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Home , Acanthopterygii, Broad skate, Stenopterygii

Arthropods are different from all other because they are eucoelomates with a hard, segmented body. The phylum Arthropoda (jointed-foot) consists of most of the known animals and many are enormously abundant as individuals. The general characteristics of the arthropods include a hard exoskeleton called a cuticle made up of chitin and proteins. This hard exoskeleton gives the organism’s segmented body protection and a place for muscle attachment. Arthropods also have jointed appendages that allow for specialized functions. They have an organ system level or organization and they are triploblastic. There are five subphyla: Trilobita, Checlicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda, and Hexapoda. Subphylum: Trilobita

This subphylum (like other arthropods) have paired appendages. They are segmented without any specialization. This subphylum are all extinct (Permian era – 250 mya) Subphylum: Cheliceriformes

Cheliceriformes all have 6 pairs of appendages. The first pair is modified into chelicerae. The next pair are modified into pedipalps. The last 4 pairs are walking legs. These animals have one or two body regions (cephalothorax and abdomen). These animals do not have a mandible or any antennae. : Eurypterids

The Eurypterids or water scorpions are animals that are now extinct. They were normally marine and freshwater predators. Class: Merostomata

These organisms (horseshoe crabs) are found in shallow coastal waters. The first pair of appendages are modified into chelicerae but the second pair is not modified into pedipalps like other cheliceriformes. The Horseshow crab’s larvae look similar to the extinct trilobites. Class: Pycnogonida

These organisms (sea spiders) are usually found in shallow coastal waters and many polar oceans. These animals often have eight legs (like true spiders) but may have extra legs from their segments being duplicated. These organisms include Class: Arachnida spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. Spiders contain modified chelicerae which are used as fangs to inject poison. They also have a special gland that can produce silk used for webs, eggs, escape, and courtship. Scorpions are the first terrestrial invertebrates. Their pedipalps are modified into pinchers and their tail is modified into a stinger. Ticks and mites are parasitic. Subphylum: Crustacea

Crustacea have two pair of antennae. Each appendage is biramous (two main branches). They have mandibles. These animals have two or three body regions (cephalothorax and abdomen or head, thorax, and abdomen). These animals are mostly marine. Isopoda

The isopods are the most diverse . These animals are found in terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater habitats. Decapoda

The decapods include many of the familiar crustaceans. They are mostly aquatic . Copepoda

The copepods are animals that are among the most numerous members of the marine and freshwater plankton community. Cirrepedia

Barnicles are animals that are exclusively marine, and tend to live in shallow and tidal waters, typically in erosive settings. Subphylum: Myriapoda

Myriapods all have appendages that are uniramous (one main branch). The body is long with a distinct head. The have one pair of antennae. These animals also have a mandible. Class: Chilopoda

These organisms are centipedes. They have one pair of jointed legs per segment. They have poison claws and are predators. Class: Diplopoda

These organisms are millipedes. They have two pair or jointed legs per segment. (Two segments have fused together). They are herbivores. Subphylum: Hexapoda

Hexapods all have 6 appendages, each pair are attached to a segment of the thorax. The body consists of a distinct head, thorax, and abdomen. They have one pair of antennae. These animals also have a mandible. Class: Insecta

Insects are the most diverse of all arthropods. They may have been the cause of angiosperm diversity. Know the orders that are demonstrated here. Arthropoda Level of Organization Organ-system Tissue Layers Triploblastic Digestive System Alimentary Canal with modified mouth parts Excretory System Nephridia Circulatory System Open system with heart Respiratory System Skin, gills, tracheae or book lungs Nervous System Dorsal brain with ring connected to ventral cords Body Cavity True Asexual Reproduction Budding in some Sexual Reproduction Usually Dioecious Phylum: Echinodermata

The word Echinodermata means “spiny skin”. These animals demonstrate secondary radial symmetry as adults (evolved from bilateral symmetry back to radial symmetry) while the larvae stage still exhibits bilateral symmetry. They are probably more closely related to the because of their deuterostome development. Unique to echinoderms is the water vascular system used for locomotion, feeding and food exchange. Echinoderm Structures (P 126 Figure 7.100) Oral Side: Side with mouth Arboral Side: side without mouth Madreporite: opening into water vascular system Ambulacral Grooves: Radiating grooves that contain tube feet Pedicellariae: pincer-like organs on surface (see compound microscope) Papillae: skin gills Echinodermata Classes Class Characteristics Examples

Asteroidea Pentaradial Sea stars symmetry Ophiuroidea Pentaradial Brittle stars symmetry Echinoidea Disk-shaped, no Sea urchin arms, spines Holothuroidea Cucumber- Sea cucumbers shaped, no arms, no spines Crinoidea Sessile, arms Sea lillies used for filter- feeding Class: Asteroidea

Sea stars have five arms that radiate from a central disc. They have an open ambulacral groove. The madreporite is on the aboral side. They contain both pedicellariae and dermal branchiae. Class: Ophiuroidea

They have five thin arms radiating from a central disc. They have a closed ambulacral groove. The madreporite is on the oral side. They do not have pedicellariae or dermal branchiae. The Sea urchins have no Class: arms but have five rows of tube feet. They contain Echinoidea moveable spines. They have closed ambulacral grooves. They madreporite is on the aboral side. They contain pedicellariae and dermal branchiae. They have specialized jaw-like structures called an Aristotle’s lantern. Class: Holothuroidea Sea cucumbers are soft bodied animals with ambulacral areas with tube feet. They have an internal madreporite. They have no pedicellariae or dermal branchiae. The sea lilies are Class: attached to the substrate with Crinoidea many branched arms. They have open ambulacral grooves. They have no madreporite, pedicellariae or dermal branchiae. Bipinnaria Larvae

The larvae form is evidence that this phyla has evolved radial symmetry from a bilateral ancestor. The larvae form is used for dispersal. Echinodermata Level of Organization Organ-system Tissue Layers Triploblastic Digestive System Alimentary canal Excretory System Absent Circulatory System Reduced if at all Respiratory System Dermal branchiae, tube feet, respiratory tree Nervous System No brain, nerve ring with radial nerves Body Cavity True Asexual Reproduction Regeneration Sexual Reproduction Dioecious Phylum: Chordata

The Phylum Chordata include animals that sometime in their life cycle have a notochord (for muscle attachment), a hollow dorsal nerve cord (to send nervous signals), pharyngeal slits (various functions) and a post-anal tail (movement). The three subphyla are Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata. 29 Subphylum: Urochordata

The Tunicates or Sea Squirts contain only the pharyngeal slits as an adult. They are usually sessile and use the pharynx for filter feeding.

30 Subphylum: Cephalochordata

The Lancelets contain all four characteristics as an adult. They are usually found buried in the sand off our coast. They are considered to be the closest relative to vertebrates.

31 Subphylum: Vertebrata

The Vertebrates are animals with backbones. They contain all four chordate characteristics as an adult with some modifications. They are free-living.

32 What is a ?

Fish are aquatic vertebrates that are not a mammal, bird, or reptile (It isn’t a monophyletic group). There are the five major living groups of fish: (jawless) Lamprey (jawless) Cartilaginous Fish Lobe-finned Fish Ray-finned Fish

33 Superclass:

The agnatha are animals without jaws and most lack paired appendages. may also lack eyes and a stomach. They are scavengers that enter natural openings on living and dead fish and mammals. Hagfish find their prey by a sense of smell. Hagfish can secrete large quantities of slime or mucus and can tie themselves into a knot which can also help release the slime.

34 Superclass: Agnatha The agnatha are animals Lamprey swim upstream to without jaws and most lack . They are called paired appendages. The ammocoetes as larva and adult lamprey feeds by are found in burrows. The attaching its mouth to a fish, larva must go through a secreting an anticoagulant metamorphosis to become into the host, and feeding adults where the entire on the blood and tissues of digestive system must be the host. restructured.

35 Superclass:

This superclass contains jaws which evolved from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits.

36 Class:

The class chondrichthyes all lack true bone and have a skeleton made of cartilage which is not a primitive characteristic. Their tough skin is covered with placoid scales. Males have a structure called claspers which aren’t seen in females. The two subclasses in this class are Elasmobranchii (the , skates, and rays) and the Holocehphali (the ratfish) 37

Shark Reproduction

Male and female sharks can easily be told apart. Male sharks have claspers which are extensions of the pelvic fins used to transfer sperm. There is also three different types of egg development. They are: Viviparity: the mother feeds the “babies” by a placenta Oviparity: the mother deposits eggs in the ocean Ovoviviparity: the eggs are retained in mom but without any nourishment from the mother. 38

Order: Selachiformes Great White Sharks

The Great White Shark measures up to 20 feet and can weigh up to 4200 lbs. They usually eat large bony fish, smaller sharks, dolphins, seals, and sea lions. They are found in almost all coastal and offshore waters between 54 to 75 degrees F. The Great White has been labeled a “man eater” but in the last 100 years more people have been killed by dogs in the U.S. than this shark. 39 : Selachiformes Leopard Sharks

The Leopard Shark measures up to 6.5 feet and can weigh up to 40 lbs. They usually eat bony fish, crustaceans, worms, and clams. They are found along the coast from Oregon to Baja California. The leopard shark is spotted as a juvenile in the shallows but usually lose their spots as they get larger and move to deeper water. 40 Order: Selachiformes Whale Sharks

The Whale Shark is the largest fish in the ocean and measures up to 66 feet and can weigh up to 7500 lbs. They usually are filter feeders eating enormous amounts of plankton. They are found in along the coast from Oregon to Baja California. The Whale shark can filter 6000 liters of water an hour.

41 Order: Selachiformes Hammerhead Shark

The Hammerhead shark measures up to 18 feet and can weigh up to 1000 lbs. They usually eat fish, rays, other sharks, and crustaceans. They are found in tropical and subtropical waters along the shorelines. The shape of the head is thought to spread their receptors across a larger area making them 10 times more likely to detect prey. 42 Order: Batiformes Skates and Rays Both skates and rays are flat bottom-dwelling organisms. Skates have a tiny caudal fin with no stinging spines, each is divided into two lobes and lay egg cases. Rays have a slender whip-like tail with stinging spines, each pelvic fin contains one lobe and give live birth.

43 Broad

The broad skate is known to grow to be just under a meter in length. It is a deep- water skate found in the central and northern Pacific ocean. They feed on mollusks, crustaceans and . 44 Manta Ray

The manta ray is the largest of the rays, with the largest known specimen having been about 7.6 m (about 25 ft) across. It ranges throughout all tropical waters of the world, typically around coral reefs. Manta rays are believed by some to have evolved from bottom-feeding ancestry, but have adapted to become filter feeders in the open ocean 45 Guitarfish

The guitarfish are mainly found in tropical and temperate waters, traveling in large schools. Most adult guitarfishes reach five or six feet in length. These fish are bottom feeders, preferring small crustaceans.

46 Order: Chimaeriformes Chimaeras Chimaeras differ from sharks in that their upper jaws are fused with their skulls; they have separate anal and urogenital openings; and they lack the many sharp and replaceable teeth of sharks, having instead a few large permanent grinding tooth plates. They are often called ratfish or rabbit fish. They are found in cold water often at great depths. The diet consists primarily of benthic invertebrates. The tooth plates are used to crush hard-bodied prey such as crabs, clams, and echinoderms.

47 The “” all have a skeleton made of true bone. Osteichthyes Their skin is covered with ctenoid scales. They also have an (a hard covering over the gills), which helps them breathe without having to swim. They also have a which helps the body create a neutral balance between sinking and floating. There are two classes in this group: the Class: , the Lobe-finned fish and the Class: the Ray- finned Fish

48

Sarcopterygii – Lobe-finned Fish Subclass: Coelacanthimorpha Coelocanths are lobe-finned fish with the pectoral and anal fins on fleshy stalks supported by bones, and the tail is divided into three lobes. Coelacanths also have a special electroreceptive device called a rostral organ in the front of the skull, which probably helps in prey detection. Coelacanth populations have been found near Indonesia and South Africa. Coelacanths are opportunistic feeders, hunting cuttlefish, squid, snipe , small sharks, and other fish.

49 Sarcopterygii – Lobe-finned Fish Subclass: Dipnoi Lungfish are fresh water lobe- finned fish. Lungfish are best- known for retaining primitive characteristics, including the ability to breathe air, Today, they live only in Africa, South America, and Australia. African and South American lungfish are capable of surviving seasonal desiccation of habitats by burrowing into mud and estivating throughout the dry season. They have a diet of fish, insects, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, and plant material.

50 Infraclass: Holosteri

In this infraclass, all of the fish are considered to be primitive fish. They are found in brackish conditions. They can use their swim bladders to obtain extra oxygen

51 Infraclass: Holosteri Order: Lepisoteriformes inhabit fresh, brackish, and occasionally marine, waters of eastern North America, Central America, and the Caribbean islands. They have a swim bladder that opens to the pharynx that can function as a lung and most gars surface periodically to take a gulp of air, doing so more frequently in stagnant or warm water when the concentration of oxygen in the water is low

52 Infraclass: Holosteri Order: Amia's are also called or Dog fish. Amia’s distribution is restricted to eastern North America. Amia's swim bladder functions much like a lung, allowing this fish to gulp air when dissolved oxygen levels become dangerously low in the weed beds where it lives. They are primarily fish eaters, although crayfish can make up a substantial proportion of the diet, and frogs are also consumed.

53 Infraclass: Teleostei

In this infraclass, all of the fish are considered to be the ray-finned fish. They have a movable maxilla and premaxilla and modified muscles that allow them to have a protrusable mouth.

54 Infraclass: Teleostei • Superorder: – Bony Tongued fish • Superorder: – Snake-like scale-less fish • Superorder: Clupeomorpha – , which means that the gas bladder has a pneumatic duct connecting it to the gut. They typically lack a • Superorder: Ostariphysi – Their first few vertebrates are used to pass sound from the swim bladder to the inner ear for acute hearing 55

Infraclass: Teleostei • Superorder: – These are fish that lack specialization • Superorder: – Deep water fish. Bioluminescent • Superorder: Scopelomorpha – Deep water fish. Bioluminescent. They have large eyes and adipose fins. • Superorder: – They usually have a Pelvic fin spine present.

56 Superorder:Osteroglossomorpha Order: Arowana are freshwater bony fish. They have a unique structure called a “bony tongue”. This is actually derived from a toothed bone on the floor of the mouth and bite against teeth on the roof of the mouth. They can obtain oxygen from the air by sucking it into the swim bladder which is lined with capillaries.

57

Superorder: Elopomorpha Order: Anguillidiformes Morey ’s are found in all tropical seas usually in shallow water with their body wedged in a crevice. Morey eels primarily eat other fish and mollusks. Their mouth is often open (and moving) to help water circulate through the gills 58

Superorder: Clupeomorpha Order: The is a small green fish with blue reflections due to a silver longitudinal stripe that runs from the base of the caudal fin. They are found in the oceans worldwide. exhibit a special way of feeding called planktivory. These fish swim through the water with their large mouths open and strain out small organisms (plankton) with fine, sieve-like structures called gill rakers.

59

Superorder: Clupeomorpha Order: Clupeiformes The are a fish found worldwide (but named after an island in the Mediterranean). They are also called pilchards. Sardines are packed with nutrients (omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin D, Calcium, B- 12, and protein).

60 Superorder:

The superorder: Ostariophysi are fish that have two main characteristics: they release an alarm substance and their first few vertebrates are used to pass sound from the swim bladder to the inner ear for acute hearing. In this lab it includes the 1) Loachs, 2) Characins, 3) Knifefish, and 4)

61 Superorder: Ostariphysi Order: The Loaches are small benthic . Loaches are mostly scavengers and are omnivorous, usually not very picky about their food. Many live in waters of generally poor quality and some have adapted to less-than-ideal water conditions by being able to gulp up atmospheric oxygen from the air.

62 Superorder: Ostariphysi Order: Piranha are carnivorous fresh water fish living in South American Rivers. They are normally only 6-10 inches long. They are known for their sharp teeth and an aggressive appetite for meat. They generally pose no threat to humans. Humans frequently swim in piranha- infested waters without attacks. Their aggressiveness may increase due to limited food but rarely do they eat animals much larger than themselves. They have similar abilities to sharks to detect blood in the water.

63 Superorder: Ostariphysi Order: Characiformes

Hatchet Fish are a that get their name from their thin, hatchet-shaped body. Like other deep sea fish, they have the ability to create their own lighting process known as bioluminescence. Since the (organs producing light) point downward, it is believed they use them for counter illumination to avoid predators from below.

64 Superorder: Ostariphysi Order: Cymnotiformes

The Knife fish are primarily freshwater inhabitants and have organs derived from muscle cells that are adapted to the generation of electric fields.

65 Superorder: Ostariphysi Order: Siluriformes

The Catfish are named for their prominent barbels, which give the image of cat-like whiskers. Unlike other fish, There are armour-plated types and also naked types, neither having scales. The glass catfish are transparent because, like all catfish they do not have scales and they also don't have body pigment. The glass catfish turns milky white when dead, suggesting it does something during its life to keep it transparent

66 Superorder: Protacanthopterygii

The Superorder: Protacanthopterygii are fish that lack specialization. They are important In this lab it includes 1) , 2) Pike and 3) Smelt

67 Superorder: Protacanthopterygii Order: Salmoniformes Salmon are typically anadromous: they are born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then return to fresh water to reproduce. Both Atlantic and Pacific Salmon are important to recreational around the world. Currently in California, Salmon fishing has been suspended because the numbers of fish are dangerously low.

68 Superorder: Protacanthopterygii Order: Salmoniformes

Trout are found in the subfamily along with salmon. Trout have fins entirely without spines, and all of them have a small adipose (fatty) fin along the back, near the tail. Trout are found in clear streams and lakes but are often anadromous (like salmon).

69 Superorder: Protacanthopterygii Order: Pike have the elongated, torpedo-like form of predatory fishes, with sharply-pointed heads and sharp teeth. They devour fish up to one-third of their own size. Pike are cannibalistic; some 20% of their diet consists of pikes smaller than themselves. Pike have little respect for relative size and as a result have been known to bite swimmers and divers. 70 Superorder: Protacanthopterygii Order: Smelt are small anadromous fish. Smelt has a character odor, similar to the smell of cucumbers. Smelt is bright orange in color, and is often used to garnish sushi.

71 Superorder: Stenopterygii Order: Stomilliformes Dragonfish are among the fish known as deep water fish. Like other deep water fish, they are capable of bioluminescence. Unlike other bioluminescent creatures, they can glow and perceive a red or blue- green light (most species only perceive blue light) which allows it to see its prey before they are seen.

72 Superorder: Scopelomorpha Order:

The lantern fish are found in the deep sea. Like other deep water fish, they are bioluminescent. They are a very common deep water fish and they make up about 65% of the deep sea biomass.

73 Superorder: Scopelomorpha Order: Myctophiformes The Superorder: Acanthopterygii are fish that have spiny fins. In this lab it includes the rest of the fish in lab.

74 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Mugiliformes are ray-finned fish found worldwide in coastal temperate and tropical waters, and in some species in fresh water. Mullets have served as an important source of food. Mullet does not keep well after it is caught. If kept on ice it may remain edible for approximately 72 hours.

75 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Antheriniformes Silversides are ray-finned fish which usually have two dorsal fins, the first with flexible spines, and an anal fin with one spine at the front. The lateral line is typically weak or absent. Mosquito fish may now be the most widespread freshwater fish in the world, having been introduced as a biocontrol (to control mosquitoes).

76 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Antheriniformes Grunion are famous marine bony fish found spawning on the sandy beaches of southern California. At night, from March through September, females burrow backwards in the sand to lay their eggs just after the highest tides. They occur on the second through fourth nights after the full or new moons. Each female is accompanied by several males which come to fertilize the eggs.

77 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: are a marine fish. Their most striking feature is their pectoral fins, which are unusually large, and enable the fish to take short gliding flights through the air, above the surface of the water, in order to escape from predators.

78 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Desert Pupfish are an endangered species due to introduced species and habitat destruction/fragmentati on. Desert pupfish are well-adapted to the rapid water temperature changes (can tolerate from 50-100 degrees F) and high salinity they experience in their habitat. 79 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order:

Ridgeheads are also known as bigscales, are a small, deep- sea fish. These fish are named for their large scales and pronounced cranial ridges. The family is sometimes termed pseudoceanic because, rather than having an even distribution in open water, ridgeheads occur in significantly higher abundances around structural oases, notably seamounts and over continental slopes. 80 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Gobiesociformes Clingfishes are ray-finned fish where in most species the pelvic fins are modified into a sucking disc. Most species are marine, being found in shallow waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.

81 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: are ray-finned fish that have no scales, although some species have bony armour plates. They are closely related to and . Niko Tinbergen's studies of the behaviour of this fish were important in the early development of ethology as an example of a fixed action pattern.

82 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Synganthiformes Sea Horses and Pipefish are notable because they are the only species in which males become “pregnant”. The males have brood pouches which the female uses an ovipositor to deposit the eggs. It is believed that the pouch regulates salinity for the eggs. These fish are recognizable because of their shape They have this shape to help them hide in the sea grass.

83 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Tetradontiformes Porcupine fish are recognizable for their shape. They are often confused with puffer fish but porcupine fish have spines. They blow up like this to avoid predators. They get this shape by swallowing water (or air) which limits what can eat them.

84 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Tetradontiformes Cowfish are recognizable for their shape. They look this way because The hexagonal plate- like scales of these fish are fused together into a solid, triangular, box-like carapace, from which the fins and tail protrude. Because of these heavy armoured scales, Cowfish are limited to slow movements, but few other fish are able to eat the adults.

85 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Pleuronectiformes Halibut are from the family of the right- eye flounders. When the Halibut is born the eyes are on both sides of its head so it has to swim like a salmon. After about 6 months one eye will migrate to the other side of its head so they lay on the bottom for camouflage.

86 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Sculpin are bottom feeders that are generally not considered good to eat, and have sharp spines rather than scales. They use their large pectoral fins to stabilize themselves on the floor of flowing creeks and rivers.

87 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Girabaldi are California’s State Marine Fish. They are found in the Pacific Ocean from Monterey Bay to Baja California. They are associated with reefs and rocky sea-bottoms. They eat mostly invertebrates off the rocks. They have the ability to change their sex multiple times during their life to level out the ratio of males to females.

88 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Perciformes Striped Marlin are large oceanic fish that can reach nearly 12 feet and can weigh up t0 450 lbs. They are found in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans. They are built for speed in the open ocean feeding on , sardines, anchovy, squid and crab near the surface.

89 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Perciformes are exclusively marine in distribution usually in shallow water habitats such as coral reefs and rocky shores. The Sheepheads are found in kelp beds, on coral reefs and among sea grasses. Its strong teeth make this fish an opportunistic predator. Sheephead establish their own feeding patch which is dominated by one male. When he dies, one of the older and larger females in the group (around 30cm) changes colour and turns into a male.

90 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Perciformes Ocean Sunfish are the heaviest known bony fish in the world. It has an average adult weight of 1 ton. Sunfish live on a diet that consists mainly of Sea jellies. As this diet is nutritionally poor, they consume large amounts in order to develop and maintain their great bulk

91 Superorder: Acanthopterygii Order: Perciformes Clownfish all form symbiotic relationships with sea anemones. The clownfish feeds on undigested matter which otherwise potentially could harm the sea anemone, and the fecal matter from the clownfish provides nutrient to the sea anemone.

92 Osteichthyes (External)

Fish have a torpedo shape which allows them to reduce drag while swimming through the water. They also have the following structures: Ctenoid scales: embedded in the skin Eyes: located on the sides with no eyelids and they do not have binocular vision. Lateral line: sensitive to pressure changes Operculum: Hard covering over gills Skeletal System: axial (skull and verebrae) and appendicular (girdles and fins) which are very flexible for swimming

93 Osteichthyes (External)

Fish have many different fins: Pectoral fins: Lift Pelvic fins: Lift Anal fins: Stability Dorsal fins: Stability Caudal fins: Propulsion

94 Osteichthyes (Internal)

System Structure Function Muscular Myomeres Small contractions Digestive Stomach Chemical Digestion Pyloric Ceca Increases SA Intestine Absorption of nutrients Liver Storage, conversion, removes toxins Pancreas Secretes enzymes Spleen Immune response Excretory Kidneys Filtration Urinary Bladder Holds Urine Circulatory Sinus venosus Receives venus blood Atrium Pumps blood into ventricle Ventricle Pumps blood into body 95 Bulbus arteriosus Maintains even blood flow Osteichthyes (Internal)

System Structure Function Respiratory Gills Gas Exchange Nervous Brain Nervous system control Spinal Cord Nervous signals Reproductive Ovaries Produce Eggs Testis Produce Sperm Swim Bladder Swim Bladder Buoyancy

96