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Diasporic Ecuadorian Narratives in Southern/Mediterranean Europe

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Diasporic Ecuadorian Narratives in Southern/Mediterranean Europe University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses March 2015 Documenting the (Un)Documented: Diasporic Ecuadorian Narratives in Southern/Mediterranean Europe Esther A. Cuesta University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, European Languages and Societies Commons, Latin American Languages and Societies Commons, Latin American Literature Commons, Other Film and Media Studies Commons, Other Italian Language and Literature Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post- Colonial Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Cuesta, Esther A., "Documenting the (Un)Documented: Diasporic Ecuadorian Narratives in Southern/ Mediterranean Europe" (2015). Doctoral Dissertations. 289. https://doi.org/10.7275/6460510.0 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/289 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DOCUMENTING THE (UN)DOCUMENTED: DIASPORIC ECUADORIAN NARRATIVES IN SOUTHERN/MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE A Dissertation Presented by ESTHER ADELINA CUESTA SANTANA Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February 2015 Program in Comparative Literature © Copyright by Esther Adelina Cuesta Santana 2015 All Rights Reserved DOCUMENTING THE (UN)DOCUMENTED: DIASPORIC ECUADORIAN NARRATIVES IN SOUTHERN/MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE A Dissertation Presented by ESTHER ADELINA CUESTA SANTANA Approved as to style and content by: ________________________________________________________ Catherine Portuges, Chair ________________________________________________________ David Lenson, Member ________________________________________________________ Sara Lennox, Member ________________________________________________________ Agustín Laó-Montes, Member ________________________________________________________ Anna Botta, Member ____________________________________________________ William Moebius, Chair Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures DEDICATION to María Esther Santana Páliz (Ventanas 1940 - Guayaquil 1990) and to Lucy Santana Páliz (Ventanas 1925- ) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is the happy end of painful and sleepless nights. It is the complex assemblage of reflections, analysis, readings, discussions, writing, and the squeezing of time to be alone. But it is also the product of human contact and shared experiences with colleagues, friends, mentors, professors, taxi drivers, train riders, lawyers, activists, and migrants, and the generosity and solidarity they demonstrated toward me. First, I would like to thank all members of my Doctoral Committee. They have been my intellectual interlocutors whose knowledge and advice have been invaluable throughout my graduate school years and the writing of this dissertation: Professors David Lenson, Sara Lennox, Agustín Laó-Montes, and Anna Botta. I profoundly thank the Chair of my Committee, Professor Catherine Portuges, for accepting to direct my dissertation and providing me with unswerving support, engaging conversations, and for her always insightful suggestions that helped me to question and improve my own work. Thanks also to Professor Krista Harper for her enthusiasm and perceptive observations during and subsequent to her role as my supervisor in the European Field Studies Program at the Department of Anthropology, during which I conducted research in Italy in 2007. This experience, in fact, transformed the direction of my life, personally, academically, and professionally. My gratitude also goes to all my teachers, mentors, and friends who have guided me intellectually throughout my academic years in the United States. They have believed in my capacities even when I was discouraged to keep on. I thank the faculty of the University of Massachusetts Amherst whose classes and seminars I took, not only in Comparative Literature, but also in English, Anthropology, Sociology, Spanish and Portuguese, as well as in Women, African American and Latin American Studies, helped me to identify and v strengthen my own research interests and political affiliations. My thanks also go to the faculty at Smith College, Amherst College, and Mount Holyoke College, whose courses and expertise stimulated my curiosity and theoretical analysis. I must also thank all my language teachers of English, Italian, French, Portuguese, German, Latin, and Kichwa, and translation theory and practice, for helping me to move beyond my ‘safe’ space of Spanish, while trying to understand the world from different cultures, histories, and cosmologies, and making that space, every time, more unsafe. When I entered the MA/Ph.D. Program in Comparative Literature, I was fortunate to meet Josh Kroner, who was at the time Assistant Dean of the Graduate School. I am deeply grateful to Josh for assisting me and making sure graduate students were supported at the institutional and personal level. I cannot finish this dissertation without thanking Professor William Moebius, Director of the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, the Graduate Studies Committee of the Program in Comparative Literature, its various Graduate Studies Directors, and the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, for understanding my commitment to learning and academic work while I was also politically committed to serve my country and diasporic Ecuadorian communities in Northern Italy. I would also like to thank Mr. Ricardo Patiño Aroca, Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores y Movilidad Humana of the Republic of Ecuador, for authorizing my two-month leave of absence from my diplomatic post in Genoa, which allowed me to finish the writing and revising of this dissertation. I would also like to acknowledge my parents María Esther Santana Páliz and Virgilio Antenor Cuesta Iturralde, who have taught me the ethics that guide my life and work. Mil vi gracias to my brother Virgilio Enrique and my sister Mercedes María for teaching me how to play with fairness and honesty and how to share, and for understanding when I was absent and had little time to travel to be with them. I am indebted to my aunt ‘abuelita’ Lucy for providing me with sustained love, food, shelter, and the material resources that facilitated the continuation of my undergraduate and graduate studies. Last but not least, tante grazie to my partner in life and husband Andrea, who has lived with me the procreation, translocation, and writing of this dissertation, for cooking his own healthy and tasty version of Italian food, and taking care of me. Your loving support made this dissertation possible. vii ABSTRACT DOCUMENTING THE (UN)DOCUMENTED: DIASPORIC ECUADORIAN NARRATIVES IN SOUTHERN/MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE FEBRUARY 2015 ESTHER ADELINA CUESTA SANTANA, B.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Catherine Portuges For several decades, Ecuadorian, U.S. American, and European social scientists have studied Ecuadorian migration to the European Union. Yet little academic research has been devoted to the comparative study of literary and filmic representations of diasporic Ecuadorians. This disparity between social science and literary studies research is especially evident in scholarship published in English, a gap this dissertation proposes to fill. I investigate the discourses, cultural production, representations, and self- representations of diasporic Ecuadorians in Southern/Mediterranean Europe, specifically in Spain and Italy, where the largest diasporic communities of Ecuadorians in the European Union reside. I focus on a selection of works of fiction, poetry, and films, with particular attention given to texts by diasporic Ecuadorians. I argue that some of these recent texts point to a shift in epistemological standpoints, self-representational strategies, and political viii coalitional projects that differ from previous understandings and representations of the Ecuadorian migrant. I suggest that they gesture toward the narrative of a subject who not only exposes her subjectivities and experiences, but also connects these within larger translocal histories, revealing the global subalternization of migrants and critiquing dominant systems of power. Since the mid-1990s, approximately 1.5 million Ecuadorian women and men from diverse geographical, social, and ethnoracial backgrounds (roughly 10 percent of the total population) have migrated to the European Union, particularly to Southern/Mediterranean Europe. Ecuadorian women often work as caretakers of the elderly, disabled, or the ill, while men work in construction and other manual labor. Unlike previous Ecuadorian migrations to the U.S., this migration was predominantly female and with a higher formal education than that of the average Ecuadorian population. As subalternized, ethnicized, and racialized migrants, Ecuadorians are seldom viewed by mainstream European societies as narrators and inscribers of their own experiences and subjectivities, or as agents of knowledge production and self- representation. I suggest that intercultural projects
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