Yellow Sea and East China Sea reported by PICES and Korean Monitoring program
Chul Park Chungnam National University Feburuary 21-23, 2012 [email protected] Contents
Introduction of North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report
Briefing of the chapter on Yellow Sea and East China Sea
Korean Monitoring Program
Items to be considered for the Regular Process GIWA report
Global International Waters Assessment
GIWA report (2006) published by the UNEP in collaboration with GEF, the Univ. of Kalmar and the Municipality of Kalmar, Sweden, and the Governments of Sweden, Finland, and Norway.
CITATION UNEP, 2006. Challenges to International Waters – Regional Assessments in a Global Perspective. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. LME report
Large Marine Ecosystem Report
LME report (2009)
Coordinated by UNEP Regional Seas Programme and the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from land-based Activities in the Hague, Netherlands. GEF and NOAA also involved.
CITATION Sheman, K. Hempel, G. (Editors) 2009. The UNEP Large Marine Ecosystem Report: A perspective on changing conditions in LMEs of the world’s Regional Seas. UNEP Regional Seas Report and Studies No. 182. United Nations Environment Programme. Nairobi, Kenya. Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Referred as NPESR North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report
1st version was published in 2004 result of working group activity edited by I. Perry and 7 scientists
2nd version was published this year with slight modification in format, edited by Stewart M. McKinnell and Michael J. Dagg Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Contents of NPESR
1st version 2nd version
Synthesis Synthesis Ocean and climate changes Oceanic Yellow Sea/East China Sea Japan/East Sea California Current Okhotsk Sea Alaska current Oyashio/Kuroshio Bering Sea Western Subartic Gyre Sea of Okhotsk Bering Sea Oyashio Gulf of Alaska California Current Kuroshio Gulf of California Yellow Sea/East China Sea Transition Zone References Tuna Pacific Halibut Pacific Salmon References Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008 Chapter formats (Yellow Sea and East China Sea)
1st version 2nd version
highlights highlights background Introduction Status and Trends Hydrography Atmosphere and Hydrology Chemistry Physical and Chemical Ocean Plankton Phytoplankton Benthos Zooplankton Fish and invertebrates Fishes and Invertebrates Marine Birds and Mammals issues Marine Birds and Mammals critical factors causing change Benthos References
(References integrated at the end) Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Chapter on Yellow Sea and East China Sea lead author: Sinjae Yoo highlights Marine Living Resources Division Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute Introduction Ansan, Republic of Korea 2.0 Atmosphere and Hydrology 2.1 Wind and pressure 2.2 Precipitation and hydrology 3.0 Physical and Chemical Ocean 3.1 Hydrography 3.2 Water properties 4.0 Phytoplankton 4.1 Light 4.2 Phytoplankton 5.0 Zooplankton 6.0 Fishes and Invertebrates 7.0 Marine Birds and Mammals 8.0 Benthos References Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
1. Introduction shape of the sea (area, depth), circulation pattern, water masses, productivity, species numbers, human activities, etc.
2. Atmosphere and hydrology wind and pressure precipitation Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
3. Physical and Chemical Ocean
3.1 hydrography Seawater temperatures
3.2 Water properties Oxygen and pH Nutrients Organic sedimentation Contaminants
The long-term trend of the temperature in April at the surface and 50 m in: (a) central Yellow Sea, (b) shelf of northern East China Sea, and (c) Tsushima Current area. The data were taken bimonthly at the stations of Korea Oceanographic Data Center (http://kodc.nfrdi.re.kr/page?id=eng_index) . Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
Surface distribution of salinity and horizontal distributions of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrate (DIN), phosphate and silicate (all in μM) in the upper water of the YS and the ECS in August 1998 (adapted from Wang et al. 2003). Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
Long-term trend of the nutrients along a transect across 36°N in the Yellow Sea. (a) Dissolved Inorganic Nitrate (DIN), (b) phosphates, (c) silicates, (d) N:P ratio. Modified from Lin et al. (2005). Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
4. Phytoplankton 4.1 light 4.2 Phytoplankton species number chlorophyll distribution harmful algal bloom events
Distribution of phytoplankton species numbers in the Yellow Sea, September 1992 (J.-H. Noh, unpublished data).
Changes in the satellite chlorophyll a in the central region of the Yellow Sea. Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
4. Phytoplankton 4.2 Phytoplankton harmful algal bloom events
Frequency of algal blooms along the Chinese and Korean coasts in the Yellow Sea during 1999-2008. Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
4. Phytoplankton
Number and area of HAB occurrences in the Chinese coastal areas on the southern East China Sea shelf including the Changjiang River vicinity during 1980-2004. Adapted from Tang et al. (2006). Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea 5. Zooplankton
Biomass
Standardized (SCOR-WG 125) time series of monthly zooplankton biomass (ln[mg·m-3) in the eastern Yellow Sea. Small circles indicate missing data. See Kang et al. (2009) for further details of the analysis. Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea 5. Zooplankton
Biomass
Seasonal and interannual comparison of copepods, euphausiids, amphipods and chaetognaths in the eastern Yellow Sea. Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea 5. Zooplankton
Biomass
Seasonal and interannual comparison of copepods, euphausiids, amphipods and chaetognaths in the northern East China Sea. Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea 6. Fishes and Invertebrates List of major commercial species
Demersal and semi-demersal fishes
Common Name Species Small yellow croaker Pseudosciaena polyactis Hairtail Trichiurus lepturus Filefish Stephanolepis cirrhifer Pomfret Pampus argenteus Corvenias Collichthys niveatus Large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea White croaker Argyrosomus argentatus Brown croaker Miichths miiuy Roundnose flounder Eopsetta grigorjewi Bastard halibut Paralichthys olivaceus Common seabass Epinephelus septemfasciatus Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus Puffers Tetraodontidae Sharptoothed eel Muraenesox cinereus Red seabream Pagrus major Sea-devil Lophiomus setigerus Bigeyed herring Herklotsichthys zunasi Rockfish Sebastes inermis Flathead Platycephalus indicus Skateray Raja kenojei Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea 6. Fishes and Invertebrates List of major commercial species (3 categories)
Pelagic fishes
Common Name Species Anchovy Engraulis japonica Sardine Sardinops melanostictus Pacific herring Clupea pallasii Common mackerel Scomber japonicus Horse mackerel Trachurus japonicus Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius
Shellfish
Common Name Species Cuttlefish Sepia esculenta Blue crab Portunus trituberculatus Large shrimp Penaeus orientalis Common squid Todarodes pacificus Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
6. Fishes and Invertebrates Catch data for major target fisheries
Long-term trend in the catch by Korean fisheries in the Yellow Sea (YS), East China Sea (ECS) and the sum of the two seas (YES). Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
6. Fishes and Invertebrates Trends in catch efforts
Long-term trend of effort by Korean fisheries in the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS). Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
6. Fishes and Invertebrates Changes in trophic levels
Mean trophic level of the fisheries catch in the Yellow Sea. It increased in 2003-2008 period due to increased catch of demersals and cephalopods. Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
6. Fishes and Invertebrates Changes in trophic levels
Mean trophic level of the fisheries catch in the East China Sea. Although it has decreased in the long term, it is similar in 1997-2002 and 2003-2008. Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
7. Marine Birds and Mammals 7.1 Pinnipeds
Census of spotted seal (Phoca larga) around Bak-ryoung island 7.2 Cetaceans in 2000 to 2002 and 2006 to 2008. Minke whale numbers
7.3 Seabirds
Annual fluctuation in the number of species and individuals of wintering populations of water birds in South Korea. Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
8. Benthos Composition and abundance at higher categories (zoobenthos)
Macrobenthos in the central Yellow Comparison of macrobenthos abundance Sea: total species composition in (ind.·m-2) in the central Yellow Sea in winter and summer 2008. 1999-2000 and 2008. Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific Ocean 2003-2008
Yellow and East China Sea
Highlights
The Yellow Sea and East China Sea have undergone drastic changes in the past decades (species shifts, outbreaks of HABs, jellyfish blooms, macroalgal blooms, eutrophication, appearance of an hypoxic area).
Changjiang River discharge has been reduced with an accompanying impact on ecosystem productivity and structure in the vicinity of the river mouth.
The most prominent pressures to the ecosystem in the past decades were overfishing, eutrophication and disturbances in the freshwater budget.
A recent survey indicates that the volume of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water is reduced. A complicated network of pressures, anthropogenic as well as natural, is at work in these ecosystems.
These changes are expected to have a significant impact on the resource utilization of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Korean Monitoring Program
Responsible Administration Ministry of Environment(MOE) since 1994 Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries(MOMAF) since 1996 Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs(MLTM) since 2008
Three Major Programs + Serial Oceanographic Observation Coastal Environmental Monitoring Marine Ecosystem Investigation + HAB monitoring, Jellyfish monitoring Fixed real time oceanographic observation tower (station) Korean Monitoring Program
Serial Oceanographic Observation
Outline - 1921 ~ Present (NFRDI) - Station number: 208 stations - Survey period: Bi-monthly or Seasonally - Parameters: Water Temperature, Salinity, DO, Nutrients, Chlorophyll a, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton etc. Korean Monitoring Program
Coastal Environmental Monitoring
Sampling station number : 296 - offshore : 40, coastal area : 256
Sampling period : Seasonal survey - offshore : Summer
Result service : Website and reports Scientific committee : Annual meeting Korean Monitoring Program
Coastal Environmental Monitoring
Required monitoring components
SST, Salinity, pH, DO, COD, TN, TP, NO2 -N, NO3 - General items N, NH4 -N, PO4 - P, SS, Oil & Grease SEAWATE Trace metal Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr+6, total Hg, As, CN R Organic PCBs, TBT contaminants General items Particle size, IL, AVS, COD
+6 SEDIMENT Trace metal Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr , total Hg, As, CN Organic PCBs, TBT, Pesticides, PAHs, PCDDs/DFs contaminants General items Chl a ORGANIS Trace metal Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr+6, total Hg, As, CN M Organic PCBs, TBT, Pesticides, PAHs, PCDDs/DFs contaminants Korean Monitoring Program
Marine Ecosystem Investigation
Ecosystem components Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, B6 Benthic algae, Benthic animal, Fishes, B1 Marine Birds and mammals B5 Protozoans B2 Environmental factors B4
Every 10 years by Law B3
Designation of Marine Protected Area To be considered for future reporting
Format of the report
Definition of the Target area (at Sea level) Sulu Sea, Bay of Bengal, Gulf of Thailand, South China Sea, Yellow Sea,
Subdivision of the sea ?? (Habitat type) Widespread Habitats (seafloor and water column): Coastal areas, Continental Shelves and slopes, Open Ocean Deep-Sea, Enclosed and Semi-enclosed seas Specialised habitats: Coral (and other biogenic) reefs, Estuaries and deltas, Mangroves and other macro-vegetation areas, Seamounts, Canyons Oceans and seas covered in ice for much of the year, Hydrothermal vents Kelp forests To be considered for future reporting
Decision of items to be included in the report General feature of the sea area Geological aspects, atmospheric conditions, Physical, chemical properties of the sea, Biological components
Data collection kinds, format, space-time scale, degree of precision etc.
Contact points shared sea area
Description style