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Ethnic Youth and 1Malaysia

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Ethnic Youth and 1Malaysia TELEVISION NEWS AND THE BUILDING OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN MALAYSIA: A STUDY OF MULTI-ETHNIC YOUTH AND 1MALAYSIA Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the University of Leicester By: Haida Baba Zain Media & Communication Department University of Leicester December 2015 Haida Baba Zain Television News and Building of National Identity in Malaysia: A study on Multi-ethnic Youth and 1Malaysia Abstract This thesis contributes to the study of the role of communications in national development. It examines news item content used to promote a sense of common identity among Malaysians in the 1Malaysia media campaign and how different ethnically composed audiences negotiate the meanings offered in the media campaign material. The aim is to understand those patterns and structures in the broadcast campaign strategies to construct shared discursive positions on identity in Malaysia. To see whether these media discursive strategies are effective in addressing concerns and tensions in multi-ethnic Malaysia, the project combines this analysis of selective news content from the campaign together with findings from eight focus groups discussions with young multi-ethnic audiences of the campaign. The thesis investigates how the audiences' negotiate the campaign messages and the role that ‘ethnic background’ plays in shaping their engagement with its meanings. This study showed Malaysians accept in general the 1Malaysia concept, but each ethnic group in this country still have a narrow notion of the idea. Malaysians are still sceptical about the impact of the 1Malaysia over life and relationship among them. This study uncovers significant differences in the way audiences from different ethnic backgrounds read the same news content and argues therefore that social identities affect the interpretation of the campaign messages. This study, aligned with recent case studies in communication research, indicates that audiences are active and heterogeneous and informed specifically by understandings and experiences of living an ethnic identity in Malaysia, these challenge the discursive strategies and the wider campaign aim to build a single national identity. 1 Acknowledgements First and foremost, to ALLAH the Most Merciful, Most Forgiving and The Knower of All Things, this thesis would be nothing without Him. I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to my family – my beautiful daughter Yasmin Azra, my beloved husband Mark Hughes, my dad, and wonderful brothers and sister – as well as friends, Lawrencia, Maya and Dima whose patience and faith have become a great source of spiritual strength, inspiration, endurance and perseverance. They have been faithfully with me throughout these gruelling years, and are most invaluable to my life. I am also thankful to Shaheezam Said for all the support. Also, this thesis would not have become what it is today without the constant and invaluable guidance from my supervisors, Dr Julian Mathews and Dr Roger Dickinson. I also wish to acknowledge the support and sponsorship provided by the Malaysian government through the Public Service Department (PSD). To all members of the Department of Media and communication at Leicester University, I thank you all for the support and help rendered throughout my time here. Finally, to my employer – Department Of Broadcasting Malaysia, The Malaysia Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, the universities involved and the students who enthusiastically participated in the research. I thank you all for the cooperation and support from the bottom of my heart. 2 TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 2 APPENDIXES ..................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................ 8 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 8 1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 8 1.2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND .................................................................................. 11 1.3 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ................................................................................. 12 1.4 WHAT IS 1MALAYSIA ............................................................................................ 14 1.5 MALAYSIA CONSTITUTION ................................................................................ 17 1.5.1 ‘MALAYSIA’ ........................................................................................................................................... 18 1.6 MANAGING INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS IN A PLURAL SOCIETY .......... 23 1.6.1 ‘THE 13 MAY ETHNIC RIOTS’ .................................................................................................................... 23 1.6.2 EDUCATION ........................................................................................................................................... 26 1.6.3 MULTI-ETHNIC MEDIA ............................................................................................................................. 28 1.6.4 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES (1970-ONWARDS) ................................................................................. 29 1.7 CHALLENGES TO INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS ............................................ 31 1.8 MALAYSIA MEDIA SYSTEM ................................................................................ 34 1.8.1 MALAYSIA BROADCASTING INDUSTRY ......................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 2 ...................................................................................................................... 42 RESEARCH CONTEXT ................................................................................................. 42 2.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 42 2.2 UNDERLYING ETHNIC TENSIONS IN MALAYSIAN SOCIETY ................... 43 2.2.1 DEFINING IDENTITY ................................................................................................................................. 46 2.2.2 NATIONAL IDENTITY ................................................................................................................................ 48 3 2.2.3 NATION BUILDING .................................................................................................................................. 49 2.2.4 UNDERSTANDING MULTICULTURALISM ....................................................................................................... 49 2.3 DEFINING ETHNICITY & DIASPORA ................................................................ 50 2.4 CONCEPTUALISING “DIASPORA‟ AND ADDRESSING “ETHNICITY‟ IN MALAYSIA CONTEXT .................................................................................................. 56 2.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................................ 60 2.6 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................... 61 2.7 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................... 61 2.7.1 WHY FOCUS ON MULTI-ETHNIC YOUNG PEOPLE? ................................................................................... 62 2.7.2 WHY FOCUS ON 1MALAYSIA? ............................................................................................................. 64 2.7.3 WHY FOCUS ON RTM ....................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 3 ...................................................................................................................... 67 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................. 67 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 67 3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 74 3.2.1 THE POWERFUL MEDIA EFFECTS PARADIGM ................................................................................................ 74 3.2.2 MEDIA-AUDIENCE RECEPTION: COMPLEX INTERPRETATION ............................................................................. 76 3.2.3 UNDERSTANDING NATIONAL IDENTITY, NATION BUILDING, AND MULTICULTURALISM .......................................... 80 3.2.4 DOMINANT MEDIA AND IDENTITY STUDIES .................................................................................................. 82 3.2.5 THEORISING IDENTITY AND NATIONALISM ................................................................................................... 85 3.2.6 YOUTH, MEDIA CONSUMPTION, AND IDENTITY STRUGGLE .............................................................................. 86 3.2.7 MEDIA-IDENTITY STUDIES IN MALAYSIA: STEREOTYPING AUDIENCE .................................................................. 89 3.2.8 COMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................................................
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