stellar" built in 1906 by John Power, who received a bonus of $600 from 150 public spirited citizens. Besides hockey, this rink was used for skating with band music and featured carnivals, moonlight skates and moccasin dances. It operated until the First World War when it was taken over for the making of shells for the armed forces. After the war was over the rink was operated by Chester Gregory, a noted hockey player.

Stellarton's first Hockey Championship was won in 1923 by a semi-pro team the "Independent's" which captured the Maritime Title. The team was comprised of the following players: B. MacLeod, Doddie Brooks, Charlie Fraser, Paddy Nolan, (tester Gregory, Capt., J. Wilkie, A. MacDonald, Simon Higgins and Charlie Appleton.

The executive of the club was made up of the following: President Collie Jameson, Secretary R. Fleming, Manager Jack Boutilier and committee mem- IKTS, Chas. Fleming, Jack Leadbeater and Harry Murray.

Stellarton did not win another Seni or Hockey Championship until 1929 when the "Oaklands" won the Nova Scotia CBAP Title. The members of that team were as follows: Goal, John "Bubbles" MacDonald, Defence, Nig MacDougall, Eddie Cormier, Simon Higgins; Wings, Pin Dalton, Raymond Beaton, Joe Nearing, Ches Gregory; Centre, Joe Beaton and Art Dalton. Page 102 During the early 1930's two junior teams won county titles. The first of these to win was the "Snowbirds", managed and coached by George Moss. The members of. the team were: Jimmy MacLean, George "Gummie" MacNeil, Dune Mac­ Donald, Jim Skinner, Chet Fleming, Dave Hayman, Chum Spinney, Elwood "Bucky" Cameron, Shorty Mitchell and Gordon Clark. The next team to capture the County Title were the Lourdes Junior's, managed by George Campbell and coached by Rod Beaton. They won the Title from 1933 to 1936 inclusive. Following are members of the team: Clem Beaton, John MacKinnon, Harry Rumbley, Cliff Radford, Bobbie Potts, Dan MacNeil, Mike Martin, Henry Buckles, Elwood Keith, Jim Carmichael and James MacKinnon. After the bss of the rink in 1930, an outdoor sheet of ice was laid down on what is now the town parking lot. It was enclosed with sideboards and had a dressing room. It continued in use for a few years, but fell into disrepair and was aban­ doned.

During the Second World War, through the initiative of Robert Munroe, an outdoor rink was constructed on a site in the Athletic Field. This rink continued in use until 1947, when the "Memorial" Rink, a modern brick structure with the first artificial ice-making plant in the county, was erected with public subscriptions.

Stellarton's golden age of hockey was in the 1947 to 1971 era, when the Royal's Team, under the inspired coaching of Bobby Beaton, won the Senior APC Title four years in succession. The first winter the rink was in operation, Bobby Beaton, a strong competitor, imported from Cape Breton practically a whole team of talented players to wear the Royal's uniform. They played to packed houses during the four years and was the winningest team ever, in fact their winning ways caused the demise of the league. Following are the members of the 47 - 51 Championship Teams:

1947 - 48 TEAM Bobbie Beaton, Warren Roach, Bun MacDonald, Bruce Hancock, Leo Falehy, Tommy Higgins, Mel Gadd, Cliff Jackson, Erwin (Boo) Morrison, Hymie Hunter, Frank Prozener, Stan MacDougall, Fraser Campbell. 1948 - 49 TEAM Bobbie Beaton, Fraser Campbell, Dugger Burns, Erwin (Boo) Morrison, Tommy Higgins, Stan MacDougall, Leo Fahey, Mel Gadd, Frank Prozener, Al Legere, Cliff Jackson. 1949 - 50 TEAM Robert Beaton, Arthur Dorrington, Allan Kelly, Dave Hynes, Hymie Hunter, Stanley MacDougall, Tom Higgins, Bun MacDonald, Leo Fahey, Irwin Mackie, Dan MacFadyen, Arnold Baudoux, Melvin Gadd, Frank Prozener, H. MacDonald, Al Legere.

1950 - 51 TEAM Bobbie Beaton, Warren Roach, Fraser Campbell, Leo Fahey, Humie Hunter, Dugger Burns, Erwin (Boo) Morrison, Mel Gadd, Frank Prozener, Al Legere, Stan MacDougall, Cliff Jackson. Stellarton Royal's executive: George Budreski, President; John R. Cheek, Secretary; Nonnie Morgan, Trainor; Mascots - Harry Brownrigg and Billie Billick. Page 103 The year 1970 was a banner year for Stellarton hockey teams. They brought home three Nova Scotia Championships. Stellarton Schooners coached by Dan Dorrington won the Intermediate "B" Championship by defeating Port Hood Royals 10-5 for the title. Stellarton Commercials coached by Sterling Bain won the Nova Scotia In­ termediate "C" Championship by defeating Louisburg Flyers 7-2 for the title. Last but not least, Stellarton Grammar School Team, coached by John Young, were crowned Nova Scotia "B" Champs by defeating St. Peter's 8-6 for the title. Members of Schooners Team: Stu Young, Charlie Matheson (Capt)., Malcie I -ingille, GrumpWalton, Rip DeCoste, Paul Gerrior, Ches Melanson, Joel Lamore, Murray Cameron, Gerard Pelerine, Dan Murray, Millard MacDonald, Sandy Kellock, Doug Hoare (Mgr), Dan Dorrington (coach) and Colin Dorrington < Mascot). Members of Commercials Team: Sterling Bain (Coach), Roy Anderson, Gary Withers, Jim Cleary, Alf Irving, T. Witchers, (Assistant Manager), Joe Martin, (leorge Bushlak, Ray Thomas, Clark Logan, Ross Carruthers, Cecil Avery (Mgr), Ernie Hafey, Joe Wagg, Doug MacNeil, Francie MacMillan, Randy Hubley, < icrald Leadbeater, Doug Davidson, Gordie MacKinnon, Bert Dean and Harold Bartlett. Members of the Grammar School Team: Ian MacDonald, Ian Copeland, Bob Cimeron, Sandy MacDonald, Wayne Murray, Brad Murray, Scott Adamson, 1-onnie Keay, Ronnie Mosher, John Pettipas, Ed Hudry, Gregor MacLeod, Bryce MacNeil, Mike Dudka, Allan Livingston, Blaine Cheek, Bruce Turnbull, Robbie Sample and John Young (Coach). HOCKEY SCHOOL In 1974, Memorial Rink was the scene of the first full-fledged hockey school in Pictou County. Besides practical ice instruction, chalk talks, and audio-visual instruction was used. The operator and instructor, was Trevor Fahey, who has also written a text book on hockey entitled "All About Hockey." STELLAR CURLING CLUB The "Stellar Curling Club" of Stellarton, traces its origin back to the first Curlers in Pictou County. With the opening of the coal mines in 1827, by the General Mining Association, and the influx of Scottish Miner's, curling was soon launched Oil its way at Albion Mines as Stellarton was then called. (Tradition has it that a game was played under-ground in one of the shallow outcrop pits, also that night games were played on the river ice, illumination being provided by the simple expedient of chopping holes in the ice and igniting the escaping gas which issued from the outcrop coal seams). At first they played among themseves on the ice of the East River, but later, clubs were formed at Pictou and New Glasgow and then the "Roaring Game" was really on its way in Pictou County. The "Curling Pond" at "Back Mines" was the scene for many spirited curling matches back in the early days. Stellarton's first covered-in curling rink (it was also used for hockey) was built in a gully in the southend of the town about 1876. It was known as "Victoria" rink.

The Stellar Curling Club was formed 1876. The first President was James Hudson; Vice President, was Louis Johnstone, M.D.; Secretary was T.J. Reid; Page 104 Treasurer was James Jack. The dues for a year were set at $1. The colors red and blue were adopted by the Club. So enthusiastic about curling was the town of Stellarton that at one time they had two clubs functioning in the town, the "Stellar Curling Club" and "Acadia Curling Club". In 1907, the two clubs amalgamated for the purpose of building a new curling rink. In April 1911, the Club bought a lot of land on Foord Street from John Taylor for the sum of $790. A rink was built on the lot by contractor, James MacMillan costing $3,650. It was opened for curling in 1912. The club had a large membership and over the years they earned an enviable reputation as one of the best curling clubs in the province. They won many top cups and trophies which were offered for com­ petition. The rink functioned until 1950 when interest wained, because natural ice was hard to keep and the club folded. In 1962, interest in curling in Stellarton was revived, and a group was formed with a strong executive for the purpose of renovating and installing an artificial ice-making plant in the old rink built in 1912 on Foord Street. The following were elected to the executive of the newly revived "Stellar Curling Club "; President, Elwood MacNeil; Vice President, Richard Chisholm; Secretary, James Henniger; Treasurer, J. "Fin" Chisholm; Finance Convener, Robert J. Munroe; Building Convener, H.J. MacDonald. In 1963, the old rink was completely renovated inside and out,, an artificial ice- making plant installed and a glassed-in spectators gallery was built, up-to-date club rooms were added for the convenience of the membership. Since the inception of the new club, membership of both men and women has increased greatly. The club has taken part in many bonspiels throughout the county, and their venture with artificial ice has proven a roaring success. A unique feature of the new club has been their annual St. Patrick's Day Parade through town to the rink in the regalia of both Scotch and Irish costumes. The club has won numerous trophies and plaques which speaks well of their curling. In 1923, a touring group of Scottish Curlers were entertained in friendly com­ petition by the Stellar Curling Club. The club has the distinction of being the only one in the province to play off for a leather trophy. They also took part in the now famous all-night Curling Bonspiel which was held at Halifax in 1931, with the Stellar Club coming out on top, defeating the Mayflower Club to win the Johnston Cup. The following are the members of the Championship Team: Harry Saunders, Tom I. Scott, Alex E. Hayman, Howard MacKenzie. Substitute players were G.B. Clarkson and J.W. Sobey. The Stellar Club were Champs in 1933 when they won the coveted MacLellan Cup at Sydney. The following are the members of the Championship team: William Mitchell, Hy Filmore, George Ferguson, Jimmy Thompson, Jack Cavanaugh, Harry Saunders, J.W. Henderson and J.W. Sobey. Ladies Curling was introduced to the Stellar Club in 1934 with about 30 members participating. The first president of the group was Mrs Jack Cavanaugh. In 1971, a Ladies Team from the Stellar Club comprised of Skip Clare Purdy, Mate Flo Ives, Second, Joan MacLeod and Lead, Betty Rann, won the Nova Scotia Women's Curling Championship at Halifax. In a field of 28 teams they had a perfect record with six wins and no losses. They defeated the powerful Mayflower Club of Halifax with a score of 8-6 to win the Trophy. Page 105 The Stellar Club is celebrating is centennial this year (1976), with a bonspiel for all senior clubs in Nova Scotia, which are playing for the Seagram Cup, em­ blematic of Nova Scotia Curling Supremacy. It was won by the Lawrence Carter Kink from Amherst which included Aubrey Hoeg, Ray Emery and Claude Em bree.

The following are the past president's of the re-organized Stellar Curling Club:

Fraser Lorimer 4849 Sandy Stewart 68-69-70 Ralph S. MacDonald 49-62 Erwin "Pat" Patterson 70-71-72 Klwood MacNeil 62-65 Hubert Tr amble 72-73 Richard "Dune" Chisholm 65-66 John Baird 73-74 Frank Hockey 66-67 Jimmy Hennigar 74-75 John "Fin" Chisholm 67-67 John Swift 75-76 David R. Hayman Sr. 67-68

CRICKET Cricket was played in Stellarton from the earliest times. In 1827 the Supt. of the General Mining Association, when he laid out plans for the vast Mount Rundell estate, a Cricket Pitch was included, which is now the Stellarton Sport Centre. The port of Cricket was soon taken up by the miners, most of whom were English Tliey soon formed teams and played after their days work was done. As they were not allowed on the Cricket Pitch of the Supt., the road and open field were used in ils place. A reminder of the old days still exist in Hudson St. which was once known as Cricket Row.

Later on the 1900's, regular Cricket schedules were drawn up and teams from the town competed with other treams from the county and throughout the province. Some of those famous teams among others were: the "Wonderers" and "Garrison" teams at Halifax and the strong Sydney team. West Indies teams regularly played exhibition tournaments in Stellarton. Despite the popularity of I iaseball, Cricket held on until the early 1940's when a revival was attempted, but it goon died out and has remained dead ever since.

Stellarton Cricket teams more than held their own in matches with other clubs and came home in 1910 and 1905 with two provincial championships. Following are the members of the Championship Team of 1910: Rev. W.R. Turner, J.F. MacKenzie, Harry Saunders, J.J. MacKinnon, J.J. Grant, Mgr., Rev. Morris Taylor, Dr. Clarence Miller, Robert Ferguson, Capt., Alex Jameson, W. ( ummings, Alex Mclntyre, Jack Forrestall, George Cutten, Mascot. Following are the members of the 1905 championship team: Fred MacKenzie iDuffie), J.W. Henderson, Jim W. Wright, Jack Cumming, John Grant, Rev. Morris Taylor, Dave Conway, Bill Hosking, Dr. C. Miller, John Sample, Bill falconer, Alex Jameson, William (Kaizer) Campbell, Stan Fraser (Bat Boy). BASKETBALL The first basketball played in Stellarton was in 1905, when the young men's < 'hristian Association Building was built on the north west corner of Foord St. and Acadia Avenue. The YMCA was a beehive of activity in its early years. Besides basketball instruction was given in physical education, which included gym­ nastics. Among early instructors were: W.E. Tolgham, A.B. Cameron, and Billie Page 106 Bowron. In the early 1930's, the membership dropped off and the building was sold to the Alexander Beaton Credit Union. It is now owned by Alex Skoke, who turned it into a pool room. Stellarton went without basketball facilities until 1955 when a new high school building was built, which included a modern gymnasium. In 1890, Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor in­ vented the game of basketball at the YMCA College in Springfield, Mass. In the first game, a rugby ball was used and peach baskets served as hoops. Two Canadians, W.J. Thompson, New Glasgow and Finley G. MacDonald (later Stellarton Magistrate) who attended the "Y" College, were members of the founding team. They also were members on the team in 1892 that won the first American Basketball Championship. In 1906, Stellarton won the Pictou County Senior Basketball Championship. Following are the members of the team: J.W. Henderson, J.W. MacLeod, J.D. MacLeod, T.C. Falconer, (Capt)., W.E. Tolgham (Mgr), W.F. Fraser and Harry Murray. The following are the members of the 1975, Warriors Basketball Team, winner of the Pictou County "B" Championship Title: John Roy, Ricky Copan, Paul Walker, Mark Stewart, Bill Spears (Mgr), Terry Kellock, John Spears, Henry Heighton, Leo Pereira, Dale Works, Brian Works, Peter White and Carl Skidmore (Coach). QUOITS In the 1920's and 30's the sport of quoits was actively engaged in and keenly contested in the town. All sections in the town supported a quoit club. Quoit beds were located in the south end and at the Athletic Field. Johnny Lowe built and maintained beds at Evansville and Peter MacNaughton managed beds at Mount Pleasant. Asphalt and the Red Row district also had beds. The first quoit beds in the Red Row district were built by Abe Works, adjacent to the Mission Hall. The Maple Leaf Club built beds on Hudson St. which were managed by Jules Alaffe Sr., the president was Carr MacKay. Regular tournaments were held at Mount Pleasant which had the oldest and best kept beds. Competitions were held with several quoit clubs in the county, which included Trenton, New Glasgow, and Westville. Every year members from the quoit clubs attended a "meet' at Truro. In the mid 1930's the playing of quoits died and folded up and was never revived. THE HUNDRED DOLLAR HORSE SHOE GAME In 1923 playing Horse Shoes was a very popular sport, and many keenly con­ tested games were played in the backyard of our home at 620 Hudson St. In those days there was not the variety of sports to participate in as there now are. When work was finished in the evening, all the Horse Shoe players of the neighbourhood, would gather in our backyard for a lively session of Horse Shoes. Although rivalty was keen, most, games were of a friendly nature and mostly played for the sheer fun of the sport. One round of games that took place will always be remembered by those in the neighbourhood. The contestants were Eddie Page 107 Bales dent, and a colored man by the name of Walter Boyce. By a strange coin- lidence, both were musicians. Eddie was a noted accordian player and Walter was I regular mandolin player, at the old Crescent Theatre in Westville. The first games began in a friendly fashion and after Eddie had been beaten in two games to one, he challenged Walter and made a wager of One Hundred I lollars, that he could beat him in a series of games, the best four out of seven. The challenge was accepted. The contest started, and the first two games were won by Eddie, and then Walter came right back and won the next two. The fifth game was hotly contested .nid was won by Eddie by a close margin. Walter won the sixth game and tied it up. Now came the seventh game, all the Horse Shoe Players of the neighbourhood were lined up in the yard, giving encouragement to their favourite player.

As darkness was approaching the final game see-sawed back and forth and the u inner of the Hundred Dollars was in doubt until the last throw, when the score Was tied 20 - 20. Then Eddie scored 1 point on the last throw of the horse shoes and Was declared the winner. Walter the loser, gentleman that he was, shook hands nid congratulated Eddie for his tine performance, for he had just beaten the best Horse Shoe Player in the neighbourhood. Thus ended the Hundred Dollar Horse Shoe Game. Sports Briefs In 1912, Tom Longboat, the Marathon runner, competed at Stellarton.

Beginning in 1918, the Albion Mine Tug-of-War Team, won the Pictou County Title, three years in succession. Following are the members of the Championship Team: Cyrus MacLeod, Francis MacDonald, James MacKay, Alex Hayes, William Connors, William Redmond, George Hoffman, Kent MacKay, Jack V.icheresse, John Budreski, Joseph Nugent, Edward Hand, Angus Martin, William Nugent, John Dorrington and Edward Cardiff.

In the late 1920's, the Regina Aces, hockey team, played an exhibition game at Stellarton. In the late 1920's, Charlie Gorman, Canadian speed skating champ performed •I Stellar Rink. In 1928, Billie Mooney represented Canada at the Olympic Games, in the 100 yd. .lash. Beginning in 1930, Frank MacLeod won the one mile road race, three years in uccession. In the 1930's, Marathon runner Johnny Miles, competed at Stellarton.

In the 30's, former resident Joey Beaton took part in the first televised hockey name in history, in England. In 1931, Elwood "Bucky" Cameron, set a Maritime Junior broad jump record, with a distance of 22 feet. He also won the two mile road race, four years in suc­ cession.

Les Mason, represented Canada in 1956, at the Olympic Games in Australia, in the welterweight boxing division. Page 108 Hall of Famer, Bobby Beaton, was the most successful hockey coach in Pictou County's history. Jackie Hayden held the Maritime lightweight championship. Art Hafey is leading contender for the world featherweight boxing title. Lawrence Hafey held the Canadian middleweight boxing title.

Barry Sponagle holds the Canadian Junior lightweight boxing title. In the early 50's, the New York Ranger of the National Hockey League played at the Memorial Rink. Simon Higgins, former baseball, hockey and cricket player, is a member of the Nova Scotia Sports Hall of Fame. Jules Alaffe Sr., "Mr Darts" is Pictou County's Champion dart player; having played on several championship teams. In the 1960's, National Hockey League Stars that visited Stellarton included Frank Mahovlich, Peter Mahovlich, Jacques Plante, Kent Douglas, Johnny MacKenzie, Lowell MacDonald and George Armstrong. In 1961, Doug Odo won the Maritime middleweight boxing Championship.

In 1972 the Stellarton Figure Skating Club was formed , the first for the town. Following are the members of the first executive: President, Arthur MacKay; vice presidents, Mrs James MacKay, Mrs Les MacDonald; Sect. Mrs Albert Allan; Treasurer, Mrs Earl Gratto; Membership, Mrs Russell MacDonald, Mrs Carl Nichols; Finance, Mrs Jean Sloan and Mrs Jack Kearley. The club has been very successful and has won many cups and trophies. In 1973, five playgrounds were built by the Stellarton Recreation Commission throughout the town. The chairman was Stewart Cleveland. In 1973, the Stellarton Horseshoe Club was formed. It was organized by James Linthorne, Bill MacKay, Lawson Terris and Bill Dean. Sr. Mr Dean was the first president. The beds are situated on Foster Avenue and can accomodate four sets of players. Electric lights are provided for night-time playing. The club is composed of both men and women of all age groups. Besides club tournaments they also compete with other clubs throughout the Maritimes. They have won many trophies and plaques. In 1975, Dodie Goodwin-Brown was appointed as the town's first Recreation Co­ ordinator. Post Offices Albion Mines (Stellarton) first mail (1827) was obtained from Pictou by volunteer carriers. Later it was picked up at the way house from the stage at West River. At first the mail was usually left at the "Big Store" on Albion Street (Bridge Ave.) where it was distributed. Page 109 The first Post Office in Stellarton (1879) was located in the building now oc- I upied by Dave Hayman's hardware store. The Post Master was Hector MacKenzie, grandfather of Miss Mary Willis. In the late80's, the Post Office was shifted to the "John Fraser building" on the MSl side of Foord Street. The Post Master was John Fraser. In the 1960's the building was razed and the site is now occupied by the original"Wear Well Gar- i in'ills" factory.

The Post Office was next located (early 1900's) in the three storey building that i located on the southwest corner of Foord Street and Acadia Avenue. The Post Master was Alex Inglis (originally the building had been a hotel at Ferrona Junc- tlon, but after the closing of the blast furnance there, it was moved to Stellarton). It Was razed and is now occupied by a service station. In 1917, the Post Office moved to the "Miller" Building on the east side of Foord Street. The Post Master was W.G Miller, father of Langston Miller, prominent I omposer and pianist. The building is now occupied by J.A. MacLean Flooring Ltd.

In 1926, Stellarton got its first Government built Post Office. The modern brick building is located on the west side of Foord Street. In 1953 the building was i nlarged. The first Post Master in the new building was W.G. Miller, he was IN reeded in 1947 by George Budreski (Mr Budreski was later appointed to a higher position in the Postal services at Ottawa). He was succeeded in 1957 by the presenl Post Master Dorothy Murray.

The first Post Office at Lourdes was operated by the Sisters of Charity. They Uied the revenue from the office for their charitable work. They found that the Work involved was inadequate compensation for their labours so they let the Office fall into civilian hands.

II was taken over in 1916 by the Powell family. The first Post Master was Mrs I'll Powell who served until 1959. She was succeeded by her daughter Georgie 111 ii is, who held the position until the closing of the Post Office in 1969.

Theatres The first moving pictures to be shown in Stellarton, took place in 1907 at the Victoria Opera House, which was on the third floor of the old Johnny Hoare building and was managed by a Mr Phinney. Later, it was known as the Scenic Temple. In 1925, it was destroyed by fire and the site is now occupied by the Nova Scotia Liquor Commission Store.

The projector was hand cranked and the film was made of celluloid. The Operator had to be careful that he did not wind the film too slow or else it would Ignite. The price of admission was 5 cents. The winder for the projector was Jack 1 ummings and the sound effects man was Henry Maclnnis. The piano player was Midge (Corbett) MacCrae.

I larry Murray built the Star Theatre about 1908 to the rear of his father's store. H was a one storey building about 60 ft long and 30 ft. wide and was attached to the iM.iiii building. It was located on the west side of Foord Street adjacent to the Post Office to the south. It was managed for several years by Harry's brother, Roe. The pi Ice of admission was 5 cents. It ceased operating about 1914 and later in the I'Kto's the theatre part of the building was razed. Page 110 In the 1960's the front part of the building was gutted by fire and it was torn down and a grocery store erected on the site. The projectionists among others were: Roe Murray and Mel Blake. The pianist was Jessie Gordon. The Jubilee was built in 1914 by the late Harry MacNeil. It was first operated by the Academy of Music Company and later the Jubilee Company. In 1914, it was amalgamated with the Roseland Theatre in New Glasgow. Shortly after, a St. John group headed by A.I. Garson operated the theatre for a short time and then sold their interests to the International Odeon Chain which operated it until it closed in 1958.

In 1930 the theatre was converted from silent films to sound. The builder's son, H.L.P. MacNeil, was general manager from 1929 until its closure.

Theatre managers, among others, were: Mr Smith, Mr Goucher, John Skinner Clarence MacLean, and Prima Davidson, Projectionist, Bunny Skinner, Garfield Fraser, George MacGrath, and Tom Davis. Piano players, Billie Williams, Nellie (Mooney) Gilroy and Juanita (Toots) Connors.

The Foord Theatre was built in 1967 by Frank H. Sobey. It is a modern brick structure with up-to-date equipment. Projectionist - George MacGrath. Managers - Nick Wakeham, Terry Shakness, Dave King. Libraries The first Library in Stellarton was located at the Cross Roads on North Foord Street. It was built in 1830 by the General Mining Association for the use of their employees. It was commonly known as the "Reading Room".

The next Library in Stellarton was opened in 1890. It was located on the second floor on the Salvation Army Hall. It was opened by politician D.C. Fraser and was a Provincial Workmen's Association Library. It had 200 books for the use of its members which were miners. About 1930, Bennie Rogers operated for a number of years a commercial Library, which was located on the west side of Main Street in the building now (1974) occupied by Jim's Taxi. The Library contained about 4,000 books and they were loaned out for a rental fee of 5 cents a week per book.

The first town library was established during the Second World War, and was located in the town hall. Due to a lack of space the library proved inadequate for the needs of the town. In 1963 the Pictou Co. Regional Library established a branch in Stellarton, which was located in the former Elmer MacKay building on Foord St. The chief librarian was Margaret Wheeler assisted by librarian Joyce Deagle. In 1967 the Library moved to new quarters in a new brick building located in Allan Park on Acadia Avenue. It also houses the Miner's Museum. Newspapers The first newspaper to be published in Stellarton began in 1882. It was called the "Trades and Labour Journal" and was owned and edited by Robert Drummond. Originally Drummond had published the paper in Springhill and when he became Page 111 grand secretary of the Provincial Workman's Association he took the paper with him to Stellarton where he made his headquarters. One of the last jobs done by the printing press was a book entitled "Autobiography of Robert Drummond". Robert Ferguson was in charge of the printing of the book. After the press run of the book was completed, Drummond gave orders that all copies be destroyed. His orders were carried out with the exception of two uncut copies of the book which were retained by his work­ men. One of the copies is still in existence. The paper functioned until about 1917 when it went out of business. The press building was located on South Foord Street. The next paper to make its apperarance was "The Stellarton Star" which began publishing in 1911. The plant was located on South Foord Street. It was owned and edited by a Mr Cameron. It continued to operate until the early 1930's when it went out of business. A paper began publishing in Stellarton in 1919 and was named "The Worker's Weekly". It was owned and edited by a Mr Muir and J.P. Bell. The paper was well received by the workers and continued to be published until 1928. In 1975, a tabloid-size newspaper was started in Stellarton, named the "Stellarite News." It is edited and published by Bill Dudka, Jr. It is printed in Pictou by the Pictou Advocate Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd. Power Plants Stellarton's first domestic power plant came into operation when two lawyers, Harvey and John Jennison formed the New Glasgow Electric Company in 1884. The company built a steam powered generating plant at Lourdes near the railway station (later the station was burned down). Water for the boilers came from a small brook nearby. It was supplemented in drought by wagon-hauled casks. Electric power was carried east and west by wires strung on make-shift poles and trees. The few lights in use were of the carbon arc type, before the adoption of the incandescent lamp. In the few years the plant was in operation, the coal used was obtained without charge from the Acadia Coal Co., simply by sending a wagon to the nearest mine and taking away the slack coal. In 1890 the plant shifted to New Glasgow. In 1904 an electric generating plant was built at the Albion Mines. It was known as the "Albion Central Station". It's power lighted and powered the Acadia Coal Company's surface plant. Surplus power was sold to the town of Stellarton for street lighting. In 1904 the Egerton Tramway Co. under management of the Flaherty brothers Charles A. Flaherty and Leonard T. Flaherty, built a steam powered electric generating plant on the bank of the East River, to service their tramway system In 1909 the company was re-organized under L.T. Flaherty as the Pictou County Electric Company Ltd. They purchased the generating plant of the New Glasgow Electric Company on Glasgow Street, which they closed down. Page 112 The new Company enlarged their generating plant on the bank of the East River, off Bridge Street. In 1924 the company was expropriated and taken over by the Pictou County Power Corporation. For many years Howard Fellows and Donald G. Dunbar were the Power Board's chief engineers and George R. Saunders was the General Manager. In 1910 the Acadia Coal Co. under General Manager Charles Coll, erected at the Allan Shaft, one of the most modern and largest, steam turbine, electric generating plants in Nova Scotia. Two steam turbines of 150 kw each were im­ ported from Germany, the first of their type to be used in Canada. The building was two storeys high and one hundred feet in length and 60 feet in width. It had a large boilerhouse attached and the smoke stack was 170 feet high. Until the 1940's the boilers were hand-fired. Thereafter a coal pulverizing machine was installed and the boilers were fired from remote control and fed continuous jets of pulverized coal. The plant supplied power for all the Acadia Collieries, the Albion, MacGregor, Thorburn and the Allan Shaft. To transmit power to the Thorburn Mine, two large steel towers were erected to span the interval of the East River. In 1929, surplus energy was sold to the Pictou County Power Board for local distribution. After the closing of the Allan Shaft in 1951, the Powerhouse ceased its operation. In 1961 the Powerhouse, Boilerhouse and smoke stack were demolished. The following electricians among others worked in the Power House: Billie Phillips, Herb Lamb, Bob MacLeod, Keith MacLean, George MacNeil, John Bain, Neil MacLean, William Dunbar, Jack Hood, Jimmy MacDonald, Jack Carruthers, and Jack MacNaughton. The Canadian Government Railway (now CNR) built on their property, ad­ jacent to the round house, in 1912, a steam operated electric generating plant. The plant had a boiler house attached and a high smoke stack. The plant supplied energy to the railway facilities at New Glasgow, Westville and Stellarton. The plant was closed down in the early 50's. Operators of the plant among others were: Charlie MacKay, Bud Pearson and Uriah Campbell. Hotels The "MacKay Inn" was the first hostelry that catered to the needs of the weary traveller while visiting "Albion Mines" (now Stellarton) in 1830. It was located on Albion Street (now Bridge Avenue) and was operated by Robert MacKay. The former "Hill Hotel" (the first in Stellarton) contained 15 rooms, and was owned and operated by Mrs Sarah Hill. Located on the east side of Foord Street, it was purchased by J.W. Miller, who operated a tailor shop. Later it was the town Post Office. The "Tremont" was the first large hotel built in Stellarton, and contained twenty rooms. It was located on the east side of Foord Street and was managed by Henry Ross. The hotel passed through some turbulent and colorful times. It was later converted into apartments and in 1956, it was dismantled. Page 113 The "Ora Hotel" was the largest in Stellarton, and contained thirty rooms. It was built in the "Boom" year 1904 by Nathanael (Nat) Doherty, who was also the manager. It was located on the south end corner of King Street and Acadia Ave. Due to its close proximity to the CNR station it did a thriving business for many years. In 1942 the hotel was sold to Edward E. MacLeod, and the name changed to the "MacLeod Hotel." Due to the decrease in train travel the hotel fell upon hard limes and became an economic liability. It was razed in 1963. The former "Walker Hotel" and restaurant is located on the west side of Foord Street. The three storey brick building was owned and operated by Ben Walker. For many years it did a thriving business, and was a favourite stopping place for I he sporting fraternity, while in town to attend a sporting event. The "Black Maria" a 14 room hotel was owned by the Acadia Coal Company. Built about 1905 it was located adjacent to the Allan Shaft on north Foord Street. Erected for the convenience of miners in the district, it was leased by the Mac- Farlane family. It later served as a warehouse before it was razed. The twenty-room "Company Boarding House" was built about 1905 and was owned by the Acadia Coal Company. It was leased to private interests by whom it was operated. It was located on the east side of North Foord Street and catered to coal miners of the district. In 1953 the building was razed. It was operated by the following families at various times: Rideout's, MacLeod's, Kowolski's and the Gunn's. The "Kenwood Hotel" containing fifteen room is located on the west side and south end of MacKay Street. Formerly known as "Cook House" it is now operated by Mrs Jack Madden. The "Heather Motel" is the newest in Stellarton and was built in 1967. The modern, up-to-date building contained twenty rooms, and is located on the west side of North Foord Street, adjacent to the Trans-Canada underpass. In 1969, an additional twenty rooms was added, and in 1970, a further addition was built containing thirty-six more rooms. The owner of the hotel complex is Ralph Fiske. Airplanes The first airplane to fly over Stellarton was in 1919 after the First World War. In 1924, the Around the World Flyers passed over Stellarton and landed on Pictou Harbour to take on fuel and provisions. The first commercial use of the airplane in Pictou Co.occurred in Sept. 1929 at Stellarton. The plane, a Tiger Moth, landed on the intervale between the two bridges, Passengers were taken up on ten minute flights for the price of five dollars. One of the first to avail himself of the service was local contractor Dan A. MacDonald. The first person to fly a jet plane in Canada was Group Captain Everett Baudoux DFC DSO. He made the flight from Uplands Airport in Ottawa to Dorval Airport in Quebec. During Canada's Centennial Celebrations, Stellarton native Wayne MacLellan a member of the Royal Canadian Air Forces "Red Knights" precision team, put on a solo performance in precision flying above New Glasgow. Page 114 Town native John Baker, former RCAF pilot, built Stellarton's first airplane in 1974. Mr Baker owns a private air field at Riverton on the boundry of Stellarton. A Stellarton native, Angus MacEachern, helped built the first jet airplane in the United States. A plaque on the plane which is housed at the Smithonian Institute at Washington, D.C., attests to the part he played in its building. A machinist, Andrew Ross, a native of Stellarton, who apprenticed at I. Matheson's at New Glasgow, helped build the first airplane to fly in British North America, the Silver Dart. He also started the motor on the day in 1910 when the historic flight was made at Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Air Cadets TheAir Cadet movement in Pictou Co., began in 1941, when 92nd Squadron was formed, with three flights, Westville, New Glasgow and Stellarton. Stellarton became No. 2 Flight in April. Fit. Lt. Cyril Bishop headed the organization with headquarters in the old Acadia Lines office at the corner of George and Provost St., New Glasgow. The Squadron was re-organized in March 1944, and Stellarton was granted a charter by the Air Cadet League, as the 374 Stellarton Squadron. The Westville Squadron was disbanded in the late 1940's and the members were absorbed into the Stellarton Squadron. The first CO was F-0 H.W. Banks in March 1944 and the first adjutant and supply officer was Capt. John "Fin" Chisholm. He is known as the father of the Air Cadet movement in Stellarton. He organized all the details in its formative years and has the longest service record in the Squadron. The first cadet inducted into the squadron was Jules Alaffe Jr. Flying Officer Banks was succeeded as CO by F-0 CM. Mellish in June 1945. He was succeeded by F. -0 John "Fin" Chisholm in Nov. 1945 and in Feb. 1946 F-L. Wm. A. Campbell as CO. He was succeeded by S-L Donald W. Dixon in Sept. 1958. In Nov. 1969 S-L B.W. Gerrior became CO and in Feb. 1971 Cpt John Skinner became commanding officer. During Major Dickson's term of command , girls were admitted into the squadron, known as the Spitfire Flight. In 1960,a Fife and Drum Band was formed under bandmaster, Gordon Bank and Robert Stewart. They were succeeded by bandmasters Warrant Officer Wallace Linthorne and Major Jeff Cotter. In 1969, a new headquarters building was erected at Rifle Range in Westville. It was officially opened on Feb. 18 by Lt. Gov. Victor De B Oland. Since its inception they were located in several sections of the town . First was the basement of the Presbyterian Church, then the third floor of the Jubilee Ave. School, and later moving to the old IOGT building on Foord St, and finally before they moved into their new quarters, in the basement of Park St. School. The training program includes drill, general knowledge, engines, air frame structure, principles of flight, navigation, meterology, citizenship and leadership. Optional subjects includes sports, bush survival, band, small arms, safety range, photography and swimming. Since the Squadron was formed, more than thirteen hundred cadets have been members of the organization. The squadron has won many trophy's and plaques for their outstanding achievements since its inception. Page 115 Mining Museum The first mining museum was built in 1942, by the provincial government, on I he site now occupied by the War Cenotaph on Foord Street. The contractor was I x\ster MacCully. The town is responsible for its upkeep. A simulated mine was built in the museum by Tom Clark using the original material recovered from the No. 1 Albion Slope. The museum was moved in 1967, to Allan Park to the lower floor of the town I ibrary which was built with a grant from the government as a centennial project. Stellarton is steeped in mining history, and ever since coal was discovered in 1798 there have been numerous mines sunk in this town. So there was no lack of mining relics, in fact there was a wealth of relics in which to choose. Here in this town was pioneered the first railroad in British North America, and also the first stationary steam engine in Canada. It hoisted coal from the old Store I It. The museum houses one of the original engines, the "Albion" which ran from I he Albion Mines to the loading grounds at Abercrombie. Besides a simulated coal mine there is a complete collection of mine lamps, dating from the earliest days to the present. A mannequin is used as a replica of a fully dressed mine rescue worker. Other exhibits include among others, old mine picks, boring gear, original coal car from the Foord Pit, photos of mining events, mining maps and a library of mining books. Robert Hoegg, town engineer, a former draegarman and mine official and < ieorge B. Fraser, former mine manager and safety first inspector and curator Krnie Miller and Mayor Robert J. Munroe have worked hard to make the museum an interesting success. George Elliott Dawson, Westville, grandnephew of Sir i Jeorge Elliott, president of the Halifax Coal Co., has made many contributions to the museum. The Pictou Co. Military Rifle Association The Pictou Co. Military Rifle Association was organized in 1951. At first they used outdoor ranges. In 1954 they erected on Foster Avenue, a cinder-block building, measuring 105 ft. long and 27 ft. wide, which incorporated a twenty-yard shooting range and also culb rooms and offices. The club is one of the most active in the province. Five of its members have competed in shoots at the Connaught Range in Ottawa, qualifying to compete in the Bisley Shoot in England. President of the club for the first two years was Bill Moore, now Principal of the Pictou Co. Vocational School. Succeeding Mr Moore was W.A. "Bill" Goss, who held the position for nine years and is a life member of the club. He received a Centennial Medal for his commendable service in relation to his interest in shooting and cadet work. John Thompson succeeded Mr Goss as President. George Harper, a former member of the Association and now in the RCAF, competed at Bisley four times, John Thompson competed three times, with John Marshall, Doug Fraser and Joe Alderson making the trip once.'-John Thompson and John Marshall were also • Donald MacDonald, a high school student, son of Mr and Mrs Millan Mac­ Donald, was a Bisley competitor. Page 116 members of the Canadian Team that competed in the International Palma Shoot at Fort Parry USA in 1966. Since the formation of the PCMRA the membership has increased each year. The newest inovation is the admittance of females to the membership. Shooting meets are held regularly with competitors from other parts of the Province and Country. The facilities are widely used by the Air Force and Army Cadets. The Alexander Beaton Credit Union On May 5, 1935, interested persons met in the Lourdes Parish Hall to form a Credit Union. It was called the Alexander Beaton Credit Union in memory of Alex Beaton who had worked in conjunction with the St. Francis Xavier extension department in the organization of a Credit Union in Stellarton. The Charter was presented on May 8, 1935. May 18, of that year, the first annual meeting was held. The day following a board of directors meeting was held and Ronald Fraser was elected president and acted until 1941. Stewart Haggart was vice president and Joe Schijns, secretary- treasurer. On May 31,1935, the first deposits were accepted and office space was rented in the YMCA building on Foord St. The Alexander Beaton Credit Union joined the Nova Scotia Credit Union League on Jan. 10, 1936. Membership in 1937 was 400 and in that same year the Stellarton Union purchased the YMCA building on the corner of Foord St and Acadia Ave., Stellarton. From 1935 the Stellarton Union continued to be active and in 1945 the membership was 1,114. Past presidents of the Alexander Beaton Credit Union are: R.D. Fraser, Keith MacLean, Alex Martin, Colin Jamieson , Rod Beaton and Fred Mombourquette. In 1964 the Stellarton and New Glasgow Credit Unions amalgamated and the following officers were elected: Fred Mombourquette, New Glasgow, President; Robert Day, Vice President; John Mackie, Secretary; R. Col dwell, Larry Crooks, Eloi Babin, Tom Kennedy, Herman Hagan, Philip (Teddy) Anderson, James Tucker and Robert Breen, directors. The Credit Committee was Marcella MacLellan, Perry Dorrington, D. Murphy, John Pound and Les Stewart; Super­ visory, Alex Neil, Bernard Power and J.J. Grant. Egerton Tramway Company The Egerton Tramway Company, was incorporated in 1902. The Manager was C.A. Flaherty with his brother, L.T. Flaherty and an engineer Wm. R. Strow, as associates. The Flaherty brothers were natives of St. John, New Brunswick. They erected on the bank of toe East River, a steam-generated electric power-plant to service their system. On the south corner of Bridge and Foord Streets they built an office and waiting room and two large barns to house their trams. They laid a tramway and started operations in 1904. The Company had about nine and a half mines of track. Besides Stellarton, it served Westville, Trenton and ran out to Parkdale, to about where the new Aberdeen Hospital is located. They constructed their own bridge across the East River, it stretched from the coal shutes on the west side across to what is now the parking grounds on the east side. It entered Provost Street at Goodman's corner. During a spring freshet, part of the bridge was washed away, but was soon replaced. In later years when the tram cars ceased to run, the bridge was dismantled. Page 117 The Company started their service with five tram and two freight cars. During 1914 the company obtained three more trams, and another freight car, the total of i heir rolling stock was eight trams, and three freight cars. The trams used by the company were of a large type, and held about sixty people seated and almost that many more standing. On busy nights, such as Saturday, when the stores were always open, the trams were crowded to capacity, even some standing on the steps. The freight cars, besides being used to service they system, hauled all the general freight for the stores of the various towns. In the early days of the tramcar, people would journey to Bear Brook Park which was a popular picnic grounds, having swings, tilts, and Merry-go-round. During the early 20's when the Miner's Monument was being erected, the granite which was used in its construction was transported to the site by one of the company's freightcars. Thefare to New Glasgow was 5 cents, to Trenton 10 cents, and from Westville to Trenton 15 cents. The company employed about 65 people, and gave work to many more during the winter, shovelling snow. One great ad­ vantage to the towns was, besides their regular service, kept the roads clear of now during the winter. In 1909, a new company, The Pictou County Electric Company Ltd., was formed under management of L.T. Flaherty. With the advent of Motor vehicle into the county, the company began to loose money, and in 1926 they introduced buses, which they built themselves. Some of the liamcars were retired while the others ran until 1931 when they were completely i (placed by buses. The last run was on May 7th of that year, from Stellarton to New Glasgow and return. The tram was operated by Dave Thompson. Leonard I'laherty and his two daughters, Elsie and Jennie were passengers. The following among others were motor men and conductors on tramcars: <;illie Macintosh, Bill Thompson, Malcolm Campbell, Jack MacKenzie, Bob Frame, Jimmie Mitchell, George Buckles, Jack MacMillan, Alex Mac Donald, Itob Chisholm, John Dunbar, Jack Falconer, Hugh Blackwood, Jack MacKinnon, Jimmie Russell, George Dickson, Mark Whalen, Dave S. Thompson, Dave Roblee, Nelson Campbell, J. Carruthers, B. Dunlop, Tom Mason and Tommy Smith. Pictou County Bus Services Ltd. The bus service began in the summer of 1926 with the purchase from dealer John R. Fraser, of a four cylinder international harvester truck motor and chassis and the body made by a local firm, Smart and Williams. The first bus seated twenty passengers and had a low roof. The next bus was ilesigned by Leonard Williams mat seated twenty-five passengers with headroom and had one row of double and one row of single seats. Leonard Flaherty built four more in the Williams' pattern in the car barn machine shop. Bus service was then I irmly underway in Pictou County. The first trip by the first bus was made to a political convention in Pictou. John C. MacMillan was the driver and on board were Leonard Flaherty, John R. Fraser and inspector G.A. Macintosh. Besides MacMillan, Malcolm Campbell and Mark Wayling among others, were the first bus drivers. During 1928, two additional buses were added to the fleet. Then three more buses were bought from the Montreal Tramway Co. Later buses had a seating capacity of thirty-three. When the coal mine was in operation in Thorburn, the company operated a service for the miners. The company's charter service is extensively used by the three bands in the town and church groups. Page 118 In 1952, the name was changed from Pictou County Electric Company to Pictou County Bus Services Ltd., under President and General Manager Donald Stewart. The first fares on the buses were 10 cents and later increased to 15 and 25 cents. In 1975, due to the raise in the cost of operating and the decrease in passenger fares, the company was compelled to curtail their services by the elimination of the Westville Road route and no operation on holidays and Sunday's and the eleven forty-five p.m. service. The general fare was increased to 50 cents, and children's fares to 25 cents. Office worker and dispatcher was Orient Wood. Drivers, among others past and present are: Fred Avery, John Boates, Richard Black, Cecil Blackwood, Forbes Best, John Blackmore, Barry Bent, John Campbell, Leslie Chapman, Andy Copan, Walter Cameron, Al Fraser, Edward Finlay, John MacLaren, Edward MacLellan, Norris MacLellan, Cyrus MacDeamind, Eric MacLean, Hugh Mac­ Donald, Ron MacKinnon, Ernie Slater, John Wojick, Fred Snell, Ken Robson, Joe Marcipont and Bill Reddick. Housing During the year 1948, the town witnessed a building boom. Approximately 100 new homes were added to the town, about 30 were erected privately and 70 by Central Mortgage and Housing. Of the latter group, 35 were moved by barge from Pictou by Camby Construction and 35 more were now being constructed by Eastern Woodworkers. Most of the houses were built on Belmont and Camby Avenues. The plan to move the surplus war time houses by barge was conceived by Robert Cameron, one of the partners of Camby Construction and the other being Frank Sobey. The houses were barged up the East River to New Glasgow and swung up over the high bank at Carmichael Park by a huge crane where they were placed on trailers and thence up the Stellarton road to the construction site on Camby Ave., where they were placed on pre-built foundations.

This is the first time in Canada that a large number of houses were transported in this manner. Both firms used the latest methods of construction. Both used portable forms in pouring cellar foundations. Eastern Wood made theirs of wood, while Camby used steel forms which could be bolted together after being lifted in place. Concrete mixed on the site was lifted in a huge bucket and poured between the forms with large vibrators being used to shake it down.

Stellarton had the first co-operative housing group on mainland Nova Scotia, and also the largest, with approximately 50 houses having been built in a twenty- year period. Most of the houses were built in the south end of town in the new housing development. New streets, water mains and sewers were installed making it one of the most attractive areas in town.

The Stellar Co-operative Housing group was the first to get started beginning in 1941. They built a total of 12 homes. They were followed by the Belmont Group in 1945, which built a total of 24 homes. The treasurer of this group, Mary Torley was the first woman in Nova Scotia to hold such a position. The Albion Group was the last, starting in 1957 and built a total of 8 homes. They all worked together in the evenings and on holidays performing all the necessary Page 119 work,building foundations, framing and boarding the houses and also plumbing, wiring and painting. They received technical assistance from the Nova Scotia Housing Commission. Royal Canadian Mounted Police For a town of its size, Stellarton has set a Canadian Record for enlistment in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. They have served and are serving in every branch of the service with distinction. The following citizens of Stellarton among Others, have enlisted, they are constables Bill MacDonald, Joe Kasprovich, Jerome MacKenzie, Fred Henderson, Harold Kennedy, Victor Stewart, Kenneth i 'armichael, Donald MacMillan, Everett MacKenzie, Gregory Nevin, David Roy, i: P. Urquhart,R.A.Bonvie,DennisP. Miller, Gerald Tucker, David Gass, Donald E. Miller. Gerald Colburn, James Blackwood, and Gordon Fraser. Medical Doctors of Stellarton (NATIVE AND RESIDENT)

(R) Dr. James Donnelly (N) Dr. Norman M. Grant (R) Dr. Louis Johnston (N) Dr. William H. Herdman (R) Dr. Elliott (N) Dr. Hugh Ross (N) Dr. Clarence Miller (N) Dr. Sylvanus Keith (N) Dr. Fraser D. Mooney (N) Dr. Carl Tupper (R) Dr. Hamilton (N) Dr. Robert Aikens (R) Dr. G.W. Whitman (N) Dr. Donald Clark (R) Dr. R.M. Benvie (N) Dr. Adrian MacKenzie (R) Dr. V.H.T. Parker (N) Dr. Walter MacLean (R) Dr. Fred Granville (N) Dr. Wilbur Fraser (N) Dr. Joe MacDonald (N) Dr. Alden MacCully (R) Dr. Ian MacKay (N) Dr. James G. Fraser (R) Dr. S.H. Cameron (N) Dr. Donald M. Saunders (R) Dr. Smith (N) Dr. John R. MacLean (R) Dr. Winston Makhan (N) Dr. Charles Baxter (R) Dr. John Hamm (R) Dr. R.G. Munroe (N) Dr. Paul MacDonald (N) Dr. Camilla D. Jones (R) Dr. G. Kirk (N) Dr. Frank H. Simm (N) Dr. Albert Culton (N) Dr. Robert W. Francis (N) Dr. Allison Cumming The Stellarton Male Chorus The Stellarton Male Chorus was organized in 1930. Since its inception there has only been three directors, William Nicholson, (now Rev. W.C. Nicholson). Nor man Robson conducted the chorus for 28 years and Leonard Jardine. In the early days of the chorus they broadcast over CFCY Charlotte town, chartering the Ferry "Hochalaga" for the trips. The chorus gave of their time l reely and without any cost, paying their own expenses. They have appeared on radio and television throughout the Maritimes and have appeared as guest singers al most of the county churches. President of the chorus for 17 years was Charles W. MacKenzie with Bob Ferguson as vice president.

Members of the chorus are: Leonard Jardine, Thomas Jardine, James Porter, George Ross, Albert Chisholm, Andrew McDearmid, Robert Wilson, Donald M. Smith, H. William Stewart, Newell McKenzie, Wilbur R. Chisholm, Jack Inglis, Page 120 E.A. Fraser, Vernon Trefry, Stanley Fraser, R. Burns McDonald, Earl C. Mc­ Donald, A.D. McDonald, Clarence McDonald, William McCulloch, Clarence M. McDonald, Marshall Smith, Scott Johnson, Fred Smith. MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE 1976 President - Donald M. Smith Vice President - Clarence M. McDonald Treasurer - Marshall Smith Secretary - E.A. Fraser Organist - Mrs Frances McDonald Assistant - R. Burns McDonald The following are the original members of the chorus: Leonard Jardine (Director), Charles MacKay, Vernon Trefry, Robert Wilson, Finlay MacDonald, Robert Ferguson, Grant Munroe, Thomas Jardine, Fisher Sharpe, Robert Mac­ Naughton, Alton Fraser, Albert Chisholm, Wendell Swallow, Clarence MacDonald, William Hopton and Mrs Clarence MacDonald (Pianist). Local Council of Women The Local Council of Women was organized on Jan. 27, 1931, by Mrs L.G. Ferguson of Westville, President of the Nova Scotia Provincial Council. There were thirty charter members. The first president was Mrs J.W. Sobey. Throughout the years the Local Council of Women have given of their time and talents to make the community a better placein which to live. They have always come to the aid of the needy, and their scholarship program has been of great benefit to students wishing to further their education. Their child welfare program has taken care of many children from broken homes. Culturally the council has inspiried dramatics, and put on plays as a means to finance the scholarships. They were responsible for the securing of a library for the town. In 1963, the Local Council surrendered their charter as an active member. The following women were presidents of the council: Mrs J.W. Sobey, Mrs R.H. Gay, Mrs C.W. MacKay, Mrs Bert Urquhart, Mrs H. Ross Macintosh, Mrs Ira P. MacKenzie, Mrs Rod Chisholm, Mrs J.L. Fraser, Mrs Jack Cummings, Mrs C.J. Ross (who is a life member of the National Council) and Mrs Jack Ross. Red Cross The Red Cross was formed during the First World War. It has always played a very active role in the life of our town. Whenever a disaster strikes, be it famine, flood, earthquake, or fire, it is always thefirst to answer the call for help. Their volunteer blood donor clinics are of great help to the hospitals. Nalda Kirk has served as convener of the blood donor clinic for over ten years. The following citizens, among others, who have received certificates for a record number of blood donations are as follows: Jules Alaffe Jr., Rev. D.C. Boothroyd, Carl Rogers, Nan Mahoney, G.B. MacKay, Mrs George Brownrigg, Mrs John Fanning, Mrs Catherine Duff, David A. Hayman, Mrs C.W. MacKay. The following were awarded long service citations: Jack Macintosh, Mrs George Brownrigg, Nalda Kirk, and Elwood MacKenzie. In the late 1970's, the branch surrendered their charter as an active unit. The following among others served as President: Mrs Raymond Somers, Harry Miller, George Budreski, Mrs Angus Haley and Mrs John Wojick. Page 121

The Early Days In the early days until the late 20's, in the fall of the year, schooners from Prince Kdward Island, with cargoes of vegetables, salt herring, and salt cod, woul d sail to New Glasgow and tie up at the town wharf, where they would dispose of their cargoes to townspeople. It was the custom in Stellarton to hire a trucker and go down to the wharf and get ones supply of vegetables, salt herring, and salt cod for I he winter. Another custom of the early days was the "banking" of houses in the fall of the \car. The winters were very severe and there was lots of frost. Everyone built 2 ft. nigh wooden forms around their houses, which was then filled with either earth, lawdust or seaweed, that served as insulation from the frost.

In the early days a junkman, Isaac Berelovitch, from New Glasgow and later a ( hinaman from the same town, made their weekly rounds buying old rubbers, metals, old rags and old bones. Selling junk was a means for a young fellow to earn l«icket money. Another source of reveneue for young boys was the catching of stray cows and horses that roamed the town. They were driven to the town "pound" where they w ere enclosed and the boy was paid 25 cents for each animal caught. In order for i he owner to retrieve his animal he had to pay a fine to the town coffers. In the 1920's and 30's, house dancing was a very popular form of recreation. Nearly every night a "house dance" was held in some part of the town. I 'reparation for a dance was very simple, one rolled up the carpet and sprinkled i he IIoor liberally with pulverized wax, to facilitiate the dancing, and the stage was let lor an old-fashioned hoedown. Square dancing was the order of the day, which consisted of polka's, lancers mil quadrills. The music was supplied by a fiddler who was usually accompanied by a guitar or an accordian player. A collection was taken to pay the cost of the musicians which usually amounted to about five dollars. During the same period, "box socials" were popular. The girls decorated cardboard boxes about eight inches square, which contained a lunch and were .iiiclioned off to the highest bidder, before the dancing began. The successful I udders would claim that girl as his partner for the evening's entertainment.

In the "horse and buggy days" Stellarton had three livery stables. The first of these was Copeland's Livery Stable on the east side of main street to the rear of I he old Tremont Hotel, the site is now occupied by Wearwell Garments. Lower down the street on the same side to the rear of the Harris Store, Jim Keith con­ ducted a large Livery Stable. The third Livery Stable was operated by Bob Stewart nid was located on the west side of main street to the rear of Taylor's barber shop. Siewart's went out of business in the early 1930's, the last to do so. Jim Keith was an avid horse fancier and besides his livery stable he kept a Stable of race horses. He was also agent for the Acadia Coal Co. in procurring horses for the mines. Bob Stewart had for hire at his livery stable a large coach which was used for ipecial occasions such as weddings, picnics and beach parties. Page 122 The livery stables in the early days was kind of a social centre. When the far­ mers came to town they would put up their horses and meet their friends and gossip about the weather, and their crops and local happenings. The town had 3 blacksmith shops which did a thriving business shoeing horses. The first was located on King Street and the blacksmith was John Alex Fras er. The second was located on the east side of Foord Street, to the rear of the present Alex Skoke's groceteria. The blacksmith was Fred Snell. The other was run by Dave Hall, in the south end of town. One of the familiar sights of the streets of Stellarton in the 1920's was a man named George Van Loco, better known as "Ice Cream George." George was a very interesting and colorful character. A sure sign of summer was when George came out with his ornate ice cream wagon, painted with bright gold, blue and red colors, and ringing a large bell to attract customers. Ice Cream George was a very imposing looking man and sported a small moustache and looked like a head waiter of an exclusive restaurant. He always had an amusing line of chatter as he peddled his ice cream and would always be a crowd of children following his wagon. Ice Cream in those days was a real treat and for many years George did a thriving business. But the advent of the modern refrigerator, spelled the death knell to the peddling of ice cream and George went out of business. The ice cream man is now a thing of the past, and with a bit of nostalgia, many will regret his passing. About 1918 there were three showmen in the Red Row district. They were Chris Childs, Ned Hand, and Billy Phillips. They attended all the fairs and picnics and set up their various booths for the pleasure of their customers. Billy Phillips operated a horse race game which he built himself an d hand carved all the horses. It consisted of thirty, 8 inch wooden numbered horses mounted on a six foot in diameter round wooden track. They were cranked up and then let go on their own momentum, the one stopping under the winners post won. Thirty corresponding numbered tickets were sold, at three for twenty-five cents or ten cents each. The prize was a box of chocolates. Chris Childs operated a game called "Ring a Cane". To win, a cane one was required to toss three, two inch in diameter, wooden rings (which were three for ten cents) at a number of canes which were held in an upright position by the use of a small mesh fishing net suspended about three feet from the ground. The feat was to ring a cane. Ned Hand operated a game called "Ring the Bell and win a Cigar". This game consisted of a sixty foot perpendicular tower at the top where a bell was located and by striking a hard enough blow with a maul, the bell would ring and one would win a cigar. The price of trying your luck was usually ten cents. One was allowed three strikes with the maul. Years ago the shoe repair man held a very important place in the community. Boots and shoes were expensive, and one had them repaired at least twice a year. In the Red Row section repair men were: Colin MacEachern, Amby Frampton, Lambert Uhern and Ned Hand. Page 123 Later, in the uptown section, there were: Bob Evans, Macintosh's and Vets Shoe Repair the last one to operated run by John Dunbar. Another important man in those days was the tailor. When one was in need of a suit the tailor was usually consulted to insure the proper fit and style. Tailors in the lown were: MacKeans, W.G. Millers, W.H Macintosh, Doctor Bouser, George MacKay, Ferguson's, Gordon Fraser and the last to operate, Henry Bigney. In the 1930's in the vicinity of Stellarton there were about thirty ponds, most of them had names such as: Coxon Row Pond, Old Cars Pond, Horsehead Pond, Buck Eyes Pond, Stables Pond, Curling Pond and Duck Pond. These Ponds provided a home for thousands of frogs. Sitting out on the verandah in the summer, one was greeted with a mighty chorus of singing frogs, which made sweet music on a summers eve. Eventually all the ponds were filled in .nid now seldom does one hear the song of a frog. During the 1920's and 30's, the East River opposite Stellarton was a popular place to swim. During the summer holidays the young boys would leave early in the morning lor the old swimming hole. They were dressed in the traditional garb of the day, which consisted of sneakers, khaki-colored cotton pants and straw hat. After a refreshing swim, bare buff style, they would all wade the river to the Intervale, and then load-up with choke cherries and cut down a choke-shooter with which to shoot the pits of the choke cherries. The swimming holes on the river all had their special names such as: Parks Hole, Salmon Hole, The Point, Black Rock, Sandy Bottom, Little Hole, and Flabby's Hole. Another favourite swimming hole was on MacLellan's Brook, it Was called The Third Turn. In the early days, catching smelts was always looked forward to in the early pring. One equipped himself with a lantern, rubber boots and an empty twenty- lour pound flour sack. The method of catching was very unorthodox. After dark one proceeded to MacLellan's Brook (an estuary of the East River) where one sought a shallow spot in I he brook and would wade out to the middle with the lantern and plunge ones hand around the smelt, the water being about eight inches deep and with quite a current it was no trick to catch a smelt. As many as twenty to thirty dozen would be caught on a normal night's fishing. The music of the Hurdy-Gurdy man in the early days was a sure sign of spring. I le was a little old man about four and a half feet tall and wore a black derby hat. I le had receptacles on the side of his Hurdy-Gurdy from which he collected pennies from the children. He travlled all over the province and his first stop, early in the morning, was at the bottom of Hudson Street, after playing a few tunes such as "Oh Katheelena" and "Where is My Little Gog Gone" wouldmove up a couple of house lengths. With the sound of the music the children wouldflock out and deposit their pennies in the receptacle. He never spoke a word and he always dined on a bench outside a corner •tore. His usual fare was a bottle of pop and half a dozen of doughnuts. The Hurdy- Gurdy man made his last appearance about 1924. Page 124 Many of the children's games that were played in the early days have disap­ peared from the scene. A very popular one was called "Peggy". All that was needed to play was a three foot length from a broom handle and a six inch length from the handle for a peggy. The object was to hit the peggy with the broom handle as far as one could. If it was caught by the opposing player it was an automatic out. Anoiher popular game was "Duck on the Rock". This game consisted of a 3 inch in diameter piece of stone sitting on a tin can, about 30 feet away from the throwing fine. With about 6 players participating, each with a stone that they threw at the duck on a can, which they tried to topple, and retrieve their stone without being tagged by the one that tended the duck. Other games that have disappeared are: "Lealockers", "King and the Golden Rod", "Bull-in-the-Ring", "Hoist-a-Sail", "London Bridges Falling Down", "Ring Around the Rosey", "Farmer in the Dell' and "Giant Steps." Most of the business establishments kept horses to deliver their goods. The different horses had their individual traits, as did their drivers and great pride was taken by them in keeping their horses well cared for. Tom Munroe who operated a grocery store, owned a very fine horse that was driven by Walter Tye. Tom Munroe bore a striking resemblance to that noted American humourist and showman, Will Rogers and his mannerisms were somewhat similar, slow and easy going. A horse that was owned by John Higson, grocer, was the fastest horse in town and was driven by his son Reggie, so fast was the horse that he had to be restrained or else he would wreck the grocery wagon. The young boys would vie with each other to see who was going to ride with Reggie and get a fast ride. The two Barker's who operated a grocery store, owned a very unusual h orse by the name of Prince. This horse had what is known as a spring gate and when he was driven on the street he reminded one of a soldier in a parade. So precisiously did he walk. He was driven by Hughie Watters. Another horse owned by them named Cornel had previously worked underground in the Allan Shaft. Muir Brother's grocery owned a very fine horse which was driven by Bill Boudreau. A very noted horse named Frank and owned by Sobey's grocery store, was used to deliver meat throughout the town. This horse was so well liked for giving faithful service, that when it came time that he could no longer pull the meat wagon and old with age, Sobey would not do away with him, but put him out to pasture. He lived to be 31 years old. A fine team of horses was used by Louis Connolly to deliver ice. They were a very heavy team of horses and one time while delivering ice on school hill (Jubilee Ave.) broke loose and ran away trailing the heavy wagon behind them. They failed to make the turn at the Jubilee Theatre (Steedman's) and ran full into the plate glass windows of T.J. Reid's Clothing Store across the street. They were a horrible sight and the street was gory with blood. They were unhitched from their harness and taken over to J.B. MacKenzie's stable were they were sewed up by the veterinarian, and after a few weeks they were back on the job again, despite their awful experience. There were quite a few horse fanciers in the town, among the more noteable was Jim Keith, who kept and trained several race horses. Page 125 Sandy Macintosh also kept a lovely race horse and could be seen many an evening, out in his fine carriage, jogging along the roads. Chris Chiles and Sandy Ferguson were others that kept fine driving horses. A very fine trotter was owned by Dr. G.W. Whitman who made his rounds by liorse and buggy. One of the last in town to own a trotter was W.G. Miller, the Post Master. The Honey Carts Back about thirty years ago, the residents of Stellarton - those that lived in the coal company houses - were subjected to an annual ordeal that assailed the nostrils nid was very unhealthy. Every year, beginning about the middle of May and Lisling about six weeks, the "Honey Carts" would make their nightly rounds cleaning out the miner's privies. The work was let out on contract, and the one "hi aining it was considered very fortunate. The reason for this was the high price paid for the work. They were paid $10 for each "Privie" and a good worker could average four privies in a night's work, which amounted to $40, an Ill ronomical sum in those days. As a bonus the men received one half gallon of i urn each night. Horse and dump carts were used as the work was done at night i nne. The men used miner's lamps on their caps. It was a safe rule to batten down i he windows of one's bedroom during the cleaning process. The odor from the open • arts was a lot worse than that which comes from the Scott Paper Plant at Aber- ci (imbie. During the day the carts hauled away ash piles. With the purchase of the company houses the the coal miners and the in­ itiation of modern toilets, the annual parade of the "Honey Carts" came to an end. Inglis Hall For several decades the three storey Inglis building, which was located on the nuih west corner of Acadia Avenue (it has since been razed) was the scene of iKihtical rallies, concerts and stage plays. For many years it had the largest hall in the town and weekly dances were held there. The members of the orchestra who played at those dances were, Miss Henderson, piano, Mr Jameson, saxophone, Mr Mooney, clarinet and Harry Murray, drums. Band Concerts The towns first bandstand was built in 1906 in Allan Park. During the summer months the town's band would play weekly concerts and the park would be crowded with people dressed in their Sunday's best. As there was no radio or television and very few phonographs in those days, the people really appreciated the band music. Picnics After the turn of the century and continuing until the 30's, picnics were looked forward to by the young and old for recreation and fun. Picnics were held by the I iromen, miners, orangemen and church groups. The day of the picnic was always preceded by a big parade with colorful decorated floats. The picnics featured homemade meals, outdoor dancing, merry-go-round, pones of chance and popcorn and peanuts. Then there was always the athletic Page 126 games: tug-of-war, climb-the-greasy-pole, hundred yard dash, one mile race, pole vault, high jump, broad jump and many others. Photographer During the turn of the century, a photographer by the name of a Mr Taylor moved to Stellarton in a mobile studio which was hauled by four horses. He settled on the west side of Foord Street. He did a thriving business taking portraits, sports, church groups, buildings and interesting scenes. In 1925 the Presbyterian Church decided to build on the site he occupied. In consequence he hitched up his four horses and moved to Antigonish, but before he left he burned all his old photographic plates. So that's why it is hard to come by old pictures of Stellartoa The Gypsies About the year 1919 a band of gypsies visited Stellarton. They travelled in three covered wagons, each which was hauled by two horses. Their camp site was beside the old granry at the Back Mines. They indulged in fortune telling and trading horses. Every afternoon the townspeople would converge on the camp site, to observe them doing their daily chores, and having their fortunes told. The men shoed horses, greased wagon wheels, and fed and watered their horses. The women bathed their children and cooked meals in huge iron pots over an open fire. They stayed for about a week and departed in the night, the way they had come. The next gypsy band to visit Stellarton was in 1926, this time they travelled in two automobiles and pitched their camp in a hay field at Foster Avenue. The last appearance of gypsies in Stellarton was in 1930, when they camped at the Second Bridge at Blue Acres. This time they travelled in three large cadillac automobiles. The gypsies were always accused of stealing and anything missing during their stay in town was generally blamed on them. A belief held by most townsfolks was that the gypsies were kidnappers; this belief was never proven. Bowling Alleys, Roller Skating Stellarton's first bowling alley was constructed about 1904 by James Murray. It was built to the rear of Mr Murray's barber shop and was operated by his son Harry. After a few years it was conve rted into a movie theatre, known as the Star Theatre. In the early 1930's Frank Lynch opened a bowling alley in the old Muir Bros, building now occupied by J.D. Matheson's. Later, it was taken over and operated by Harry Hiscott who did a thriving business until the early 1940's when business dropped off and it was closed down. Jubilee Lanes, a modern bowling alley, was opened in 1963, by Don Maclnnis and Hector MacKenzie in the old Jubilee Theatre, which was completely renovated for the new alleys, which had a total of 8 lanes. The alleys had a short existence. It operated for about three years and then was closed down as a financial loss. During the first world war the Stellar Curling Rink was used for roller skating. It had a short life and was closed down shortly after. Page 127 During the 1950's roller skating made a come back in the Memorial Rink. It lasted for about 3 years. When patronage fell off, it was closed out. Old Names in Stellarton Mount Pleasant Pleasant Street Coxen'sHole Opposite Allan Shaft Maiden's Meadow MacNaughton's Woods, on Foster Ave. Piper's Green Between Foster Pit and Back Mines Coxon Row NorthFoord Street CricketRow Hudson Street Red Row Originalred brick houses on Bridge Ave. Bull Pen ' Evansville Fester Pit Now Foster Avenue Old Pleasant St.".""..'.'.'.'.'...'Z...... '...'...... ".....'... Opposite Foord Pit Old Maid's Hollow Below Heather Motel Irish Town Now Lower Plymouth Albion Street Now Bridge Avenue "Black Path" Foster Pit railroad bed Bedford Row Bunker Hill Merkamer Square ? Coal Floors Back Mines The Old Cars"."."."..!Z..."...'.'.'..'.'.'.'....'.'.'....'.'.....'. .'..."Allan Shaft Siding Fcrster Pit Foster Pit Shunk Mne"' (Moss Mine) No. 7

OLD GASOLINE PUMPS IN STELLARTON Keay's Store Lourdes John Melesse ".."." NorthFoord St. ceased 1971 Store Room Allan Shaft Muir Brother's Now J.D. Matheson's Hughie Campbell's Now Jack Baker's Building Hayman's Hardware . FoordStreet R& WFeedMill MacKay Street Clint MacLellan "!."!!."!!!"".".!"!!!!""" Acadia Ave. Pictou Co. Dairy [„".'. '. ...King Street Bennie Sebille ...... !.'!.'.'.'."!.'.".".".'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'."!.'.""!.".'.".'!!!.'!! Foster Avenue Herb MacQuarrie Soiith Foord Street Dunbar's !.'.'.".'."!.'.".'.'."."!!.'.".'.'.'.".'.'.'.".'.".'.'.'.'.".'.'.'." Asphalt Coal Miner's Houses In 1827, the GMA built 6 blocks of brick houses on the south side of Bridge Avenue. Another brick block consisting of 3 tenements was built on North Foord Street adjacent to Corbetts. In 1840, 35 frame houses were built for mine officials. The dimensions of the houses were 18 ft. by 30 ft. In 1842, the number of miners houses at Albion Mines were: 91 well finished horses, 21 smaller and inferior ones and 110 old log houses, most of which were quite habitable. In 1864, the GMA spent $19,000 at Albion Mines on workmens cottages and other buildings. Page 128 John Fraser had a contract from the Acadia Coal Co. in 1865 to build 21 miners houses for them. Later he built houses in the Asphalt Square and in the Red Row district. During the year 1866, GMA built 18 workmens houses. In 1874, eight blocks of 2 dwellings, each with 4 rooms and bath was built. In 1910, Hugh MacArthur built the big company houses in the Red Row, Asphalt and Evansville district. He was bought out by Porter's in the same year, who finished the building of the houses. The last houses built by the Acadia Coal Company was in 1917. They were 19 double tenement bungalows on the west side of North Foord Street, the lower end of Mulgrave Row and the lower end of Rutherford extensions. COAL MINER'S HOUSES Old Pleasant Row consisted of 42 tenements, each contained 3 rooms and a porch. Cricket Row consisted of 10 tenements, each contained 3 rooms and a porch. Mulgrave Row consisted of 8 tenements, each had 3 rooms and a porch. Mount Pleasant consisted os 10, two storey tenements, each with 5 rooms. Bunker Hill consisted of 16 tenements, each with 3 rooms and a porch. Coxon Row consisted of 6 two storey duplex houses, each contained 4 rooms and a porch. The old bungalows on the east side of Foord Street consisted on 13 tenements, each has 3 rooms and a porch. The old bungalows on the west side of the street contained 11 tenements, each had 3 rooms and a porch. Foster Pit consisted of 16 two storey duplex houses, each with 5 rooms. Back Mines consisted of 4 two storey duplex houses each had 5 rooms and also had 10 tenements which had 3 rooms and a porch. Evansville consisted of 16 two storey duplex houses each which had 7 rooms. Asphalt consisted of 8 two storey duplex houses each 7 rooms and also 10 tenements, each had 2 rooms and a porch. The 4 two storey duplex houses on Foster Avenue, each contained 6 rooms. Rutherford Street consists of 24 two storey, duplex houses each containing 7 rooms. Hudson Street consists of 16 two storey duplex houses, each containing 7 rooms. Brown Row consists of 12 tenements, each consisting of three rooms and a porch. Page 129

Origin of Stellarton Street Names Four streets named by Rev. William B. MacDonald St. Joseph St. Emanuel St. St. Bernard St. Marie St. MacLean Ave. named after D.H. McLean, Mines Supt. Mulgrave Row named after Earl of Mulgrave Bunker Hill named after famous hill in USA Kirk Ave. named after Kirk Church that was located there Hudson St. named after James Hudson Mines Supt. Rutherford St. named after John Rutherford Mines Supt. Scott Ave. named after Scott family Foster Ave. named after Foster Pit Bridge St. Foord St. named after Foord Seam (J.B. Foord) Allan Ave. named after Sir Hugh Allan Queen Ave. Rundle St. named affter Mr. Rundle House Victoria Ave. named for Queen Victoria Jubilee Ave. named for Queen Victoria's Jubilee Union St. MacKay St. named after Captain James MacKay King St. Jury St. named for Court house River Bank St. Coxon Row named after Samuel Coxon, director Halifax Coal Co. Park St. named for Allan Park Albion Ave. named for Albion Mines Pleasant St. Pleasant Ave. Brown Row named for Mines Supt. James Brown Fvansville named for Mines Supt. Cadwallader Evans Fox Brook Road Poplar St. Coll Ave. named for Charles J. Coll Mines Supt. Poole Ave...... named for Henery S. Poole Gen. Mgr. I Itryt St. " named for Jessie Hoyt Mgr. of Acadia Maple St."" Acadia Ave named after Acadia Coal Co. Pennsylvania Ave. named for home state of Mine Supt. Stellar St. named after coal which gives off stars. Manhattan Ave. .""named for home town of Mine Supt. Fairview Ave. Clarement Ave. Belmont Ave. Cambey Ave. named after Cameron and Sobey contractors George St. River St. Weir Ave named after Weir family Page 130 Origin of the Name Asphalt The "Asphalt" district of this town got its name from a deposit of asphalt or tar­ like material which used to lie just above the present Vocational School. That was the information given by the late Dan MacKenzie, who came here in 1882 from Christmas Island, Cape Breton, as a boy of ten. At that time the main road to Westville went along Bridge Street in Stellarton and was known as the "Post Road". The present route was call the "Asphalt" road. The deposit of pitch was hardened and could be walked on, extending about 100 yards. It was spongy and gave beneath a man's boot - but sprang back into place. It burned and a good many people dug it up and used in their stoves like the peat they knew in the old country. At the time he came here there were many log cabins in what is today built up Stellarton. Origin of the Name Bunker Hill In the early days of the town's history, Bunker Hill was a place where homebrew was sold by most of the residents. After pay day on Saturday the miners would converge on the "hill" to partake in the homebrew and to talk and argue (it was said that more coal was dug at Bunker Hill than there was in the mines). As usual these drinking parties ended up in a battle royal and as this occurred quite regularly the place became known as "Bunker Hill" after the famous battle of Bunker Hill in USA. The real name of the place was Bedford Row which was seldom used in later years. Residents of Stellarton 1879 BORN SETTL Acadia Coal Co. J. MacQuarrie, Mgr. NS. 1876 James Clish Store Keeper Eng. 1854 Rev. Thomas Cummings Pres by. Clergyman N.S. 1835 James Cameron Farmer NS. 1818 John Culton Farmer NS. 1823 David Culton Farmer NS. 1854 Joseph G. Clish Hardware Merchant Eng. 1834 N. Grant Student NS. 1861 A.G. Grant Boot and Shoe Maker NS. 1833 Mrs Sarah Hill Gen. Store and Hotel Eng. 1820 Louis Johnston MD. NS. 1857 Wm. R. Logan Farmer NS. 1817 H. MacKenzie Teacher and Postmaster Scot. 1831 James Mitchell Agent Union Assoc. Scot. 1837 James MacDonald Station Agent NS. 1833 Daniel J. MacKay Farmer NS. 1830 James D. MacKay Farmer NS. 1923 Mrs Annie E. MacLean Millinery Store NS. 1850 John R. MacKay Farmer NS. 1819 James MacKay Hope Cottage Farmer NS. 1825 John MacQuarrie House Builder NS. Page 131 James Wentworth Merchant Eng. 1857 Robert Willis Merchant NS. 1850 GA. Ward I.C.R. House NS. 1871 Thomas Blenkensop Foreman of Foundry John Macintosh Mrs Riley Tom MacPherson Wm. Macintosh Chas. Holmes Jas. Reid Wm. Wiley Geo. Coghill John Macintosh John Miller Daniel Gray Rear Lot Donald Gray Basil Bell Bank Mrs Graham Mrs Barclay Tailor Wm. Ross D. Maclnnis D. MacDonald Alex Wiley Mrs D. Ross Logans Store Duncan MacKay James Keith James R. Corbett Shoe Store Edward Lehy Store Thomas Turnbull

History Briefs In 1807, the district was divided into three townships, Pictou, Maxwelton, and Egerton.

In 1827, the General Mining Association built on the north side of Bridge Avenue, the first and largest General Store in the East River Valley. It contained 16 fireplaces, and was known as the "Big Store". The store stocked everything that was needed for home or farm. They carried hardware, dry goods, books, medicines, farm implements, groceries and many other items.

The farmers from the surrounding settlements brought their goods in and traded at the store - sometimes in barter. The store was managed for the GMA by Neil MacKay and later by Alexander MacKay. Later the store was taken over by the Union Association, a co-operative store. It was first managed by James Went­ worth, and the last manager was James Mitchell. The store was razed in 1950. In 1838, the population at Albion Mines was 1,243 and New Glasgow 685. Canada's first Missionary to Trinidad was John Morton. He was born at the Albion Mines in 1839 where he received his early education. On Aug. 5th, 1862 two new wooden bridges were put over the East River at the Intervale. Page 132 In 1864, the Albion Mines savings bank was formed, the first in town with a capital of $20,000 in 2,000 shares of $20 each. The directors of the bank were David A. Dickson, Thomas Blinkinsop, George S. Carritt, William MacPherson, Hector MacKenzie, Robert Muir and Henry Moseley.

In 1866, the Pictou Landing Coal Pier was built. It started operating in 1867 and operated until 1905 when it was torn down and replaced by a larger and higher pier. It remained in operation until 1951 when it was dismantled. It was known as the Acadia Pier. The Cornish Pump was built by the General Mining Association in 1867, the largest in North America. It was the prime factor which made possible deep- mining at the Foord Pit. Soon after is construction a group of American engineers visited Albion Mines (Stellarton) for two weeks to study the same type for deep- mining in the silver and copper mines in the United Sates. On April 13th, 1878, on Monday evening the telephone was successfully operated between Halifax and Stellarton. Dr Bayne and Mr. H.W.C. Book managed the performance at the Dominion Telegraph Office, Halifax and Dr. MacKenzie and Mr. Henry S. Poole, inspector of mines, operated at Stellarton. Songs sung by the Arion Club, Halifax, were distinctly heardin Stellarton, while the music and songs sung in Stellarton were heard well in Halifax.

In 1879, the Halifax Coal Company made 40,000 bricks for coke oven con­ struction, from a 4 foot bed of fire clay overlaying the MacGregor Seam. The clay was considered an excellent plastic clay for lining blast and pudding furnaces.

In 1879, coke production in Stellarton was 12,512 tons. In 1890, 50 coke ovens were built at the non-operating Foord Pit. In 1901, a large machine shop was built close to No. 2 slope at the MacGregor Mine and the machinery at the Foord Pit machine shop was moved to new quar­ ters. In 1905, Allan Park was donated to the town by Sir Hugh Montague Allan, President of the Acadia Coal Company. The park was named Allan Park, in his honor.

The first automobile owned in the town, a maxwell, was bought by Bobby Duff in 1905. In 1906, an iron bridge was built over the East River at Upper Plymouth. In the year 1908, Prime Minister Wilfred Laurier, stopped at Stellarton Railway Station.

On Aug. 17, 1909, the 23 month old son of Mr and Mrs Mueller was lost while picking blueberries on Foster Avenue. A search for the child was in vain. No trace of him was ever found. In 1918,.there were on hundred and thirty-five European families in the Red Row districtT In 1920, fire destroyed the Albion Mines stables and five horses were lost. Page 133 On April 11,1921, a very heavy sleet storm disrupted the electric service and all tram cars were tied-up. In 1922, the first motor hearse in Pictou Co., a studebaker, was bought by Herb MacQuarrie. In 1922, J.W. Fraser became mechanical supt. of Acadia Coal Company. Peter Martin succeeded him in 1936. On Jan. 15, 1923, a big blizzard brought all transportation in the province to a halt. In Dec. 1924, the vote for union with the United Church was as follows: Stellarton, St. John's, 137-114, Sharon 294-178. In 1925, Orah Steves invented the first shovel-type blueberry picker.

During the 1930's, working underground at the Allan Shaft, there was a pure white horse named King. The highly intelligent animal was trained to do many tricks connected with his work. Whenever a box of coal was derailed on one end he would put his hoofs upon the opposite bumper, his weight thereby enabling the box to be put back on the rails quite easily. He was trained to pull so many boxes and whenever more was added he would balk. He could always tell the number of boxes by the clicking of the cuplings. Other tricks was bending, down on his knees whenever he was offered foods, and telling his age by pawing the ground with his hoof.

In 1928, the town's first play ground was built. It included swings, tilts, and merry-go-round. It was situated off Rutherford St.

In 1944, the Acadia Coal Company sold all their houses to their employees.

In 1949, Prime Minister Mouis St. Laureent visited Stellarton Town Hall. In 1959, the Clyde Beatty, Cole Bros, three ring circus, played at the Intervale, between the bridges. It included 600 people, 200 artists, 200 animals and 15 elephants. In 1960, town native T.D. MacDonald was appointed Deputy Justice Minister in the Federal Government. In 1961, the Ocean Limited passed through Stellarton, the first time in history. On May 16, 1962, Prime Minister John Diefenbaker visited Stellarton Town Hall. In 1964, during the town's Diamond Jubilee, the author, exhibited his pictorial history of Stellarton, which is composed of 30 albums. In 1967, Premier Joseph Smallwood, Father of Confederation, was-the principle speaker at the Masonic Lodge banquet. In 1967, the RCMP Musical Ride put on a display in Stellarton. Page 134 In 1968, Mrs J.C. Ross was elected to the town council. The first woman in the town to hold the position. She was responsible for the introduction of illuminated crosswalks. In 1969, John Fisher (Mr Canada) was the keynote speaker at the Masonic Lodge banquet. In 1971, the Order of Stellarite was founded by Aubrey Dorrington. The order is composed of 60 public spirited citizens, which includes Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau. In 1971, garbage disposal was inaugurated in the town. In 1974, the town of Stellarton set up a bursary for high school students in honor of local historian Aubrey Dorrington. The first one in the town to be so honored. In 1976, two members of the Balmoral Girl's Pipe Band, Drum Instructor Angela Stewart and Pipe Major Margaret MacDonald, represented Canada in the Rose Bowl Parade at Pasadena, California. In 1976, the town held its first annual Winter Carnival, Starfest "76". The rib­ bon, opening the carnival, was cut by Mrs Aubrey Dorrington, wife of the honourary chairman of the carnival. In 1976, Lance Hale, son of newswriter, photographer, Ted Hale was appointed Executive Director of the Council of Christians and Jews. Biographies

DOCTOR FRANK H. SOBEY Doctor Frank H. Sobey is one of Canada's outstanding industralists. He is the son of the late Mr and Mrs J.W. Sobey, Stellarton. He attended the towns schools and later enrolled and graduated from Maritime Business College. In 1921, he went to work in his father's grocery and meat store, which he took over when he father retired. He expanded the business by opening six food stores in Pictou County. In 1946 he acquired Barker's Stores Ltd. which included six food stores, a warehouse and a bakery. Fifty years after Doctor Sobey went to work in his father's store, he was President of the board of a multi-million dollar food chain, operating over 60 outlets in the Maritime Provinces and Quebec, with a headquarters staff of 60 persons and a warehouse complex located at Stellarton. He was director and board member in over eighteen corporations and banks. In 1956 he resigned as President of Sobey's Stores Ltd. to take over as first President of the newly formed Industrial Estates Ltd., which was formed for the purpose of attracting new industries to Nova Scotia. During his tenure of office I.E.L. established sixty new industries in the province. In 1956 he was awarded a trophy put up by the combined departments of trade and industry of the ten provinces and two territories of Canada, which is awarded to the person making the greatest contribution to industrial development in Canada during that year. He served as Mayor of Stellarton for twenty-two years Page 135 and during his term of office all the residential streets of the town were paved and sewage systems were installed at the Red Row and Asphalt districts. In 1967 he built a new theatre in Stellarton named the "Foord" theatre. In the 1940's he built a palatial home at Abercrombie on the East River. He has an extensive art collection which includes many contemporary Artists. He was honored by King's University College with a Doctor of Civil Laws Degree. He was married in 1924 to the former Irene MacDonald, they have three sons and a daughter, the sons, David, Donald and William are engaged in various business enterprises with William his son, succeeduing as President of Sobey's Stores Ltd.

WILLIAM M. SOBEY William M. Sobey was born in Stellarton, the son of Dr. and Mrs Frank H. Sobey. Mr Sobey is a distinguished business man, and is president of Sobey's Stores Ltd. He is also on the board of directors of several large corporations and banks. He served as mayor of Stellarton, and during his term of office he was in­ strumental in providing Stellarton with traffic signal lights, the first in the county. He also initiated plans for the construction of the new Jr. High School. Mr Sobeys was honored with an award from the Canadian Council of Christians and Jews for furthering human relations in the county and in the community. He is always willing to help others, and has made many contributions to worthy causes. DAVID R. HAYMAN David R. Hayman, son of Mr and Mrs Alex Hayman was born in Stellarton. Mr Hayman, modest and unassuming, is one of this town's most dedicated citizens. His many good works for the town and its people is done anonymously. A former town mayor he has served on the board's of the Aberdeen Hospital, Town Schools, and the County Home. He was chairman of the Pictou County Planning Commission and was chief electoral officer for Pictou County. He operates a harware store and is also a real estate agent. A former outstanding hockey player, he was a member of the Champion "Snowbird's" hockey team.

GEORGE R. SAUNDERS George R. Saunders started his career as a banker. He was a veteran of World War I, a member of the 85th Battalion, and was chief recruiting officer for district No. 6, during World War II. Later, he held the following positions: Manager of the Pictou County Power Board, Mayor of Stellarton, and School Board Com­ missioner. Mr Saunders was the driving force behind the building of the G.R. Saunders School, which was named in his honor. MAYOR ROBERT J. MUNROE Robert J. Munroe was born in the U.S.A., son of mining engineer, Candon and Mrs Munroe. His worship, Mayor Munroe has a long history of good deeds which he has performed in our town and has taken part in many community projects. He is ever ready to give freely of his time to every worthy cause. As Pictou County's top tenor singer, he as appeared at many concerts and musical functions throughout the county. He was a commercial traveller and later operated a hardware business. He is now an investment dealer. He is on the Aberdeen Hospital Board of Commissioners, and is chairman of the School Board. As manager of the Albion's Baseball Club he was the driving force behind Stellarton's H & D League suc­ cesses. He pioneered the work of an open air rink in the town, which led to the erection of Memorial Rink. During his term of office as mayor he introduced the Page 136 garbage disposal system and signed the agreement for the sewage abatement plant, to clean up the East River. GEORGE ELLIOT DAWSON George E. Dawson was born on the family estate at Plymouth, a son of Mr and Mrs Ralph Dawson, mechanical superintendent for the Halifax Coal Company. He is a grandnephew of Sir George Elliot, former president of the Halifax Coal Company. Mr Dawson started his career as a stationary enginner on the main hoist at the Drummond Mine. Later, he held the same position at the Albion and MacGregor Mines. He attended conventions in Rome, London, and the United States, representing the Canadian Poultry Industry. He was a star athlete, having played on three championship teams, hockey, baseball, and cricket. He was also a long distance runner. He was a Westville town councillor, and a warden of St. Bee's Church. He is an authority on coal mining, history and has made many con­ tributions to the Stellarton Mining Museum. The author of this book is deeply indebted to him for his many contributions and advice. HERBERT C. MACQUARRIE Herb MacQuarrie was born in Stellarton, a son of Mr and Mrs John MacQuarrie. He started his career with the Canadian National Railways. Later, he operated a garage on South Foord Street. Mr MacQuarrie is one of this town's best known citizens. He has been Stellarton's one and only funeral directors for over fifty years. He introduced the first motor hearse to Pictou County. As funeral director he had charge of the Fred C. Gillingwater Funeral, which was Pictou County's only full Regimental Military Funeral. The author is grateful fo his help in writing this book.

LANGSTONN. MILLER Langston Miller was born in Stellarton, a son of Post Master and Mrs W.G. Miller. Mr Miller is one of our most prominent musicians. He has written and played the score for several operas. Besides teaching piano he has composed a number of songs, which were widely acclaimed. He is one of the founding fathers of the Pictou County Musical Festival. He has served as organist in several churches and was choir director for Sharon St. John United Church.

JOHN C. MACMILLAN Deputy Mayor MacMillan has a long history of service in civic affairs. Mr MacMillan is a veteran town councillor and has served on many important com­ mittees, and for several years was chairman of the Stellarton school board. He was one of the original conductors with the old Egerton Tramway Company. Later, he was a driver with the Pictou County Bus Services. An outstanding Curler, he is a veteran member of the Stellar Curling Club, and has played, on many Cham­ pionship Teams.

JOHN "FIN" CHISHOLM Mr Chisholm is one of Stellarton's outstanding citizens. His contributions to the welfare of Stellarton are wide and varied. He is the founding father of the Air Cadet movement in Stellarton and has served in all capacities. An athlete of note he has played on several hockey Championship Teams. An executive of Stellarton's A.A.A., his efforts resulted in bringing H & D League Baseball to Stellarton. An executive of the Stellar Curling Club, he was the driving force behind the clubs new lease of life which resulted in an artificial ice plant. The author is indebted to him for his most useful help in writing this book. Page 137 JOHN W. MACPHERSON John MacPherson was born in Stellarton, a son of Mr and Mrs Dougal Mac­ Pherson. Mr MacPherson started his career in 1930 as a stationary engineer un­ derground in the Allan Shaft. He later obtained first class coal mining papers and was a "contract" coal miner. In 1941, he gained employment with the CNR as a locomotive fireman. Later he returned to the Acadia Coal Co., this time as a locomotive engineer. He has the distinction of being the engineer on locomotive No. 25 which made the last run on the first railroad in British North America. After the closing of the Allan Shaft he was offered employment with the Pictou County Vocational School as building superintendent. He was a former labor leader, holding several important offices, including that of president. He is a veteran town councillor for Ward three, an office which he has held for several years. JACK GILLIS Jack Gillis was born in Stellarton, a son of Mr and Mrs Daniel Gillis. Mr Gillis started his carrer as an electrican at the Allan Shaft Power House. Later he was a surface surveyor for the Acadia Coal Company. He served for several years as a clerk for C.J. Coll, mining engineer for the Acadia Coal Company. Later he served in the same capacity for Harold C. Gordon, also mining engineer for the Acadia Coal Company. For several years Mr Gillis was a gas analyist for the Acadia Coal Company. THOMAS L. CARDIFF Mr Cardiff was a first class shaftman and veteran miner, having served in four different mines, namely: Albion, MacGregor, Allan Shaft and MacBean. He was the leader of the search party that tried to find Roddie Beaton who became lost in the Glengarry woods in 1969. He is very interested in the history of coal mining and has provided many artifacts and also valuable information concerning coal mining. The author appreciates his help with this book.

JULES ALAFFE SR. Mr Alaffe started his career as a theatre publicity agent in western Canada. Later he came east and obtained employment with the Acadia Coal Company. Shortly after he founded a grocery business which he carried on for over fifty years. It is now operated by his son Jules Jr. "Jules" as he is better known, is Pictou County's top dart player and has won many cups and trophies. He was one of the founders of the Maple Leaf Quoits Club. He is ever ready to give a hand to his neighbours whenever they are in need.

ERNEST MILLER Mr Miller is a former mine official and has served for over forty years at coal mining. As a first class miner he has worked at various jobs underground. He was employed at the Albion and MacGregor mine at Stellarton and the MacBean mine at Thorburn. He is very interested in coal mining history. He now holds the position of curator at the Stellarton Mining Museum. The author is thankful for his advice and help with this book.

COL. EVERETT L. BAUDOUX DSO DFC CD Col. Everett L. Baudoux DSO DFC Cd has had a very distinguished career in the Air Force. Col. Baudoux was born in Stellarton on Jan. 14, 1919. He is the son of the late (Mine Manager) Alfred H. and Bertha (Large) Baudoux. He attended Stellarton High School, Pictou Academy and the Nova Scotia Technical College. In 1937 he earned his pilot's license at the Trenton, New Glasgow Airport. In the Spring of 1939 he enlisted as an acting pilot in the RAF. Page 138 The first phase of his training took place in Perth. Scotland and then later ad­ vanced phase was completed at Hullavington, Wiltshire, England. With the outbreak of the war, Sept. 1,1939, he was transferred to the RAF school of navigation and general reconnissiance located at Thorny Island in the south of England. Near the end of Jan., 1940, he left the school as a fully fledged navigator and was transferred to 233 squadron at Leuchars, Scotland. In 1940 he flew the first operational land airplane (Hudson U7241) equipped with radar. He attacked a number of enemy ships and submarines.

On June 21, 1940, the battleship Starnhorst and its destroyer escort was at­ tacked off the coast of Norway. In the battle that followed, Flying Officer Baudoux shot down an attacking Messerchmitz 109 fighter. That year Flying Officer Baudoux made over 100 operational missions and also made the acquaintance of Miss Dephne Mary Gilmour the later of the late Sir John Gilmour of Montrave, Fife.

On April the 4th, 1941, he flew the third flying fortress to cross the Atlantic and was within the first hundred flights ever made across the Atlantic. In Feb. 1942, he attained the rank of Squadron Leader and was transferred to his old squadron 233 at St. Eval in Cornwall. A portion of the squadron was located at Gibraltar and as the Senior Flight Commander he was sent to Gibraltar to take command of that detachment. He performed the first military action of the North African invasion in the form of a leaflet raid on Casablanca. Later he flew General Eisenhouser into Casablanca from Gibraltar. In 1943, he was transferred from 233 squadron to command of number 304 ferry training unit based on Islay in the Western Islands of Scotland. Next came a short tour of duty as air staff officer with No. 17 Coastal Command training group stationed in Edinburgh, Scotland. On March 8, 1943 he married Miss Gilmour in the Parish Church at Lower Largo, Fife.

In March 1944, he reported to RAF Bascombe - Down for training at the Empire Test Pilot's School as an Engineer Test Pilot.

In Jan. 1945 he completed the test pilot's course and was the first formally qualified Canadian Test Pilot. He was accepted by the Royal Aeronautical Society as an associate. In May 1945, he left Bascombu-Down with a rating of "exceptional" as a test pilot and was transferred to the RAF for embarkation to Canada. His assignment was to command a small team of technicans and fly the first jet aircraft shipped to Canada from the United Kingdom.

During the war he completed over 1,150 hours of operational flying against the enemy, for which he was decorated on two occasions by King George VI with the Page 139 DFC for operations in 1940 and the DSO for operations in the Medeterrinean in 1942. He also flew one thousand hours test flying and other duties, flying some 70 dif­ ferent types of aircraft. During Canada's Air Force recruiting program, he was chosen as the model airman for the posters. On Sept. 12, 1945 he flew the first jet aircraft in Canada at St. Hubert outside Montreal. From May 1946 to May 1947 he commanded the RCAF station at Namao, Alberta, while the Namao he was the test pilot on a flight test program of an ex­ perimental aircraft known as the National Research Council Flying Wing. In Oct. 1960, he flew the first CF 100 aircraft at Toronto. He spent a year studying electrical theory with professor Allan Mum of Carleton University. In June 1962, he was promoted to the rank of Wing Commander. He spent three years at Valcartier, Quebec, and was closely associated with the development of the first Canadian guided missile known as the Velvet Glove. In Sept. 1963 he was promoted to the rank of Group Captain. In 1964 he was appointed director of air and command systems operational requirements at Canadian Forces headquarters. He was appointed Commanding Officer RCAF station Greenwood Jan. 5, 1965. Group Captain Baudoux retired from the Air Force in 1968, upon his retirement he was appointed chairman of the Nova Scotia Housing Commission. He is an author of a book on Government Administration and has written many articles concerning Canada's Air Force requirements. He is now retired and makes his home at Big Island, Pictou County. The Baudoux's have three children, two daughters and a son. DR. GEORGE MUNROE GRANT DD CMG Rev. George M. Grant DD CMG was one of Albion Mines (Stellarton) most distinguished sons. He was born at Albion Mines, Dec. 22,1835. He was educated at Albion Mines, Pictou Academy, West River Seminary and Glasgow University. On his return to Canada in 1860, he was ordained and placed in charge of the Mission at River John. The church at River John, St. George's, was named in his honour. In 1863 he was called to the pastorate of St. Matthew's Church, Halifax, where he served for fourteen years. While there he took part in debates on free schools, union of the provinces and church union, among others. In 1872 he took a three months trip with Sir Sandord Fleming from Halifax to Victoria. An account of his journey was published, under the title, from 'Ocean to Ocean" which was responsible for the opening up of the west. Dr. Grant was the first author who understood the tremendous possibilities of Canada, and brought them home to a great public. He was an able and far-sighted man, a Canadian through and through, and one of the greatest of Canada's sons. His later books were "Picturesque Canada", "Advantages of Imperial Federation" and the "Religions of the World in Relation to Christianity." In 1877 he was appointed principal of Queen's University, a position he held for a quarter of a century. In 1889 he was Moderator of the General Assembly. He died in 1902. Page 140

DR. CORNELIUS J. CONNOLLY Dr. Connolly was a world renowned anthropology scientist. He was born at Lourdes, Stellarton and was the son of the late Mr and Mrs Cornelius Connolly. He attended Stellarton schools and was a graduate of Pictou Academy. In 1903 he graduated from St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish. Next he attended the University of Munich and obtained a Ph.D. He pursued post doctoral studies at Harvard. He taught at St. F.X. from 1911 until 1922 when he joined the department of psychology and anthropoly at Catholic University of Washington. Her served there for thirty years during which time he made major scientific contributions. More than any other man, Dr. Connolly established the climate for scientific progress at St. F.X.. His work "morphology of the primate brain", was lavishly reviewed by forty scientific writers some of whom compared him to Mendel. He studied closely with his brother-in-law John Lodge, Curator of the Smithsonian Institute, he evaluated data that had hardly been touched before. He has written many books and pamphlets and scientific articles relating to his work. DR. MELVILLE CUMMING One of Stellarton's distinguished sons, Dr. Melville Cumming was the first principal of the Nova Scotia Agricultural College at Truro. Born in Stellarton, he was the son of Rev. and Mrs Thomas Cumming, Presbyterian Minister. He graduated from Dalhousie University in 1897. He went to work on the home farm in Pictou County and then became herdsmen on a model farm in Truro. He later studied at the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph and then at­ tended Iowa State College where he earned a Bachelor of Scientific Agriculture Degree. He was professor of Animal Husbandry at Ontario Agricultural College for four years. He returned to Nova Scotia in 1905, to serve as principal to the province's new Agricultural College in Truro, a position he held until 1927. In 1907 he was appointed Secretary of Agriculture for Nova Scotia and served along with his duties as principal for twenty years. In 1927 he became Director of Marketing retiring in 1934. His services were so highly valued that he was kept six years past the regular retirement age. Dr Cumming pioneered organized pasture fertilization programmes in North America. Under Dr. Cumming's direction, graduates of the college first became eligible for advanced standing in a degree course at a finishing institution; the college provived the initial training required to receive an Agricultural Degree and became part of a degree granting program. During his first year, student enrollment was 23. By 1912 it had reached 114 and now it is over 300. He devoted 42 years of his life to the development of the industry. Dr Cumming was known across Canada for his contribution to various phases of rural life. His extensive knowledge of North American Agriculture and his oratorial abilities. In 1918 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Civil Laws Degree by Dalhousie University. Page 141 ROBERT DRUMMOND Robert Drummond was one of Canada's most outstanding men. Among labor leaders he had no peers. His name is indelibly inscribed in the Hall of Fame. He was founder and organizer of the first miners union in Canada in 1870 at Springhill. It was named the Provincial Workman's Association. He was the first grand secretary, a position he held until 1898 when he was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. While at Springhill he was overground manager. He took the side of the miners who were on strike because of a reduction in wages. He later moved to Stellarton, where he published a newspaper the Journal News, later the Stellarton Mining Record.

He was responsible for the introduction of night schools in Nova Scotia and he helped frame the coal mines regulation act. He was the author of a book entitled Mines and Minerals and wrote historical sketches of customs of Nova Scotia miners. He served a term as mayor of the town. He also made a large donation to the Salvation Army to help them get established in Stellarton. He died in 1925.

DR. FREEMAN K. STEWART One of Canada's most outstanding educators was born in Stellarton and received his early education in the town's schools. He is the son of the late Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Stewart. He attended Dalhousie University where he received a BA in Philosophy with honors. Later he went to Oxford on an IODE scholarship where he earned a BA and MA and attended University in Toronto where he received his Master of Education degree.

Following completion of his studies he taught school at Sherbrooke, Tatmagouche, Stellarton High and Pictou Academy. Dr. Stewart was executive director of the Canadian Education Association with headquarters in Toronto, an organization he built up in the post-war years to a staff of ten. He took this post following a short period after the war with the Canadian Legion, drafting plans to find employment for service men when the war was over. During the war he served for service men when the war was over. During the war he served with the RCAF.

His CEA work brought him in close association with the Kellog Foundation of USA, requiring considerable travelling in co-ordinating the work of the various provincial departments of education. He represented the CEA at the International Conference on public education in Geneva in 1950. He served as a member of the Canadian Government delegation to the UNESCO biennial conference in Motevideo and the New Delhi, India. He was a member of the Canadian delegation to the Commonwealth Education Conference in India in 1962.

In 1963 he was appointed secretary and director of London Commonwealth education liaison. He is the author of several books on education. In 1963 he was made an honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of Alberta for his contribution to Canadian Education.

One of Stellarton's talented sons, Dr. Carl Tupper, has achieved outstanding prominence in the field of medicine. Dr. Tupper was born in Stellarton , son of the late Mr. and Mrs Jack Tupper. He received his early education in Stellarton schools and later attended Provincial Normal College. After graduating he taught school for one year. He entered Dalhousie University and in 1939 received his B Sc. degree and in 1943 he was awarded the MD and CM degrees. After graduation her served for three years as a captain in the Royal Canadian Army Medical Crops in Page 142 Europe and then returned to post-graduate study in Halifax and various American centres. In 1950 he joined the staff of Dalhousie University and the Grace Maternity and Citoria General Hospitals. Dr. Tupper gained a reputation both as a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology and as a medical teacher. In addition he has been a key figure in a co-operative research study involving several departments of the University the Victoria General Hospital and the Grace Maternity Hospital. He and his research associates have written a number of articles and reports, which as attracted the attention of scientists and clinicians throughout Canada, and he has discussed his work at several important international conferences. In 1958 he was appointed Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Dalhousie University and head of the department of Gynecology at the Victoria General Hospital. He holds the specialists certificate of the Royal College of Physicians and surgeons of Canada and is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons and Fellow of the American College of Obstetricans and Gynecologist. MRS. R.M. BENVIE, SR. One of Stellarton's most outstanding leaders in cultural and musical affairs, was Mrs R.M. Benvie. For many years she gave freely of her talents as a violinist and orchestra leader. She organized a junior orchestra and later a community symphony orchestra made up of local musicians. She gave freely of her time playing at charitable functions. In several plays held in the town and county her orchestra played the overtures. They played in all the towns of the county and also Truro and Antigonish and at the Music Festival at Halifax. Mrs Benvie received her education at Stellarton Schools and the Halifax Ladies College. She was a graduate of the New England Con­ servatory of Music in Boston, and a graduate of the Halifax Conservatory of Music in 1910. She studied music for one year in London, England and on her return she studied with the late Iflam Williams, Halifax and received a LRSM. She was a life member of the music teachers of Nova Scotia and an honorary member of the Ladies Music Club of New Glasgow. She taught music in Stellarton, Pictou and Scotsburn. Mrs. Benvie was the former Mary Ann Murray, a daughter of the late James AH. and Christene Murray. Following are the members of her Symphony Orchestra: Miss Isabell Grant, Westville, Violin; Miss Hazel; Levanzie, Trenton, Violin; Mrs Jack Adamson, Stellarton, Violin; Mr. Gerald Adamson, Stellarton, Violin; Mr. Leo Scott, Stellarton, Violin; the remainder are from New Glasgow: Mrs Allen Thompson, Violin; Mrs Charles Manning, Violin; Miss Mary MacDonald, Violin; Mrs J.C. Ballem, Violin; Mrs Fraser MacDonald, Violin; Mr. Allister Fraser, Violin; Mrs. Miles O'Brien, Violin; Mrs. J.J. MacKenzie, Violin; Mr. William Diamond, Trombone; Mr. Charles Coll, Trombone; Mr. George Sutherland, Clarinet; Mr. Norman Calder, Clarinet; Mr. Fraser Cunningham, Clarinet; Mr. Gordon McGregor, Clarinet; Mr. George Fraser, Basso; Mr. Eddie Fraser, Tuba; Mr. Harry Murray, Drums; Mrs Carl Armsworthy, Piano. DR. LLOYD A. MUNROE Dr. Lloyd A. Munroe was brought up in Stellarton where he received his early education. One of his teachers was Millage Oulton. He next attended Pictou Academy and graduated in the class of 1917. During school holidays he worked at making shells in the old Stellarton Rink. Page 143 When he was 18 years old he enlisted and went overseas with the Canadian Signal Corps. After the war he enrolled at Dalhousie where he obtained his Master of Arts Degree in chemistry. He won a scholarship from the National Research Council. With this he attended McGill University where he received a Ph. D. After teaching for four years at the University of Manitoba, he accepted a position with Queen's University where he taught for thirty-six years. In 1936, Dr. Munroe was elected a fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada and in 1948 was made a member of the Royal Society of Canada. His book "Chemistry in Engineering" was first published in 1964 with a second printing in 1965. His book has been accepted in all parts of the world, including the University of Hong Kong, University of Warsaw and in Canada at such colleges as UNB, Carleton, University of Toronto and Queen's. As a result of his achievments Dr. Munroe's name has found its way to "Who's Who in Canada". Dr. Munroe is married to the former Delia Douglas, daughter of the late Rev. J.R. and Mrs Douglas both Pictou County natives. The Munroe's have one son Douglas, who is practicing law in Kingston, Ont.

J.W. SOBEY Stellarton is the home of Sobey's Stores Ltd., the largest retail food chain in the Maritime Provinces. The business began in 1907 when J.W. Sobey, a native of England, opened a small grocery and meat store on the west side of Foord Street. He had three children Frank, Harold and Edith. In 1921, Frank went to work in his father's store. Twenty-four years later there were six Sobey's stores in Pictou County. Fifty years later there were sixty-one Sobey outlets in the Maritime Provinces.

J.W. Sobey was connected with many activities in the town. In 1938, he managed the Monarch's Softball Team wliichcaptured the Maritime Title. He was an ardent curler and played on several championship teams, winning the MacLellan and Johnson cups among others. For many years he was an elder of Sharon St. John United Church. Page 144 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rev. George Patterson - A History of the County of Pictou. (Montreal 1877) Rev. J.P. MacPhie -PictoniansatHome and Abroad. (Boston, Mass. 1914) George MacLaren - The Pictou Book (New Glasgow, 1954) Pictou Co. Atlas - J.H. Meacham & Co. (1879) Minerals and Mining - R. Drummond (1918)

NEWSPAPER, INTERVIEWS, ETC.

The Mechanic & Farmer The Pictou Advocate Public Archives of Nova Scotia The Chronicle - Herald The Eastern Chronicle The Evening News Joseph Howe John Styles J.B. King HS. Patterson Thomas Mason George E. Dawson George B. Fraser Jack Gillis Thomas L. Cardiff George R. Saunders Mrs. Harry Saunders John "Fin" Chisholm Bob Ferguson Whitfield Munro J.W. "Jack" Fraser Mrs Carolyn Wallace Cecil Nickerson Herb MacQuarrie John C. MacMillan

APPENDIX Following are the members of the original Acadia Coal Co. Rescue Corps: Charles Frost, Philip Kennedy, George A. McLeod, George McKay, Chas. i '(Wolfe, W.J. Wright, Jas. McGraw, James G. Watters, Dougal Higgins, James White, Geo. Curtis, Neil McLean, D. McKenzie, John Sample, John Bacchus, Wm. Redmond, Geo. Martin, Malcolm McGregor, Albert Heron, Wm. O'Brien, Henry Mailman, Howard Mcintosh, James A. Russell, Alf Hughes, Thos. Wright, Her­ man Miller, Geo. R. McLeod, Jas. Goss.

Following are the members of the last active Acadia Coal Co. Rescue Corps: James Dooley, Murray Clark, Ernest Taylor, Willard Joudrey, Benedict Nugent, Eddie Croft, Eddie Cassidy, Hughie Hale, Bob Ashton, Gordon Satoris, MacKenzie Fleming; Rescue Corps Supt. Henry Heighten, Woodie MacLean, l larold Fleury, Robert Hoegg, Jim Baker, Allison Riley, Burt Martin, Joe Fleury, Bob Sample, Fred Bourque, Jim Goss, John Cassidy, George Bushlack, Garfield Stewart.

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