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Nuclear Reactors World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 Next Generation Nuclear Reactors Frank Carré [email protected] CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, France Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 1 Next Generation Nuclear reactors Outline of session 1 – Revival of interest in nuclear power worlwide 2 – Light Water reactors: from Gen II to Gen III for improved safety & economics 3 – Generation IV Fast-neutron nuclear systems with a closed fuel cycle for a sustainable production of energy 4 – Generation IV High temperature reactors for extended nuclear applications (process heat, H2, synthetic fuels…) 5 – International cooperation (Gen IV Forum, INPRO & EU SNE-TP…), Challenges & Perspectives Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 2 Operating & Planned Nuclear Power Plants in the World An increasing world nuclear electricity demand ... 129 2 113 40 11 23 19 4 GCC 6 58 …1 54 1 66 15 128 3 …2 …2 104 …2 438 58 9 ~370 GWe Installed Nuclear Power today ~243 GWe PWRs, ~83 GWe BWRs, ~21 GWe PHWRs, ~11 GWe GCRs, 11 GWe LWGRs, 1 GWe FBRs 1000 – 1500 GWe by 2050? Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 3 US Domestic Nuclear Fuel Management Options (April 2008) Source: GNEP NEAC Presentation (ANL) – April 2008 Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 4 Assets of Nuclear Power Economic competitiveness Fuel + O&M + Investment costs ~50 vs 70 €/MWh (gas, coal) [OCDE-IEA Study 2010] High safety level and steady improvements Nuclear Coal Gas gCeq/kWh Quasi no CO2 emission 400 Dispersion due to various technologies 300 200 100 0 Coal Oil Natural Renewable Nuclear gas Energies Energy security Green-house gas emissions from electricity Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 5 Regional ranges of electricity generation cost for nuclear, coal, coal with CC(S), gas, and wind onshore power plants (at 5% discount rate) OCDE-IEA Study 2010 250 Median Line 200 150 100 USD/MWh 50 0 Nuclear Coal Coal Gas Wind Nuclear Coal Coal Gas Wind Nuclear Coal Coal Gas Wind w/CC(S) Onshore w/CC(S) Onshore w/CC(S) Onshore N. America Europe Asia Pacific CAN, MEX, USA, US EPRI AUT, BEL, CHE, CZE, DEU, Eurelectric/VGB, ESAA, JPN, KOR FRA, HUN, ITA, NLD, SVK, SWE Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 6 OCDE-AIE – World Energy Outlook 2009 The Reference Scenario: World Primary Energy Demand 18 000 Other renewables 16 000 Biomass 14 000 Hydro 12 000 10 000 Nuclear Mtoe 8 000 Gas 6 000 Oil 4 000 Coal 2 000 WEO-2008 total 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Global demand grows by ~40% from 2007 to 2030 with coal demand increasing most in absolute terms Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 7 Des besoins énormes pour l‘Inde et la Chine INDIAINDE 0,5 CHINA 0,9 0,8 EmergingPays émergents Countries (*) * WORLD 1,7 JAPAN 4,1 JAPON France 4,3 GERMANY Allemagne 4,1 European Union * 3,8 USA 8,1 U.S.A. 0 2 4 6 8 10 Consommation d'énergie par habitant (TEP) Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 8 ALWRs from the USA, Japan, Russia & Europe EPR AP1000 АЭС-92 Areva NP Toshiba-West. с ВВЭР—1000 АCЭ POCATOM Kerena Areva NP ESBWR APWR GE & Hitachi Misubishi Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 9 Utilization of Uranium Ore for 1 GWe x year Open fuel cycle in LWRs 1 t W + PF 20 tons R 0.2 t Pu 200 tons E U 5% U nat 180 tons 18.8 ton Urep Udep Fast neutron reactors need only 1 tonton UU 238238 (Udep & Urep) that is converted into plutonium and recycled as fissile fuel (Regeneration Breeding of fissile fuel) Udep generated by a LWR over a 50 year lifetime is worth > 5000 years of the same power output with fast reactors Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 10 Uranium-235 “Fission” & “Capture” Cross Sections Uranium 235 (0,7 % Unat) R=NσΦ SECTIONS EFFICACES U235 1,E+05 fission U5 1,E+04 capture U5 1,E+03 1,E+02 1,E+01 sections efficaces sections (barns) 1,E+00 1,E-05 1,E-04 1,E-03 1,E-02 1,E-01 1,E+00 1,E+01 1,E+02 1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05 1,E+06 1,E+07 1,E+08 1,E-01 DOMAINE “THERMIQUE” DOMAINE “ÉPITHERMIQUE” DOMAINE “RAPIDE” 1,E-02 energie des neutrons (eV) Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 11 Uranium-238 “Fission” & “Capture” Cross Sections Uranium 238 (99,3 % Unat) SECTIONS EFFICACES U238 1,E+05 1,E+04 fission U8 1,E+03 capture U8 1,E+02 1,E+01 1,E+00 1,E-05 1,E-04 1,E-03 1,E-02 1,E-01 1,E+00 1,E+01 1,E+02 1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05 1,E+06 1,E+07 1,E+08 1,E-01 1,E-02 1,E-03 sections efficaces sections (barns) 1,E-04 1,E-05 1,E-06 1,E-07 énergie des neutrons (eV) Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 12 Breeding Potential of U/Pu & U/Th Fuels Conditions for breeding isotopes 235U 239Pu 233U spectrum Thermal Fast Thermal Fast Thermal Fast sf (barn) 582 1.81 743 1.76 531 2.79 sc (barn) 101 0.52 270 0.46 46 0.33 a=sc/sf 0.17 0.29 0.36 0.26 0.09 0.12 n 2.42 2.43 2.87 2.94 2.49 2.53 h=nsf/sa 2.07 1.88 2.11 2.33 2.29 2.27 beff (pcm) 650 210 276 s In fuel neutron-yield: h =n f s a Breeding is possible if: s f n s c h =n 2 Or: With: a = h = 2 s s f s c 1a f Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 13 Durability of Uranium resource 200 t U/GWe.y Conventional Uranium resource ~1 t U/GWe.y Source: “A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems”, December 2002 Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 14 Hypotheses about the price of Uranium as a function of extracted amount 21st Edition of OECD/NEA $/kg Unat Natural Uranium cost : patterns Red Book : Uranium Resource, Production & Supply 1200 1200 MtU <130$ Phos- /kg phates 10001000 RAR 3.3 EAR-I 1.4 800800 Total 4.7 EAR-II 14.8smooth 22 600 600 SR threshold smooth-p Total 19.5 22 400 Unat cost ($/kg) 400cost Unat 200200 0 Mt Unat 00 1010 2020 3030 4040 5050 6060 extracted MtUnat extracted Source: CEA/DEN/I-TESE Study (2007) Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 15 Generations of Nuclear Technology Nuclear expansion will rely mainly on current technology Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 16 Generation IV International Forum New requirements to support a sustainable development Nuclear Power for centuries Steady Progress: - Resource saving - Economic competitiveness - HL Radwaste minimisation - Safety and reliability - Non-prolifération New applications Hydrogen, drinkable water, heat Charter: Industrial deployment ~2040 July 2001 E.U. Framework agreement: Multilateral cooperation with 3 February 2005 levels of agreements: China Russia Intergovernmental Systems (x 6) R&D Projects (3 à 6 / System) Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 17 Innovative Nuclear Reactor & Fuel Cycle Project (INPRO) INPRO A unique forum for the development of nuclear energy in IAEA affiliated countries, strengthening the cooperation between Technology “Holders” & “Users” 27 MEMBER STATES (status July 2007) INPRO Methodology A concrete achievement of INPRO phase 1, to be further assessed and improved during phase 2 Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 18 European Sustainable Nuclear Energy Technology Platform GEN IV GEN II & III (V)HTR LWRs Process heat, New materials & fuels electricity & H2 Simulation & Experiments: reactor, safety, materials & fuels R&D Infrastructures Energy Goals Safety rules SNE-TP (Oct. 2007) for Europe R&D priority for industrial • Security of Supply applications GEN IV • Competitiveness Needs for large experimental Fast Reactor • -20% GHG by 2020 &Closed Cycle facilities • Low carbon energy Prototypes within the frame of system by 2050 (SFR, LFR, GFR, ADS) ”Public/Private Partnerships” SET-Plan („07) European Industrial initiative Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 19 Future prospects for nuclear power worldwide Renaissance LWRs No CO2 emissions Energy security Economic competitiveness Safety Sustainability Waste management Fast Reactors & Uranium resource saving closed fuel cycle New markets (Hydrogen, synthetic fuels, process heat…) Nuclear Energy Division World Nuclear University Summer Institute University of Oxford – July 3 - August 14, 2010 20 Optimization and evolution of the LWR nuclear fleet USA Europe 1979 TMI 1986 Tchernobyl 1989 EPRI Rqts 1990 NP-International AP600, SBWR..
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