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Small Things Wide Horizons Studies in Honour of Birgitta Hårdh

Small Things Wide Horizons Studies in Honour of Birgitta Hårdh

Small Things Wide Horizons Studies in honour of Birgitta Hårdh

Edited by

Lars Larsson, Fredrik Ekengren, Bertil Helgesson and Bengt Söderberg

Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com

ISBN 978 1 78491 131 7 ISBN 978 1 78491 132 4 (e-Pdf)

© Archaeopress and the individual authors 2015

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners.

Printed in England by Oxuniprint Ltd, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents

Tabula 7 trinkets Buttons as brooches 77 Preface 9 Morten Axboe

silver Hand rings 82 The background and the early history of the neck rings Torsten Capelle † of the Glazov type (also called Permian) and the be- ginning of East-West connections in Early Medieval Gold in Guleboda 86 Northern Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries 13 A Byzantine gold coin from southern Småland Johan Callmer Martin Hansson The social weight of silver in the Íslendingasögur and the Age hoards 20 A little piece of silver from the Romele ridge area 91 Fredrik Ekengren & Maria Domeij Lundborg Bertil Helgesson

100 Viking Age hoards of Bornholm 27 Two brooch-knobs and a handful of thoughts 97 Status, challenges and perspectives Karen Høilund Nielsen Gitte Tarnow Ingvardson & Finn Ole Sonne Nielsen Notices on the Notitia 104 Hoards and sinuous snakes 35 A comparison between heraldic insignia of late Roman military units as depicted in Notitia Dignitatum and certain patterns Significance and meaning of ring ornaments in Early Viking Age on Scandinavian Migration Period jewellery like wrist clasps hoards from Gotland and relief brooches Christoph Kilger Jan Peder Lamm

At the end of the silver flow 43 Close to – between West and South 110 Islamic dirhams in Sigtuna and the shrinking Viking network Lars Larsson Mats Roslund Shield-formed pendants and solar symbols of the Migration period 115 coins Bente Magnus Viking-Age coins found in 51 Kenneth Jonsson “ in Bavaria” 121 An unpublished spännbuckla from Munich and its history The earliest coin hoard of Lund 58 Sonja Marzinzik & Michaela Helmbrecht Jens Christian Moesgaard A female statement of power? 126 Nicholas of St. Albans, Anketil and Alfvini—three Dan- Some reflections on the Viking Age Yelets-brooch th th ish moneyers of English origin from the 12 and 13 Michael Neiß centuries 64 Jørgen Steen Jensen A Hind to your Health! 132 Alexandra Pesch Three —Coin motive and (trans-)national sym- bol 69 Cecilia von Heijne burials centrality Small items and major conclusions 141 Small things and wide horizons from a Birka perspec- A discussion of the findings from Gullhögen, Old Uppsala tive 229 Birgit Arrhenius with contributions by Ingmar Jansson Björn Ambrosiani & Ingrid Gustin

Uncovering more Death 150 Detecting Vester Kærby 237 Some recent excavations of graves from the Early Iron Age in Problems associated with the interpretation of metal-detector finds from the plough soil Tony Björk Mogens Bo Henriksen & Helle W. Horsnæs

Vester Galsted – an inhumation grave at P. Frey’s Early medieval trading centres and transport systems field 160 between Dorestad, Ribe and Wolin 245 Per Ethelberg The latest results of the Priority Research Programme “Harbours from the Roman Iron Age to the ” Rune-stones and the localisation of graves 169 Hauke Jöns Burial customs in the Conversion period Quedlinburg before the Ottonian kings 253 Anne-Sofie Gräslund Approaches towards an early topography of power Pidgirci (Western ) and Havor (Gotland, Swe- Babette Ludowici den)—two grave finds connected with Byzantine Christianity 175 The relationship between Uppåkra and Lund—a status Michael Müller-Wille update 261 Ing-Marie Nilsson Pot and amulet pendants in the early mediaeval grave 130 of Frankfurt-Harheim 182 The Trelleborg constructors 267 Uta von Freeden Anders Ödman

crafts transformations Production of Scandinavian-style sword hilts on the From replica to relic—Gokstad goes abroad 275 southern Baltic coast? 191 Bodil Petersson A stray find, presumably dating to the Late Roman Iron Age, from Lübsow / Lubieszewo in Monumental make over? 281 Andreas Rau, Ruth Blankenfeldt & Jan Schuster Remains of a long dolmen close to the -setting Ale’s stones. Bengt Söderberg & Björn Wallebom Joining threads – a discussion of the archaeology of the tacit 199 Vikings and the Western Frontier 289 Ulla Isabel Zagal-Mach Wolfe Jes Wienberg

farms and fields dust What did the Wells conceal? 211 Dust to dust 297 Hvissinge Vest – a Village from the Germanic Iron Age A short story of no-thing and every-thing Linda Boye Jarl Nordbladh

Medicinal herbs—useful and fatal 218 List of contributors 301 Early traces of medicinal plants in Europe Ulla Lund Hansen Birgitta Hårdh—a Bibliography 303 Tabula Gratulatoria

Torbjörn Ahlström & Caroline Arcini, Lund Lars & Anne N. Jørgensen, Bronshøj Björn Ambrosiani, Christoph Kilger, Visby Eva Andersson Strand, København Annika Knarrström, Annelöv Gunnar Andersson, Kista Egge Knol, Groningen Andersson, Uppsala Kristina & Jan Peder Lamm, Lidingö Anders Andrén, Stockholm Lars & Ulla-Karin Larsson, V. Nöbbelöv Jan Apel, Lund Kerstin Lidén, Lidingö Birgit Arrhenius, Stockholm Babette Ludowici, Hanover Else Asmussen, København Ulla Lund Hansen, København Morten Axboe, København Karin Lundqvist, Eslöv Charlotte Behr, Bente Magnus, Lidingö Tony Björk, Färlöv Ulla Mannering, København Ruth Blankenfeldt, Schleswig Sonja Marzinzik, München Linda Boje, Taastrup Jens Christian Moesgaard, København Mats & Nanouschka M. Burström, Stockholm Michael Müller-Wille, Kiel Johan Callmer, Lund Michael Neiß, Uppsala Maria Domeij Lundborg, Östersund Finn Ole Nielsen, Rønne Johannes, Helena, Edwine &Wilhelmina Edvardsson, Ing-Marie Nilsson, Kristianstad Lund Jarl & Elisabeth Nordbladh, Göteborg Kjell Edvardsson, Lund Deborah Olausson, Lund Anna-Stina Ekedahl, Helsingborg Alexandra Pesch, Schleswig Fredrik Ekengren, Lund Bodil Petersson, Kalmar Frédéric Elfver & Elisabet Regner, Enskede Neil Price & Linda Qviström, Uppsala Lars Ersgård, Lund Per H. Ramqvist, Umeå Per Ethelberg, Haderslev Klavs Randsborg, København Charlotte Fabech & Ulf Näsman, Svalöv Andreas Rau, Schleswig Jan-Henrik Fallgren, Aberdeen Mads Ravn, Vejle Claus Feveile, Kerteminde Christoph & Elke Reichmann, Krefeld Josefine Franck Bican, Lyngby Erika & Jerry Rosengren, Lund James Graham-Campbell, London Mats Roslund, Lund Anne-Sofie Gräslund, Uppsala Elisabeth Rudebeck, Malmö Ingrid Gustin, Lund Eva Rystedt, Stockholm Martin Hansson, Lund Katalin Schmidt Sabo, Lund Rikard Hedvall & Karin Lindeblad, Linköping Jan Schuster, Łódź Bertil Helgesson, Kristianstad Iben Skibsted Klesø, Kokkedal Michaela Helmbrecht, München Peter Skoglund, Göteborg Mogens Bo Henriksen, Odense Dagfinn Skre, Helle W. Horsnæs, København Bergljot M. Solberg, Fana Susan Hydén, Höör Jørgen Steen Jensen, København Karen Høilund Nielsen, Beder Bengt Söderberg, Lund Henrik Janson, Göteborg Gitte Tarnow Ingvardson, Lund Ingemar Jansson, Stockholm Raimond Thörn & Tove Hjørungdal, Göteborg Kristina Jennbert, Lund Luc Van Impe, Leuven Kenneth Jonsson, Stockholm Claus von Carnap-Bornheim, Schleswig Hauke Jöns, Wilhelmshafen Uta von Freeden, Frankfurt am Main

7 Small Things – Wide Horizons

Cecilia von Heijne, Stockholm Björn Wallebom, Lund Avdelningen för Arkeologi vid Linnéuniversitetet, Egon Wamers, Frankfurt Kalmar Margrethe Watt, Dyssegård Den kgl. Mønt- og Medaillesamling, København Nancy L. Wicker, Oxford, USA Nationalmuseet, København Jens Wienberg, Lund Statens Historiska Museer, Geoarkeologiska Laboratoriet, Torun Zacrisson, Stockholm Uppsala Ulla Isabel Zagal-Mach Wolfe, Lund Wolf Haio & Gunthild Zimmermann, Wilhelshaven Anders Ödman, Lund

8 Preface

The 16th of August 2015 is Professor Birgitta Hårdh’s 70th Besides doing research, Birgitta Hårdh has for several birthday. At the Department of Archaeology and Ancient decades been a lecturer and professor, with long experience History in Lund, an editorial group was set up for the of teaching students and supervising doctoral candidates publication of a Festschrift in her honour. in the subject. She has also been director of studies and served on a number of committees in the Faculty of Arts For several decades Birgitta has been an important and Theology. staff member and researcher at the Department. Her doc­toral dissertation was based on Viking Age silver A feature common to all Birgitta Hårdh’s research is that deposits in southernmost Sweden. This is a field that she has been able, through analysis of a body of finds, to she later developed in several national and international broaden the perspective, not least geographically through publications. As a she is regarded as one of the her profound knowledge of phenomena in Northern leading experts on the Northern European Viking Age, Europe and indeed all of Europe. This book has been given engaged in diverse research projects both in Sweden and the title Small Things – Wide Horizons, which is a good internationally, and she is a vital collaborator in various summary of Birgitta’s research hitherto. networks specializing in the Viking Age. Thanks to the large network of contacts to which Birgitta Through time, Birgitta has extended her research to Hårdh belongs, the call for papers for this Festschrift met comprise other periods in the Iron Age. This is particularly a great response. A total of fourty titles were submitted to clear in her research on the major site of Uppåkra outside the proposed volume. Lund. Here she has devoted articles to a detailed treatment of the finds from the Late Iron Age. She has also edited Through this Festschrift we wish to thank and honour Pro­ several of the volumes in the series Uppåkrastudier, with fessor Birgitta Hårdh as a fine colleague and an excellent both national and international contributions. scholar. We all look forward to coming years and many more important contributions to archaeological research. Another special field examined by Birgitta Hårdh is the megalithic graves in south-west Scania. Both find material from individual sites and broader perspectives on the Middle Neolithic have been covered in these studies. Lars Larsson, Fredrik Ekengren, Bertil Helgesson, Bengt Söderberg

9 Birgitta Hårdh Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium

From replica to relic—Gokstad goes abroad

Bodil Petersson

Abstract Nicolaysen had great experience of digging barrows. He had been systematically examining and excavating barrows This text is about the Viking, built as a copy of the in since the 1860s (Solberg 2003). The dig in 1880 Norwegian and sailed from , Norway, to the gave him yet another chance to enhance his experience in World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. It is argued this field. In the case of this specific barrow, the dig turned that the ship started off as a replica that aroused a lot of enthu- out to be a real stroke of luck. The mound turned out to siasm among people on its voyage across the Atlantic, then fell contain the extremely well preserved remnants of a Viking into oblivion for some time, and has recently been reawakened and put on display as a historic relic in its own right. The Viking longship. The ship find was named after the farm, Gokstad, is transformed into an original testimony of modern Vikings con- on which the barrow was located (Fig. 1). quering the West. The spectacular find was to become world-famous. It was soon to be exhibited at a in Kristiania (Oslo). The ship became an effective symbol of the Vikings and The original their international affairs. The Gokstad longship also went abroad only a few years after the find, now in the shape of On a winter’s day early in 1880 the idea of digging into a replica, suitably named the Viking. the King’s Mound at Gokstad farm in , southern Norway, could no longer be resisted. Two brothers living The replica on the farm started to dig into the centre of the grave mound. When the antiquarian heard In 1888 a Norwegian-American sailors’ association was about it, he immediately stopped any further digging. founded in , and from the very beginning they Later, in April the same year, when the ground frost took an interest in when Leif Erikson discovered America. had loosened its grip, the dig was resumed, now led by During an early meeting of this sailors’ association, a Nicolaysen himself (Nicolaysen 1882, 2f.). Norwegian who had emigrated to the USA, Hjalmar

Fig. 1. The original Gokstad Viking ship being excavated in 1880. (Source: Picture from Popular Science Monthly 1881, Vol. 19.)

275 Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium Small Things – Wide Horizons

But although the sailors’ association found Andersen’s idea alluring, it was not immediately an easy task to convince others about the initiative and thus find enough money to realize the project. The idea with the ship was that it would represent Norway at the world’s fair in Chicago, and it would of course be a very specific manifestation at a fair aiming at celebrating as the prime discoverer of America. With a bit of conspiracy thinking, it might have been seen as a way for the Norwegians to steal the show.

Andersen was the driving force behind the idea to build a replica and sail it to the world’s fair in Chicago. He also stated in his autobiography in 1932 that a main purpose of the trip was to spread propaganda for the fact that Leif Erikson was the true discoverer of America (Andersen 1932, 150).

One of the main opponents of the undertaking to build and sail a replica of the Gokstad ship to the world’s fair was the antiquarian Nicolay Nicolaysen. His argument against the idea was that this kind of ship never was intended to sail across the Atlantic (Andersen 1932, 131f.; Haavardsholm 2004, 93). His arguments in a public newspaper made some of the supporters withdraw their financial support. After Fig. 2. Skipper Magnus Andersen from Norway, who took the some effort Andersen nevertheless succeeded in raising initiative for the building of the replica Viking. (Source: Norsk enough money to accomplish the project. The fund-raising Maritimt Museum.) action gave the necessary amount of 12,000 Norwegian kroner to build the ship (Andersen 1895, 3; 1932, 130ff.). Hjort Boyesen, at the time professor of German language at Columbia University (Seyersted 1999), presented The journey an enthusiastic lecture to the sailors where he told the rather unknown story of the Norseman Leif Erikson and The mission to build the Gokstad ship replica was assigned his trip to Vinland around AD 1000. He pointed out that to a Norwegian boatbuilder, Christen Christensen in especially sailors would have great interest in this event , southern Norway, whose shipyard Framnes (Andersen 1895, 4). The association then, with the aid of lay close to the place of the Gokstad find. The Norwegian Webster’s Dictionary, settled the date of Erikson’s arrival Navy had made the necessary drawings from the original in Vinland in 985. A probable reason for this interest in vessel that the boat builder then had to follow to build Leif Erikson’s voyage in the late 1880s might have been the replica (Andersen 1895:33ff.). The replica was made emigration issues, with hundreds of thousands who according to original materials, mainly oak. The material emigrated from the Nordic area and found their way to for the keel was imported from Scotland but originally America in these years. Not many people at the time knew emanated from the USA, the rest of the oak timber needed about Leif Erikson’s arrival in America about 500 years was to be found within Norway (Andersen 1895, 38). before Columbus. The association saw the interest in Leif The ship was built during a period of five months, from Erikson’s voyage across the Atlantic as an opportunity to September 1892 until the end of January 1893. The Viking promote Norwegian sailors in the USA (Andersen 1932, was launched on the 4th of February from Sandefjord 132). shipyard, surrounded by icy winds and an audience of 6,000–8,000 people (Andersen 1895, 43ff.). The sailors’ association in New York received a gift from Norway in 1889, a gavel made from a plank from The Viking was sailed by a crew of 12 people, including the recently excavated Gokstad ship. Now the interest Andersen himself. First the ship sailed from Kristiania increased in the Vikings and their voyages across the (Oslo) along the southern coast of Norway. The ship and Atlantic. When it was decided to arrange a Columbian its crew stopped and were greeted by crowds of people World’s Fair in Chicago and, among other things, to at several places. Then the ship finally left Bergen on celebrate Christopher Columbus’s of America the Norwegian west coast on 30 April 1893 and headed in 1492, a member of the Norwegian-American sailors’ towards America (Andersen 1932, 134; Fig. 2). They association, skipper Magnus Andersen, had a strong reached Newfoundland around four weeks later, on 27 desire to build a replica of the Gokstad Viking ship for the May. When they arrived in New York some days later fair, and he got support from the association for his idea they were greeted by a crowd of people and invited to (Andersen 1895, 5; 1932, 30). receptions and dinner parties to celebrate their arrival.

276 Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium From replica to relic—Gokstad goes abroad

Fig. 3. The Viking in Chicago 1893. (Source: Photo by unknown photographer 1893. Accessed through Library of Congress PPOC, picture belongs to Detroit Publishing Company Photograph Collection.)

Their stay in New York lasted for nine days (Andersen World’s Science, Art, and Industry, as Viewed through 1932, 140ff.). They left New York at the end of June and the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893. the trip to Chicago took around 14 days with a tricky trip Designed to set forth the Display made by the Congress along rivers and canal systems, and they finally arrived the of Nations, of Human Achievement in Material Form, world’s fair on the 12th of July (Fig. 3). so as the more Effectually to Illustrate the Progress of Mankind in all the Departments of Civilized Life. World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago 1893 (Bancroft 1893, front page).

The Viking was not the only ship replica attending the At each world’s fair since the phenomenon started in Columbian world’s fair. Since this was a Columbian London in 1851, there had also been departments of exposition, the main focus was naturally on the Columbian ethnographic display and historic presentations, all with discovery of the Americas in 1492. In three ship the purpose of showing astonishing pieces of the past to the replicas were built and sailed from to Cuba and audience (Ekström 1994). The arriving at Chicago, then to New York. They were constructed like the ships Viking as well as Columbian, were fitted into the fair as that Columbus had sailed across the Atlantic. These ships objects of marine transportation (Bancroft 1893, 582). were named the Santa Maria, after Columbus’s own ship (Fig. 4), the Niña and the . They arrived in Chicago Vikings vs Columbians on 12 July 1893, actually the same day as the Viking (Appelbaum 1980, 86). Even though the Columbian World’s Fair was a happy occasion for the world to feel closer to the future, there The idea of world’s fairs was to expose achievements of were also conflicts, and one of these conflicts had to do mankind to a large audience, and primarily to describe the with who once upon a time discovered America. One progress and development of industry and culture, better day in Brooklyn, New York, before the Viking set off for expressed on the front page of a book from the Chicago Chicago, some Columbian celebrators met the Viking crew world’s fair: in the streets, and on that occasion a fight occurred, and

277 Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium Small Things – Wide Horizons

Fig. 4. The Santa Maria, replica of Columbus’s ship, 1893. (Source: Photo probably by Edward S. Hart 1893. Accessed through Library of Congress PPOC, picture belongs to Detroit Publishing Company Photograph Collection.) the police put some of the people, mainly Norwegians, in custody for a while to cool feelings down a bit (Andersen 1895, 308ff.).

Andersen’s analysis of the situation was that the police force was not so positive towards the Norwegian “intruders” into the Columbian party. They thought it tactless to come with a Norwegian Viking ship to a world’s Fig. 5. The Viking on a fair that was intending to celebrate Columbus’s arrival, and US stamp from 1925. (Source: Wikimedia this action was seen as a way to demonstrate against the Commons.) role of Columbus (Andersen 1895, 311). This, according to Andersen, was the probable reason why the police in New York put the “Vikings” in custody even though they, according to their own account, were not at all drunk or event ended in tragedy. This had as a consequence that disturbing or provoking anyone. Another argument put the celebration when the Viking arrived in Chicago was forward by Andersen was that some people, also among the somewhat restrained, but still Andersen retells the story police force, were Catholics, while the Nordic people were as a great moment (Andersen 1895, 428). More than 27 Protestants, and that this could also have been a reason for million people visited the fair, and many of these had the them to be annoyed by the visit of “Vikings” (Andersen opportunity to see the Viking. 1895, 311), i.e. a reason emanating from contemporary religion in the twentieth century rather than in the tenth Remembrance and forgetting century, when even Christianized Vikings ought to have been Catholics in a way. World’s fairs are, however, temporary. The fair in Chicago lasted from May to October 1893. Buildings were torn The Viking arrived in Chicago only two days after a great down again, objects removed, and in the case of Chicago fire had destroyed a building and killed several firemen. the so-called Jackson Park was re-established in better On 10 July one of the fair’s buildings caught fire and this shape than before the fair. But what happened to the Viking

278 Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium From replica to relic—Gokstad goes abroad

Fig. 6. The Viking today in the plastic shelter at Good Templar’s Park, Geneva, Illinois. Photo: Perry Straw (Source: Friends of the Viking Ship. Copyright © Friends of the Viking Ship. Used by permission.)

after the fair had closed? Immediately after the closing The reawakening of the relic of the fair, at end of October 1893, the ship and its crew went along the Mississippi all the way from Chicago to In 2007 work to rescue the Viking was intensified, and the New Orleans. They arrived in New Orleans after some organization Friends of the Viking Ship (FOVS) started months, and then the ship was there for several months, to spread information and collect money to save the ship, and the navigating officer Christensen looked after it while and the Viking was moved to another park in the town of awaiting some kind of decision as to what would happen to Geneva, Illinois (Fig. 6). Here it has been given a plastic the ship. Norwegians as well as Americans were involved museum shelter of its own, but of course this is not the in these discussions. At last some money was raised to best way of preserving an old replica. It is still vulnerable give the ship back to Chicago and to a museum established to the elements, and needs a great deal of protection to there called “Fields Columbian Museum”, which promised be preserved for the future. A website for the ship was to take care of the ship. In reality this never happened, and launched in 2007, containing information on the ship, the ship became nearly a wreck already in 1905. Bit by bit its history and present state (http://vikingship.us). A parts of the ship disappeared, probably picked as souvenirs campaign to restore and save the Viking, “Rescue a Rivet” by visitors passing by the park (Andersen 1935, 159). A was started by the society which keeps the ship in shape, decision was made to restore the ship, and in 1919 it was and they have succeeded in getting some funding to work put under roof in Lincoln Park, Chicago. From now on with this matter. There is also a film available online that the Leif Erikson event was celebrated every year in the tells the story of the replica (http://vimeo.com/82316009). park. In 1925, a stamp was produced to commemorate the It is obvious that the Viking once again, some 120 years centennial of Norse-American relations, and the motif on after its original launch, is surrounded by a caring group of this stamp is the Viking (Fig. 5). people who want to resurrect the ship in its former glory. The replica has now obviously been transformed into an

279 Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium Small Things – Wide Horizons ancient object in its own right, a relic from the past that has Acknowledgements to be preserved and cared for. Thanks to Jes Wienberg for reading and commenting on Conclusion: From replica to relic the manuscript. Thanks to Alan Crozier for revising the language.Thanks to the editors of this book for constructive Many things are temporarily forgotten or even forgotten comments to the text. forever, but some can be reawakened, depending on the interest among people. This is the case with the Gokstad References replica Viking and its fascinating journey through time, celebrated and then forgotten and decayed, now Andersen, M. 1895. Vikingefærden: En illustreret Beskriv- remembered again, cared for, restored and put in a new else af “Vikings” Reise i 1893. Kristiania. setting. Andersen, M. 1932. 70 års tilbakeblikk på mitt virke på sjø og i land. Oslo. Not everything can be remembered, and some things are Appadurai, A. (red.) 1986. The social life of things: Com- even consciously forgotten. Mostly it is about “falling into modities in cultural perspective. Cambridge. oblivion”, things get lost in people’s memory, and there Appelbaum, S. 1980. The Chicago World’s Fair of 1893: A is nothing that keeps up the celebration. Still, when it Photographic Record. New York. comes to Vikings, there has been a continuous and even Bancroft, H. H. 1893. The Book of the Fair: An Historical accelerating interest in the theme in recent years (cf. and Descriptive Presentation of the World’s Science, Wienberg in this volume). Supposedly this is one of the Art, and Industry, as Viewed through the Columbian reasons for the reawakening today of the Viking. Now Exposition at Chicago in 1893. Chicago & San Fran- the replica itself has become history, since a perspective cisco. of 120 years is a long time. There is another example of Bolotin, N. & C. Laing 1992. The World’s Columbian a later Gokstad ship replica being transformed into an Exposition: The Chicago World’s Fair of 1893. Urbana/ ancient object. It is the ship Hugin, built as a replica of Chicago. Gokstad in 1949 and sailed from to England in Ekström, A. 1994. Den utställda världen: Stockholmsut- remembrance of contacts between the areas as early as the ställningen 1897 och 1800-talets världsutställningar. fifth century AD (Røjel 1949). Hugin is today on display Uppsala. outdoors in Ramsgate, Kent, England. Haavardsholm, J. 2004. Vikingtiden som 1800-tallskon- struksjon. Series of dissertations submitted to the Fac- The Viking fits well into the discourse of remembrance and ulty of Arts, University of Oslo, No. 193. Oslo. forgetting (Ricœur 2000), and it also is a case of obvious Nicolaysen, N. 1882. Langskibet fra Gokstad ved Sande­ biography of a thing (Appadurai 1986), where the story fjord. Kristiania. told here can form one part. Several layers of pasts are Petersson, B. 2003. Föreställningar om det förflutna – put on top of each other, as in the case with the Gokstad Arkeologi och rekonstruktion. Lund. excavation, the subsequent exhibition of the original Ricœur, P. 2000. La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli. . Gokstad ship the replica Viking that was built and sailed Røjel, J. 1949. På vikingefærd med Hugin. København. to Chicago, the world’s fair and the afterlife of the ship, Seyersted, P. 1999. Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth. Norsk bio­ recently the reawakening of this ship, now as a relic of the grafisk leksikon 1, Oslo, pp. 428–429. past, even though it might not be that easy to establish what Solberg, B. 2003. Nicolaysen, Nicolay. Norsk biografisk past it symbolizes. In this case it is obviously a symbol of leksikon 6, Oslo, pp. 482–483. religious affiliation, conquest and settlement, the greatness of the Vikings in the world, seafaring technology, and being represented at a fair where the progress of the (Western) Internet world is shown to a huge audience. Underlying the popularity of the Vikings in the Western world can be the Friends of the Viking Ship argument of the Vikings conquering the West and thereby http://vikingship.us approaching the frontier (Wienberg, this volume), and in Accessed 25 February 2014 1893 the Viking indeed came very close to the frontier. The Viking Ship on Vimeo As time goes by, the Viking increasingly comes to resemble http://vimeo.com/82316009 the Gokstad ship as it was found in the mound, with the Accessed 25 February 252014 details decayed, removed or destroyed, and the ship itself exposed to the ravages of time. Today it is exhibited almost World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 website like its “mother ship” Gokstad, but in a more humble http://columbus.iit.edu setting. Accessed 11 May 2014

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