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Étude Sur Les Relations Entre La Libye Et Les États-Unis À Travers Les Médias Américains (1980-2011) Aboubacar Niambele

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Étude Sur Les Relations Entre La Libye Et Les États-Unis À Travers Les Médias Américains (1980-2011) Aboubacar Niambele Étude sur les relations entre la Libye et les États-Unis à travers les médias américains (1980-2011) Aboubacar Niambele To cite this version: Aboubacar Niambele. Étude sur les relations entre la Libye et les États-Unis à travers les médias américains (1980-2011). Littératures. 2012. dumas-00933210 HAL Id: dumas-00933210 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00933210 Submitted on 20 Jan 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ÉTUDE SUR LES RELATIONS ENTRE LA LIBYE ET LES ETATS-UNIS Á TRAVERS LES MÉDIAS AMERICAINS (1980-2011) NIAMBELE Aboubacar UFR d’Études Anglophones Mémoire de master 2 en Civilisation Américaine Soutenu à Grenoble sous la direction de M. Francis M. FEELEY Année universitaire 2011-2012 REMERCIEMENTS : Je souhaite adresser ici mes vives remerciements à mes parents Issiaka NIAMBELE et Mariam SAMAKE, ainsi qu’à mon frère et mes sœurs Ibrahim, Awa, Koumba, et Aicha pour les aides, conseils, sacrifices et soutiens qu’ils m’ont apporté tout au long de ce travail. Merci à mon directeur de mémoire Monsieur Francis M. FEELEY pour son aide et sa disponibilité tout au long de la rédaction de ce travail qui n’aurait jamais vu le jour sans sa détermination. Je lui témoigne ainsi toute ma gratitude ainsi qu’à tous les enseignants qui m’ont suivi tout au long de ma formation. Merci à Madame Vicki BRIAULT et à Monsieur Mohamed BENRABAH pour leurs aides et conseils dans la réalisation de ce travail. Merci à Mamane Nassirou MAMANE et Justine KHENTHAVONG pour leurs aides précieuses. Merci à mes amis Fatoumata SISSOKO, Boubacar SANOGO, Aboubacar KANTE, Adeline BOUVIER, Issiaka TRAORE, Moustapha Dramane GANO et Amadou TOGOLA pour m’avoir épaulé tout au long de ce travail avec conseils et soutiens. 2 LISTE DES ACRONYMES : CCR : Conseil de Commandement de la Révolution USA : Union Socialiste Arabe CPB : Congrès Populaire de Base CPM : Congrès Populaires Municipaux CM : Comités Municipaux CGP : Congrès General du Peuple CP : Comité Populaire CPL : Comités Populaires Locaux CPM : Comités Populaires Municipaux CPSM : Comités Populaires de Sections de Municipalités CPC : Comités Populaires Catégoriels CPGS : Comités Populaires Généraux Spécialisés CPG : Comité Populaire General CR : Comités Révolutionnaires FNSL : Front National pour le Salut de la Libye CIA : Central Intelligence Agency ARI/IRA : Armée Républicaine Irlandaise FP : Front Polisario FPLP : Front Populaire pour la Libération de la Palestine SNA/NSA : Sécurité Nationale Américaine BND : Bundes Nachrichten Dienst FBI/BFE: Federal Bureau of Investigation/Bureau Federal des Enquêtes ADM : Armes de Destruction Massive AIEA : Agence Internationale de l’Energie Atomique ONU : Organisation des Nations Unies 3 CNT : Comité National de Transition OTAN : Organisation du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord FIDL : Fédération Internationale des Droits de l’Homme LLDL : Ligue Libyenne des Droits de l’Homme AI: Amnesty International NED: National Endowment for Democracy GICL/GICL : Groupe islamique combattant libyen 4 TABLE DES MATIERES Remerciements...................................................................................................................................2 Liste des Acronymes...........................................................................................................................3 Table des Matières..............................................................................................................................5 Introduction Générale..........................................................................................................................7 Chapitre I : Vue historique sur la Libye...................................................................11 Introduction..................................................................................................11 I.1-Présentation du pays ...............................................................................12 I.2-Histoire de la Libye................................................................................13 I.3-Les débuts du régime de Kadhafi ..........................................................16 I.4-Le système de gouvernance sous Kadhafi .............................................17 I.5-Les progrès et les contraintes sociales sous Kadhafi..............................19 I.6-L’économie de la Libye..........................................................................20 I.7-La politique étrangère de Kadhafi .........................................................21 Conclusion....................................................................................................23 Chapitre II : Les Relations entre la Libye et les États-Unis de l’Administration Carter à l’Administration Reagan.....................................................25 Introduction..................................................................................................25 II.1-Le début des hostilités...........................................................................26 II.2-Le commando Libyen ...........................................................................29 II.3-Le bombardement de Tripoli ................................................................32 Conclusion....................................................................................................34 Chapitre III : De l’administration Reagan à l’administration de George W. Bush..............36 Introduction...................................................................................................36 III.1-L’affaire Lockerbie analysée du point de vue des médias de masse américains.....................................................................................................37 III.2-L’affaire Lockerbie vue par les médias alternatifs .........................................40 5 III.3-L’administration de George W. Bush: Bush, Kadhafi et le terrorisme....................................................................................................41 Conclusion ..................................................................................................45 Chapitre IV : L’Administration de Barack Obama..................................................46 Introduction...................................................................................................46 IV.1-Les débuts de la Guerre de Libye : les évènements de février 2011....47 IV.2. Mars 2011 : lancement de l’opération militaire.................................53 IV.3-Les évènements d’avril à octobre 2011 : Kadhafi et la Guerre de Libye............................................................................................................56 IV.3.1-Les affiliations de certains groupes rebelles ....................................59 IV.4-La mort de Kadhafi .............................................................................62 Conclusion....................................................................................................63 Chapitre V: La Guerre Humanitaire.........................................................................65 Introduction..................................................................................................65 V.1-Qui dirigent les branches politiques et militaires du CNT ? ...............66 V.2-Le rôle des ONG .................................................................................69 V.3-Critiques de la guerre humanitaire........................................................73 V.4-L’OTAN et la Guerre de Libye ............................................................75 V.5-Analyse des raisons de la Guerre de Libye : le facteur économique....78 V.5.1-Le facteur pétrole ..................................................................83 Conclusion....................................................................................................85 Conclusion Générale.........................................................................................................87 Bibliographie....................................................................................................................90 6 Introduction Générale : Le 11 septembre 2012 à Benghazi (Libye), l’ambassadeur américain Christopher Stevens ainsi que trois autres fonctionnaires américains furent tués lors d’une manifestation anti-américaine.1 Au même moment en Égypte, une violente manifestation également anti-américaine avait lieu devant l’ambassade américaine au Caire.2Officiellement, ces manifestations s’érigeaient contre la diffusion d’un film américain insultant l’islam et le prophète Mohamed. Cependant, derrière cette justification officielle, force est de reconnaitre que ces manifestations violentes ne peuvent être dissociées de la frustration générale de ces peuples face à la politique étrangère américaine. Depuis la fin de la Guerre Froide, la politique étrangère américaine s’établit sur une politique agressive servant à promouvoir la violence et les instabilités régionales afin de justifier des interventions militaires. En somme, cette politique n’est pas orientée vers
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