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Do P Phd Final 151213.Pdf THE GLOBAL UNIVERSITY THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF KNOWLEDGE IN ASIA AND THE SEGMENTATION OF CHINA’S HIGHER EDUCATION BY PAOLO DO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 11-06-2013 QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON UNITED KINGDOM ABSTRACT This research analyses the expansion and transformation of higher education in Asia, focusing in particular on Chinese universities. It shows the rising of the so- called global university, that is, above all, an inclusive process which makes academic knowledge production something heterogeneous, complex and composite – characterised by different actors both private and public, institutional and non-institutional. The global university is a point of multiplicity that places our view in the midst of the transformation of educational policies and knowledge taken as whole. It reveals a ‘global knowledge order’ parallel to a ‘new international division of labour’, where the higher education is becoming an important device in the filtering, restriction, and return of population and skilled workers around a whole set of internal national/transnational borders based on knowledge. Developing the concepts of stratification and differentiation, I investigate how the transformation of the educational system brings out and multiplies, rather than mitigates, the differences between universities, while this same segmentation refers to an original and powerful method of management of the increasingly qualified workforce. Higher education and its internationalization nowadays is an important dispositive to segment population within globalization, reconfigures hierarchies and manages the complex displacement of the present having the same force (or even more) as those of gender and race. Moreover, the Global University represents the most interesting terrain to observe the development of an original measurement of labour in its metamorphosis and the value form in cognitive capitalism. The growing intra-regional mobility in Asia and the internationalisation of higher education characterise the innovative cartography of the present, wherein knowledge production becomes spatially dispersed and globally integrated. Knowledge, geographically embedded, defines the order of the current post- colonial space, while the Global University describes not only this kind of order, but also how this imbalance is used by the skilled workforce to survive in the local labour market. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLETS.................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION A NECESSARY IMPOSSIBILITY: THE MANY ASIAS OF LIVING RESEARCH 1 THE UNIVERSITY AND COGNITIVE CAPITALISM............................................. 10 2 LIVING RESEARCH AND THE FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS: FROM THE IDEA OF ‘CONVERGENCE’ TO ‘EMERGENCE’........................................................... 23 3 SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTERS........................................................................ 38 CHAPTER ONE THE EXPANSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE NEW HIERARCHIES IN EAST ASIA 1.1 THE MASSIFICATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION THROUGH THE LENS OF ‘EXPANSION AND DIFFERENTIATION’........................................................... 45 1.2 THE STRATIFICATION OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN CHINA AND HONG KONG.......................................................................... 60 1.3 THE COGNITIVE DIFFERENTIATION AND THE DIFFERENTIAL INCLUSION..... 79 3 CHAPTER TWO THE TRANSFORMATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION: ITS EFFECT ON WAGES AND SOCIAL MOBILITY 2.1 HIGHER EDUCATION, SOCIAL MOBILITY AND THE LABOUR MARKET............ 86 2.2 THE SIGNALLING THEORY, THE QUALITY OF KNOWLEDGE AND RANKING......................................................................... 95 2.3 HIERARCHIES AND SOCIAL MOBILITY IN THE CHINESE LABOUR MARKET................................................................... 112 2.4 THE CHINESE LABOUR MARKET AND GRADUATES FROM THE SECOND-TIER UNIVERSITIES....................................................... 118 2.5 CHINA’S LABOUR MARKET AS DUAL MARKET............................................. 129 2.6 ANALYSIS OF CHINESE STUDENT STRUGGLES.............................................. 133 CHAPTER THREE INTRA-ASIA MOBILITY AND THE REGIONAL HUB OF EDUCATION AS A DISPOSITIVE OF POSTCOLONIAL DIFFERENTIATION 3.1 THE GROWING INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION....... 140 3.2 THE REGIONAL HUB OF EDUCATION (RHE)................................................... 156 3.3 HONG KONG AND THE LOGISTIC OF HIGHER EDUCATION.......................... 162 3.4 THE RHE OF HONG KONG SUCH AS DISPOSITIVE OF ‘POSTCOLONIAL DIFFERENTIATION’....................................................... 183 4 CHAPTER FOUR COGNITIVE MEASURE AND THE SEGMENTATION OF ACADEMIC LABOUR INSIDE THE TRANSFORMATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION 4.1 FROM THE LAW OF TIME-VALUE TO THE KNOWLEDGE-VALUE OF LABOUR......................................................... 195 4.2 COGNITIVE MEASURE INSIDE THE UNIVERSITY............................................ 217 4.3 THE EFFECTS OF THE COGNITIVE MEASURE ON THE ACADEMIC LABOUR AND ON THE KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION............ 228 4.4 LINES OF FLIGHT: BETWEEN REFUSAL AND RESISTANCE. TRACES FROM HONG KONG’S UNIVERSITIES............................................... 256 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................... 263 APPENDIX........................................................................................................... 280 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................. 336 SITOGRAPHY..................................................................................................... 392 5 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLETS Figure 1: The map of China Figure 2: The map of Guangdong Region and Hong Kong Figure 3: Student enrolment in higher education: 1978-2006 in millions Figure 4: The expansion of higher education institutions in China 1990-2008 Figure 5: Sources of funding for China's higher education 1998-2005 Figure 6: Annual intake: sub-degree student and government-funded Undergraduate Figure 7: Self-financing vs. public funded sub-degree programs Figure 8: Number of full-time accredited self-financing post-secondary programs classified by level of programs Figure 9: Two models of the institutional differentiation Figure 10: The distribution of the branch campuses at the global level. Figure 11: The network model of the internationalisation of higher education Figure 12: Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship (2000, 2009) Figure 13: The exporting model of the internationalisation of higher education Figure 14: Percentage of non-local student enrolment (headcount) of UGCfunded programmes by institution and place of origin in 2007/2008 Figure 15: Place where the academic workforce of the HKUST obtained its PhD (as a percentage) Figure 16: Place where the academic workforce of the CHKU obtained its PhD (as a percentage) Figure 17: Place where the academic workforce of the SYHKU obtained its PhD (as a percentage) Figure 18: Number of Journal of the JCR science edition by country 2010 Figure 19: Number of Journal of the JCR science edition by country 2010 Figure 20: Journal published in relation to their impact factor and location Figure 21: Number of scientific journals published by language Figure 22: Number of journal published in relation to their impact factor, language and location Figure 23: Number and location of publisher of scientific knowledge worldwide according to the JCR of the Thomson Reuters Figure 24: The geometrical figure of the ellipse 6 Figure 25: The performance of the Science and Technology University of Hong Kong (HKUST) from 2003 to 2011 Figure 26: The performance of the Chinese University Zhejiang from 2003 to 2011 Table 1: Growth of Hong Kong’s local universities Table 2: Top ten most important factors influencing student choice Table 3: Quacquarelli Symonds World University Rankings (QS) Table 4: Academic Reputation Index Table 5: Employer Reputation Index, the survey Table 6: Modes of international collaboration Table 7: Transnational university networks and alliance as strategies of internationalisation Table 8: Foreign universities in Singapore 1998-2011 Table 9: Non-local student enrolment (Headcount) in full-time (FT) UGF-funded programmes by institution and place of origin in 2007-2008 Table 10: Percentage of non-local student enrolment (Headcount) full-time and part-time of UGC- funded programmes by institution and place of origin in 2007-2008 Table 11: Place where the academic workforce of the HKUST obtained its PhD Table 12: Place where the academic workforce of the CHKU obtained its PhD Table 13: Place where the academic workforce of the SYHKU obtained its PhD Table 14: The property databases of Thomson Reuter Table 15: Data in the Thomson Reuters’ annual journal citation report Table 16: Indicators and their relative weight of the ARWU Table 17: Definition of Indicators (2010 ARWU) Table 18: The prizes for publications on the journals listed in different databases (reported in NT Dollar) Table 19: The direct monetary reward of scholars base on the IF journal 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research could not have been written without the invaluable help of Stefano Harney, whose friendship and encouragement
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