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Analysis and Status of Hybrid Electric Vehicle ISSN(Online): 2319-8753 ISSN (Print): 2347-6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (A High Impact Factor, Monthly, Peer Reviewed Journal) Visit: www.ijirset.com Vol. 8, Issue 1, January 2019 Analysis and Status of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Thejasiwini R1, Dr. S Pradeepa2, Dr H B Phani Raju3 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SIET, Tumkur, Karnataka, India1 Associate Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, BMSCE, Bangalore, Karnataka, India2 Vice Principal & HOD, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SIET, Tumkur, Karnataka, India3 ABSTRACT: Hybrid Electric Vehicles ('IlEVs') are the main areas for research and development due to protocols fact on energy resources utilities, global warming and fuel economy. In this study, fundamentals, history, energy management, storage and classification of HEVs are review. Ultra-capacitor and batteries are the major source of energy storage that used in the HEV and; the power supply designing with an appropriate weight, cost, life, cycle and size are the major challenges. However, the Plug-in HEVs have potential to introduce as the most significant solution to overcome the challenges involved in HEVs. The comparison between different electric vehicle, HEV and the plug-in hybrid is discussed. The significance of PHEV is that it having dual characteristics of conventional HEV and the ICE; moreover, PHEVs is a kind of hybrid electric vehicle, which contains the rechargeable batteries that helps to restore the full charge in batteries through connecting a plug-in device to an external source of electric power. Also this paper survey the different state-of-art techniques involved in Electric Vehicles and some top rated HEVs with their specifications are discussed. KEYWORDS: Electric Vehicles (EVs); Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs); Internal Combustion Vehicle (ICV); Plug- in HEVs. I. INTRODUCTION The environmental protection and the conservation of energy are the major growing concerns all over the world; in that if all motor vehicle are motorized by the internal 'combustion engine', the diesel oil and the gasoline will be quickly depleted and that emanation will effect in 'greenhouse effect'. Although the growing environmental apprehensions and the two oil crises at 1970's; the researches attention was drawn at electric vehicle (EV), they were built many prototypes in the year of 1980s. The Hybrid-EV (HEV) concept attains lot of interest at the era of 1990s, when many people were thinking that the EVs would never succeed the objective of 'energy is saving’. Afterwards, the Ford Motor Cop. were taken initiative at challenge of HEY, which drew lots of efforts from the well-known universities in order to develop the hybrid models of production automobiles. The EV is type of road vehicle that includes the electric propulsion [1], which can be categorised into three different types; Pure-EV, Fuel-Cell-EV and HEV. In present days, there are different development stages because of existing technologies, in that the oriented field control and variable voltage frequency are widely adapted, which is communal technique used in EV. The initial cost of battery and the management of battery create difficulty in Pure-EVs in focus of 'zero-emission'; these problems related to battery cannot be resolve in upcoming years, therefore, the temporary solution of the Pure-EVs is HEVs till the Pure-EVs becomes full commercialize. The long-term possibility of Fuel- Cell-EV is high for the futuristic vehicles [2], but the development technologies of its refueling and cost system is in initial development stage [1], therefore at present scenario HEV seems to be better choice. A vehicle that stores the energy in two 'or' more than two forms are called as a Hybrid Vehicle. In a general HEV there are two forms to acquire energy; one form is bidirectional 'electrical storage' system and other form is electric engine, which is having energy source of oil or gas. In HEV, there are many different methods that will help to reduce the consumption of fuel such as; engine downsizing, energy recovery during brake, shutting down the engine when its not in use and by efficiently operating the engine [3]. Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2019.0801041 223 ISSN(Online): 2319-8753 ISSN (Print): 2347-6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (A High Impact Factor, Monthly, Peer Reviewed Journal) Visit: www.ijirset.com Vol. 8, Issue 1, January 2019 Table 1: Comparison between EV, ICV and HEV [4] Vehicle Type EV (Electric ICV (Internal HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle ) Combustion Vehicle) Vehicle) Propulsio n Motors Engine Engine + Motors Devices Source of Batteries Oil/Gas Oil/ Batteries /Su per Energy G as Cap acitor /Fu el Cells Signilican ce Zero Emissio n Less refuelling time, Less High fuel Economy capital cost Here, table 1 represents the brief comparison of EV, ICV and HEV, where EVs is the most cleanest transportation that have zero emission of carbon and also called as zero emission vehicle. Whereas, emission from HEVs are considerably less compared to ICV, the important advantage of HEVs over the ICVs is that it include improved efficiency, better mileage and very less dependency on oil/gas and small amount carbon footprint, due to complete or partial traction generated by 'electric motors'. However, in order to provide better driving experiences and emission reduction, more charging time, high capital cost and smaller range of driving are several factors, which produce difficulty to capture the greater market of HEVs. II. LITERATURE SURVEY There are different type of electrical components are present in the HEVs such as; power electronic converter, electric motor, sensors, controllers and batteries for hybrid vehicle operation, also they need ICE. The different type of propulsions are involved in a HE vehicle, an electric vehicle is operated in only batteries or ultra-capacitor. The main difficulty arises in the proper selection of range, controlling, optimization performance, and fuel economy of vehicle. In this paper [5], the Human-Machine-Interface (`HMI') is focused and the HMI based methodologies, implementation and practices in present and upcoming commercial trends are stated in [6]. The authenticate HMI methodology are depend upon the multi-model and multi-touch technologies that having gesture recognition, proximity sensor, touch recognition, voice recognition, haptic feedback, handwriting recognition, face/eye recognition, etc. Moreover, the HMI for electric vehicle has been studied in paper [7] in order to provide information and the HMI with a low carbon vehicles has been compared and summarized in paper [8]. As we know that the BAIT vehicle should design to provide easily perceived information and do not cause any confusion problem. In paper [9], they discussed the interface problem, which may create confusion during awareness and recognition of the driver; therefore, it is kind of difficulty, which should be manage in order to help the driver to uphold a suitable awareness beneath assistance. The plugin charging system of HEV is provided to improve the misalignment tolerance and decreases the core loss is studied in paper [10]; moreover, the usage of orthogonal and parallel windings at receiving set of coil are able to enhance the power-transfer efficiency is studied in paper [11]. Therefore, the multi-coil based system has proposed in order to get high-systemtolerance for data bandwidth and power transfer efficiency. A 4-coil concentric model, which contain 2-receiver and 2-transmitter has been studied in paper [12]. Moreover, the multi-coil has applied in [13] that organize the more coil separately from single-input-single-output system, which can improve the transfer power efficiency, whenever the angle and distance between the receiving and sending coil are maximized. Enhancement in the fuel economy is strongly depends upon the driving cycle of vehicle; therefore the 'energy management' strategies are very important that based upon the mange in fuel consumption minimization and optimum control theory. However, majority of these management system cannot be implemented directly in real-time [14], where the reason behind these is preceding information of all-driving cycle [14]. Moreover, the vehicle-management unit should administer the function of battery management System to optimize life of batteries and minimize serious damages risk of battery cell. Fundamentally, the vehicle-management unit should predict the state-of-charge, state-of-health and Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2019.0801041 224 ISSN(Online): 2319-8753 ISSN (Print): 2347-6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (A High Impact Factor, Monthly, Peer Reviewed Journal) Visit: www.ijirset.com Vol. 8, Issue 1, January 2019 state-of-function of battery. In paper [15], they have focused on providing versatile and efficient Petri nets application without the global positioning system (GPS free system) or with the registered GPS system to suitably provide the efficient strategy of energy management for HEV at high serial architecture and high-level hybridization A significant amount of researches in the field of Control Strategy for energy storage has done; in paper [16], they proposed methodology of Super-capacitor Pack threshold set, which maximize the demand of power by filling Super- capacitor Pack (when its permitted). Moreover, the criteria of state-of-charge of batteries pack or state-of-charge of Super-capacitor Pack is discussed through combining different procedures at load side, these can lead to get much optimize control. In [17] they proposed the fuzzy controller logic that work on Super-capacitor state-of-charge and battery state-ofcharge; and another designing methodology is proposed in [18] through a load levelling. Through using this type of optimized methodology, the individual component of hybridized system can be enhanced. III. ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND STORAGE OF HEV Ultra-capacitor and batteries are the major source of energy storage that used in the HEV.
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