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Names, Currency, and Acronyms
PLACE- NAMES, CURRENCY, AND ACRONYMS The convention of historical writing of the country this book is about is to include a list of place- names in the front matter, with Rhodesian names on one side and the Zimbabwean names on the other. I will not do that here. The country I write about had four names between 1960 and 1980; what these were and how they changed are discussed at the start of the first chap- ter. I avoid such lists because of my concerns about a notion of before- and- after in history: a list of place-n ames and their changes suggests a too pat transformation from colony to nation, from bad to good, from minority to majority rule. Such a list also suggests that transitions are instantaneous, that a threshold has been crossed. For the reco rd, however, Rhodesia be- came Southern Rhodesia from mid- December 1979 to April 1980, when it became Zimbabwe. Salisbury, the capital, became Harare only in 1982. More common and never part of any list has been the tendency to use “Rhodesian” to mean white and “Zimbabwean” to mean African. I have tried to avoid this as often as I could throughout this book. With the breakup of the Central African Federation, Rhodesia named its currency the pound (£). Cast out of the sterling zone shortly a fter the Unilateral Declaration of In de pen dence (udi), Rhodesia valued its pound at US$2. In 1970, Rhodesia adopted the dollar as its currency. It was de- signed to be valued at half a British pound and between 1970 and 1980 hovered at about US$1.50. -
Teachers' Notes Empire and Commonwealth: East
TEACHERS’ NOTES EMPIRE AND COMMONWEALTH: EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN, 1917 3 August 1914 – November 1918 Background • In 1914 Germany possessed four colonies in sub-SaHaran Africa. THese were Togoland, Kamerun, SoutH-West Africa (now Namibia), and East Africa (now Tanzania). • Capturing Germany’s colonies was an important part of tHe general strategy to starve Germany, and dry up its supplies of fuel and ammunition. By cutting Germany off from all external support, it was speed up tHe process. • Togoland was tHe first German territory captured during tHe war, falling into Allied Hands on 26 August 1914. • British, SoutH African and Portuguese troops captured German SoutH West Africa by July 1915, and British, Nigerian, Indian, French, French Colonial, Belgian and Belgian Colonial forces Had taken Kamerun by March 1916. • WitH most of Germany’s Pacific and Asian colonies also Having fallen to Australian, New Zealand and Japanese troops, the German East Africa colony became tHe last un-captured part of tHe German Colonial Empire TEACHERS’ NOTES from mid-1916 – in fact, it was tHe only part of tHe German Empire to remain undefeated for tHe wHole war. • Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck took command of tHe German military forces, determined to tie down as many British resources as possible. His force was mainly comprised of tHe Schutztruppe (Protection Force), an African colonial armed force of local native Askari soldiers commanded by German officers. • THe Askaris were incredibly loyal and very few deserted despite tHe Hardships of tHe campaign. • Completely cut off from Germany and all external supplies, von Lettow conducted an effective guerrilla warfare campaign, living off tHe land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated – a tHree and a Half year game of cat and mouse, wHich He can be considered to Have won. -
November 2012 Rhodesian Services Association Incorporated
November 2012 A monthly publication for the Rhodesian Services Association Incorporated Registered under the 2005 Charities Act in New Zealand number CC25203 Registered as an Incorporated Society in New Zealand number 2055431 PO Box 13003, Tauranga 3141, New Zealand. Web: www.rhodesianservices.org Secretary’s e-mail [email protected] Editor’s e-mail [email protected] Phone +64 7 576 9500 Fax +64 7 576 9501 To view all previous publications go to our Archives Greetings, The RV weekend is covered further on, but let me emphasise my grateful thanks to all who assisted in making the RV the popular event that it has become. I will not name names of those who assisted this year for fear of leaving someone out, so thanks to ALL OF YOU who stepped up and helped wherever you could, whenever you could. It is important that we share the load in order that those with the heavy loads are able to have time to enjoy themselves as well. This is the last issue of Contact! Contact! for 2012 as I am putting all the spare time that I have towards completion of History of the Rhodesia Regiment which has to be closed off and sent to the publishers by the end of the year. Publication is set for mid-2013. So on behalf of the team that compiles this publication, the Rhodesian Services Association, and my wife Diana and I; we wish you a peaceful and safe Christmas and health and good fortune in 2013. Rhodesian Services Association Purpose & Web Links The Rhodesian Services Association Incorporated is an Incorporated Society as well as a Registered Charity under the New Zealand Charities Act 2005. -
FIGHTING and WRITING the RHODESIAN ARMY at WAR and POSTWAR FIGHTING and WRITING Luise White FIGHTING and WRITING the RHODESIAN ARMY at WAR and POSTWAR
LUISE WHITE FIGHTING AND WRITING THE RHODESIAN ARMY AT WAR AND POSTWAR FIGHTING AND WRITING Luise White FIGHTING AND WRITING THE RHODESIAN ARMY AT WAR AND POSTWAR Duke University Press | Durham and London | 2021 © 2021 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of Amer i ca on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Matthew Tauch Typeset in Minion Pro by Westchester Publishing Services Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: White, Luise, author. Title: Fighting and writing : the Rhodesian army at war and postwar / Luise White. Description: Durham : Duke University Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020022213 (print) | LCCN 2020022214 (ebook) | ISBN 9781478010623 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781478011729 (paperback) | ISBN 9781478021285 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Southern Rhodesia. Army. Selous Scouts. | Whites—Zimbabwe—History. | Whites—Race identity— Zimbabwe. | Zimbabwe—Race relations—History. | Zimbabwe—History—1965–1980. | Zimbabwe—History— Chimurenga War, 1966–1980. Classification: LCC DT2988 .W45 2021 (print) | LCC DT2988 (ebook) | DDC 968.91/04—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020022213 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020022214 Cover art: Eleven Troop 3 Commandos at Deka on the Zambezi, 1978. Photograph by Tom Argyle. Courtesy of Chris Cocks. CONTENTS vii Acknowl edgments xi Place- Names, Currency, and Acronyms 1 1 Zimbabwe’s Liberation Strug gle and Rhodesia’s Bush War: Locating Its History 31 2 “Blood and Ink”: Memoirs, Authors, Histories 59 3 “ Your Shona Is Better Than Mine!”: Pseudo Gangs, Blacking Up, and the Pleasures of Counterinsurgency 83 4 “Each Footprint Tells a Story”: Tracking and Poaching in the Rhodesian Army 109 5 “There Is No Copyright on Facts”: Ron Reid- Daly, Authorship, and the Transkei Defence Force 121 6 “Every Self- Respecting Terrorist Has an ak-47”: Guerrilla Weapons and Rhodesian Imaginations 141 7 “ A Plastic Bag full of Cholera”: Rhodesia and Chemical and Biological Weapons 167 8 “Will Travel Worldwide. -
Rhodesian Army – Key to Abbreviations
Rhodesian Army – Key to Abbreviations Ranks 2 Lt 2nd Lieutenant A/Brig Acting Brigadier A/C/Sgt Acting Colour Sergeant A/Capt Acting Captain A/Col Acting Colonel A/Cpl Acting Corporal A/L/Cpl Acting Lance Corporal A/Lt Col Acting Lieutenant Colonel A/Maj Acting Major A/Maj Gen Acting Major General A/S/Sgt Acting Staff Sergeant A/Sgt Acting Sergeant A/WO1 Acting Warrant Officer First Class A/WO2 Acting Warrant Officer Second Class ARSM African Regimental Sergeant Major Bdr Bombardier Brig Brigadier Brig Gen Brigadier General Bugl Bugler C/Sgt Colour Sergeant Capt Captain Col Colonel Cpl Corporal CQMS Company Quartermaster Sergeant CSM Company Sergeant Major ERSM European Regimental Sergeant Major Gnr Gunner Hon Brig Honorary Brigadier Hon Col Honorary Colonel L/Bdr Lance Bombardier L/Cpl Lance Corporal L/Sgt Lance Sergeant Lt Lieutenant Lt Col Lieutenant Colonel Lt Gen Lieutenant General Maj Major Maj Gen Major General O Cdt Officer Cadet Pte Private Ptl Off Potential Officer PWO Platoon Warrant Officer QM Quartermaster Rct Recruit Rfn Rifleman RQMS Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant RMO Regimental Medical Officer RSM Regimental Sergeant Major S/Sgt Staff Sergeant Sgt Sergeant Smn Signalman Spr Sapper SQMS Squadron Quartermaster Sergeant SSM Squadron Sergeant Major T/2 Lt Temporary 2nd Lieutenant T/C/Sgt Temporary Colour Sergeant T/Capt Temporary Captain T/Cpl Temporary Corporal T/L/Cpl Temporary Lance Corporal T/Lt Temporary Lieutenant T/Lt Col Temporary Lieutenant Colonel T/Maj Temporary Major T/S/Sgt Temporary Staff Sergeant T/Sgt Temporary -
1 TRACKING in the RHODESIAN ARMY Captain Allan Savory
TRACKING IN THE RHODESIAN ARMY Captain Allan Savory, TCU (TF) Any book about the Scouts would be incomplete without some reference to its earliest origins and how the Rhodesian Army became the first army we knew of to train army trackers as opposed to employing native or indigenous trackers, as the British did in Malaya and Borneo, with the Senoi Praaq and the Sarawak Rangers. To understand how the Rhodesian Army became the first to train and use army trackers, rather than recruiting local native trackers, I need to go back to explaining why my thinking was so different from that of my fellow officers. I grew up during the Second World War, fiercely proud of the role of Rhodesians in various theatres and could think of little but joining the army at the first opportunity. I could foresee at least twenty years of peace ahead of us and I did not want to be a peacetime soldier. Vaguely I could foresee a different kind of warfare emerging after that – guerilla warfare. I therefore opted for a career in the Colonial Service in the then Northern Rhodesian Game Department. Over the following years I read everything I could about guerrilla campaigns around the world throughout history. In the Game Department I had close friends who had served with Peacock Force, a unit of XIV Army behind the Japanese lines - Major W.E. Poles, MC and Captain Frank Ansell - and I befriended an agricultural officer, Bill Verboom, who had fought with the Border Scouts in Borneo against Sukarno. These friends were pumped mercilessly for information - tactics, strategies, political control or influence and more - as I was determined to understand guerrilla warfare in depth and not merely from a military perspective. -
Rhodesian Army – Key to Abbreviations
Rhodesian Army – Key to Abbreviations Ranks 2 Lt 2nd Lieutenant A/C/Sgt Acting Colour Sergeant A/Capt Acting Captain A/Cpl Acting Corporal A/Lt Col Acting Lieutenant Colonel A/Maj Acting Major A/Sgt Acting Sergeant A/S/Sgt Acting Staff Sergeant A/WO2 Acting Warrant Officer Second Class Bdr Bombardier Brig Brigadier C/Sgt Colour Sergeant Capt Captain Col Colonel Cpl Corporal CSM Company Sergeant Major Gnr Gunner Hon Brig Honorary Brigadier L/Cpl Lance Corporal Lt Lieutenant Lt Col Lieutenant Colonel Lt Gen Lieutenant General Maj Major Maj Gen Major General Pte Private PWO Platoon Warrant Officer Rfn Rifleman RSM Regimental Sergeant Major S/Sgt Staff Sergeant Spr Sapper Sgt Sergeant Smn Signalman T/C/Sgt Temporary Colour Sergeant T/Capt Temporary Captain T/Cpl Temporary Corporal T/L/Cpl Temporary Lance Corporal T/Maj Temporary Major T/S/Sgt Temporary Staff Sergeant T/Sgt Temporary Sergeant T/WO2 Temporary Warrant Office Second Class Tpr Trooper WO1 Warrant Officer First Class WO2 Warrant Officer Second Class Units 1 (Bde) Sig Sqn 1 Brigade Signal Squadron 1 (Indep) Coy RAR 1 (Independent) Company Rhodesian African Rifles 1 (Indep) Coy RR 1 (Independent) Company Rhodesia Regiment 1 Eng Sqn RhE 1 Engineer Squadron Rhodesian Corps of Engineers 1 Fd Regt RhA 1 Field Regiment Rhodesian Artillery 1 Svc Bn RhASC 1 Service Battalion Rhodesian Army Services Corps 10 RR 10th Battalion Rhodesia Regiment 1CTC RhASC ? 1POU 1 Psychological Operations Unit 1 RAR 1st Battalion Rhodesian African Rifles 1 RDR 1st Battalion Rhodesian Defence Regiment 1 RHU -
White Chapter
White 1 Chapter 7 “Other People’s Sons:” Conscription, Citizenship, and Families 1970-80 Jack Howman, Rhodesia’s minister of defence in 1973, was both a Rhodesian Front stalwart – he was a law partner of William Whaley who had headed the 1968 constitutional commission that brought about what was arguably the most retrogressive constitution on earth in 1969 – and an old guard Rhodesian, a man born in the country to a family with deep roots in its service, a genealogy similar to the liberal whites who had opposed UDI. Indeed, his brother, Roger Howman, retired from internal affairs, as native affairs was now called, because of the 1969 constitution. As minister of defence Howman struggled to raise soldiers’ pay. It was traditional “especially in frontier societies” like Rhodesia or South Africa that citizens had a duty to defend the state. A citizen force should be given “adequate remuneration for comparatively short periods of service” which “young and developing countries” that could not afford a standing army required. But now the country mobilized large numbers of young men for rates of pay that had the same purchasing power as they had in 1955. Not only was this too low, but the differential between what men in different regiments were paid was too great for effective service. While the principles that determined policies of different pay and allowances for regular and short term auxiliary forces was justified, it was time for Rhodesia “to accept the financial and economic consequences of putting the country on a war footing.” Raising soldiers’ pay was only part of the problem, however. -
Rhodesia's Armed Forces Since the Second World War
The African e-Journals Project has digitized full text of articles of eleven social science and humanities journals. This item is from the digital archive maintained by Michigan State University Library. Find more at: http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/ Available through a partnership with Scroll down to read the article. [+• 1 ZambcrAa fl978), VI fiiK ESSAY REVIEW THE THIN WHITE LINE: RHODESIA'S ARMED FORCES SINCE THE SECOND WORLD WAR FOR SO YOUNG a country Rhodesia has a rich military heritage. Settler rule was forged in war, and in the country's eighty-eight year history Rhodesian armed forces have been involved in internal security operations or external conflicts during forty-seven of those years. White Rhodesians are proud of their early military history, especially of the 1890s, but the myth of the Second World War looms more immediately in their consciousness, particularly at a time when their country is once more in a war situation. Many look back nostalgically to a time when the Colony and the 'Home Country' fought side by side. It was an era for Southern Rhodesia in which 'England's wars were her wars'; the transformation of this relationship over the past two decades has drawn the resentment of White Rhodesians who fought in either British units or colonial forces.1 The re-publication of The War History of Southern Rhodesia 1939-1945* shows how much has changed in that Imperial connection; and how little has changed in Rhodesia since the Second World War. The genealogy of the present Rhodesian armed forces can be traced back to the 1890s, but it was during the Second World War and its after- math that the foundations of the modern army and air force were established. -
Fire Force Exposed: the Rhodesian Security Forces and Their Role in Defending White Supremacy
Fire Force Exposed: the Rhodesian security forces and their role in defending white supremacy http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.aam00014 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Fire Force Exposed: the Rhodesian security forces and their role in defending white supremacy Author/Creator Anti-Apartheid Movement Publisher Anti-Apartheid Movement Date 1979-11-00 Resource type Pamphlets Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, South Africa, United Kingdom Coverage (temporal) 1979 Source AAM Archive Rights By kind -
Bush Tracking and Warfare in Late Twentieth-Century East and Southern Africa
Historia 59, 2, November 2014, pp 229-251 Bush tracking and warfare in late twentieth-century east and southern Africa Tim Stapleton* Introduction Tracking is the ability to pursue and close with an animal or human by following signs, commonly called spoor which is an Afrikaans word, left behind in the environment. These include footprints, disturbed vegetation, evidence of feeding, biological waste, sounds and smells. Experienced trackers use the appearance of these signs to determine the direction of their subject’s movement and the approximate age of spoor which indicates how far ahead in time and space the subject is. Tracking requires a thorough familiarity of the geography, climate and ecology of a specific locale. It also involves a great deal of informed speculation that allows a tracker who loses a trail to imagine the most likely path of the subject and attempt to pick up further signs in that direction. Anthropologists tell us that tracking was crucial in the evolution of early humans as part of persistence hunting; man’s ability to regulate body temperature by sweating and to hydrate by carrying water, which allowed him to run down animal prey.1 The literature on tracking consists of some books advocating its practise as a form of therapy for modern people to re-establish connection with the natural environment and others that represent technical “how to” manuals for hunting animals and/or humans some of which are military or law enforcement oriented.2 During Africa’s late twentieth century decolonisation wars, tracking became an important skill mobilised by both state security forces and insurgents. -
Rhodesia's Military and Security Forces
MASTERS OF THE IRREGULAR BATTLEFIELD : RHODESIA’S MILITARY AND SECURITY FORCES (1965-1979) Lieutenant-Colonel Ryan S. Hartman JCSP 44 PCEMI 44 Exercise Solo Flight Exercice Solo Flight Disclaimer Avertissement Opinions expressed remain those of the author and do Les opinons exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs et not represent Department of National Defence or ne reflètent aucunement des politiques du Ministère de Canadian Forces policy. This paper may not be used la Défense nationale ou des Forces canadiennes. Ce without written permission. papier ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation écrite. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représentée par le Minister of National Defence, 2019. ministre de la Défense nationale, 2019. CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE – COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES JCSP 44 – PCEMI 44 2017 – 2019 EXERCISE SOLO FLIGHT – EXERCICE SOLO FLIGHT MASTERS OF THE IRREGULAR BATTLEFIELD: RHODESIA’S MILITARY AND SECURITY FORCES (1965-1979) Lieutenant-Colonel Ryan S. Hartman “This paper was written by a candidate « La présente étude a été rédigée par un attending the Canadian Forces College in stagiaire du Collège des Forces canadiennes fulfilment of one of the requirements of the pour satisfaire à l'une des exigences du cours. Course of Studies. The paper is a scholastic L'étude est un document qui se rapporte au document, and thus contains facts and cours et contient donc des faits et des opinions opinions, which the author alone considered que seul l'auteur considère appropriés et appropriate and correct for the subject. It convenables au sujet.