DOCSLIB.ORG

Withdrawal of French Forces - Large-Scale Libyan Involvement - Defeat of Forces Opposing President Oueddei - French Warnings to Libya

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Withdrawal of French Forces - Large-Scale Libyan Involvement - Defeat of Forces Opposing President Oueddei - French Warnings to Libya Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 27, February, 1981 Chad, Page 30693 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Developments March to December 1980 - Resurgence of Civil War - Mediation Efforts by OAU - Withdrawal of French Forces - Large-Scale Libyan Involvement - Defeat of Forces opposing President Oueddei - French Warnings to Libya The national reconciliation accord signed by 11 Chad factions in the Nigerian capital of Lagos on Aug. 21, 1979[see page 30067], which led to the formation on Nov. 10 that year of a transitional Government of national unity comprising representatives of all these groups, broke down in March 1980 with the onset of fierce fighting in the Chad capital, Ndjamena. Whereas in previous years the civil war in Chad had been fought mainly along regional and religious lines, such differences being largely between the Moslems in the north of the country and the Christian and animist Sara population in the south (the latter group having dominated the leadership of Chad from independence in 1960, firstly under President Tombalbaye until 1975 and later under President Malloum until his resignation in 1979— see page 30065), the latest hostilities involved mostly rival northern groups struggling for supremacy in the new Government. The main protagonists were the Forces armées populaires (FAP) of Mr Goukouni Oueddei, President of the transitional Government of national unity, and the Forces armées du nord (FAN), led by Mr Hissene Habre, the Minister of State for Defence, Ex-Servicemen and Disabled Soldiers. The FAN and the FAP (both formerly members of Frolinat—the Front de liberation nationale du Tchad) together with other factions had retained armed forces in the capital in defiance of a provision in the Lagos accord calling for the demilitarization of Ndjamena by Feb. 5, 1980[see page 30067]. Fighting in Ndjamena continued throughout 1980; between 5,000 and 6,000 deaths and extensive damage were caused in the first part of the year alone, although neither side gained any significant ground during this period, while hostilities also spread to areas outside the capital later in the year. Numerous efforts to reconcile the opposing sides were made by the Organization of African Unity (OAU) but all proved unsuccessful. The situation in the war changed dramatically towards the end of 1980, however, following the large-scale intervention of Libyan troops, and in mid-December, faced with increasing attacks by forces loyal to President Oueddei supported by Libyan troops, the FAN evacuated its positions in Ndjamena. Following the takeover of the capital and other areas, the Governments of Chad and Libya in early January 1981 announced their decision to merge their two countries.[details of this and o;ther associated developments will be given in a subsequent articles.] Fighting between the FAP of President Oueddei and the FAN of Mr Habre had broken out in Ndjamena by March 21, 1980, the President's forces being subsequently reinforced from outside the capital by the Forces armées tchadiennes (FAT), which were commanded by the Vice-President, Lt. -Col. Wadel Abdelkader Kamougue (a southerner and formerly in opposition to the northern groups), but which later withdrew from the fighting for several months; and (ii) the Front d'action commune (FAC), headed by Mr Acyl Ahmat, the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Co-operation who was also leader of the Conseil democratique revolutionnaire (or "New Volcano"). Other members of the FAC were the Front populaire de libération (FPL), led by Mr Mohamat Abba Said, Minister of State for the Interior and security, and the Premiere armee Volcan (or First Army), led by Mr Abdoulaye Adoum Dana, Minister of Public Works, Mines and Geology. (i)Frolinat originel, headed by Dr Abba Sidick (Minister of Higher Education, Research and Scholarships), (ii) Frolinat fondamental, led by Mr Hadjaro Senoussi (Minister of Reconstruction and Land Management who was subsequently dismissed from the Cabinet— see below;) and also (iii) the Mouvement populaire pour la liberation du Chad (MPLT), whose leader, Mr Aboubakar Mahamat Abderaman, resigned on Aug. 11, 1980, because of "grave internal difficulties"— having been detained by members of his own group at the end of July as he was allegedly attempting to flee to Cameroon with large sums of money belonging to the MPL.] The latest conflict had arisenwhen factions which had formerly not been aligned to the President had rallied behind him to repel what they viewed as an attempt by Mr Habre to ignore the August 1979 Lagos accord and to expand his area of influence in the country, the three leaders of the FAC moreover threatening to leave the Government if President Oueddei did not take action against Mr Habre. The President for his part said that Mr Habre was seeking to keep the French forces in Chad and that this was the main obstacle to implementing the Lagos accord (which called inter alia for their withdrawal— see below), while Mr Habre accused President Oueddei of being dominated by Libya (which supported the FAP, FAT and FAC). Against this background there were sporadic outbreaks of violence in late 1979 and early 1980, and on March 16 fighting broke out between the FAN and the FAC in Bokoro (some 130 miles east of Ndjamena). The hostilities then spread to the capital where by March 21the FAP in the northern (administrative) sector and the FAN in the south—each with approximately 3,000 men—began exchanging heavy cannon, mortar and machine-gun fire. The FAP was supported from the east by the FAC (Mr Ahmat reportedly moving elements south from bases in Libya) and also from the south by the FAT which was said to have fired indiscriminately at Mr Habre's positions causing numerous civilian casualties. Mr Habre', whose army was far better disciplined than those of the coalition forces (which were said to include many young teenagers), relied largely on captured arms and ammunition for supplies but was thought to have also received reinforcements and supplies from Abeche, a major FAN stronghold some 70 miles from the Sudanese border (and almost 400 miles north-east of Ndjamena), while according to some reports he also received support from Sudan and Egypt (both of whom feared Libyan involvement in Chad) although the Sudanese leadership in particular denied giving such aid. In the first two months of fighting over 1,000 people were believed to have died; the majority of the remaining expatriate population in Ndjamena were evacuated by the French forces, while up to 80,000 refugees fled the Chad capital during this period. Red Cross officials organized the burial of the dead and the removal of trapped civilians and the wounded from the streets of the capital and, together with French military medical teams, tended the wounded, many of whom were taken to field hospitals set up in theCameroon border town of Kousseri. That town was also the main place of refuge for thousands of civilians who fled across the Chari river to Cameroon with the help of the French forces. On April 2 President Ahmadou Ahidjo of Cameroon set up a special committee to help the Chadian refugees. In the first few weeks of the fighting numerous attempts to bring about a ceasefire were made by other countries, in particular by OAU member states (with President Gnassingbe Eyadema of Togo playing a leading role), but all agreements collapsed within a matter of hours. Despite the initial reluctance of the rival sides to call a halt to the fighting President Oueddei nevertheless, in the course of an OAU economic summit held in Lagos on April 28–30[see 30557A], gave his approval to an OAU plan to send 2,000 troops from Congo, Benin andGuinea to Ndjamena (as had been envisaged under the 1979 Lagos accord). Also at the economic summit it was agreed to entrust the organization of a ceasefire in Chad to an OAU ad hoc committee (then comprising the heads of state of Guinea, Nigeria and Togo under the chairmanship of President Leopold Senghor of Senegal, currently interim chairman of the OAU) and also to establish a budget to finance peacekeeping efforts in Chad. The required budget was subsequently put at $60,000,000 by a meeting of the OAU Council of Ministers held in Freetown (Sierra Leone) on June 23–29 when the Chad crisis was further discussed.[ibid] While negotiations to bring about a truce were conducted both within and outside Chad, fighting in Ndjamena between the rival groups intensified in mid-April. Moreover, on April 25, the transitional Government held a special meeting in the course of which it was decided to dismiss for "reasons of rebellion" Mr Habre, Mr Mahamat Saleh Ahmat, Minister of Finance, Construction and Materials, and Mr Hadjaro Senoussi, Minister of Reconstruction and Land Development, their portfolios being reallocated to the presidency. The French Government on April 27 announced that it was to withdraw its remaining troops in Chad (although it would not recall the military medical teams there). The French statement said that this decision had been taken because the troops had "completed their mission of protection" in Chad, although President Oueddei said on April 28 that he had personally asked for them to be pulled out. The final withdrawal began on April 28 (coincidentally with the start of the OAU economic summit in Lagos— see above) and was completed by May 17. The French embassy in Ndjamena and the remaining foreigners in the capital to whom it had given protection-numbering about 900, of whom some 700 were French—moved to Cameroon on May 15 (all other diplomatic missions having been evacuated earlier); a consulate was thereupon set up in Moundou (some 240 miles south-east of Ndjamena) which kept in contact with some 60 French nationals who had remained in the south of Chad.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DECISION 91-290 DC of 9 MAY 1991 Act on the Statute of the Territorial Unit of Corsica
    DECISION 91-290 DC OF 9 MAY 1991 Act on the statute of the territorial unit of Corsica The Constitutional Council received a referral on 12 April 1991 from Mr Pierre MAZEAUD, Mr Jacques CHIRAC, Mr Bernard PONS, Mr Robert PANDRAUD, Mr Franck BOROTRA, Mr Henri CUQ, Mr Alain JONEMANN, Mr Jean-Louis GOASDUFF, Mr Lucien GUICHON, Mr Michel TERROT, Mr Roland VUILLAUME, Mr Bernard DEBRE, Mr Emmanuel AUBERT, Mr René COUVEINHES, Mr Etienne PINTE, Mr Georges GORSE, Mr Philippe SEGUIN, Mr Edouard BALLADUR, Mr Claude BARATE, Mr Nicolas SARKOZY, Mr Michel GIRAUD, Mr Jean FALALA, Ms Françoise de PANAFIEU, Mr Robert POUJADE, Mr Dominique PERBEN, Mr Charles PACCOU, Mr Gabriel KASPEREIT, Ms Martine DAUGREILH, Mr Eric RAOULT, Mr Richard CAZENAVE, Mr Jean-Louis MASSON, Ms Lucette MICHAUX-CHEVRY, Mr Michel PERICARD, Mr Antoine RUFENACHT, Mr Jean-Louis DEBRE, Mr Gérard LEONARD, Mr Jacques TOUBON, Mr Jean-Michel COUVE, Mr Patrick OLLIER, Mr Jean VALLEIX, Mr Claude DHINNIN, Mr François FILLON, Mr Patrick DEVEDJIAN, Mr Alain COUSIN, Mr Jean KIFFER, Mr Christian ESTROSI, Mr Jean-Pierre DELALANDE, Mr Pierre- Rémy HOUSSIN, Mr Roland NUNGESSER, Mr Jean-Yves CHAMARD, Mr Jean TIBERI, Mr Georges TRANCHANT, Mr Jean-Paul de ROCCA-SERRA, Mr Jacques MASDEU-ARUS, Mr Jean-Claude MIGNON, Mr Olivier DASSAULT, Mr Guy DRUT, Mr Olivier GUICHARD, Mr Pierre PASQUINI, Mr Arthur DEHAINE, Mr Robert-André VIVIEN, Mr Robert GALLEY, Mr Arnaud LEPERCQ, Mr François GRUSSENMEYER, Mr Henri de GASTINES, Mr René GALY-DEJEAN, Mr Serge CHARLES, Mr Didier JULIA, Mr Charles MILLON, Ms Louise MOREAU,
    [Show full text]
  • Jacques Chaban-Delmas À Paris, Après Une Semaine De Vacances Passées Sur La Côte Basque
    © EDIPA 1974 27, rue de Dunkerque, PARIS 75010 Tous droits réservés JACQUES CHABAN-DELMAS Guy CLAISSE EDITIONS EDIPA - Collection " Close U P " Directeur : Jacques PERRIER Le coup du 4 avril I Mardi 2 avril 1974, dix heures du soir. A la verticale de Poitiers, un violent orage secoue l'avion qui ramène Jacques Chaban-Delmas à Paris, après une semaine de vacances passées sur la Côte Basque. Le député de Bordeaux bavarde tranquillement avec sa femme, Micheline. La radio du bord grésille, inaudible. Coupé du monde extérieur, l'équipage n'entend pas le bref commu- niqué que diffusent à cet instant précis l'O.R.T.F et les stations privées. « Le Président Pompidou est mort... » Pour la seconde fois Président de la République par intérim, Alain Poher n'a été prévenu que dix minutes plus tôt. Toute la France se doutait que Georges Pompidou n'allait pas bien, mais peu de gens savaient que le dénouement était si proche. Le Premier Ministre, Pierre Messmer, a appris la veille qu'il n'y avait plus d'espoir. Le conseiller politique du Président, Pierre Juillet, a passé la soirée du lundi, jusqu'à deux heures du matin, au chevet du mourant, dans l'appartement du Quai de Béthune devenu depuis quinze jours une sorte d'annexe de l'Elysée. Il a mis dans la confidence l'autre éminence grise de la Présidence, Marie- France Garaud, et le ministre de l'Intérieur Jac- ques Chirac. Chaban-Delmas, lui, n'est au courant de rien. Il ignore que la maladie s'est brusquement aggravée en une semaine.
    [Show full text]
  • The French Factor in U.S
    The French Factor in U.S. Foreign Policy during the Nixon-Pompidou Period, 1969-1974 Marc Trachtenberg Department of Political Science University of California at Los Angeles July 19, 2010 When Richard Nixon took office as president of the United States in early 1969, he and his national security advisor Henry Kissinger wanted to put America’s relationship with France on an entirely new footing. Relations between the two countries in the 1960s, and especially from early 1963 on, had been far from ideal, and U.S. governments at the time blamed French president Charles de Gaulle for the fact that the United States was on such poor terms with its old ally. But Nixon and Kissinger took a rather different view. They admired de Gaulle and indeed thought of themselves as Gaullists.1 Like de Gaulle, they thought that America in the past had been too domineering. “The excessive concentration of decision-making in the hands of the senior partner,” as Kissinger put it in a book published in 1965, was not in America’s own interest; it drained the alliance of “long-term political vitality.”2 The United States needed real allies—“self-confident partners with a strongly developed sense of identity”—and not satellites.3 Nixon took the same line in meetings both with de Gaulle in March 1969 and with his successor as president, Georges Pompidou, in February 1970. It was “not healthy,” he told Pompidou, “to have just two superpowers”; “what we need,” he said, “is a better balance in the West.”4 This paper was originally written for a conference on Georges Pompidou and the United States which was held in Paris in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • LES GOUVERNEMENTS ET LES ASSEMBLÉES PARLEMENTAIRES SOUS LA Ve RÉPUBLIQUE
    LES GOUVERNEMENTS ET LES ASSEMBLÉES PARLEMENTAIRES SOUS LA Ve RÉPUBLIQUE - 2 - AVERTISSEMENT La liste des ministères établie par la présente brochure fait suite à celles figurant : 1° dans le tome I du Dictionnaire des parlementaires français de 1871 à 1940 ; 2° dans la publication séparée, intitulée « Ministères de la France de 1944 à 1958 ». Elle couvre la période du 8 janvier 1959 au 31 juillet 2004. Outre la liste nominative des membres des Gouvernements, on trouvera les renseignements relatifs : - à l’élection des Présidents de la République ; - aux dates des élections aux Assemblées parlementaires et à la composition politique de celles-ci, ainsi qu’aux dates des sessions du Parlement ; - aux lois d’habilitation législative prises en application de l’article 38 de la Constitution ; - à la mise en jeu de la responsabilité gouvernementale ; - aux réunions du Congrès ; Dans les notes en bas de page de la liste nominative des membres des Gouvernements, les formules utilisées correspondent aux cas suivants : * Devient : changement des fonctions gouvernementales * Nommé : légère modification des fonctions gouvernementales et changement de titre * Prend le titre de : changement de titre sans changement des fonctions gouvernementales. Le texte de la présente brochure a été établi par le Secrétariat général de la Présidence et le service de la Communication. - 3 - CONNAISSANCE DE L’ASSEMBLÉE 2 LES GOUVERNEMENTS ET LES ASSEMBLÉES PARLEMENTAIRES SOUS LA Ve RÉPUBLIQUE 1958-2004 (Données au 31 juillet) ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE - 4 - TOUS DROITS RÉSERVÉS. La présente publication ne peut être fixée, par numérisation, mise en mémoire optique ou photocopie, ni reproduite ou transmise, par moyen électronique ou mécanique ou autres, sans l’autorisation préalable de l’Assemblée nationale.
    [Show full text]
  • When Richard Nixon Took Office As President of the United
    TThrace hFrenctenbergh Factor in U.S. Foreign Policy, 1969–1974 The French Factor in U.S. Foreign Policy during the Nixon-Pompidou Period, 1969–1974 ✣ Marc Trachtenberg When Richard Nixon took ofªce as president of the United States in early 1969, he and his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, wanted to put U.S. relations with France on an entirely new footing. Ties be- tween the two countries in the 1960s, especially from early 1963 on, had been far from ideal, and U.S. ofªcials at the time blamed French President Charles de Gaulle for the fact that the United States was on such poor terms with its old ally. But Nixon and Kissinger took a rather different view. They admired de Gaulle and even thought of themselves as Gaullists.1 Like de Gaulle, they believed that the United States in the past had been too domineering. “The excessive concentration of decision-making in the hands of the senior part- ner,” as Kissinger put it in a book published in 1965, was not in America’s own interest; it drained the alliance of “long-term political vitality.”2 The United States needed real allies—“self-conªdent partners with a strongly de- veloped sense of identity”—and not satellites.3 Nixon took the same line in meetings both with de Gaulle in March 1969 and with his successor as presi- dent, Georges Pompidou, in February 1970. “To have just two superpowers,” 1. See, for example, Nixon-Pompidou Meeting, 31 May 1973, 10 a.m., p. 3, in Kissinger Transcripts Collection, Doc.
    [Show full text]
  • Première Séance
    ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE – SÉANCE DU 16 AVRIL 1997 1 SOMMAIRE PRÉSIDENCE DE M. DIDIER BARIANI Robert Galley, Jacques Guyard, 1. Renforcement de la cohésion sociale. − Suite de la dis- Denis Jacquat, cussion d’un projet de loi (p. 2). Georges Sarre, Ernest Moutoussamy, QUESTION PRÉALABLE (p. 2) Jean-Yves Chamard, Question préalable de M. Bocquet : MM. Alain Bocquet, Claude Bartolone, Jacques Barrot, ministre du travail et des affaires sociales ; Germain Gengenwin. Robert Galley, Denis Jacquat, Georges Sarre, Jacques Guyard. − Rejet. Renvoi de la suite de la discussion à la prochaine séance. Suspension et reprise de la séance (p. 15) DISCUSSION GÉNÉRALE (p. 15) MM. Jean-Pierre Brard, 2. Ordre du jour (p. 30). 2 ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE – SÉANCE DU 16 AVRIL 1997 COMPTE RENDU INTÉGRAL PRÉSIDENCE DE M. DIDIER BARIANI, Les deux exemples que je vous ai cités ne sont pas vice-président exceptionnels ; on en trouve malheureusement des cen- taines, des milliers, dans ma région du Nord - Pas-de- Calais et dans d’autres régions françaises. M. le président. La séance est ouverte. En matière de pauvreté et d’exclusion, notre pays (La séance est ouverte à neuf heures.) connaît une situation insoutenable. Les plus grosses richesses côtoient en les ignorant les plus grandes misères. Plus on est riche, plus on gagne de l’argent : les soixante- 1 douze familles les plus fortunées ont vu leur patrimoine s’accroître en moyenne de 53 % en trois ans, soit 126 milliards de francs. C’est la moitié du déficit de la France ! Cette progression de la pauvreté et de l’exclusion RENFORCEMENT DE LA COHÉSION SOCIALE est indigne de notre temps et indigne de la France.
    [Show full text]
  • State Dinners - 5/17/76 - France (2)” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box 33, folder “State Dinners - 5/17/76 - France (2)” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 33 of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library WITHDRAWAL SHEET (PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARIES) FORM OF CORRESPONDENTS OR TITLE DATE RESTRICTION DOCUMENT Itinerary Detailed Scenario for the state visit of the President of France and ND B Mrs. Giscard D'Estaing, May 17-22, 1976. (52 two-sided pages) File Location: Sheile Weidenfeld Files, Box 33, Folder: 5/17/1976 - France (2) SD 217/2017 RESTRICTION CODES (A) Closed by applicable Executive order governing access to national security information. (B) Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document. (C) Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in the donor's deed of gift. NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION NA FORM 1429 (1-98) WITHDRAWAL SHEET (PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARIES) FORM OF CORRESPONDENTS OR TITLE DATE RESTRICTION DOCUMENT Report Government report, 18 pages.
    [Show full text]
  • June 17, 1993 Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified June 17, 1993 Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen Citation: “Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen,” June 17, 1993, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, From the personal collection of Avner Cohen. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113997 Summary: Transcript of Avner Cohen's 1993 interview with André Finkelstein. Finkelstein, deputy director of the IAEA and a ranking official within the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), discusses Franco- Israeli nuclear technology exchange and collaboration in this 1993 interview. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Leon Levy Foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York (CCNY). Original Language: English Contents: English Transcription Interview with Dr. André Finkelstein [1] This interview was conducted on 17 June 1993 in Paris, France. Interviewer: Dr. Avner Cohen Dr. André Finkelstein: I was trained as a physical chemist, I spent two years in Rochester University in New York and then I came back and joined the French Commission.[2],[3] Dr. Avner Cohen: When was that? Finkelstein: ’53. And I was involved in isotope tritium production and then quickly the Commission was expanding very quickly, so many people had no chance to stay in the lab very long and I was called to headquarters and I was in international affairs. I float[ed] for many years in [International Atomic Energy Agency] IAEA[4] in Vienna and I was for four years as deputy director general in Vienna and then I came back . Cohen: For Hans Blix?[5] Finkelstein: Before Hans Blix, with [Sigvard] Eklund [6] in the Department of Research and Isotopes.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Paper, Visit the Webpage At
    Volume 42, Number 2, September 2011 assp rt PThe Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations Review SHAFR in the World Inside... The Long Crisis in U.S. Diplomatic History A Roundtable Discussion on Michaela Hoenicke-Moore’s Know Your Enemy SHAFR Looks at the Arab Spring ...and much more! Passport The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations Review Editorial Office: Mershon Center for International Security Studies 1501 Neil Avenue Columbus OH 43201 [email protected] 614-292-1681 (phone) 614-292-2407 (fax) Executive Director Peter L. Hahn, The Ohio State University Editor Mitchell Lerner, The Ohio State University-Newark Production Editor Julie Rojewski, Michigan State University Editorial Assistant David Hadley, The Ohio State University Editorial Advisory Board and Terms of Appointment Elizabeth Kelly Gray, Towson University (2009-2011) Robert Brigham, Vassar College (2010-2012) George White, Jr., York College/CUNY (2011-2013) Passport is published three times per year (April, September, January), by the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, and is distributed to all members of the Society. Submissions should be sent to the attention of the editor, and are acceptable in all formats, although electronic copy by email to [email protected] is preferred. Submis- sions should follow the guidelines articulated in the Chicago Manual of Style. Manuscripts accepted for publication will be edited to conform to Passport style, space limitations, and other requirements. The author is responsible for accuracy and for obtaining all permissions necessary for publication. Manuscripts will not be returned. Interested advertisers can find relevant information on the web at: http://www.shafr.org/newsletter/passportrates.htm, or can contact the editor.
    [Show full text]
  • ~'Ourglass 07,L11024
    lCW TIDE • 8.22-68 • • 08,.12212 ~'OURGlASS 07,l11024 --------- -- -------------------- CHINA •• AND NAT- CZECHS FIGHTING BACK TIO~AI. ASSEMBLY PRESIOENT JOStr ""CRE TAli' PRAGU( (1JP')_~OV!tT TAWil'S AND PLANts VITH FORCES or rOVR COMMUNIST ALLIES EN AWAY IN AN ARMOR- INVADED CZtCMOSlOVAKIA TODAY. TMt NATION BEGAN FIGHTING BACK AS 010 HUNGA.RY or 12 yeARS AQO, Rto l!.RMY TANKS WI;I<[ eLAZING IN THE STR[[TS OF THE CAPITAL. AT L£AST rOUR PERSO,*S WERE Kf.lOWN KILLCD IN PRAGUE AND 1 .... 0 IN BRATISLAVA UNDER FROM THE SOVltT Gut.lrll~[. TH[R( ARE REPORTS THAT CASUALTIES HAVe G\J!,;£ AS Kia,... AS 25 CoMMITTEE CIVILIANS WHO HAVE eEtN FIGHT1NQ THE INVADERS. B''''D'''" CtTEKI. CztC",OSLOVAKS, ,G .. ORINGo [NTR[ATIES fROM THEIR REfORM LE:ADERSHIP TO K[EP CAL~, WA$ AN WERE FI~TING BACK AGAINST THE INVASION BY WARSA .... PACT FORCES or THE SOVIET ==::::===-~OC;C~-=~_REPORT.- UNION, POLAND, EAST GERMANY, HUNGARY BULGARIA = ~HE CZECH NE .... S AGENCY CET£KA, STILL S[OU NGL '( Of>f:RATI NG INOf:PENDENTL l' DES­ Warrants Emergency PITE A SOVIETwlMPOSED TELEVISION AND RADIO BLACKOUT REPORTED PARTY Lf:ADER ALEXANDER DUDeEK AND PRESIDENT SVOBODA BEING HELO PRISONERS IN tHE CENTRAL Of National Security Council CONNITTEE BUILDING--RING[D BY SOVIET WASHINGTON (UPI )_.THE NATIOHAL SECURITY COU~CIL "ET IN EMCRGENCl' WHITe HOU9[ TAN)lS AND TROOPS SESSION LAST NIGHT ON THE CZECH INVASION CRISIS. ON THE PRESIDENT'S OROER$, AT L[AST 25 50VI[T TANKS, THEIR 81G SECRETARY OF STATE DEAN RUSK CALLED IN SOVI£T ANBASSADOR ANATOLY DOeRYNIN FOR REO STARS SHOWING.
    [Show full text]
  • October 12, 1973
    - -=-- - - g t~ (I) < ..J < u .0 0 c: O' 0 N ... 0 Jew ....Cl) ::i:: tCase - An Orthodox paid $1500 in a complaint of against a New lputer consulting ted by Howard I. of the National ion on Law and ,COLPA), which omplainant. l m, \,c:t:,c ucve loped from the refusal of the firm to interview the Orthodox Jew for a position as a computer programmer because he could not work on the Jewish Sabbath. His complaint was fi led with the New York State Division of Human Rig hts. Dennis Raps, a COLPA attorney, who is also executive director of COLPA, represented the complainant at a preliminary hearing. In addition to the monetary settlement, Rhine said, the firm also agreed to refrain from any further acts of discrimination against Sabbath observe rs. Under the settlement agreement neither party was identified. PART OF OVERFLOW CROWD at the mau rally for l1rael on Tuesday is shown above. Agency To Hear Dr. Aronson At 44th Annual Meeting The 44th annu a l meeting of the Jewish Family and Children's Ser­ vice will be held on Monday, Oc­ tober 15 at 8 p.m. at the Jewish Community Center. THE O NLY EN GLISH-JEWISH WEEKLY IN R. /. AND SOUTHEAST MASS . The first Arthur J. Levy Annua l Oration will be presented by Dr. VOLUME LVII. N U MB ER 33 FRIDAY. OCTOBER , 12. 1973 20, PER COPY 16 PAGES Stanley M. Aronson, Chief. of the Department of Pathology at The Miriam Hospital and Dean of Me­ dical Affairs at Brown Unive rsity.
    [Show full text]
  • De La République Française
    ISSN 0249-3088 Année 1988. - No 7 A . N . (C . R.) 0242-8765 Vendredi 24 juin 1988 DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE Ce numéro comporte deux séances. La quatrième séance est encartée entre les pages 332 et 333 CONSTITUTION DU 4 OCTOBRE 1958 9e Législature SECONDE SESSION ORDINAIRE DE 1987-1988 (3e SÉANCE) COMPTE RENDU INTÉGRAL Séance du jeudi 23 juin 1988 13 322 ASSEMBLEE NATIONALE - SEANCE DU 23 JUIN 1988 SOMMAIRE PRÉSIDENCE 9. Election du président de l'Assemblée nationale DE M . ÉDOUARD FRÉDÉRIC-DUPONT (p. 324). Scrutin . 1. Ouverture de la neuvième législature (p . 323). Suspension et reprise de la séance (p . 324) 2. Communication relative à la tenue d'une session Proclamation du résultat du scrutin : kucun candidat n'a de droit (p . 323). obtenu la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés. MM. Jacques Chaban-Delmas, Laurent Fabius, Georges Hage, Mme Yann Piat. 3. Communication de Ii: liste des députés élus (p. 323). Deuxième tour de scrutin. Suspersion et reprise de la séance (p. 325) 4. Constitution du bureau d'àge (p. 323). Proclamation du résultat du scrutin : nomination de M. Laurent Fabius. 5. Riquetes en contestation d 'opérations électorales (p. 323). PRÉSIDENCE DE M . LAURENT FABIUS 6. Décisions du Conseil constitutionnel sur des 10. Allocution de M . le président (p . 325). requit» en contestation d 'opérations électo- rales (p. 323). 11. Constitution des groupes (p . 326). 7. Décisions du Conseil constitutionnel portant annu- 12. Calendrier des prochains travaux de l'Assemblée lation d 'élections (p. 323). (p. 326). 6. Allocution de M . le président d 'àge (p .
    [Show full text]