Lucerne Granite, Lucerne-in-Maine Maine Geological Survey

Maine Geologic Facts and Localities August, 2010

Lucerne Granite, Lucerne-in-Maine

44° 39‘ 30.44“ N, 68° 36‘ 40.19“ W

Text by Henry N. Berry IV

Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1 Lucerne Granite, Lucerne-in-Maine Maine Geological Survey

Introduction Much of U.S. Route 1A between Bangor and Ellsworth runs across a large body of granite named for the village of Lucerne-in-Maine. The Lucerne pluton is one of the larger granite bodies in Maine. The granite has been eroded to produce a landscape of lakes and hills, which may have reminded an early traveler of

the landscape around Lucerne, Switzerland.

IV IV N. Berry Berry N.

Maine Geological Survey Photo by Henry Henry by Photo Figure 1. View from Lucerne-in-Maine toward Phillips Lake (Lake Lucerne?) and Bald and Peaked Mountains (Swiss Alps?). Boulder of Lucerne Granite in the foreground.

Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 2 Lucerne Granite, Lucerne-in-Maine Maine Geological Survey

Directions About 12 miles south of Bangor, just south of the Lucerne golf course, is a convenient exposure of Lucerne

Granite. It is a road cut on the east side of Route 1A nearly 500 feet long (Figure 2).

Maine Geological Survey Photo by Henry N. Berry IV Berry N. Henry by Photo Figure 2. Road cut in Lucerne Granite, east side of U.S. Route 1A, Lucerne-in-Maine.

Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 3 Lucerne Granite, Lucerne-in-Maine Maine Geological Survey

Lucerne Granite The rock is a very coarse-grained grayish-white granite. Its distinctive feature is the abundance of large feldspar grains, an inch or more across, which give a spotted or mottled appearance visible from the

road (Figure 3).

Maine Geological Survey Photo by Henry N. Berry IV Berry N. Henry by Photo Figure 3. Grayish-white, mottled granite. Though broken by fractures, the rock itself is fairly uniform from place to place over hundreds of square miles.

Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 4 Lucerne Granite, Lucerne-in-Maine Maine Geological Survey

Lucerne Granite A closer look (Figure 4) shows that there are many sizes of feldspar grains in the rock, producing a seriate rock texture (having a series of sizes). Not all granites have this texture, some having grains of approximately equal size (equigranular), and others having grains of two predominant sizes

(porphyritic).

Maine Geological Survey Photo by Henry N. Berry IV Berry N. Henry by Photo Figure 4. Coarse feldspar grains are characteristic of the Lucerne Granite. There is a range of grain sizes in the rock.

Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 5 Lucerne Granite, Lucerne-in-Maine Maine Geological Survey

Mineral Texture As with all true granites, the Lucerne Granite is composed of three main minerals – two types of feldspar and quartz – in roughly equal proportions. The two types of feldspar can be distinguished readily under a petrographic microscope or by X-ray or chemical analysis, but in the field it may be

difficult to tell them apart in some granites.

Maine Geological Survey Photo by Henry N. Berry IV Berry N. Henry by Photo Figure 5. Close-up of Lucerne Granite showing the mineral texture.

Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 6 Lucerne Granite, Lucerne-in-Maine Maine Geological Survey

Mineral Texture In the Lucerne Granite, the sodium-rich feldspar (plagioclase) is generally more milky white, and the potassium-rich feldspar (alkali feldspar) is generally grayish-white and slightly translucent (Figure 6). The quartz is a decidedly darker gray color, and more translucent like stained glass. Quartz of this color is called smoky quartz. A fourth mineral, the black mica called biotite, makes up the remaining several

percent of the rock.

Maine Geological Survey Photo by Henry N. Berry IV Berry N. Henry by Photo Figure 6. Lucerne Granite showing the four common minerals: A = alkali feldspar; P = plagioclase feldspar; Q = quartz; B = biotite. Two grains with rapakivi texture are outlined. The upper one has an inner grain of older plagioclase with abundant biotite inclusions. The lower one has an inner grain of alkali feldspar, which is more common.

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Granite Textures

The arrangement of minerals and the way they are grown together is a consequence of the way the rock formed. Granite is an igneous rock that forms by slow solidification from molten rock. As minerals first grow in the cooling magma, they tend to form regular crystal shapes. But when the minerals grow large enough to touch each other, their outer edges take on whatever irregular shapes are necessary to fill in the remaining spaces. Also, certain minerals (such as feldspar) tend to grow in a smaller number of larger grains, while other minerals (such as quartz) tend to grow in a larger number of smaller grains.

One particular texture found in the Lucerne Granite has one feldspar growing around the outside of another feldspar, partially or completely enclosing the inner, older feldspar. The younger, enclosing feldspar is always plagioclase; but the older, inner feldspar may be either alkali feldspar or plagioclase. The photo in Figure 5 shows that both may occur near each other in the same rock. Only some of the feldspars in the rock have this sort of texture. This texture of one feldspar surrounding another, is sometimes called "rapakivi texture" from descriptions of certain granites in Finland. Rapakivi texture is found in several of the granites on the Maine coast.

Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 8 Lucerne Granite, Lucerne-in-Maine Maine Geological Survey

Enclaves A second mineral texture has coarse grains of feldspar enclosed in a blob of darker gray, fine-grained rock (diorite) within the granite (Figure 7). Such a blob is called an "enclave," and is interpreted to represent molten rock of a different composition that was trapped in the granite magma when they

both were molten.

Maine Geological Survey Photo by Henry N. Berry IV Berry N. Henry by Photo Figure 7. Enclave of dark gray rock (diorite) in Lucerne Granite. Notice several large grains of alkali feldspar which separated from the partially crystallized granite and became incorporated in the diorite while it was still molten.

Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 9 Lucerne Granite, Lucerne-in-Maine Maine Geological Survey

Enclaves and Plagioclase Rims

The coarse feldspar grains enclosed within the enclave are the same as the feldspar grains that make up the granite outside it. This indicates that the granite was largely crystallized at the time the blob of diorite magma intruded, and that some of the large feldspars became separated from the granite and were stirred into the diorite before it solidified.

In detailed studies of other granites in coastal Maine, workers have demonstrated that intrusion of mafic magma into a body of partially molten granite could produce both mafic enclaves and plagioclase rims around feldspars in granite (Wiebe and others, 2004; Hogan and others, 2007; Lux and others, 2007; for example). Several observations suggest that a similar process may have affected the Lucerne Granite, although the details have not been worked out (Flanagan-Brown, 1999).

Maine Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 10 Lucerne Granite, Lucerne-in-Maine Maine Geological Survey

Granite Links Microscopic views of granite, show that the mineral grains may have different sizes and shapes, and are interlocked like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle.

Granite photomicrograph

Granite video through a petrographic microscope, of sample rotating under crossed polars.

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References and Additional Information

Flanagan-Brown, Riley, 1999, Microgranular mafic enclaves as evidence for mingling and mixing of a mafic magma with the Lucerne Granite of central Maine: Geological Society of America, 1999 annual meeting, Abstracts with Programs, v. 31, no. 7, p. 268.

Hogan, J. P., Seaman, Sheila, and Williams, Michael, 2001, Geochemical and age mapping of monazite from the Lucerne Granite, Maine: Geological Society of America, Northeastern Section, 36th annual meeting, Abstracts with Programs, v. 33, no. 1, p. 68.

Hogan, J. P., Lux, D. R., Gibson, David, Hooks, Benjamin, and O'Donnell, S. P., 2007, Plagioclase mantled alkali feldspars: A record of thermal perturbations in felsic magma chambers: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 39, no. 1, p. 64.

Lux, D. R., Hooks, Benjamin, Gibson, David, and Hogan, J. P., 2007, Magma interactions in the Deer Isle granite complex, Maine; field and textural evidence: The Canadian Mineralogist, v. 45, p. 131-146.

Wiebe, R. A., Manon, M. R., Hawkins, D. P., and McDonough, W. F., 2004, Late-stage mafic injection and thermal rejuvenation of the Vinalhaven Granite, coastal Maine: Journal of Petrology, v. 45, p. 2133-2153.

Wones, D. R., 1980, Contributions of crystallography, mineralogy, and petrology to the geology of the Lucerne pluton, Hancock County, Maine: American Mineralogist, v. 65, nos. 5-6, p. 411-437.

Wones, D. R., and Ayuso, R. A., 1993, Geologic map of the Lucerne Granite, Hancock and Penobscot Counties, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series, I-2360, map, scale 1:125,000.

Zartman, R. E., and Gallego, M. D., 1979, USGS(D)-BUB-8 (Sample 139), USGS(D)-BUB-9 (Sample 140), USGS(D)-BUB-10 (Sample 141), and USGS(D)-ORA-301 (Sample 142): in Marvin, R. F., and Dobson, S. W., (editors), Radiometric ages: Compilation B, U. S. Geological Survey: Isochron West, no. 26, p. 18-19.

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