Nuclear Developments

15 NEWLY-INDEPENDENT STATES

12/93 ARMENIA IAEA Director General Hans Blix promises to request aid from the European Bank BELARUS WITH CANADA (EBRD) in reequipping the Armenian nuclear power plant. Armenian plant direc- 9/93 tor S. Azatyan states that the station will be Belarusian Minister of Power Valentin able to resume operations in 12/94. Gerasimov announces that, because Belarus ARMENIA WITH IAEA Mayak Radio Network (Moscow), 12/14/93; in FBIS- needs a nuclear power plant as a source of SOV-93-239, 12/15/93, p. 97 (10363). Ostankino Tele- clean energy, his country is discussing with 9/93 vision (Moscow), 12/18/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-243, 12/ Canada the possible construction of a nuclear An IAEA inspection team concludes that, 21/93, p. 64 (10656). reactor using natural uranium and heavy on the whole, Armenia’s nuclear power plant water. The Belarusian government is inter- is no more dangerous than others like it in ested in vendors who can supply an afford- Eastern Europe, and warrants IAEA assis- able, turnkey plant to be in operation by 2005. tance with its reopening. Armenian ecolo- BELARUS Fifteen sites are currently being considered gists object to the reconstruction of the plant. for the plant, which would have a generating Segodnya (Moscow), 9/93, p. 1 (10340). Snark capacity of 500 to 1,000 MW. (Yerevan), 9/17/93; in JPRS-TND-93-025, 10/25/93, Nuclear Engineering International, 11/93, p. 8 (10426). p. 39 (10367).

10/93 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS BELARUS WITH JAPAN The Armenian Foreign Department declares that Armenia has become “a full member of 1/94 11/93 the IAEA.” A group of Belarusian research institutes, Japan and Belarus sign a preliminary agree- Snark (Yerevan), 10/5/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-192, 10/ which are studying proposals for a nuclear ment to dismantle strategic nuclear missiles 6/93, p. 24 (10373). power plant construction program, will con- in a $100 million Japanese-funded program. sider a final proposal in 3/94. The Russian Japan will destroy the missiles and propel- 11/93 VVER-440 PWR model is not being con- lant, and Belarus will dismantle the warheads. The Armenian government establishes the sidered. Defense News, 11/15/93, p. 4 (10370). Petatom Inspection Directorate, which will ENS NucNet, 1/25/94 (10365). work to ensure the safety of atomic power production and the implementation of IAEA 1/94 BELARUS WITH RUSSIA safeguards. Aleksandr Grebenkov, who heads the labo- Radio First Program Network (Yerevan), 11/4/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-213, 11/5/93, p. 76 (10364). ratory section of the Institute of Energy Prob- 11/93 lems at the Belarusian Academy of Sciences, Russia and Belarus begin negotiations on states that burial sites will have to be cre- establishing a nuclear attack early warning ated for the nuclear waste which will be pro- The number listed in parentheses following the bib- station in Belarus, for which the incomplete duced by Belarus’ new power plants. Sev- liographic references refers to the identification num- “Baranovichi junction” station may be fin- ber of the document in the Emerging Nuclear Suppli- eral places are being considered, with one ished and maintained by Russia. ers Project Database, from which the news summa- confirmed site in Homel Oblast, near Khatki. ries were abstracted. Events listed in this issue of The ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 11/18/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-221, Nonproliferation Review are abstracted from docu- According to Grebenkov, Belarus’ disposal 11/18/93, p. 5 (10422). ments published between September 1993 and Janu- sites were well equipped to handle radwaste ary 1994. Because of the rapidly changing nature of until the Chernobyl accident, the clean-up the subject matter, we are unable to guarantee that of which filled the Belarusian sites to ca- the information reported herein is complete or accu- rate, and we disclaim liability to any party for any pacity. loss or damage caused by errors or omissions. Yevgeniy Rostikov, Respublika (Minsk), 12/18/93, p. 11; in JPRS-TND-94-003, 1/31/94, p. 25 (10419).

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 137 Nuclear Developments

BELARUS WITH RUSSIA AND UNITED STATES ESTONIA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP GEORGIA 1/94 An advisor to Belarusian Parliamentary 1/94 Chair Stanislav Shushkevich states that An international meeting is held to discuss Belarus will seek $500 million from the pro- the technical problems of dismantling the ceeds of the Russian sale of uranium re- nuclear reactors at Paldiski, the former So- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS trieved from dismantled tactical nuclear viet submarine training base in Estonia. weapon warheads returned to Russia from Participants include Russia, Sweden, the 9/93 Belarus. The U.S. supports Belarus’ claim. E.C., Finland, the IAEA, Germany, and the The Itar-Tass news agency reports that Russia has agreed to compensate Belarus for U.S., with the latter four iterating their sup- Goergian president Eduard Shevardnadze is returned tactical nuclear weapons and ICBM port for the dismantlement. Russia and Es- evacuated to a military facility in Gaulripshi, warheads now in the process of being re- tonia are said to be “close to concluding an on the Black Sea coast, that has been used turned to Russia. agreement” on the base. Once the nuclear to store radioactive waste since the 1950s. Reuter, 1/17/94 (10362). RFE/RL News Briefs, 1/10/ fuel is removed, Finnish and Swedish spe- A Georgian government source describes the 94, p. 2 (10361). cialists will aid Estonia in the dismantlement base as safe against enemy attack, because of the reactors. “the Abkhazians know full well that if one ETA News Release (Tallinn), 1/26/94; in FBIS-SOV- bomb hits the headquarters it will cause a BELARUS WITH UNITED STATES 94-018, 1/27/94, p. 1. Mayak Radio Network (Mos- nuclear catastrophe worse than Chernobyl.” cow), 2/19/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-035, 2/22/94, p. 55 Reuter, 9/27/93; in Executive News Service, 9/29/93 (10330). BNS (Tallinn), 1/5/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-004, (10356). 11/93 1/6/94, p. 69 (10642). It is reported that Belarus formally joined the NPT as a non-nuclear weapon state on GEORGIA WITH TURKEY 7/22/93, when it presented its instruments ESTONIA WITH RUSSIA of ratification to U.S. President Bill Clinton 1/94 in Washington, D.C. As a result of this and 1/94 Turkish police arrest three Georgians who were carrying 4.5 kg of uranium apparently of Belarus’ ratification of START-1, Belarus An advisor to the Estonian Foreign Minis- for the production of nuclear weapons. The received $65 million dollars from the U.S. try states that Russia has agreed to remove source of the uranium is uncertain. The to aid disarmament. all nuclear fuel from Paldiski by 6/30/94, and Foreign Policy Bulletin, 11/93, p. 58 (10369). smugglers were asking $150,000 per kg. is already shipping equipment needed to dis- Anatolia (Ankara), 11/27/93; in JPRS-TND-94-001, mantle Russian nuclear installations in Es- 1/6/94, p. 33 (10645). tonia. However, Estonian Environment Minister Andres Tarand later states that the removal of nuclear fuel will begin in 3/94 ESTONIA or 4/94, and will take approximately four KAZAKHSTAN months. This schedule is confirmed by Rus- sian naval representatives. Colonel Raul Luks is appointed commandant for the Paldiski and Pakri regions to aid in the dis- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS mantlement and in the withdrawal of Rus- sian troops. INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS ETA News Release (Tallinn), 1/3/94; in FBIS-SOV- 1/94 94-002, 1/4/94, p. 52 (10643). BNS (Tallinn), 1/5/94; 11/93 Estonia begins writing nuclear liability laws in FBIS-SOV-94-004, 1/6/94, p. 69 (10642). Radio A radioactive source, emitting over 200 which will absolve companies performing Tallinn Network, 1/7/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-006, 1/10/ 94, p. 89 (10374). roentgen per hour, is discovered buried un- safety improvements at Lithuania’s Ignalina der “a thin layer of road-metal” on the nuclear power plant from liability in case of grounds of a “metal and concrete construc- an accident. Many western companies have tions” plant in Aktyubinsk, Kazakhstan. The been reluctant to perform such work in the source material and how it came to be bur- absence of such laws. ied there is unknown. Ariane Sains and Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 11/4/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-213, 1/20/94, p. 7 (10652). 11/5/93, p. 68 (10657).

138 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Nuclear Developments

11/93 from in situ leaching mines in Kazakhstan. equipment and nonferrous metals.” The Nuclear weapon experts are examining the The mill is undergoing reconstruction, which Ministry points out that Kazakhstan has no options for removing a small nuclear device will reduce uranium production capacity by jurisdiction over Russian military personnel, which was supposed to be detonated in a test 50% to 1,800 MTU/year. Kara Balta has a and states that Konovalenko is “currently on explosion at Semipalatinsk in 1989. The contract with the Kazakh National Joint leave.” device was left buried in an underground Stock Company of Atomic Power Engineer- Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 12/31/93, p. 3; in FBIS- ing and Industry (Katep) which will remain SOV-94-001, p. 40. Izvestiya (Moscow), 12/28/93, p. shaft after Kazakh President Nursultan 1; in FBIS-SOV-94-001, p. 31 (10647). Nazarbayev declared an end to nuclear test- in effect for the next several years. ing. As soon as an additional access shaft Kyrgyzstan’s 1993 request for uranium ex- 1/94 port quotas from the U.S. Department of has been sunk, specialists from Kazakhstan Kazakh Ambassador to Iran Myrzadai Commerce indicates that it has uranium and Russia will determine the device’s con- Zholdasbekov states that Kazakhstan has no stored or intends to reopen its mines. The dition and decide which of the proposed plans to return any nuclear weapons to Rus- U.S. Department of Commerce replied to the methods of destruction will be used. sia until it receives a guarantee that the weap- Fedor Ignatov, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 11/4/93; in request with an offer starting at 188,000 lbs. ons would not be used. Russian First Deputy JPRS-TND-93-036, 11/17/93, p. 27 (10658). of U308 per year. Uranium Institute Briefing, No. 93/7, 11/93. Pearl Foreign Minister Anatoliy Adamishin states Marshall, Nuclear Fuel, 11/22/93, p. 6 (10633). that he has received no such information KAZAKHSTAN WITH EUROPEAN from Kazakh officials. Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev states the next day COMMUNITY KAZAKHSTAN WITH LITHUANIA that his country still intends to disarm and 9/93 abide by all its international commitments. 10/93 ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 1/28/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-019, Some of the low-enriched uranium fuel pel- 1/28/94, p. 45. Interfax (Moscow), 1/28/94; in FBIS- lets found to have been illegally exported to Kazakhstan offers to provide nuclear fuel in SOV-94-020, 1/31/94, p. 21. Reuter, 1/29/94; in Ex- Western Europe are traced to two fuel fabri- exchange for use of Lithuania’s oil-refining ecutive News Service, 1/31/94 (10655). cation facilities in the former Soviet Union: facilities after Russia announces the cancel- Elektrostal near Moscow, and Ulbinski lation of its contract to supply Lithuania with Chemical Combine in Ust-Kamenogorsk, nuclear fuel. KAZAKHSTAN WITH UNITED STATES Kazakhstan. Minatom has not revealed the Nucleonics Week, 10/7/93, p. 4 (10640). details of these thefts. Reports claim that 11/93 several metric tons of UO2 were stolen from Petitioners in the anti-dumping case against the two facilities. There are also concerns KAZAKHSTAN WITH PRC former Soviet uranium exporters ask the U.S. that plutonium may have been stolen from a Department of Commerce (DOC) to review pilot mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel fabrication 8/30/93 its suspension agreements with Russia, facility. Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 9/13/93, pp. 3-5 (9643). says that there is “a vast field for coopera- resume anti-dumping investigations, in the tion” between his country and China in hope that this will result in anti-dumping cleaning up the effects of nuclear explosions duties being levied against the former So- KAZAKHSTAN WITH IAEA at China’s Lop-Nur test site. China dis- viet republics. Uranium from these repub- misses the need for clean-up, asserting that lics is now entering the U.S. under a grand- 9/27/93 the test site is downwind of Kazakhstan, and father clause in the suspension agreements. Kazakhstan applies for membership in the therefore poses no threat to the country. On 11/17/93, DOC announces that it is be- Reuter, 8/30/93; in Executive News Service, 9/1/93 ginning a review of the agreements with IAEA. (10298). Reuter, 9/2/93 (9997). Steve Pagani, Reuter, 9/27/93; in Executive News Ser- these countries, and will complete the review vice, 9/29/93 (10164). by 10/31/94. DOC says that, at this time, it has no evidence that these countries have KAZAKHSTAN WITH RUSSIA violated any of the agreements. KAZAKHSTAN WITH KYRGYZSTAN Michael Knapik and Wilson Dizzard III, Nuclear Fuel, 1/94 11/8/93, pp. 1-4 (10472). 11/93 The Russian Defense Ministry denies a 12/ Uranium Institute senior researcher Robin 27/93 ITAR-TASS report that said Lieuten- Bhar reports that the Kara Balta uranium mill ant Yuri Konovalenko, Commander of the in Kyrgyzstan is still operating. The mill is Semipalatinsk test site, had been removed currently working at one-third of its 3,600 from his post after being accused of “em- ton capacity, processing uranium slurries bezzlement and resale of especially valuable

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 139 Nuclear Developments

12/13/93 Balta has a contract with the Kazakh Na- The U.S. and Kazakhstan sign a $1 billion tional Joint Stock Company of Atomic agreement for the U.S. to purchase the ura- Power Engineering and Industry (Katep) LATVIA nium extracted from nuclear weapons de- which will remain in effect for the next sev- ployed on Kazakh soil. eral years. Kyrgyzstan’s 1993 request for Anatoliy Martsynovskyy, Molod Ukrayiny (Kiev), 1/6/ uranium export quotas from the U.S. Depart- 94, pp. 1, 3; in JPRS-TND-94-003, 1/31/94, pp. 33- ment of Commerce indicates that it has ura- 34. nium stored or intends to reopen its mines. INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS The U.S. Department of Commerce replied to the request with an offer starting at 10/93 188,000 lbs. of U308 per year. Ukrainian nuclear physicist Nicolai KYRGYZSTAN Uranium Institute Briefing, No. 93/7, 11/93. Pearl Steinberg reports that the amount of radio- Marshall, Nuclear Fuel, 11/22/93, p. 6 (10633). active waste deliveries from Latvia to ap- propriate disposal facilities is only 25 per- cent of what it should be; the remaining 75 KYRGYZSTAN WITH UNITED STATES percent is assumed to have been dumped il- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS legally. 9/93 Annes Gamillschegg, Frankfurter Rundschau, 10/14/ The U.S. Department of Commerce will al- 93, p. 1; in JPRS-TND-93-034, 10/27/93, p. 54 10/93 low Kyrgyzstan to sell 188,000 pounds of (10452). The Kyrgyz State Committee for Defense U308 to the U.S. when the market price announces its support for the establishment reaches $13 per pound. Kyrgyzstan had no 1/94 of a nationwide nuclear-free zone. quota assigned to it under the suspension Latvia begins writing nuclear liability laws ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 9/29/93; in JPRS-TND-93-031, which will absolve companies performing 10/8/93, p. 31 (10490). agreement of October 1992, but requested Ukraine’s quota after Ukraine withdrew safety improvements at Lithuania’s Ignalina from the suspension agreement. nuclear power plant from liability in case of Michael Knapik, et al, Nuclear Fuel, 9/27/93, pp. 1, an accident. Many western companies have KYRGYZSTAN WITH EUROPEAN 14-16 (9509). been reluctant to perform such work in the COMMUNITY absence of such laws. 11/93 Ariane Sains and Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 12/93 Petitioners in the anti-dumping case against 1/20/94, p. 7 (10652). Kyrgyzstan reports its uranium sales to the former Soviet uranium exporters ask the U.S. U.S. Department of Commerce, including a Department of Commerce (DOC) to review sale of 572,572 pounds of U308 to a “Euro- its suspension agreements with Russia, pean entity” in 7/93. Unconfirmed reports Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and LITHUANIA state that Kyrgyzstan may have shipped as resume anti-dumping investigations, in the much as 2.5 million pounds of uranium hope that this will result in anti-dumping through Nukem, Inc. to a utility in Sweden. duties being levied against the former So- Michael Knapik, Nuclear Fuel, 12/6/93, p. 2 (10632). viet republics. Uranium from these repub- lics is now entering the U.S. under a grand- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS father clause in the suspension agreements. On 11/17/93, DOC announces that it is be- KYRGYZSTAN WITH KAZAKHSTAN ginning a review of the agreements with 9/93 these countries, and will complete the review Lithuania ratifies the Vienna convention, 11/93 by 10/31/94. DOC says that, at this time, it which requires “civil responsibility for Uranium Institute senior researcher Robin has no evidence that these countries have nuclear damage,” and the Paris Protocol, Bhar reports that the Kara Balta uranium mill violated any of the agreements. which requires national governments to take in Kyrgyzstan is still operating. The mill is Michael Knapik and Wilson Dizzard III, Nuclear Fuel, responsibility before third parties for the re- currently working at one-third of its 3,600 11/8/93, pp. 1-4 (10472). sults of nuclear energy use. The lack of li- ton capacity processing uranium slurries ability laws has delayed international tech- from in situ leaching mines in Kazakhstan. nical assistance to the Ignalina nuclear power The mill is currently undergoing reconstruc- plant. tion, which will reduce uranium production Tiesa (Vilnius), 9/8/93; in JPRS-TND-93-031, 10/8/93, p. 32. Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 12/9/93, p. 12 capacity by 50% to 1,800 MTU/year. Kara (10652). Araine Sains, Nucleonics Week, 9/2/93, pp. 10-(. 11 (9691).

140 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Nuclear Developments

9/93 million toward the upgrades. the recommended safety improvements are Lithuanian authorities are investigating the Araine Sains, Nucleonics Week, 9/2/93, pp. 10-11 completed. alleged disappearance of approximately (9691). Ariane Sains, Nucleonics Week, 1/6/94, p. 1 (10653). seven tons of nuclear fuel from the Ignalina 11/93 nuclear power plant. Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 9/13/93, pp. 3-5 (9643). Ignalina plant director Viktor Shevaldin LITHUANIA WITH KAZAKHSTAN states that a 32-million ECU loan will be 11/93 used to implement safety measures at the 10/93 Lithuania begins creation of a system of plant. After Russia announces the cancellation of export and import controls for “strategic Ariane Sains, Nucleonics Week, 11/18/93, p. 6 (10639). its contract to supply Lithuania with nuclear materials, goods, and technologies” based fuel, Kazakhstan offers to provide nuclear 1/94 on the requirements of the COCOM export fuel in exchange for use of Lithuania’s oil- control system. The new system will en- It is reported that the EBRD was consider- refining facilities. able Lithuania to import needed technolo- ing a 30-million ECU loan to the Lithuanian Nucleonics Week, 10/7/93, p. 4 (10640). gies for its civilian nuclear power program government for safety renovations at if it provides guarantees that the technolo- Ignalina, but Lithuanian officials turned it gies will not be reexported to other coun- down when they learned that they would be LITHUANIA WITH POLAND tries or put to military use. required to shut down one of the reactors. Ariane Sains, Nucleonics Week, 1/6/94, p. 1 (10653). Radio Vilnius, 11/22/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-224, 11/23/ 11/93 93, p. 74 (10635). Polish police arrest M. Yanchenkov, who was found to be in possession of a “suspi- LITHUANIA WITH GERMANY 12/93 cious metal flask” emitting a high level of Lithuania passes a law based on the Vienna radiation. Yanchenkov had worked at the 1/94 Convention and the Paris Protocol which former Soviet army base in Siauliai, will limit third party liability, thus allowing A building contract for a fuel storage facil- Lithuania. western-backed safety renovations to begin ity at Ignalina is currently under consider- Elta (Vilnius), 10/22/93; in JPRS-TND-93-035, 11/10/ at Ignalina. ation, and may be given to Gesellschaft fuer 93, p. 68 (10649). Ariane Sains and Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, Nuklear-Behalter GmbH, which has stated 1/20/94, p. 7 (10652). its willingness to work without any liability laws. LITHUANIA WITH RUSSIA Ariane Sains, Nucleonics Week, 10/14/93, p. 3 (10652). LITHUANIA WITH CANADA 10/93 Russia cancels a contract to supply nuclear 1/94 LITHUANIA WITH GERMANY AND RUSSIA fuel to Lithuania because of nonpayment of A building contract for a fuel storage facil- the $30 million debt that Lithuania owes on ity at Ignalina is currently under consider- 11/93 earlier shipments of supplies. ation and may be awarded to Ontario Hy- It is reported that a Lithuanian trucking firm Nucleonics Week, 10/7/93, p. 4 (10640). dro, which has stated its willingness to work in Vievis had conveyed radioactive metals without any liability laws. for the Russian firm Mars from near Mos- Ariane Sains, Nucleonics Week, 10/14/93, p. 3 (10652). cow to Germany. A previous Mars ship- LITHUANIA WITH SWEDEN ment of 25 tons of “non-ferrous” metal had been transported by Lithuanian trucks via 11/93 LITHUANIA WITH EUROPEAN sea ferry to a “small metal factory” in Sweden’s Vattenfall AB begins installing COMMUNITY Essenkei, Germany. rescue and fire safety equipment at the BNS (Tallinn), 11/17/93; in JPRS-TND-93-037, 12/8/ Ignalina nuclear power plant. ABB Atom 93, p. 47 (10634). 9/93 AB is also to assist the safety effort by pro- The Lithuanian Nuclear Power Safety viding robotic equipment to carry out up- Inspectorate (Vatesi) and the Ignalina plant grades. LITHUANIA WITH IAEA director have approved a comprehensive Ariane Sains, Nucleonics Week, 11/18/93, p. 6 (10639). safety program for the plant’s two RBMKs. Ariane Sains, Nucleonics Week, 10/14/93, p. 3 (10652). Lithuania is using this plan to help it win 1/94 financing from the European Bank of Re- An IAEA panel of international consultants construction and Development (EBRD). states that there “is no reason for closure” Lithuania will commit approximately $5 of Lithuania’s RBMK reactors, provided that

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 141 Nuclear Developments

1/94 to sell the materials on the black market. Committee of Defense Industries, and those The deputy head of a Swedish nuclear safety AFP (Paris), 12/23/93; in JPRS-TND-94-003, 1/31/ units under the Russian Defense Ministry project at the Ignalina nuclear power plant 94, p. 27 (10423). responsible for safety in handling nuclear states that a small radiation leak caused the warheads, weapons systems, and naval plant to close temporarily. nuclear reactors. Washington Times, 1/22/94, p. A9 (10648). MOLDOVA WITH UKRAINE Interfax (Moscow), 9/21/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-182, 9/ 22/93, p. 15 (9762). 1/94 LITHUANIA WITH UNITED STATES Authorities confiscate 3.3 pounds of radio- 10/93 active materials found in Kishinev, The director of the Limited Liability Part- 10/93 Moldova. The material allegedly belonged nership Konform in St. Petersburg is arrested The visit of U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Com- to a group of six people attempting to in Moscow as he attempted to sell a con- mission (NRC) Chair Ivan Selin to Lithuania smuggle it out of Ukraine. tainer with 4.5 kg of U-235 and U-238. That Philadelphia Inquirer, 12/24/93; in International Se- amount could be enough to make a nuclear results in an agreement under which the U.S. curity Digest, 1/94, p. 5 (10377). will provide aid to help safety efforts at the device if the U-235 content were sufficient. Mikhail Fedotov, Kommersant-Daily (Moscow), 8/28/ Ignalina plant. 93, p. 21; in JPRS-TND-93-031, 10/8/93, p. 25 Radio Vilnius, 10/15/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-199, 10/18/ (10464). 93, p. 105 (10659). RUSSIA 11/93 Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor Mikhailov states that Russia has 1,500 to MOLDOVA 2,000 tons of highly enriched uranium. U.S. estimates had placed the figure at 800-900 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS tons, due to flawed assumptions about So- viet enrichment facilities. 9/93 Novaya Gazeta, 11/25/93, p. 1; in Russia and CIS Today, 11/26/93, pp. 4-5 (10576). Mark Hibbs and INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor Michael Knapik, Nuclear Fuel, 10/25/93, pp. 2-3 Mikhailov states that Russia intends to ex- (10493). 10/93 pand its nuclear energy industry into an ex- It is reported that Moldovan President port capability. Minatom plans to double 11/93 Mircha Snegur may have entered into an Russia’s nuclear energy capacity from 20 to Russia publishes its new military doctrine, agreement with Boris Birshtein, the head of 40 gigawatts by 2020. which allows for the first-use of nuclear Theo Westerwoudt, NRC Handelsblad (Rotterdam), 9/ weapons for self-defense, but reaffirms the the Siyabeko Group of joint-stock compa- 23/93, p. 19; in JPRS-TND-93-031, 10/8/93, p. 27 nies, to bury western nuclear waste in mines (10506). country’s oblibation under the NPT not to near the city of Krikov. The agreement is use nuclear weapons against a non-nuclear apparently part of the formation of the joint- 9/93 weapon state. stock company Siyabeko Moldova. It seems Col. Mykola Bilovil, Ukrayinskaya Hazeta (Kiev), 12/ A Russian governmental official states that 16/93-12/31/93, p. 8; in FBIS-SOV-93-247, 12/28/93, that Birshtein and Siyabeko have been in- the nuclear armed torpedoes on the sunken pp. 27-28 (10433). volved in the past in some shady deals, and submarine Komsomolets will be “sealed in there is some speculation that the formation a special tomb” to limit plutonium leakage, 11/93 of Siyabeko Moldova is not entirely legal. which could start by late 1994. The sealing It is reported that Russia annually produces Tatiana Vorontsova, Moskovskiye Novosti, 10/17/93, is scheduled for the summer of 1994, after p. A13 (10359). about 3,000 tons of uranium, while its an- which the Russian government may consider nual requirement for its nuclear power in- raising the torpedoes. dustry is 4,200 tons. “Storehouse reserves” International Herald Tribune, 9/17/93 (9712). Reuter, currently make up for the deficit. MOLDOVA WITH ROMANIA 9/17/93 (9712). Irina Konyakhina, Moscow News, 11/26/93, p. 7 (10499). 1/94 9/93 Customs officials in Leuseni, Romania, ap- Russian President Boris Yeltsin signs an 11/93 prehend five Moldovans attempting to en- executive order naming the Federal Super- The Russian Ministry of Defense reports that ter the country with 1.7 kg of uranium and vision of Nuclear Radiation Safety Agency three fuel rods for naval nuclear reactors are two kg of red mercury which originated in (Gosatomnadzor) as the supervisory agency stolen from a strategic depot of the North- Russia. The smugglers apparently intended for the Russian Atomic Energy Industry, the ern Fleet outside Murmansk. The rods were

142 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Nuclear Developments apparently spent fuel. its nuclear power plant. Armenia will fund RUSSIA WITH CZECH REPUBLIC AND Radio Moscow, 12/16/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-241, 12/ the renovation. IRAN 17/93, p. 62 (10545). Liz Fuller, RFE/RL News Briefs 2/14/94 - 2/18/94, p. 9 (10656). 12/93 12/9/93 Labor collectives from the nuclear cities of The manager for technical service of nuclear power plants for the Czech firm Skoda Arzamas-16 and Chelyabinsk-70 demand RUSSIA WITH BELARUS government action to ensure timely financ- Jaderne Stojirentsvi Plzen, Frantisek Svitak, ing of the centers, so as to improve living 11/93 says that Iran wishes to build a nuclear power plant and that Skoda could provide it with standards and defuse social tension there. Russia and Belarus begin negotiations on reactor equipment through a Russian gen- Nina Volkova, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 11/30/93; in establishing a nuclear attack early warning FBIS-SOV-93-229, 12/1/93, p. 44 (10542). eral supplier. station in Belarus, for which the incomplete CTK (Prague), 12/9/93; in JPRS-TND-94-001, 1/6/94 “Baranovichi junction” station may be fin- 12/93 (10940). ished and maintained by Russia. It is reported that Russian businessmen are ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 11/18/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-221, continuing to seek licenses to export the 11/18/93, p. 5 (10422). RUSSIA WITH ESTONIA mysterious substance “red mercury” to mar- kets in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. 1/94 Adi Ignatius, Wall Street Journal, 12/6/93, pp. A1, A5 RUSSIA WITH BELARUS AND UNITED (10502). An advisor to the Estonian Foreign Minis- STATES try states that Russia has agreed to remove 1/94 all nuclear fuel from Paldiski by 6/30/94, and 1/94 According to Stanislav Voronin, a “leading is already shipping equipment needed to dis- expert” at Arzamas-16, Russia has created An advisor to Belarusian Parliamentary mantle Russian nuclear installations in Es- safer detonators for nuclear warheads which Chair Stanislav Shushkevich states that tonia. However, Estonian Environment are less sensitive to mechanical impacts. He Belarus will seek $500 million from the pro- Minister Andres Tarand later states that the also reports that Russia has developed tech- ceeds of the Russian sale of uranium re- removal of nuclear fuel will begin in 3/94 nology which eliminates fallout from under- trieved from dismantled tactical nuclear or 4/94, and will take approximately four ground nuclear tests. weapon warheads returned to Russia from months. This schedule is confirmed by Rus- Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 1/5/94, pp. 1-2; in Rus- Belarus. The U.S. supports Belarus’ claim. sian naval representatives. Colonel Raul sia and CIS Today, 1/5/94, p. 25 (10564). Russia has agreed to compensate Belarus for Luks is appointed commandant for the returned tactical nuclear weapons and ICBM Paldiski and Pakri regions to aid in the dis- 1/94 warheads now in the process of being re- mantlement and in the withdrawal of Rus- Nikolay Shapovalenko, a radiation safety turned to Russia. sian troops. Reuter, 1/17/94 (10362). RFE/RL News Briefs, 1/10/ expert with the Russian government, states ETA News Release (Tallinn), 1/3/94; in FBIS-SOV- 94, p. 2 (10361). that bureaucratic gridlock between the navy 94-002, 1/4/94, p. 52 (10643). BNS (Tallinn), 1/5/94; and the Ministry of Defense has crippled in FBIS-SOV-94-004, 1/6/94, p. 69 (10642). Radio efforts to deal with the problem of storing Tallinn Network, 1/7/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-006, 1/10/ RUSSIA WITH CUBA 94, p. 89 (10374). liquid radioactive waste. Russia is conduct- ing feasibility studies on burial sites on Novaya Zemlya and the Kola Peninsula. 12/94 RUSSIA WITH ESTONIA, FINLAND, AND Interfax (Moscow), 1/11/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-008, 1/ Lionel Soto, Vice-Chair of the Cuban Coun- 12/94, p. 43 (10547). cil of Ministers, states that the $350 million GERMANY credit agreement between Russia and Cuba is being used to fund construction of Cuba’s 9/93 RUSSIA WITH ARMENIA Juragua nuclear power plant. Finnish authorities arrest two Finns, two Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 12/29/93, p. 4; in The Current Russians and an Estonian for smuggling 2/93 Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, 1/26/94, pp. 19-20 approximately one gram of californium-252 (10284). Talks between Russian First Deputy Prime out of the former Soviet Union. Authorities Minister Oleg Soskovets and Armenian believe the substance was brought into Fin- Prime Minister Hrant Bagratyan result in an land through Estonia, with Germany as the agreement for Russia to provide equipment intended final destination. One week after and technical expertise to Armenia to repair those arrests, German police arrest two Ger- mans carrying 6.5 milligrams of californium- 252 allegedly obtained from the Tomsk-7

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 143 Nuclear Developments nuclear complex in Russia. RUSSIA WITH JAPAN, UNITED STATES computerizing maintenance and operation, Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/2/93, p. 7 (9645). AND EUROPEAN COMMUNITY purchasing of a simulator, and making other safety improvements. 1/94 Nuclear Engineering International, 10/93, p. 3 RUSSIA WITH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (10338). It is reported that an internationally funded plan to prevent the “brain drain” of nuclear 9/93 11/93 scientists out of the former Soviet Union will French and Russian scientists are discuss- Some of the low-enriched uranium fuel pel- be implemented “soon.” Approximately $70 lets found to have been illegally exported to ing a joint plutonium utilization research million ($25 million from the U.S., $28 mil- program at the Institute of Physics and Power Western Europe are traced to two fuel fabri- lion from the E.C., and $17 million from cation facilities in the former Soviet Union: Engineering in Obninsk, Russia. France has Japan) will be used to establish a center to allocated 50 million francs toward the pro- Elektrostal near Moscow, and Ulbinski employ nuclear scientists and technicians in Chemical Combine in Ust-Kamenogorsk, gram. peace-related jobs. German Lomanov, Moskovskiye Novosti, 11/7/93, p. Kazakhstan. Minatom has not revealed the Los Angeles Times, 1/27/94, p. A7 (10459). 138 (10567). details of these thefts. Reports claim that several metric tons of UO2 were stolen from the two facilities. There are also concerns RUSSIA WITH FINLAND RUSSIA WITH GERMANY that plutonium may have been stolen from a pilot mixed oxide (MOX) fuel fabrication 11/94 10/93 facility. Finland announces that it hopes to stop ship- Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 9/13/93, pp. 3-5 (9643). Siemens AG and Minatom sign an agree- ping its spent nuclear fuel to Russia, because ment on cooperation in nuclear fuel produc- it is currently studying the possibility of stor- tion and spent fuel storage. Siemens is push- 9/93 ing and reprocessing the fuel itself. ing a plan to build a 120-metric ton heavy A consortium of European firms, including Reuter, 11/24/93 (10495). metal per year mixed oxide (MOX) plant in Belgatom of Belgium, Empresarios Russia, but Minatom is refusing to form any Agrupados, Equipos Nucleares, Tecnatom, 1/94 such joint venture unless Russia is allowed and Uitesa of Spain, and AEA Technology, Anders Palmgren of Finland’s Imatran to export the fuel to Germany and other west- National Nuclear Corp., and Nuclear Elec- Voima Oy states that Finland will not seek ern nuclear markets. tric of the U.K., announces that it has ob- to break its agreement with Russia, which Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 10/11/93, pp. 2-3 (10494). tained nine TACIS-91 contracts, worth $14.3 stipulates that nuclear waste from the Loviisa million, to provide nuclear plant hardware, plant be returned to Russia. 1/94 Hufvudstadsbladet (Helsinki), 11/25/93, p. 6; in JPRS- Germany’s Siemens AG will send contami- software and training services to the CIS. TND-94-001, 1/13/94, pp. 56-57 (10282). Another consortium, including Siemens of nated uranium scrap material to a Russian Germany and France’s Framatome and reprocessing plant, in exchange for approxi- Electricite de France, will design and build mately 70 metric tons of U-235 enriched to RUSSIA WITH FRANCE information centers at two locations in Rus- five percent. Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 1/17/94, p. 17 (10327). sia for 4 million ECU. 10/93 Nucleonics Week, 9/30/93, p. 13 (10503). Russian Foreign Minister Andrey Kozyrev 11/93 and his French counterpart Alain Juppe sign RUSSIA WITH HUNGARY AND UKRAINE General Director of the European Nuclear bilateral agreements under which France will Research Center (CERN) Carlo Rubbia and provide Russia with the first 160 million of 11/93 Russian Minister of Science and Technical the 400 million francs allocated to assist The management of the Hungarian Paks Policy Boris Saltykov sign an agreement on Russia in dismantling nuclear weapons, as nuclear power plant reaches agreement with cooperation in high-energy physics. CERN well as machine tools and storage facilities, Russia and Ukraine on the transhipment of is funding the participation of 25 Russian and the means to transport the materials. fuel rods through Ukraine. Russia will sup- Andrey Krasnoshekov, et al, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 10/ scientists in “an important experiment” in a 20/93; in JPRS-TND-93-035, 11/10/93, p. 71 (10598). ply Hungary with fresh fuel and reprocess Geneva laboratory. the spent fuel. Yuriy Konorov, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 11/16/93, p. 3; 10/93 MTI (Budapest), 10/26/93; in JPRS-TND-93-035, 11/ in FBIS-SOV-3-222, 11/19/93, p. 11 (10678). 10/93, p. 24 (10492). It is reported that France’s Superphenix re- actor and Russia’s BN-600 will begin a two- year twinning program at the end of 1993. The program will aid the Russian facility in

144 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Nuclear Developments

RUSSIA WITH IRAN weapons manufacture. Meanwhile, Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Alaeddin 11/93 10/93 Boroujerdi denies that Russian uranium is The IAEA supervises the shipment of 12 kg Iranian officials state that “little progress has destined for Iran, calling the case a plot to of unenriched uranium from Iraq to Russia. been made” on Iran’s purchase of Russian undermine Turkish-Iranian relations and AFP (Paris), 1/9/94; in JPRS-TND-94-003, 1/31/94, p. 40 (10730). VVERs to be constructed at Bushehr. stating that Iran is willing to cooperate with Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 10/14/93, p. 9 (10597). Turkish security forces in the matter. Iran continues to deny that it is attempting to 12/93 12/93 develop nuclear weapons. Another Iranian The first shipment of 33 kg of enriched ura- Russian Ambassador to Iran Sergei is being sought in connection with the case. nium leaves Iraq for Russia. The IAEA is Tretyakov confirms that Russia will help The uranium was to be sold for $40,000 per now preparing for a second shipment of ura- Iran build a nuclear power plant, indicating gram. However, a specialist at the Cekmeci nium to leave in 1/94, which will complete that a preliminary agreement has been Nuclear Research Center estimates that “the the transfer. The cost of shipping the mate- reached but that financing is still being ne- whole amount was worth only a few thou- rial will be paid by Iraq. sand dollars.” AFP (Paris), 1/9/94; in JPRS-TND-94-003, 1/31/94, gotiated. p. 40 (10730). Aleksandr Yelistratov, ITAR-TASS Meral Tamer, Milliyet (Istanbul), 10/9/93, p. 6; in Radio Rossii Network (Moscow), 12/19/93; in FBIS- (Moscow), 12/7/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-234, 12/8/93, p. JPRS-TND-93-036, 11/17/93, p. 42 (10402). Istiklal SOV-93-242, 12/20/93, p. 53 (10385). 11 (10554). Sevinc, Milliyet (Istanbul), 10/9/93, p. 16; in JPRS- TND-93-036, 11/17/93, p. 42 (10497). Deutsche Press 12/93 Agentur, 10/7/93 (10504). Reuter, 10/7/93 (10507). It is reported that financial problems have Reuter, 10/6/93; in Executive News Service, 10/7/93 RUSSIA WITH JAPAN stalled Russia’s assistance to Iran in the con- (10938). struction of a nuclear power plant in Bushehr 10/93 and in the completion of a second plant The Russian Navy dumps 900 tons of liquid RUSSIA WITH IRAQ started by Germany but abandoned for po- radioactive waste into the Sea of Japan on litical reasons. Iran has requested that Rus- 10/17/93. A second dumping is canceled 10/93 sia fund the projects, but Russia has refused after complaints from Japan and the wider due to its own financial crisis. The director of the Iraqi intelligence services, international community. Russia urges Ja- AFP (Paris), 12/19/93; in JPRS-TND-94-002, 1/18/ Faber al-Duri, visits Russia to request “ur- 94, p. 39 (10683). pan and other countries to assist in the con- gent technical assistance” for the comple- struction of an $8 million plant in the Rus- tion of the nuclear power plant in Yosfiyi, sian Far East to process the nuclear waste. near Baghdad, which the Russians started Kyodo (Tokyo), 11/5/93; in JPRS-TND-93-036, 11/17/ RUSSIA WITH IRAN AND TURKEY building in 1990. 93, p. 43 (10343). Veronika Romanenkova, ITAR- Intelligence Newsletter, 10/28/93, pp. 6-7 (10680). TASS (Moscow), 10/21/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-203, 10/ 10/5/93 22/93, P. 14 (10550). Pinar Bakir, a Turkish businessman and eco- nomics professor, is arrested in Turkey for RUSSIA WITH IRAQ AND IAEA 10/93 possession of 2.5 kg of uranium, which he It is reported that officials from the Russian was allegedly smuggling from Russia to Iran. 10/93 and Japanese foreign ministries will meet on Four Iranians and four Turkish citizens are According to IAEA Deputy Director 11/10/93 to discuss Japan’s allocation of arrested in the raid while trying to purchase Maurizio Zifferero, the U.N. sent 170 tonnes $100 million for construction of land-based the uranium from Bakir. Police suspect the of equipment to Iraq to aid in the removal reservoirs for the burial of radioactive waste. four Iranians of working for Savama, the Sergey Agafonov, Izvestiya (Moscow), 10/20/93, p. 3; from Iraq to Russia of approximately 40 kg in FBIS-SOV-93-202, 10/21/93, pp. 12-13 (10550). Iranian secret service. Police identify Turker (90 lbs.) of nuclear fuel, enough to produce Gelendost, who is among those arrested, as one or two nuclear bombs. The fuel, the “last 10/93 the central figure in the smuggling of the known amounts” of irradiated uranium Experts from the Japanese Nuclear Forum uranium from Russia to Turkey. According stocks in Iraq, is being stored at two loca- and Japanese Department for Ecology and to chief of the police anti-smuggling depart- tions near Tuweitha under IAEA custody. Natural Calamities state that Russia’s dump- ment Salih Gungor, visitors from Russia The U.N. has already removed approxi- ing of liquid low-level radioactive waste into brought the uranium into Turkey, where they mately 12 kg (26 lbs.) of unprocessed fuel the Sea of Japan poses no threat to their sold it to Turks. Deputy Head of the and estimates that the remaining fuel will country. Cekmeci Nuclear Research Center Erol take several months and cost tens of millions Vyacheslav Bantin, ITAR-TASS, 10/21/93; in FBIS- Balikcigil announces that the smuggled of dollars to remove from Iraq. SOV-93-203, 10/23/93, p. 13 (10443). material “only has about 2.5 to 3.5% ura- Leon Barkho, Reuter, 10/7/93; in Executive News Ser- nium-235” and cannot be used in nuclear vice, 10/7/93, (10189).

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 145 Nuclear Developments

11/93 12/94, p 43 (10547). RUSSIA WITH LITHUANIA Japan and Russia sign an agreement for co- operation in eliminating Russia’s nuclear 10/93 weapons that are subject to dismantlement RUSSIA WITH KAZAKHSTAN Russia cancels a contract to supply nuclear under international arms reduction agree- fuel to Lithuania because of nonpayment of ments. 1/94 the $30 million debt that Lithuania owes on Vadimir Suprun, ITAR-TASS, 11/12/93; in FBIS-SOV- The Russian Defense Ministry denies a 12/ earlier shipments of supplies. 93-218, 11/15/93, p. 10 (10438). 27/93 ITAR-TASS report that Lieutenant Nucleonics Week, 10/7/93, p. 4 (10640). Yuri Konovalenko, Commander of the 11/93 Semipalatinsk test site, had been removed RUSSIA WITH LITHUANIA AND GERMANY Russia says it has no choice but to dump an from his post after being accused of “em- additional 800 cubic meters of liquid radio- bezzlement and resale of especially valuable 11/93 active waste into the sea, and that dumping equipment and nonferrous metals.” The It is reported that a Lithuanian trucking firm will have to be carried out at least once ev- Ministry points out that Kazakhstan has no in Vievis had conveyed radioactive metals ery 6 months for the next five years. Russia jurisdiction over Russian military personnel, for the Russian firm Mars from near Mos- has begun a feasibility study on a $48.5 mil- and states that Konovalenko is “currently on cow to Germany. A previous Mars ship- lion waste processing plant, which Russia is leave.” ment of 25 tons of “non-ferrous” metal had hoping to finance with foreign aid. Russian Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 12/31/93, p. 3; in FBIS- been transported by Lithuanian trucks via Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor SOV-94-001, p. 40 (10647). Izvestiya (Moscow), 12/ 28/93, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-94-001, p. 31 (10647). sea ferry to a “small metal factory” in Mikhailov suggests that Japan buy $100 Essenkei, Germany. million of Russian uranium to help Russia 1/94 BNS (Tallinn), 11/17/93; in JPRS-TND-93-037, 12/8/ build a waste disposal facility. 93, p. 47 (10634). Reuter, 10/30/93. Craig Whitney, New York Times, Kazakh Ambassador to Iran Myrzadai 10/22/93, p. A4 (10535). Zholdasbekov states that Kazakhstan has no plans to return any nuclear weapons to Rus- RUSSIA WITH MONGOLIA AND UNITED 11/93 sia until it receives a guarantee that the weap- STATES Russia and Japan discuss possible Japanese ons would not be used. However, Russian participation in the construction of a fast First Deputy Foreign Minister Anatoliy 1/94 breeder reactor (FBR) in Russia. Private Adamishin states that he has received no Japanese firms could work with Russia to such information from Kazakh officials. The U.S. Company Energy Fuels announces build three BN-800 FBRs in the South Urals. Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev the formation of a joint venture with Russia’s Ernst & Young Report, 11/9/93 (10285). states the next day that his country still in- geological firm Geologorazvedka and tends to disarm and abide by all its interna- Mongolia’s URAN, a subsidiary of the Mon- 12/93 tional commitments. golian Ministry of Geology and Natural Russian and Japanese officials meet to dis- ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 1/28/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-019, Resources. The new joint venture, called cuss proposals for cooperation in the area 1/28/94, p. 45 (10655). Interfax (Moscow), 1/28/94; Gurvan Saihan BBHK, will mine uranium in FBIS-SOV-94-020, 1/31/94, p. 21 (10655). Reuter, from eight areas in the Gobi region of of radioactive waste destruction and dis- 1/29/94; in Executive News Service, 1/31/94 (10655). posal. Joint construction of a large storage Mongolia. Michael Knapik and Ann Maclachlan, Nuclear Fuel, facility near Tomsk, Russia, is being con- 1/31/94, pp. 1-2, 14 (10439). sidered to store uranium and plutonium from RUSSIA WITH KYRGYZSTAN AND UNITED dismantled nuclear weapons. Japan’s con- KINGDOM tribution to the projects would not exceed RUSSIA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP $6 million. Andrey Varlamov, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 12/9/93; in 12/93 FBIS-SOV-93-236, 12/10/93, p. 16 (10496). The head of Russia’s anti-smuggling divi- 9/93 sion of the State Customs Committee states It is reported that, despite the conversion of 1/94 that customs officials in Kaliningrad, Rus- COCOM into a more modern structure, ex- Nikolay Shapovalenko, a radiation safety sia, seized 300 tons of “uranium ports to Russia will remain restricted indefi- expert with the Russian government, states concerntrate” on its way from Kyrgyzstan nitely, as it has not yet joined GATT and that Russia accepts Japan’s offer of a double- to an undisclosed British firm. could still evolve into a threat to the West. hull tanker ship to hold 10,000 gallons of Reuter, 12/14/93; in Executive News Service, 12/14/ Sergey Demidov, Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Moscow), 9/9/ 93 (10636). 93, p. 7; in FBIS-SOV-93-175, 9/13/93, pp. 10-11 radioactive waste, but that reprocessing fa- (10579). cilities and burial sites will still be needed to resolve the issue permanently. Interfax (Moscow), 1/11/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-008, 1/

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RUSSIA WITH NORTH KOREA 1/94 RUSSIA WITH SLOVAKIA AND UKRAINE A confidential report by the Russian Gen- 1960s-1993 eral Staff on North Korea, released by a Japa- 11/93 Several hundred DPRK experts have been nese periodical, states that Pyongyang has Russia declares that it is the successor to trained in plutonium separation and other succeeded in building one to two nuclear cooperation agreements between the USSR nuclear processes in China and the USSR warheads and several hundred delivery sys- and Czechoslovakia, and signs continuation since the 1960s. tems, and has accumulated 10-12 kg of ura- agreements with Slovakia on cooperation in Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 1/6/94, pp. 8-9 (10783). nium-235 and 20 kg of plutonium-239. The nuclear energy. Russia, Slovakia, and report also states that 160 Russian nuclear Ukraine sign the “Agreement of Coopera- 1980s experts have worked for the DPRK, and that tion in the Sphere of Transporting Nuclear The USSR is a possible source of the nine nuclear scientists and 17 highly-quali- Fuel Across the Territory of Ukraine.” DPRK’s dual-use nuclear equipment, since fied missile technology experts are working Republika (Bratislava), 10/23/93, p. 1; in JPRS-TND- machine tools comprise 30% of the USSR’s there currently, adding that Russian experts 93-035, 11/10/93, p. 24 (10677). $500-million in exports to the DPRK. helped in creating the Nodong-1 missile and Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 1/6/94, pp. 8-9 (10783). in accumulating enriched uranium. The Russian report recommends establishing a RUSSIA WITH SOUTH KOREA 9/6/93 regional anti-missile defense system, in The Korean Central News Agency, citing a which Russia, Japan and the U.S. would 10/93 broadcast made by Radio Number One of participate, and reviewing all technological Russia is discussing a joint venture with South Korea, claims that a rumor that North agreements with North Korea. South Korea to build a mixed oxide (MOX) Korean lumberjacks in the Khabarovsk ter- Sergey Agafonov, Izvestiya, 1/27/94, pp. 1, 4 (10572). fuel fabrication plant in Russia, which would ritory of Russia were smuggling uranium out produce MOX for the Korea Electric Power of the mines is “a groundless, sheer fabrica- Company (Kepco). tion.” RUSSIA WITH NORWAY Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 10/11/93, pp. 2-3 (10494). KCNA (Pyongyang), 9/6/93; in JPRS-TND-93-029, 9/ 17/93, p. 18 (10745). 1/94 RUSSIA WITH TAIWAN Russia’s Severnyy Zavod Production Asso- 10/29/93 ciation will be cooperating with physicists It is reported that Russia has implied that it from Norway’s Ioffe Institute in building a 11/93 will supply a light water reactor (LWR) to spherical Tokamak nuclear research reactor Liu Kuang-chi, Vice-Chair of the Atomic North Korea if the North can find financing in order to study thermonuclear fusion. Energy Council of Taiwan, states that Tai- and if it fully complies with safeguards un- D. Kokko and V. Gonchar, Russian Television Net- wan is considering an arrangement whereby der the NPT. work (Moscow), 12/30/93; in FBIS-SOV-94-005, 1/7/ Russia would store Taiwanese nuclear waste. Peter Hayes, Asahi Evening News, 10/29/93, pp. 1, 3 94, p. 36 (10444). Reuter, 11/9/93; in Executive News Service, 11/9/93 (10606). (10427).

11/93 RUSSIA WITH PRC Moscow’s security ministry confirms that RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE Russia expelled North Korean Major Gen- 11/93 eral Nam Gae-wok for recruiting Russian Russia issues a statement condemning 9/93 missile and space technology experts to work China’s underground test of a nuclear At the Russian-Ukrainian summit at on Pyongyang’s nuclear weapons program. weapon on 10/5/93, and reiterates its sup- Massandra, an agreement is signed whereby First Deputy Security Minister Sergei port and observance of a moratorium on Ukraine will send 1,800 warheads to Russia Stepashin says that Moscow agents thwarted nuclear testing. for dismantlement in exchange for uranium a large-scale plan to bring Russian scientists ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 10/21/93; in JPRS-TND-93- fuel for Ukraine’s nuclear power plants, and to North Korea. The North Korean embassy 035, 11/10/93, p. 46 (10560). relief from Ukraine’s $2.5 billion debt to confirms that Nam left Moscow “some time Russia. ago” but says that he was not a general and Fred Hiatt, Washington Post, 9/4/93, pp. A17, A22 that he had not been trying to recruit Rus- (10144). sian experts. Anne McElvoy and Wolfgang Munchau, The Times, 9/93 11/17/93 (10267). Russia annuls the agreement signed at the Massandra summit regarding the disman- tling of Ukraine’s nuclear weapons. A hand-

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 147 Nuclear Developments written amendment to the agreement ex- 11/93 warheads. On 9/3/93, Chernomyrdin meets cludes the SS-24 ICBMs from dismantle- Russia announces its intention to begin with- with U.S. President Bill Clinton to sign ment. Ukraine maintains that the amend- drawing nuclear warheads from Ukraine on agreements on U.S. aid for improving Rus- ment was in the agreement when it was 1/1/94 under an agreement between the two sian nuclear safety. signed, but Russia claims that it was added countries. Pavel Vanichkin and Ivan Ivanov, ITAR-TASS (Mos- after the signing. ITAR-TASS, 11/5/93; in JPRS-TND-93-036, 11/17/93, cow), 9/2/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-169, 9/2/93, p. 5 (9524). Tomas W. Lippman, Washington Post, 9/3/93, p. A28 John Lepingwell, RFE/RL Daily Report, 9/22/93 p. 22 (10215). (9899). (9714). 1/94 9/93 10/93 Russia halts fuel supplies to Ukraine’s Minatom’s Viktor Mikhailov states that the Russian Ambassador to the U.S. Vladimir nuclear power stations because of Ukraine’s sale of Russian HEU to the U.S. will depend Lukin states that Ukraine has not allowed inability to pay the required 48 billion rubles upon modifying the anti-dumping suspen- Russian experts to enter the country to moni- for new fuel. Ukraine’s State Committee sion agreement so that Russia could sell tor and maintain the nuclear weapons sta- for the Use of Nuclear Power states that un- 2,000 metric tons of uranium per year with tioned there. He adds that this represents a less new fuel is obtained, one-third of the a “trigger price” of no more than $11/lb for dangerous violation of the Lisbon Protocol, country’s nuclear power plants will have to U3O8. Mikhailov states that the current trig- because Ukraine does not have the resources be shut down in 1994, and the remaining ger price of $13/lb prevents Russia from to properly maintain the weapons on its own. two-thirds in 1995. entering the U.S. market for “at least three Lukin cites a 9/93 incident in which experts UT-1 Television Network (Kiev), 1/28/93; in FBIS- reported finding dangerously high tempera- SOV-94-020, 1/31/94, p. 34 (10627). to five years.” Ann MacLachlan, Pearl Marshall and Michael tures and levels of radiation at the Knapik, Nuclear Fuel, 9/13/93, pp. 1, 10-11 (9494). Pervomaisk nuclear weapons storage facil- RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE AND UNITED ity. STATES 9/93 Sergio Sergi, L’Unita, 10/24/93, p. 14; in FBIS-SOV- 93-205, 10/26/93, pp. 13-14 (10313). U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy 12/93 Frank Wisner and Russian Minister of Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk an- 10/93 Atomic Energy Viktor Mikhailov sign an nounces that Ukraine, Russia, and the U.S. agreement granting Russia $85 million in aid Minatom officials say that an agreement will conclude a tripartite agreement on fi- between Russia’s Krasnoyarsk-26 spent fuel for nuclear disarmament and establishing a nancial compensation, security guarantees, system of verification and control over ci- reprocessing center and Ukraine’s nuclear and technical and scientific aid to Ukraine industry on reprocessing spent fuel from vilian nuclear materials. The money will in return for its dismantlement of nuclear come from the $800 million Nunn-Lugar Ukraine’s VVER-1000 nuclear reactors is weapons. contingent on Ukraine’s agreement to pur- fund. Reuter, 12/18/93; in Executive News Service, 12/18/ Arkadiy Sidoruk, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 9/3/93; in 93 (10535). chase fresh UO2 fuel from Minatom under JPRS-TND-93-029, 9/17/93, p. 33 (10463). IAEA safeguards. A grace period which allows Minatom to supply the fuel to 9/93 Ukraine, even though Ukraine has not yet RUSSIA WITH UNITED KINGDOM The U.S. approves the purchase of four ad- signed the NPT, will expire at the end of ditional Topaz-2 space propulsion nuclear 1993, after which time Minatom officials 11/93 reactors from Russia for $20 million, for use expect IAEA safeguard requirements will On 11/2/93, the presidents of the British in a design project for a new space propul- necessitate the end of fuel supply to Ukraine. Nuclear Industry Forum and the Moscow- sion system. Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 10/11/93, pp. 2-3 (10494). based Nuclear Society sign an agreement to Ben Iannotta, Space News, 9/13/93-9/19/93, p. 10 strengthen collaboration between the nuclear (10462). 10/93 industries in those countries. Two nuclear warheads are transferred from Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 11-12/93, p. 27 (10679). 9/93 Ukraine to Russia on 10/26/93. The war- The U.S. Defense Nuclear Agency grants heads had been sitting in a railroad car on Westinghouse subsidiary Scientific Ecology, the Russian-Ukrainian border since 10/5/93 RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES Inc., a $39.9 million contract to supply Rus- while Ukraine sought assurance of compen- sia with 32,968 containers for HEU and plu- sation from Russia for the value of the 9/93 tonium from dismantled nuclear weapons. nuclear materials and while Russia accused On 9/1/93, Russian Prime Minister Viktor The deal was financed by the Nunn-Lugar Ukraine of violating the transfer agreement Chernomyrdin and U.S. Vice-President Al fund. signed at the Massandra summit. Gore sign a transparency agreement con- Wilson Dizzard III, Nuclear Fuel, 9/27/93, p. 9 John Lepingwell, RFE/RL Daily Report, 10/27/93. Ustina cerning the uranium removed from nuclear (10350). Markus, RFE/RL Daily Report, 10/21/93 (10317).

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9/93 held liable should an accident occur. USEC, Allied Signal Inc., and Nuclear Fuel U.S. and Russian diplomats sign agreements Nuclear Engineering International, 12/93, p. 3 Services, Inc. as partners. Mikhailov’s pro- on a $75 million project for design, construc- (10620). posal also includes a suggestion that a SWU tion, and maintenance of a fissile materials plant be built in the U.S. using Russian tech- 1/94 storage facility and a $10 million project for nology. USEC responds by stating that it fissile materials control. Russian scientists will be working with the does not have a license to deal with HEU Wilson Dizzard III, Nuclear Fuel, 9/27/93, p. 9 Advanced Physics Corp. of the U.S. on a and is not interested in applying for one. (10350). joint project to build a 60-mw high-tempera- Nuclear Fuel, 1/31/94, pp. 15-16 (10473). ture gas-cooled reactor for potential sale to 11/93 developing countries. The mini-reactor, 1/94 The U.S. Congress passes the 1994 Defense described as “accident proof,” is expected At the Eleventh Symposium on Space Authorization bill, which contains a provi- to be built by 6/96 at Chelyabinsk-70 under Nuclear Power and Propulsion, held 1/10/ sion prohibiting funding to Russia for the U.S. supervision. Financing for the $200 94-1/13/94, Russian officials offer the Rorsat construction of a plutonium storage facility million project will come from “investors space nuclear reactor to the U.S. Potential until Russia stops production of all weapon- in Europe, Asia and the Middle East.” commercial uses of other space nuclear re- grade plutonium and recovery of plutonium Minatom has approved the project, but it is actors, such as Topaz-1, are also discussed. from civilian nuclear reactors. not yet backed by the U.S. government. Since hardware no longer exists for Topaz- Michael Knapik, Nuclear Fuel, 11/22/93, pp. 10-11 Kathleen Hart, Nucleonics Week, 1/6/94, p. 17 1, the Russian concern Krasnaya Zvezda is (10328). (10467). seeking foreign partners for a joint venture to build a successor to the Topaz-1, called 11/93 1/94 Topazstar. Petitioners in the anti-dumping case against On 1/14/94, Russian Minister of Atomic Theresa Foley, Space News, 1/31/94, p. 10 (10386). former Soviet uranium exporters ask the U.S. Energy Viktor Mikhailov and U.S. Enrich- Department of Commerce (DOC) to review ment Corp. (USEC) Transition Manager 1/94 its suspension agreements with Russia, William Timbers sign a contract for USEC’s It is reported that a shipment of Russian plu- Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan purchase of LEU blended down from HEU tonium may be released to the U.S. in 2/94 and resume anti-dumping investigations, in from dismantled Russian nuclear weapons. in order to supply fuel for the U.S. Depart- the hope that this will result in anti-dump- The first delivery is scheduled to take place ment of Energy’s space power units. Ac- ing duties being levied against the former within 60 days. Over the 20 year period of cording to DOE’s Alan Newhouse, the U.S. Soviet republics. Uranium from these re- the HEU deal, the U.S. will pay purchased the non-weapons-grade material publics is now entering the U.S. under a approxiamtely $11.9 billion (1993 dollars) for $6 million. grandfather clause in the suspension agree- to Russia for 500 metric tons of HEU, which Trish Gilmartin Williams, Space News, 1/17/94, p. 2 ments. On 11/17/93, DOC announces that will be blended to 15.3 million kg of 4.4 (10387). it is beginning a review of the agreements percent U-235. USEC will buy 10 metric with these countries, and will complete the tons of HEU per year for the first five years review by 10/31/94. DOC says that, at this and 30 metric tons for the next 15 years. The RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES, time, it has no evidence that these countries price of the uranium will be adjusted annu- EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, AND JAPAN have violated any of the agreements. ally. Michael Knapik and Wilson Dizzard III, Nuclear Fuel, Wilson Dizzard and Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 1/17/ 1/94 11/8/93, pp. 1-4 (10472). 94, pp. 1-2 (10470). It is reported that an internationally funded 11/93 1/94 plan to prevent the “brain drain” of nuclear scientists out of the former Soviet Union will The U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Organi- At the 1/14/94 signing of the U.S.-Russian be implemented “soon.” Approximately $70 zation is refusing to purchase four additional contract for blending weapons HEU into million ($25 million from the U.S., $28 mil- Topaz-2 space propulsion nuclear reactors LEU, Viktor Mikhailov of Minatom pro- lion from the E.C., and $17 million from from Russia, due to budget constraints. The poses a joint venture to U.S. Enrichment Japan) will be used to establish a center to reactors are worth $21 million. Corp. (USEC) Transition Manager William employ nuclear scientists and technicians in Ben Iannotta, Space News, 11/15/93, pp. 4, 29 (10599). Timbers which would specialize in blend- ing down and marketing HEU from both peace-related jobs. Los Angeles Times, 1/27/94, p. A7 (10459). 12/93 Russia and the U.S. The blended uranium U.S. Energy Secretary Hazel O’Leary states would then be used for reactor fuel in both that the provision of nuclear safety equip- countries. The joint venture would facili- ment to Russia is being delayed by demands tate the implementation of the contract and from U.S. nuclear suppliers that they not be would involve Minatom, Techsnabexport,

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RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES AND PRC Russia. 10/93 Alexander Tkachenko, Washington Post, 9/10/93, p. Ukraine announces that it will deactivate 17 10/93 A32 (10143). of its SS-24 strategic missiles by taking them off alert and removing the nuclear warheads, The U.S. State Department voices concern 10/93 over reports of China’s success in import- an announcement that contradicts previous Ukrainian Defense Minister Konstantin ing strategic weapons technology and ex- reports that all ICBMs had already been Morozov resigns after he angered national- perts from Russia, which could “eventually taken off alert. The deactivation of the mis- ists by advocating that Ukraine relinquish enable Chinese nuclear forces to reach the siles implies that Ukraine has achieved par- all its nuclear weapons. tial operational control over the missiles. United States.” Ustina Markus, RFE/RL News Briefs, 10/4/93-10/8/ John Lepingwell, RFE/RL Daily Report, 10/21/93 Reuter, 10/14/93 (10562). 93, pp. 12-13 (10308). (10314).

10/93 10/93 TAJIKISTAN A man identifying himself as a liaison of- The Ukrainian parliament passes a resolu- ficer of the “Crimean Republican Army” tion by 221 to 38 allowing the continued appeared on Ukrainian television demand- operation of the Chernobyl nuclear power ing Crimean sovereignty and intimating that plant and lifting the moratorium on construc- if his demands were not met, his group tion of new plants. Construction can now would attack Ukrainian nuclear power plants INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS be completed on the Zaporozhe-6, in an effort to make “western Ukraine dis- Khmelnitski-2 and Rovno-4 VVER-1000 appear as a territory suitable for life.” reactors, which should be operational by 1/94 Khreshchatyk (Kiev), 10/1/93, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-93- The Vostokredmet industrial association, 192, 10/6/93, p. 18 (10136). 1995. which had been a uranium mine and mill Ustina Markus, RFE/RL Daily Report, 10/22/93 (10624). for the Soviet atomic weapons program, is 10/93 converting its operations to gold refining. Vitaly Hryhorovych Radetsky is confirmed 10/93 Ostankino Television (Moscow), 12/9/93; in JPRS- as Ukraine’s new defense minister. He sup- TND-94-001, 1/6/94, p. 26 (10650). Chernobyl plant officials discover that two ports approval of START and the NPT, but uranium-filled reactor control rods are miss- agrees that Ukraine should receive security ing. The three-yard-long rods contain 454 guarantees and financial compensation in TAJIKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES uranium pellets and are valued at $1 mil- return for dismantling its nuclear weapons. lion. An investigation is begun, which pro- Reuter, 10/8/93 (10218). RFE/RL News Briefs, 10/ 9/93 11/93-10/15/93, p. 10 (10218). duces two hypotheses: first, that the fuel is It is reported that the International Trade not actually lost, but rather it is the docu- Commission has determined that uranium 10/93 ments recording its official transfer at an supplied by Tajikistan is not harmful to the Ukraine’s parliament adopts a new military earlier date which are misplaced; and sec- U.S. market because Tajikistan typically doctrine which pledges non-nuclear status ond, that the fuel was stolen. On 10/26/93, mills uranium supplied by other countries. for Ukraine. the leader of the State Committee for Use of Nuclear News, 9/93, p. 76 (10112). Marta Kolomayets, The Ukrainian Weekly, 10/24/93, Atomic Energy and Chernobyl Station Di- p. 2 (10115). rector N. Sorokin declares that only 260 grams of uranium-235 had been taken. 10/93 Later, Chairman of the Ukrainian State Com- Ukrainian nuclear physicist and Chairman mittee for Nuclear and Radiation Safety UKRAINE of the Ukrainian State Committee for (GANU) Nicolai Steinberg states that the Nuclear and Radiation Safety (GANU) missing nuclear fuel assemblies were not Nicolai Steinberg reports that over the last stolen, but rejected as defective in 1987 and year and a half, no liquid nuclear waste from stored at a locked site. Ukraine has been brought to the appropri- Robert Seely, Washington Post, 11/12/93, p. A44 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS ate disposal facilities because it is cheaper (10432). Yuriy Khlystun, Kievskiye Novosti (Kiev), 10/30/93, p. 6; in JPRS-TND-93-036, 11/17/93, pp. to dump the waste into the rivers. 29-30 (10213). Yuriy Khlystun, Kievskiye Vedemosti, 9/93 Annes Gamillschegg, Frankfurter Rundschau, 10/14/ 10/30/93, pp. 6-7 (10581). 93, p. 1; in JPRS-TND-93-034, 10/27/93, p. 54 Ukrainian Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma (10452). resigns due to increasing political pressure from factions angered by his support of transferring Ukrainian nuclear weapons to

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11/93 loans from financial institutions. Although to improve safety at Rovno and other Ukrai- First Deputy Nuclear Regulatory Chief a French consortium won an international nian nuclear power plants. Georgi Kopchinsky resigns from the competition for “Shelter-2” proposals last Zhozef Shapoval, Kievskiye Vedomosti (Kiev), 1/5/94, Ukraine State Committee on Nuclear Radia- summer, no official tenders have been made p. 6 (10621). tion and Safety (UkrSCNRS) in protest of and no feasibility studies have been done. the parliament’s decision to keep the Some sources say that if France, Germany, UKRAINE WITH IAEA Chernobyl plant open. He states that it is and the European Communities all contrib- the decision to reopen the Chernobyl-2 re- ute, the estimated $7 million for the feasi- 11/93 actor, now closed due to fire damage, which bility study could be raised. The Commis- Director of IAEA Safeguards Bruno Pellaud specifically influenced his decision to resign. sion of the European Communities (CEC) is to meet with Ukrainian officials to dis- Nucleonics Week, 12/9/93, p. 11 (10394). has authorized $7 million for Chernobyl-re- cuss a proposal to implement a “close-to- lated funding, of which approximately $3.5 full-scope safeguards” agreement prior to 11/93 million could be allocated for the study. signing the NPT. Many western experts The Ukrainian parliament ratifies START-I According to a French official, German object to this, as it could pave the way for but with ten conditions limiting its imple- funding of the project could be seriously nations outside the NPT to take advantage mentation. The vote commits Ukraine only jeopardized if Ukraine continues to operate of NPT-member benefits, such as import- to “stage-by-stage” disarmament of 36 per- Chernobyl-1 and -3. Ukraine subsequently ing fuel from the Nuclear Suppliers Group, cent of its missiles and 42 percent of its war- decided to continue their operation. The and will take away some of the international heads. The document calls upon all nuclear structures that currently contain Chernobyl- community’s leverage to pressure Ukraine states to pledge no first use against Ukraine 4 were built in 1986; estimates state that the into signing the NPT. The U.S. is in favor of nuclear or conventional weapons or eco- structures are safe for a period of seven to of the proposal as it would serve as a confi- nomic coercion; this pledge calls on nuclear 10 years from the time that they were built. dence-building measure. The IAEA states Ustina Markus, RFE/RL Daily Report, 10/22/93 states to refrain from threatening such ac- that talks are proceeding as if Ukraine will tions. The document also makes ownership (10624). Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 10/21/ 93, pp. 17-18 (10195). become a non-nuclear weapon state. claims on all tactical and strategic weapons Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 10/28/93, pp. 6-7 on Ukrainian territory. The parliament also (10214). ratifies the Lisbon Protocol, but omits Ar- UKRAINE WITH GERMANY ticle Five, which stipulates that Ukraine join the NPT as a non-nuclear state in the “short- UKRAINE WITH LIBYA AND PAKISTAN 12/93 est possible time.” It is reported that in 1994 Ukraine will re- Margaret Shapiro, Washington Post, 11/19/93 10/93 (10434). John Lepingwell, RFE/RL Daily Report, 11/ ceive a German computer-based system 17/93 (10434). Marta Kolomayets, The Ukrainian called RODOS (real-time, on-line decision Ukraine denies accusations that it has sold Weekly, 11/21/93, p. 1 (10206). support), which will assist in predicting and nuclear technology to Libya and Pakistan. Uniar (Kiev), 10/6/93; in JPRS-TND-93-034, 10/27/ mitigating the consequences of a nuclear 93, p. 38 (10198). emergency. UKRAINE WITH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENS NucNet, 12/17/93 (10623).

UKRAINE WITH MOLDOVA 10/93 12/93 Ukraine is seeking funds to help pay for the German Ambassador to Ukraine Alexander 1/94 construction of a new sarcophagus for the Arno presents Ukraine’s Foreign Ministry Authorities confiscate 3.3 pounds of radio- Chernobyl-4 reactor. Western banks are Department of Military Disarmament and active materials found in Kishinev, reluctant to finance the project because Arms Control with 50,000DM worth of Moldova. The material allegedly belonged Ukraine represents a “major lending risk,” computer equipment to aid in the implemen- to a group of six people attempting to and because the result of the work would tation of START-I and to encourage Ukraine have no financial payback. A representa- smuggle it out of Ukraine. to accede to the NPT. The two countries are Philadelphia Inquirer, 12/24/93; in International Se- tive from the Ukraine Academy of Sciences discussing cooperation on destroying the liq- curity Digest, 1/94, p. 5 (10377). and an advisor to Ukraine president Leonid uid fuel for Ukraine’s SS-19 missiles. Kravchuk had informal discussions on the The Ukrainian Weekly, 12/19/93, p. 8 (10436). funding problem in Germany with officials UKRAINE WITH MULTI-COUNTRY from the European Bank for Reconstruction 1/94 GROUP and Development (EBRD). The EBRD sug- Ukraine’s Rovno nuclear power plant, the gests that the project be funded with gov- Kiev Institute Enerhoprojekt, and 10/93 ernment grants and bank credits instead of Germany’s KAB form UNA, a joint venture Representatives from the U.S., Canada,

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Sweden and Ukraine sign a multilateral for Ukraine’s nuclear power plants. the Russian-Ukrainian border since 10/5/93 agreement establishing a Scientific and Fred Hiatt, Washington Post, 9/4/93, pp. A17, A22 while Ukraine sought assurance of compen- Technological Center to employ Ukraine’s (10144). sation from Russia for the value of the nuclear engineers and scientists in civilian nuclear materials and while Russia accused research and thus prevent the proliferation 9/93 Ukraine of violating the transfer agreement of nuclear technology. Russia annuls the agreement signed at the signed at the Massandra summit. Ukrayinske Radio First Program Network (Kiev), 10/ Massandra summit regarding the disman- John Lepingwell, RFE/RL Daily Report, 10/27/93. 26/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-206, 10/27/93, pp. 51-52 tling of Ukraine’s nuclear weapons. A hand- Ustina Markus, RFE/RL Daily Report, 10/21/93 (10613). Serhiy Danylenko, Holos Ukrayiny (Kiev), written amendment to the agreement ex- (10317). 11/3/93, p. 5; in JPRS-TND-93-037, 12/8/93, p. 49 (10613). cludes the SS-24 ICBMs from dismantle- ment. Ukraine maintains that the amend- 11/93 Russia announces its intention to begin with- 1/94 ment was in the agreement when it was signed, but Russia claims that it was added drawing nuclear warheads from Ukraine on Ukrainian Deputy Foreign Minister Borys 1/1/94 under an agreement between the two Tarasyuk states that the U.S., Russia, and after the signing. John Lepingwell, RFE/RL Daily Report, 9/22/93 countries. U.K. have agreed to sign a multilateral docu- (9714). ITAR-TASS, 11/5/93; in JPRS-TND-93-036, 11/17/93, ment extending security guarantees to p. 22 (10215). Ukraine once START-I has been imple- 10/93 mented and Ukraine has adhered to the NPT. Russian Ambassador to the U.S. Vladimir 1/94 Washington Times, 1/27/93, p. A13 (10630). Lukin states that Ukraine has not allowed Russia halts fuel supplies to Ukraine’s Russian experts to enter the country to moni- nuclear power stations because of Ukraine’s tor and maintain the nuclear weapons sta- inability to pay the required 48 billion rubles UKRAINE WITH POLAND tioned there. He adds that this represents a for new fuel. Ukraine’s State Committee dangerous violation of the Lisbon Protocol, for the Use of Nuclear Power states that un- 1/94 because Ukraine does not have the resources less new fuel is obtained, one-third of the Poland has given Ukraine $10,000 in equip- to properly maintain the weapons on its own. country’s nuclear power plants will have to ment to monitor radioactive atmospheric Lukin cites a 9/93 incident in which experts be shut down in 1994, and the remaining pollution, but Ukraine lacks the money to reported finding dangerously high tempera- two-thirds in 1995. install it. tures and levels of radiation at the UT-1 Television Network (Kiev), 1/28/93; in FBIS- SOV-94-020, 1/31/94, p. 34 (10627). Olga Iwaniak, Radio Warszawa Network (Warsaw), Pervomaisk nuclear weapons storage facil- 12/29/93; in JPRS-TND-94-001, 1/13/94, p. 52 (10622). ity. Sergio Sergi, L’Unita, 10/24/93, p. 14; in FBIS-SOV- 93-205, 10/26/93, pp. 13-14 (10313). UKRAINE WITH RUSSIA AND UNITED STATES UKRAINE WITH PRC 10/93 Minatom officials say that an agreement 12/93 9/93 between Russia’s Krasnoyarsk-26 spent fuel Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk an- Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen says reprocessing center and Ukraine’s nuclear nounces that Ukraine, Russia and the U.S. that China has sent a diplomatic note to Kiev industry on reprocessing spent fuel from will conclude a tripartite agreement on fi- offering Ukraine security guarantees in ex- Ukraine’s VVER-1000 nuclear reactors is nancial compensation, security guarantees, change for its promise to relinquish its contingent on Ukraine’s agreement to pur- and technical and scientific aid to Ukraine nuclear weapons. He said that China could chase fresh UO2 fuel from Minatom under in return for its dismantlement of nuclear not offer financial assistance for Ukrainian IAEA safeguards. A grace period which weapons. disarmament. allows Minatom to supply the fuel to Reuter, 12/18/93; in Executive News Service, 12/18/ Reuter, 9/7/93; in Executive News Service, 9/7/93 Ukraine, even though Ukraine has not yet 93 (10535). (10277). signed the NPT, will expire at the end of 1993, after which time Minatom officials expect IAEA safeguard requirements will UKRAINE WITH TURKEY UKRAINE WITH RUSSIA necessitate the end of fuel supply to Ukraine. Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 10/11/93, pp. 2-3 (10494). 11/93 9/93 Turkish police recover 4.5 kilograms of ura- At the Russian-Ukrainian summit at 10/93 nium from a 10 kilogram batch believed to Massandra, an agreement is signed whereby Two nuclear warheads are transferred from have been stolen from the Chernobyl nuclear Ukraine will send its warheads to Russia for Ukraine to Russia on 10/26/93. The war- power plant. dismantlement in exchange for uranium fuel heads had been sitting in a railroad car on Robert Seely, Washington Post, 11/12/93, p. A44 (10432).

152 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 Nuclear Developments

UKRAINE WITH UNITED STATES 12/93 UZBEKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES ABB Combustion Engineering Nuclear 9/6/93 Power of the U.S. announces its agreement 11/93 The U.S. International Trade Commission with the Ukrainian government to provide Petitioners in the anti-dumping case against (ITC) determines that uranium supplied by nuclear instrumentation monitoring systems former Soviet uranium exporters ask the U.S. Ukraine is “injurious to U.S. industry,” and (NIMS) for the Khmelnitsky and Zaporozhia Department of Commerce (DOC) to review that importers will be required to post a cash nuclear power plants. ABB will work with its suspension agreements with Russia, bond equal to 129.29 percent of the value of Ukraine’s Hartron, which will install the Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and each shipment. This announcement is the monitoring systems and eventually manu- resume anti-dumping investigations, in the ITC’s final determination, closing the De- facture the needed safety upgrade equip- hope that this will result in anti-dumping partment of Commerce’s anti-dumping case ment. duties being levied against the former So- against Ukraine that started in 11/92. Nucleonics Week, 12/23/93, p. 7 (10619). viet republics. Uranium from these repub- Nuclear News, 9/93, p. 76 (10112). lics is now entering the U.S. under a grand- 12/93 father clause in the suspension agreements. 10/93 Duke Engineering & Services signs a con- On 11/17/93, DOC announces that it is be- U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher tract to develop a spent fuel dry cask stor- ginning a review of the agreements with and Ukrainian Foreign Minister Anatolii age system for the Zaporozhia nuclear power these countries, and will complete the review Zlenko sign an agreement stipulating that the plant. The plant is due to run out of storage by 10/31/94. DOC says that, at this time, it U.S. will provide $175 million in aid for the space in 1995 due to Russia’s refusal to ac- has no evidence that these countries have dismantling of Ukrainian nuclear weapons. cept the spent fuel for reprocessing. violated any of the agreements. Ann MacLachlan, Ray Silver and Elaine Hiruo, Another source reports that Christopher said Michael Knapik and Wilson Dizzard III, Nuclear Fuel, Nuclear Fuel, 1/17/94, pp. 16-17 (10673). that if Ukraine agrees to give up its nuclear 11/8/93, pp. 1-4 (10472). arsenal, the U.S. will provide $330 million in aid and technical assistance. John Lepingwell, RFE/RL News Briefs, 10/25/93-10/ 29/93, p. 11 (10114). Carla Ann Robbins, Wall Street Journal, 10/26/93, p. A13 (10116). UZBEKISTAN

10/93 Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk prom- ises to submit START-I, the Lisbon Proto- col, and the NPT to parliament for ratifica- UZBEKISTAN WITH EUROPEAN tion. COMMUNITY AND UNITED STATES John Lepingwell, RFE/RL News Briefs, 10/25/93-10/ 29/93, p. 11 (10114). 12/93 Uzbekistan reports its uranium sales to the 11/93 U.S. Department of Commerce, including a At a meeting with U.S. Secretary of State sale of 415,812 pounds of U308 to Nukem Warren Christopher, Ivan Plyushch, Chair Inc. of the U.S. for an approximate unit price of the Ukrainian Supreme Council, states of $8.36/lb, and seven sales totalling 6.9 that Ukraine should receive $5 billion in million pounds to a “European concern,” exchange for 170 strategic missiles on its which is said to be Nukem GmbH. Before territory. reaching the buyer, 381,000 pounds of the Uniar (Kiev), 11/3/93; in JPRS-TND-93-036, 11/17/ 93, p. 28 (10208). 6.9 million were sent to the U.S. for repro- cessing; the remaining amount is being 11/93 stored at European converters such as Brit- U.S. intelligence reports that Ukraine has the ish Nuclear Fuels. capability to break the control codes of Michael Knapik, Nuclear Fuel, 12/6/93, p. 2 (10632). former Soviet missiles in Ukraine, and is motivated to do so by the threat of Russian aggression. Martin Sieff, Washington Times, 11/30/93, pp. A1, A8 (10318).

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1994 153