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From Knowledge to Action: Learning to Go the Last Mile

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From Knowledge to Action: Learning to Go the Last Mile SEI - Africa Institute of Resource Assessment University of Dar es Salaam P. O. Box 35097, Dar es Salaam Tanzania Tel: +255-(0)766079061 SEI - Asia 15th Floor, Witthyakit Building 254 Chulalongkorn University Chulalongkorn Soi 64 Phyathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand Tel+(66) 22514415 Stockholm Environment Institute, Project Report - 2009 SEI - Oxford Suite 193 266 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7DL UK Tel+44 1865 426316 SEI - Stockholm Kräftriket 2B SE -106 91 Stockholm Sweden Tel+46 8 674 7070 SEI - Tallinn Lai 34, Box 160 EE-10502, Tallinn Estonia Tel+372 6 276 100 SEI - U.S. 11 Curtis Avenue Somerville, MA 02144 USA Tel+1 617 627-3786 SEI - York University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK Tel+44 1904 43 2897 The Stockholm Environment Institute From Knowledge to Action: SEI is an independent, international research institute.It has been Learning to go the Last Mile engaged in environment and development issuesat local, national, regional and global policy levels for more than a quarterofacentury. A participatory assessment of the conditions for SEI supports decision making for sustainable development by strengthening the technology–community linkages of bridging science and policy. tsunami early warning systems in the Indian Ocean Frank Thomalla, Rasmus Klocker Larsen, Fareedali Kanji, Sopon Naruchaikusol, Chanyuth Tepa, Bruce Ravesloot sei-international.org and Atiq Kainan Ahmed From knowledge to action: Learning to go the last mile A participatory assessment of the conditions for strengthening the technology–community linkages of tsunami early warning systems in the Indian Ocean Frank Thomalla,1,2 Rasmus Klocker Larsen,1 Fareedali Kanji,3 Sopon Naruchaikusol,1 Chanyuth Tepa,4 Bruce Ravesloot4 and Atiq Kainan Ahmed3 (1) Stockholm Environment Institute (2) Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia (3) Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Bangkok, Thailand (4) Raks Thai Foundation (CARE Thailand), Bangkok, Thailand Stockholm Environment Institute Kräftriket 2B SE 106 91 Stockholm Sweden Tel: +46 8 674 7070 Fax: +46 8 674 7020 Web: www.sei-international.org Head of Communications: Robert Watt Publications Manager: Erik Willis Layout: Richard Clay Cover Photo: © Frank Thomalla This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes, without special per- mission from the copyright holder(s) provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose, without the written permission of the copyright holder(s). The study presented in this report has been made possible through financial support provided by the Swedish International Develop- ment Cooperation Agency (Sida). However, Sida was not involved in the design of the study and does not necessarily support the views expressed in the report. Copyright © December 2009 by Stockholm Environment Institute CONTENTS List of tables iv List of figures iv List of boxes iv List of acronyms and abbreviations v Foreword ix Executive summary xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 SEI’s Strategy to support the Sustainable Recovery and Resilience Building in the Tsunami Affected Region (SEI’s Tsunami Programme) 1 1.2 Project aim: Early warning and community preparedness: strengthening the technology–community interface 1 2 Approach and methodology 3 2.1 Participatory assessment of last mile implementation 3 2.2 Literature review 4 2.3 Disaster preparedness and early warning in Krabi Province: A detailed case study 4 2.4 Regional sharing of lessons learned 6 3 Review findings 8 3.1 International efforts to promote early warning through strengthened policy and institutional structures 8 3.2 The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWS): Concept, Development and Coordination 10 3.3 EWS development in Thailand 19 3.4 EWS development in Sri Lanka 28 3.5 EWS development in Indonesia 35 4 Findings from participatory assessment 45 4.1 Synthesis of insights from participatory stakeholder assessments in Thailand, Sri Lanka and Indonesia 45 5 Conclusions and recommendations 54 6 Project outcomes and outputs 56 7 Project publications 57 7.1 Reports 57 7.2 Policy briefs 57 7.3 Scientific articles 57 7.4 Press releases and news items 57 7.5 Conference papers and presentations 58 7.6 Book chapters 58 7.7 Other articles 58 7.8 Databases 58 8 Literature cited 59 Appendix 1: List of online databases and websites reviewed 68 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The SEI Tsunami programme 5 Table 2: Participating agencies, organisations and communities in selected case studies in Sri Lanka, Thailand and Indonesia 9 Table 3: ICG/IOTWS member states 17 Table 4: Event intensity, vulnerability, coping capacity and risk of Thailand to different hazards 24 Table 5: Number of villages in the six Andaman provinces located in tsunami hazard area 25 Table 6: Notable natural disaster events in Sri Lanka and their humanitarian and financial effects since 1957 34 Table 7: Roles and responsibilities for early warning of various hazards lie with various designated departments and agencies 37 Table 8: Resilience elements and desired outcomes 47 Table 9: Summary of evidence organised according to selected resilience elements from the CCR framework and the three dimensions of EWS policy/guidance 48 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Dialogical tool used in the participatory assessment 8 Figure 2: Screenshot of the homepage of the Online Dialogue of Early Warning 11 Figure 3: Key elements of people-centred early warning systems 15 Figure 4: Components of an end-to-end TEWS as developed for IOTWS 15 Figure 5: The four regions of the IOC-ICG overall regional coordination of TWS 18 Figure 6: Legal structure of DRM in Thailand 25 Figure 7: NDWC warning process 31 Figure 8: Three seismic awareness zones of Thailand tsunami preparedness 31 Figure 9: People affected by different disasters in Sri Lanka from 1974-2004 34 Figure 10: Organisation of the NCDM in Sri Lanka 36 Figure 11: Organisational structure of the Disaster Management Centre 37 Figure 12: Organisational structure of a typical District Disaster Management Coordination Unit, example of Hambantota 38 Figure 13: Occurrence of different disasters in Indonesia 40 Figure 14: Mortality from different disasters in Indonesia 40 Figure 15: Organisational structure of BNPB 42 Figure 16: Organisational structure of Ina-TEWS 44 Figure 17: The role of normative, cognitive and procedural dimensions of EWS policy and guidance, exemplified by the CCR framework 49 LIST OF BOXES Box 1: The Coastal Community Resilience (CCR) Initiative 20 Box 2: The Indian Ocean Wave Exercise of 14 October 2009 22 Box 3: One Tambon One Search and Rescue Team (OTOS) 27 Box 4: Safer Communities Through Disaster Risk Reduction (SC-DRR) in Development 42 Box 5: Kommunitas Siaga Tsunami (Tsunami Prepared Communities) (KOGAMI) 45 iv LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADRC Asian Disaster Reduction Center ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center ARC American Red Cross BAKORNAS PB Badan Koordinasi Nasional Penangulangan Bencana (Indonesian National Coordination Board for Disaster Management) BAKOSURTANAL National Mapping and Survey Coordinating Board (Indonesia) BAPPEDA Provincial Development Planning Agency (Indonesia) BAPPENAS National Development Planning Agency (Indonesia) BGR German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources BMG Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika (Indonesian Meteorological and Geophysical Agency) BMKG Indonesian Agency of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics BNPB Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency) BPBD Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency – provincial level BPPT Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (Indonesian Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology) BRR Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi NAD dan Nias (Indonesian Agency for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh Province and Nias) CBDRM Community-Based Disaster Risk Management CBDRR Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction CBO Community-Based Organisation CCD Coastal Conservation Department (Sri Lanka) CCR Coastal Community Resilience CPRU Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit CSO Civil Society Organisation DART Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami DDMCU District Disaster Management Coordinating Units ( Sri Lanka) DDPM Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (Thailand) DEPDAGRI Departmen Dalam Negeri (Indonesian Ministry of Home Affairs) DKKV German Committee for Disaster Reduction DoM Department of Meteorology (Sri Lanka) DMAct Disaster Management Act (Sri Lanka) DMC Disaster Management Centre (Sri Lanka) DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DSS Decision Support System DTRAC Disaster Tracking Recovery Assistance Centre (Thailand) EGAT Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand EMS Emergency Medical Service (Thailand) EOC Emergency Operations Center (Sri Lanka) ESDM Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources) EWS Early Warning System GIS Geographic Information System GI-TEWS German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System GOI Government of Indonesia GP/DRR Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction GPS Global Positioning System GRC German Red Cross GTS Global Telecommunication System GTZ/IS GTZ International Services (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit) HDRTN Hydrographic Department of the Royal Thai Navy HFA Hyogo Framework for Action 2005 – 2015 IAS Interim Tsunami Advisory System IATF/DR Inter-Agency Task Force on
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