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What Policy in the Horn? CEUTA MEULLA Xunis

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What Policy in the Horn? CEUTA MEULLA Xunis AMERICA'S LEADING MAGAZINE ON AFRICA $2.75 MAY-JUNE 1981 ISSN 0001-9836 Chairman Mengistu Haile Mariam of Ethiopia . What Policy in the Horn? CEUTA MEULLA xunis Algiers j TUNISIA VERK p Nouakchott . Praia GUINEA GLHKA-BISSAUlConakry Bissau Freetown SIERRA LEOHC -*r^ CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAMEROON 1 Bangui MAURITHJS MADAGASCAR REUNION Port Louis MAY-JUNE 1981 AMERICA'S VOLUME 26, NUMBER 3 LEADING MAGAZINE cfffRICA ON AFRICA A Publication of the (REPORT African-American Institute The Reagan and Africa African-American Institute Policy Options in the Horn 4 Chairman By Anthony J. Hughes George N. Lindsay President Interview Donald B. Easum Dr. Mohamed Sheikh Aden, Publisher Somali Minister of Information Ronald E. Springwaler and National Guidance 12 Editor Interviewed by Anthony J. Hughes Anthony J. Hughes Interview Associate Editor Margaret A. Novicki Mohamed Diriye Urdoh Secretary-General of the Western Somali Washington Liberation Front 15 Correspondent Richard Deutsch Interviewed by Anthony J. Hughes Editorial Secretary Ellen E. Brown Reagan and Africa Which Way in Southern Africa? 17 Circulation. Subscriptions, By John Seiler Advertising. Management, and Production Services by Transaction Periodicals Con- In Washington Reagan's Unruly Review 23 sortium: IN THIS ISSUE By Richard Deutsch Art Department Starting with the cover story on the Horn, Richard J. Levins the focus of this issue is upon the policy African Update 27 Fern Shegoski options facing the Reagan administration Judith Martin Waterman Editor: Joseph Margolis in Africa. Editor Anthony Hughes visited Associate Editor: Margaret A. Novicki Production Editors Somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya to prepare Alex Fundock III the article on that region. Interviews with Editorial Assistant: Michael Beaubien George P. Bassett two of the leaders he met — the Somali information minister and the secretary- Personal View general of the Western Somali Liberation Africa Report, a nonpartisan Southern African Reactions to Reagan 43 Front — are also featured, Ethiopian lead- magazine of African affairs, is By Gwendolen M. Carter published bimonthly in July-Au- ers were not available for interviews dur- gust, September-October. No- ing his visit nor have they responded to vember-December, January- written questions as we go to press. Analysis February, March-April, and May- During a tour of southern Africa, Dr. Politics in Trans-Saharan Africa 47 June, and is scheduled to appear Gwendolen M. Carter gathered reactions al the beginning of each date pe- to President Reagan and his policies. She By Robert A. Mortimer riod at 833 United Nations Plaza. New York, NY. 10017. Editorial also assesses Zimbabwe's first year and correspondence and letters to the its prospects (or the future. Another Guinea Publisher should be sent to this American observer of the southern Africa Myth and Reality of Change 53 address. Correspondence re- scene, Dr. John Seiler, examines the his- By Lansine Kaba garding subscriptions, distribu- tory of negotiations over the future of tion, advertising, and other busi- Namibia and considers options for the ness matters should be sent to United States in that region. African Development Transaction Periodicals Consor- tium, Dept. AR, Rutgers Univer- In an article on "Trans-Sahara." Dr. New Directions for the 1980s 58 sity, New Brunswick, New Jersey Robert Mortimer sees recent devel- By Guy Arnold 08903. Telephone: (201) 932- opments creating a closer interplay be- 2280. Subscription rates — Indi- tween the nations of northern, Sahelian, viduals: U.S.A. $15, Canada $18, and western Africa, with consequent im- Zimbabwe air rate overseas $29; Institu- plications for American policy. Guinean The First Year 62 tions: U.S.A. $18, Canada $21, Dr. Lansine Kaba analyzes the more ac- By Gwendolen M. Carter air rate overseas $32. Second- tive foreign policy pursued in recent years class postage paid at New York, by President Sekou Toure and considers N Y. and al additional mailing of- reports of a more liberal domestic policy in tices. Telephones: Publisher the West Africa state. (212) 949-5717, Editor (212) 949-5731. From Washington, Richard Deutsch de- Photo Credit: scribes the factors involved in the refor- The cover picture of Chairman Mengistu Haile Mariam r The African-American mulation of Africa policy now under way. is by Bill Campbell of Sygma, Institute. Me , 1981 REAGAN AND AFRICA Policy Options in the Horn BY ANTHONY J. HUGHES he Hom of Africa is a volatile re- Yemen (PDRY) at Aden, Socotra, and through a $44 million credit under T gion in which the options of the Perim. the terms of Foreign Military Sales Reagan administration are wide. Prox- Against this lineup, the United States (FMS) legislation. The installation of imity lo the Middle East and the en- has a base at Diego Garcia in the Indian the system would involve the presence trenched position of the Soviet Union Ocean and access to facilities in Ma- of a handful of U.S. military personnel and Cuba in Ethiopia are the salient sirah (Oman) and Mombasa (Kenya). in a training and maintenance role. In global features of this theater. These France has the use of naval, air, and broad terms, the options lie between factors present the risk — or the op- land-based facilities in Djibouti. reneging on the agreements and en- portunity — for confrontation with the Besides, the issue of the U.S. role in thusiastically backing the Siad Barre Soviets. the region goes beyond the tweedle- government militarily, politically, and As for local factors, a majorquestion dum and tweedle-dee of seeking friends economically. involves the ability of the current and counteralliances. The immediate If anyone has a case for redrawing Marxist regime in Addis Ababa lo rule policy decision facing the administra- the map of Africa along ethnic lines, it over the empire it seized from Emperor tion in this region is whether to activate is the Somalis. They already have the Haile Selassie in 1974. The second the agreements made by the Carter ad- most homogenous state in Africa, fol- local factor is the Somali dream of unit- ministration to take over the former lowing the 1960 union of former British ing all its people under one flag. This Soviet facilities in the Somali Demo- and Italian colonies. The areas of Dji- involves claims to the Ogaden region of cratic Republic (SDR) at Berbera and bouti, Kenya, and Ethiopia that are the Ethiopia, to the state of Djibouti, and to elsewhere — possibly for use by the subject of their irridentist claims one-third of Kenyan territory. These is- Strategic Strike Force — and to provide share a considerable degree of ethnic sues concern the integrity of states and Somalia with defense material. homogeneity. Ethiopian sovereignty the inviolability of national boundaries, Discussions between the United over the Ogaden was achieved through principles that are held in special es- States and Somalia started in 1978, and cooperation with Western powers teem by the Organization oi African agreements were reached in August carving up Somali territory in the late Unity. 1980. The Defense Department feels nineteenth century. The dominant It cannot be denied that in this peri- that Berbera needs up to $100 million in ethnic group, the Amharas, exercised pheral region the Soviets and their allies renovation before it will be useful, and less authority in this region than in any have scored successes that are of more Congress has approved the first $10 other fief of their far-flung empire. As than diplomatic significance. Their million appropriation for that purpose. late as World War II, the Ogaden was presence in Ethiopia could provide a So far the United States has not done under military administration from springboard for further activities in Af- more than inspect the facilities at Ber- British Somaliland. And today the rica. More immediately, it gives them bera. No ships have called; no planes Somalis of the Ogaden suffer under a access to ports in Assab and Massawa have landed; no personnel are estab- rule from Addis Ababa even harsher as well as an anchorage in the Dhalak lished there. than that meted out in the rest of the Islands, complementing facilities in the The arms to be supplied comprise a country. The fact that the government People's Democratic Republic of Vulcan defense system made available in Mogadishu is also undemocratic. AFRICA REPORT • May-June 1981 oppressive, and Marxist-oriented is not Kenya, which Somalis still call by the children. One senior Kenyan minister directly relevant. Somali clans tradi- British colonial name, Northern Fron- virtually declared an open season for tionally move between the Ogaden and tier District (NFD), the campaign has shooting Somalis suspected of subver- other areas. Many leading Somalis, in- been more sporadic. Although the sion. cluding Presidenl Siad Barre. have Ogaden is almost part of the Somali The upsurge of activity followed a roots in ihe Ogaden. heartland, the Somali incusion into state visit to Kenya by the Ethiopian It is therefore not surprising that the Kenya is relatively recent. Their num- head of state, during which a strong most consistent pressure of Somali ir- bers and density are lower, and they are reaffirmation of joint opposition to ridentism has been directed at this re- more geographically interspersed Somali irridentism was issued. The gion. In 1977 the guerrillas of the among the original inhabitants, whom Kenyan-Ethiopian communique called Western Somali Liberation Front they were in the process of displacing at upon all states to refrain from arming (WSLF) launched a major offensive the time of the arrival of colonialism at Somalia — a clear reference to the U.S. when the Ethiopian military junta the close of the nineteenth century. proposal to supply Somalia with about known as the Dergue was losing ground Just before Kenya's independence in $44 million worth of defensive arms.
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