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Sendung Nr Am Title: Montenegro Country: Germany Duration: 5’35’’ Insert: Director: Eva-Maria Jerutka Camera: Editing: Eva-Maria Jerutka Summary: Montenegro is a small country on the Balkans that has battled in order to regain independence over and over again in its history. However it still has a confederation with Serbia. The inhabitants cannot agree on whether their country is independent or part of Serbia. The three years are over and a new referendum is coming up. At the end of May the people of Montenegro will once again vote on the confederation. Text: German version: Bildstart bei 01:00 01:02 Montenegro. 01:05 Eingegrenzt von Bosnien und Herzegowina im Westen, Serbien im Norden und Albanien im Südosten; im Süden fast dreihundert Kilometer Adriaküste. Die Fläche: 14000 Quadratkilometer. Bayern ist fünfmal so groß. 01:32 Das Durmitor-Gebirge, Weltnaturerbe unter Unesco-Schutz: Über 2500 Meter hohe Gipfel, Gebirgswasserquellen, glasklare Seen. 1 01:44 Hier liegt der Tara-Fluss mit dem längsten und tiefsten Canyon Europas. "Träne Europas" nennen die Einheimischen dieses Gebiet – das größte Trinkwasserreservoir unseres Kontinents. 01:57 Weiter östlich: das Schutzgebiet "Biogradska Gora". Ein halbes Jahrtausend sind hier einige Bäume alt. 200 Pflanzenarten gibt es, viele einzigartig in der ganzen Welt. 02:12 Der Skutari-See. Im Laufe des Jahres leben, rasten und brüten hier 270 Vogelarten. Über fünfzig Quellen sind am Grund des Sees aktiv. 02:24 (---Mischung: Bitte bei Grafik Musik nicht mehr aufblenden lassen!---) 620000 Bewohner hat Montenegro. Knapp die Hälfte sind Montenegriner, ein Drittel Serben. Bosniaken, Albaner, Slawen, Kroaten, Roma und Sinti leben auch hier. Für zwei Drittel der Menschen ist Serbisch die Muttersprache. 02:46 Uneinigkeit herrscht unter den Einwohnern, ob sie ein eigenes Volk oder Teil Serbiens sind. Der Grund: die wechselvolle Geschichte Montenegros. 02:54 Vor der christlichen Zeitrechnung war das Gebiet von Illyrern, Kelten und Griechen besiedelt. Um 700 nach Christus wurde Montenegro als eigenes Land mit dem Namen "Zeta" zum Leben erweckt. 1500 dem Osmanischen Reich eingegliedert, bis ins 19.Jahrhundert unter türkischer Herrschaft. 03:16 1878 erklärt der Berliner Kongress Montenegro als unabhängig. Drei Jahrzehnte später wird das kleine Land zum Königreich, (erhält später ein Gesetzbuch und ein Regierungskabinett unter einem Ministerpräsidenten.) 03:30 Nach dem ersten Weltkrieg: Die Proklamation des "Königreichs der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen. Montenegro ist politisch nicht mehr existent. 03:41 Nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg: Montenegro ist einer der sechs Teilstaaten im kommunistischen Jugoslawien: Serbien, Kroatien, Slowenien, Bosnien-Herzegowina, Mazedonien und Montenegro. 03:59 Dann ab 1991 die Balkankrise: In blutigen Bürgerkriegen erkämpfen sich Sloweinien, Kroatien, Bosnien und Herzegowina ihre Unabhängigkeit. Serbien und Montenegro gründen am 27. April 1992 einen neuen Staatenbund. 2 04:22 1993: Erstes Volksreferendum: Die Einwohner entscheiden über die Unabhängigkeit. Das Ergebnis: Montenegro verbleibt bei Serbien. Als Slobodan Milosevic Präsident des Staatenbundes wird, ( 04:35 ) wählt Montenegro seinen eigenen Präsidenten, Djukanovic. Viele Bereiche überträgt er aus der Zuständigkeit Jugoslawiens in die Montenegros. Die D-Mark, später der Euro werden eingeführt. Man will nicht mehr die gleiche Währung wie Serbien. O-Ton Gregovic, Chef der Zentralbank Montenegro: 04:52 "Wir haben damals die D-Mark eingeführt, um uns vor der galoppierenden Inflation in Belgrad zu schützen. Damit sind wir jetzt in der Lage, unsere Ökonomie von Serbien zu trennen." 05:01 Das Belgrader Abkommen wirkt dem 2002 entgegen: Die EU übt Druck aus und Serbien und Montenegro müssen sich für drei Jahre verpflichten, den losen Staatenbund aufrecht zu erhalten. 05:17 Heute ist Filip Vujanovic montenegrinischer Präsident. Die drei Jahre sind vergangen, ein neues Referendum steht an: Am 21. Mai stimmen die Montenegriner wieder über den Staatenbund ab. 55% Mehrheit braucht das Ergebnis, damit es gültig ist. Wenn die Menschen für die Unabhängigkeit stimmen, möchte Montenegro schnell EU und NATO beitreten. 05:45 O-Ton Gregovic, Chef der Zentralbank Montenegro: "Es ist immer noch besser, am Katzentisch der EU zu sitzen, als an dem von Belgrad. Das kleine Montenegro und das große Serbien." 05:55 Die Meinungen der Einwohner gehen auseinander. Viele fürchten, den Schutz des großen Bruders Serbien zu verlieren. Außerdem muss Montenegro mit finanziellen Einbußen rechnen, wenn es unabhängig wird. Serbien bleibt relativ gleichgültig, denn der Nutzen des Bundes ist einseitig: Serbien finanziert alle gemeinsamen Projekte. 06:14 Ein Beispiel: Zolleinnahmen Serbiens fließen in eine gemeinsame Kasse, die von Montenegro nur in dessen Hauptstadt Podgorica. Die Auflösung wäre für den größeren Unionspartner zwar ein psychologischer Verlust, aber eine ökonomische Erleichterung. Gesamtdauer: 5min 34sec 3 English version: Pictures starting at 01:00 01:02 Montenegro. 01:05 Montenegro is situated between Bosnia and Herzegovina in the west, Serbia in the North, Albania in the southeast and about three hundred kilometers of Adriatic coastline in the south. It covers an area of 14,000 square kilometers. Bavaria is five times as big. 01:32 The Durmitor mountains are a world heritage protected by UNESCO. Mountain topas that are higher than 2,500 meters, wellsprings, crystal-clear lakes… 01:44 There is the river of Tara with Europe’s longest and deepest canyon. The locals call this area ”Europe’s tear“ – the biggest drinking water reservoir of our continent. 01:57 Further east, there is the nature reserve "Biogradska Gora". Some of the trees there are half a century old. There are 200 kinds of different plants, many of which are unique in the world. 02:12 Lake Skutari. Over the years, 270 kinds of different birds have lived, rested and brooded here. More than fifty wellsprings are active at the bottom of the lake. 02:24 (---mixture: Please do not turn up the music while showing the graphic!---) Montenegro has 620,000 inhabitants. Almost half of them are from Montenegro, a third are Serbs and Bosnians, Albanians, Croatians, Roma and Sinti can also be found here. Serb is the native language of three thirds of the people. 02:46 The inhabitants cannot agree on whether their country is independent or part of Serbia. The reason for that can be found in Montenegro’s unsteady history. 02:54 Before Christ, the area was inhabited by Illyrians, Celts and Greeks. About 700 years after Christ, Montenegro was first mentioned as an independent country called "Zeta". In 1500, it became part of the Ottoman Empire and was ruled by the Turks until the 19th century. 03:16 4 In 1878, the Berlin congress declared Montenegro’s independence. Three decades later the small country became a kingdom (with its own code of law, cabinet and a prime minister.) 03:30 After the First World War: The proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. Politically speaking, Montenegro was nonexistent. 03:41 After the Second World War: Montenegro was one of the six states of Communist Yugoslavia: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro. 03:59 From 1991 on, the Balkan crisis: A bloody civil war brought independence for Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. On April 27, 1992 Serbia and Montenegro founded a new confederation. 04:22 First referendum in 1993: The inhabitants decided on their independence. The result: Montenegro remained in a confederation with Serbia. When Slobodan Milosevic became president of the confederation, ( 04:35 ) Montenegro elected its own president, Mr. Djukanovic. He took many areas of responsibility from Yugoslavia to Montenegro. First the Deutschmark and then the euro were introduced. People no longer wanted the same currency as Serbia. Quote Gregovic, head of the Montenegro central bank: 04:52 ”Back then, we introduced the Deutschmark to protect against the galloping inflation in Belgrade. Therefore we are now able to separate our economy from Serbia." 05:01 The Treaty of Belgrade impeded that in 2002: The EU put pressure on Serbia and Montenegro and obliged them to uphold their loose confederation for three years. 05:17 Now, Filip Vujanovic is the president of Montenegro. The three years are over and a new referendum is coming up. On May 21, the people of Montenegro will once again vote on the confederation. A majority of 55% is needed for a valid result. If the people vote for independence, Montenegro will want to become a member of the EU and NATO quickly. 05:45 Quote Gregovic, head of the Montenegro central bank: 5 "It is still far better to sit at the side table of the EU than at the side table of Belgrade. Small Montenegro and big Serbia." 05:55 The inhabitants’ opinions vary widely. Many of them fear that they will no longer be protected by their big brother Serbia. Also, Montenegro will have to expect financial losses when becoming independent. Serbia does not really mind, since Serbia does not profit from the confederation: Serbia is financing all common projects. 06:14 An example: Serbia’s customs all go to a common account, Montenegro’s customs only go to their capital Podgorica. The end of the confederation might be a psychological loss but an economic relief for Serbia. Total length: 5min 34sec 6 .
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