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Security Council Distr
UNITED NATIONS S Security Council Distr. GENERAL S/1998/720 5 August 1998 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH LETTER DATED 5 AUGUST 1998 FROM THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF ERITREA TO THE UNITED NATIONS ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL I have the honour to transmit to you a press statement issued today, 5 August 1998, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State of Eritrea concerning the meeting of the Ministerial Committee of the Organization of African Unity on the Eritrea-Ethiopia conflict, held from 1 to 2 August (see annex). I should be grateful if you would kindly circulate this letter and its annex as a document of the Security Council. (Signed) Haile MENKERIOS Ambassador Permanent Representative 98-22901 (E) 060898 /... S/1998/720 English Page 2 Annex Press statement issued 5 August 1998 by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State of Eritrea The Ministerial Committee of the Organization of African Unity on the border conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia will submit its recommendations to the Heads of State of the three countries in the next few days. The Committee underlined that these recommendations "will be fair and will take into account the legitimate concerns of the parties and the ideals of the Organization of African Unity". The Ministerial Committee, which is composed of Burkina Faso, Zimbabwe and Djibouti, was convened at Ouagadougou from 1 to 2 August 1998 to review the findings of the Committee of Ambassadors that had visited Eritrea and Ethiopia earlier in July. Separate sessions with the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Eritrea and Ethiopia were also held to exchange views and explore avenues for a peaceful solution. -
The Eritrean-Ethiopian Border Dispute
Affairs (1998), 97, 551-565 BRIEFING: THE ERITREAN-ETHIOPIAN BORDER DISPUTE J ABBINK ? * $• • THE VIOLENT Eritrean-Ethiopian border dispute which erupted on 6 May 'this year has taken everybody by surprise, includmg Ethiopian prime minister Mêles Zenawi.1 But on a closer look, this dispute is not so . surprising except for its timing, nor is it only about a border. The 'Wstorical and political context of this widely deplored family quarrel between closely related regimes in Eritrea and Ethiopia makes this clear. , -True, both regimes emerged from armed insurgent movements (EPLF and TPLF)2 which were for many years comrades in arms against the r former Ethiopian government of Lt.-Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam. •; They both shared the same mix of ethno-regionalist/nationalist and l^.'Marxist-Leninist ideology and both their political elites hail from the same .;'•' etfano-linguistic group, the Tigrinya-speakers of northern Ethiopia and , *N '^outhern Eritrea. After they took power m 1991, their leaders were also ?3f,, generously supported by the Western donor-community led by the USA as s 'new-style' African leaders: relatively young, seemingly committed to - > 4emocratization and a new approach to national development, aiming S' at liberal market-economy reforms and at closer intégration with the 3 ,x world community, especially the West. But différences of opinion and 4\ divergent approaches to crucial policy matters existed between the two « iriovements since the late 1970s and have not been resolved since.4 It is more than ironie in this conflict that the policies of these new leaders *< seem to carry the same potential for violence and destabilization m the région as that of old leaders.5 In this respect, the surprise about the fr ' carrent border crisis reveals something of the incomplete historical under- standing and the opportunism of certain donor countries. -
The Ethiopia-Eritrea Rapprochement : Peace and Stability in the Horn Of
ETHIOPIA–ERITREA RAPPROCHEMENT: RAPPROCHEMENT: ETHIOPIA–ERITREA THE RECENT RAPPROCHEMENT between Ethiopia and Eritrea has fundamentally reshaped the relation- ship between the two countries. The impact of the resolution of the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict goes beyond the borders of the two countries, and has indeed AFRICA THE HORN OF IN AND STABILITY PEACE brought fundamental change to the region. Full diplo- The Ethiopia-Eritrea matic relations have been restored between Eritrea and Peace and Stability Somalia; and the leaders of Eritrea and Djibouti have met in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The central question the Rapprochement in the Horn of Africa book attempts to address is: what factors led to the resolution of a festering conflict? The book explains and analyses the rapprochement, which it argues was made possible by the maturing of objective and sub- jective conditions in Ethiopia and by the trust factor in Eritrea. REDIE BEREKETEAB is a Senior Researcher and Associate Professor in Sociology at the Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala, Sweden. His main field of research is conflict and state building in the Horn of Africa, and the regional economic communities (RECs) and peace building in Africa. REDIE BEREKETEAB ISBN 9789171068491 90000 > Policy Dialogue No. 13 Redie Bereketeab 9 789171 068491 POLICY DIALOGUE No. 13 THE ETHIOPIA-ERITREA RAPPROCHEMENT Peace and Stability in the Horn of Africa Author Redie Bereketeab NORDISKA AFRIKAINSITUTET The Nordic Africa Institute UPPSALA 2019 INDEXING TERMS: Ethiopia Eritrea Foreign relations Regional cooperation Regional integration Dispute settlement Political development Peacebuilding Reconciliation The Ethiopia-Eritrea Rapprochement: Peace and Stability in the Horn of Africa Author: Redie Bereketeab ISBN 978-91-7106-849-1 print ISBN 978-91-7106-850-7 pdf © 2019 The author and the Nordic Africa Institute Layout: Henrik Alfredsson, The Nordic Africa Institute and Marianne Engblom, Ateljé Idé. -
Eritrea National Service, Exit and Entry – Jan. 2020
COUNTRY REPORT January 2020 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) Eritrea National service, exit and entry newtodenmark.dk © 2020 The Danish Immigration Service The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 2100 Copenhagen Denmark Phone: +45 35 36 66 00 newtodenmark.dk January 2020 All rights reserved to the Danish Immigration Service. The publication can be downloaded for free at newtodenmark.dk The Danish Immigration Service’s publications can be quoted with clear source reference. ERITREA – NATIONAL SERVICE, EXIT, ENTRY Contents Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. 4 Executive summary .......................................................................................................................... 5 Map of Eritrea .................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Introduction and methodology ................................................................................................ 7 2. Background: recent developments in Eritrean politics ................................................................. 12 2.1 Brief overview of the general situation in Eritrea, including human rights .......................................... 15 3. National Service ........................................................................................................................ -
Informal Interactive Dialogues and Other Informal Meetings of the Security Council (As of 13 December 2019)
Informal Interactive Dialogues and Other Informal Meetings of the Security Council (as of 13 December 2019) DATE/ VENUE DESCRIPTIVE SUBJECT BRIEFERS NON‐SC / LISTED IN: NAME NON‐UN PARTICIPANTS JOURNAL SC ANNUAL POW REPORT 27 November 2019 Informal Peace consolidation in Abdoulaye Bathily, former head of the UN Regional Office for Central None NO NO N/A Conf. Rm. 7 interactive West Africa/UNOWAS Africa (UNOCA) and the author of the independent strategic review of dialogue the UN Office for West Africa and the Sahel (UNOWAS); Bintou Keita (Assistant Secretary‐General for Africa); Guillermo Fernández de Soto Valderrama (Permanent Representative of Colombia and Peace Building Commission Chair) 28 August 2019 Informal The situation in Burundi Michael Kingsley‐Nyinah (Director for Central and Southern Africa United Republic of NO NO N/A Conf. Rm. 6 interactive Division, DPPA/DPO), Jürg Lauber (Switzerland PR as Chair of PBC Tanzania dialogue Burundi configuration) 31 July 2019 Informal Peace and security in Amira Elfadil Mohammed Elfadil (AU Comissioner for Social Affairs), Democratic Republic NO NO N/A Conf. Room 7 interactive Africa (Ebola outbreak in David Gressly (Ebola Emergency Response Coordinator), Mark Lowcock of the Congo dialogue the DRC) (Under‐Secretary‐General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator), Michael Ryan (WHO Health Emergencies Programme Executive Director) 7 June 2019 Informal The situation in Libya Mr. Pedro Serrano, Deputy Secretary General of the European External none NO NO N/A Conf. Rm. 7 interactive (Resolution 2292 (2016) Action Service dialogue implementation) 21 March 2019 Informal The situation in the Joost R. Hiltermann (Program Director for Middle East & North Africa, NO NO N/A Conf. -
Eritrea: Scenarios for Future Transition
Eritrea: Scenarios for Future Transition Africa Report N°200 | 28 March 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. The Beginning of the End for President Isaias Afwerki? ................................................ 3 A. The Incident at Forto ................................................................................................. 4 B. 2012: The President’s Annus Horribilis? ................................................................... 6 III. The State of Eritrea ........................................................................................................... 10 A. The Foundation of a One-Man State ......................................................................... 11 1. The Dream Disintegrates ..................................................................................... 12 2. The Stifling of Dissent .......................................................................................... 13 3. The Removal of Checks and Balances ................................................................. -
South Africa
Opting to Settle in a Small African Town A Case Study of Refugees in Towns Makhanda (formerly Grahamstown), South Africa Barnabas Ticha Muvhuti February, 2019 Contents Location ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction and Methods........................................................................................................................ 4 The Urban Impact...................................................................................................................................... 6 Mapping Makhanda’s Immigrant Population ......................................................................................... 8 Refugees’ Experiences ............................................................................................................................ 9 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................... 14 References ............................................................................................................................................... 15 Appendix A: Background on Refugees in South Africa .................................................................... 17 Appendix B: Background on Migration in Makhanda ........................................................................ 19 About the RIT Project ............................................................................................................................ -
II. United Nations and Sub-Saharan Africa
II. United Nations and Sub-Saharan Africa The new UN secretary general, Ban Ki-moon, declared Africa, and in particular the crisis in Darfur, as a priority on his agenda. He made his fi rst trip in offi ce to the AU summit in Addis Ababa in January. The appointment of Asha-Rose Migiro as the deputy secretary general on 5 January was a signifi cant sign in itself. The former Tanzanian foreign minister became the second woman in history in this position and the highest-ranking woman at the UN. Another high-profi le appointment took place in July: Eritrean Haile Menkerios, former senior Department of Political Affairs (DPA) offi cial for African affairs, assumed the position as assistant secretary general for political affairs. Partnerships continued to be a buzzword. For instance, the Security Council stressed the importance of boosting the resources and capacity of the AU after a meeting organised on the initiative of South Africa, as part of its proactive approach to holding the presidency of the Council during March. Nonetheless, mutual understandings and clarity with regard to duties and responsibilities remained weak. The secretary general removed the Offi ce of the Special Advisor on Africa (OSAA) in July. The offi ce had been leaderless since 9 February, with the resignation of Legwaila Joseph Legwaila, the special advisor on Africa appointed by Kofi Annan. The OSAA mandate was consolidated with the offi ce of the high representative for the Least Developed Countries (LDC), Landlocked Develop- ing Countries (LLDC) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Cheick Sidi Diarra was appointed as high representative for this merged offi ce. -
Security Council Provisional Seventy-Second Year
United Nations S/ PV.8043 Security Council Provisional Seventy-second year 8043rd meeting Tuesday, 12 September 2017, 10 a.m. New York President: Mr. Alemu ..................................... (Ethiopia) Members: Bolivia (Plurinational State of) ..................... Mr. Llorentty Solíz China ......................................... Mr. Wu Haitao Egypt ......................................... Mr. Aboulatta France ........................................ Mrs. Gueguen Italy .......................................... Mr. Cardi Japan ......................................... Mr. Kawamura Kazakhstan .................................... Mr. Umarov Russian Federation ............................... Mr. Iliichev Senegal ....................................... Mr. Seck Sweden ....................................... Mr. Skoog Ukraine ....................................... Mr. Vitrenko United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .. Mr. Allen United States of America .......................... Ms. Sison Uruguay ....................................... Mr. Bermúdez Agenda Security Council mission Briefing by Security Council mission to Ethiopia (6 to 8 September 2017) This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy of the record and sent under the signature of a member of the delegation -
Tigray Situation Update 0 6 September 2021
ETHIOPIA OPERATION – TIGRAY UPDATE Tigray Situation Update 0 6 September 2021 On 19 August, UNHCR, in collaboration with ARRA, relocated a group of Eritrean refugees, half of them children, from Ethiopia's Tigray region to Afar region. The refugees were living at the Hitsats and Shimelba camps, but had to leave when the camps were destroyed at the onset of the conflict. After months living in dire conditions, they received much-needed assistance. Some of the refugees have deteriorating health conditions and were in need of urgent medical attention. © UNHCR/Olga Sarrado Background and key developments Military confrontations between federal and regional forces in Ethiopia’s Tigray region, which borders both Sudan and Eritrea, led the Government to declare a State of Emergency on 4 November 2020. As the Tigray conflict enters its 10th month, the overall security and access situation remains complex and fluid, hindering effective delivery of humanitarian assistance to the most affected populations in Central, Southern-Eastern, Eastern, North-Western and Southern Zones. Fresh displacement from fighting in Ethiopia’s Amhara and Afar regions has been recorded as the conflict spreads beyond the Tigray region. In addition to some 2.1 million www.unhcr.org 1 UNHCR SITUATION UPDATE Ethiopia, Tigray 06 September 2021 internally displaced people in Tigray, there are 250,000 people in Amhara region and 112,000 in Afar region being internally displaced according to the local authorities and the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Of particular concern is the safety and wellbeing of thousands of Eritrean refugees living in the three Eritrean refugee camps of Mai Aini and Adi Harush in Tigray region and Berhale in Afar region. -
Stabilising the Congo
FORCED MIGRATION POLICY BRIEFING 8 Stabilising the Congo Authors Emily Paddon Guillaume Lacaille December 2011 Refugee Studies Centre Oxford Department of International Development University of Oxford Forced Migration Policy Briefings The Refugee Studies Centre’s (RSC) Forced Migration Policy Briefings series seeks to stimulate debates on issues of key interest to researchers, policy makers and practitioners from the fields of forced migration and humanitarian studies. Policy briefing number 8 is a follow-up to a series of RSC inter-related activities on the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) that took place in 2010 and 2011, including a special issue of Forced Migration Review and an experts’ workshop on ‘the dynamics of conflict and forced migration in the DRC’ as well as dissemination and consultations in the DRC. Written by academic experts, the briefings provide policy-relevant research findings in an accessible format. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Refugee Studies Centre, its donors or to the University of Oxford as a whole. Direct your feedback, comments or suggestions for future briefings to the series editor, Héloïse Ruaudel ([email protected]). Further details about the series and all previous papers may be found on the RSC website (www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/policy-briefings). Contents Glossary of acronyms 1 Executive summary 2 1. The Congo context: the causes of persistent conflict 5 2. Stabilisation in the Congo: the policy 8 3. The results: stabilisation in practice 13 4. Stabilisation in the Congo: the politics 19 5. -
A Rising Regional Power: Making Sense of Ethiopia's Influence in the Horn of Africa Region
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 10-16-2020 A Rising Regional Power: Making Sense of Ethiopia's Influence in the Horn of Africa Region Yonas K. Mulat [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Mulat, Yonas K., "A Rising Regional Power: Making Sense of Ethiopia's Influence in the Horn of Africa Region" (2020). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 4590. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/4590 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida A RISING REGIONAL POWER: MAKING SENSE OF ETHIOPIA’S INFLUENCE IN THE HORN OF AFRICA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE by Yonas Ketsela Mulat 2020 To: Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Yonas Ketsela Mulat and entitled A Rising Regional Power: Making Sense of Ethiopia’s Influence in the Horn of Africa, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. __________________________________________ Felix Martin __________________________________________ Eric Lob __________________________________________ Hilary Jones __________________________________________ John Clark, Major Professor Date of Defense: October 16, 2020 The dissertation of Yonas Ketsela Mulat is approved.