Abantu-Batho, 49 Aberdare Cables

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Index

Abantu-Batho,49 and political clientelism, 220n11, Aberdare Cables Ltd., 82 225–6, 344–5, 350 Advowson Trust, 39 and prevention of apartheid parastatal Africa On Air, 173 reform, 117 Africa One, 233, 234 and privatization, 117, 212–13, 215, African Global Consortium, 236–7 217, 220, 223, 226–32, 243–4, 262–3 African National Congress (ANC) and the press, 283–4, 292, 293–4, 341 and cellular licenses, 202 and stakeholder forums, 326–7 commandist leadership style, 135–7, statist tendencies, 135–7, 144, 150, 217–18, 280 217, 303–5, 326, 331, 338, 356 demands interim government, 10 and UDF, 100n7, 134–7 Department of Information and unbanning of, 8, 115 Publicity (DIP), 128, 133 Youth League, 51 and economic orthodoxy, 220, 262–3, see also civil society activism; 335 Reconstruction and Development and elite pact, 8–12 Programme and Enlightenment project, 13, 135, African, as term, 8n3 169n15 African press, 48–52 evolution of, 49–51 Africanism, 51, 218, 220 and fall of Soviet Union, 9–10 Afrikaans language, 35–6, 55, 89 Freedom Charter, 50–1, 100n7, 135 Afrikaans language press, 43–6 and GEAR, 23, 223–5, 259, 262–3, Afrikaanse Pers, 45 335–6 Afrikaner nationalism, 31, 43–4, 46, internal policy divides in, 218–19 58–9, 61, 88, 94 Media Charter, 133–4, 329 see also Broederbond media policy, 133–4 Altech Group, 82, 83, 84n28, 236n19, 247 National Executive Committee, 128, alternative press, 46n13, 53–5 132 American Telephone & Telegraph and nonracialism/multiracialism, 51, Company (AT&T), 182n3, 183, 186, 220 236n19, 239–40

395

I

Andersson, Muff, 297 Bantu Programme Advisory Board, 65 Anglo-American Corporation, 37–8, 40, Bantu World,52 68, 90, 124, 285, 311, 313–14, Bantustan system, 33 348 Bara,71 Anglo-Boer War, 27 Bardhan, Pranab, 354 apartheid Battersby, John, 292 attack on English institutions, 63–4 Bebeza, Nkosinathi, 239 black resistance to, 98–104 Beeld, 45, 46n13 and capitalism, 34 Bell Atlantic, 237, 270n28 characteristics of, 33–4 Beltel videotex service, 78 “colonialism of a special type,” 35 Berger, Guy, 307, 318–19 and communications, 35–6, 76–7 Berlyn, Jeremy, 299 and culture policy, 65–7 Bets, Ben, xiii, 111, 180n2 and economy, 104–9, 324–5 bias, media, 301–3 inaugurated, 29 Boipatong massacre, 10, 11n4 as labor control system, 87 Bisho massacre, 10, 11n4 made explicit, 31 Black Consciousness movement, 51–2, in newspaper companies, 43 53, 89, 127 “reform,” 7–8, 87, 104–9, 180 black economic empowerment successful for whites, 87–8 and broadcasting, 172–3, 177 and Total Strategy, 98, 114 and joint ventures, 314–15 and Tricameral Parliament, 8, 96, 100, meaning of, 345–6 136 as means of protecting status quo, Argus Group, 36–9, 41–2, 52, 124, 286, 161n13 311, 312 as middle-class ideology, 225–6 Argus Voting Trust, 37 and telecommunications, 202–3, 271, armaments industry, 68–9 346 Arniston Conference of Government as transformation strategy, 348–56 Communications, 295–8, 339 and White Paper, 250 Asmal, Kader, 227n16 Black Editors Forum, 318n13 Association of Black Accountants of Black Lawyers Association, 322 South Africa, 322 black liberation politics, 50–2 Association of Democratic Journalists Black Local Authorities Act (1982), 97, (ADJ), 128 99 Association of Marketers, 157n12 black townships, 179–80 Averch-Johnson-Wellisz effect, 84, 183 black, as term, 8n3 Azanian Peoples’ Organisation (Azapo), Boekhandel Ltd., 315 52 Bona,53 Bophuthatswana Broadcasting Bailey, Abe, 38 Corporation, 157n12 Bailey, Jim, 53 Bophuthatswana television (Bop-TV), Bantu Education Act (1953), 35–6 123 Bantu Press, 52 Botha, David, 246, 250

396

I

Botha, P. W., 71, 74–5, 87, 91–2, 95, Centre for the Development of 113–14 Information and British Broadcasting Corporation, 55, 61, Telecommunications Policy 66 (CDITP), 194n5, 213, 251 Broadcast Complaints Commission, 139 Challenge, 54n18 broadcasting Chamber of Industry, 42 and commercialism, 151–2, 343–4 Chamber of Mines, 42 importance to transformation, 18 Channel 702 (radio), 122–3 levels of, 145 Charterists, 51, 100, 136 local content issue, 160–1, 169–70 Ciskei, 11n4 and nation building, 55–6 Citizen, 73–4, 316 political economy of, 150–3 citizenship, 19, 308–9, 320, 339 as public service, 131–2, 145, 151, City Press Media, 315 152–3, 156, 175 City Press, 53, 55, 315 reform of, 20–2, 327–8 civics, 13, 15, 99, 101–2 Broadcasting Amendment (1960), 62 ungovernability campaign, 100–3, 283, Broederbond, 31, 44, 46, 60n20, 72 309 Bureau for Information, 287–8 civil society activism, 14, 18, 20–1 Business Day,39 participatory democracy, 150, 154–7, Business Roundtable, 16 175, 236 Buthelezi, Chief Mangosuthu, 52 post–social democratic vision, 20–2, 132–3, 236, 306–8, 316–18, 320–2, Cable and Wireless Plc., 203, 240 328–9, 333, 337, 351 Camerer, Sheila, 138 stakeholder forums, 14–17, 217–18, Campaign for Independent Broadcasting 212, 280, 326–7 (CIB), 18, 143–4 civilized labor policy, 31 Campaign for Open Media (COM), 18, Clark, Brian, 193, 237, 245, 258–9, 278 128–9, 138 Clarke, Jack, 193 “capabilities” approach, 350–1 Coleman, Franklin, 239–40 Cape Argus,37 Coleman, Neil, 138 Cape Times, 39, 311, 312 commercialization, 115, 190–2, 193 Capital Radio, 122, 123, 131n7, 132, Communication Workers Union, 262 163 Communications Task Group Carphone Ltd., 247 (Comtask), 297–301, 303–5, 338–9 Celli, Gabriele, 193n5 Final Report, 316–18 Cellular Telephone Consultative Forum, Community Agency for Social Enquiry 200 (CASE), 149 cellular tenders, 196, 200–4 Community Councils, 99 censorship, 46–8, 55, 67, 71–2, 285 community political organizations, see and self-censorship, 67, 72 civics Central Media Distributors, 286 Community Print Sector of South Central Mining Ltd., 37, 38 Africa, 306 Centre for Development Studies, 138 Community Radio Working Group, 128

397

I

Comtask, see Communications Task Department of Posts & Group Telecommunications, 208, 211–12, Concert (partnership), 236n19 264, 267, 275 Congress of South African Trade Unions Deutsche Telekom, 264, 270 (COSATU), 10, 15–16, 103–4, 226, Dexter, Philip, 353 242–3, 244, 270, 315n5 Dhlomo, Oscar, 315 Conservative Party, 95, 116n16, 191 Diamond Fields Advertiser,37 Constitution, Interim, 11–12, 296 Die Afrikaanse Pers Beperk, 45 Convention for a Democratic South Die Burger, 44, 45, 46 Africa (CODESA), 10, 138–40, 142, Die Landstem, 46n13 327 Die Suid-Afrikaan, 54n18 Coopers & Lybrand Report, 196–9 Die Transvaler,45 Copelyn, John, 352 Die Vaderland,45 Corner House Group, 37 Die Volksblad,45 Corporate Africa Ltd., 203n7, 311 Diginet service, 78, 248–9n22 corporatism, 17–18, 257, 332 Disabled Employment Concerns Trust, Craddock, Sir John, 55 174 Cronin, Jeremy, 137, 157n12 Dison, David, 141, 144, 146, 159 cross-media ownership, 160–1, 164 Dispatch Media, 124 Currie, Willie, 142, 154, 211, 213, 233, Dixon Soule Associates, 288 242, 249, 261, 265, 266 Drum,53 du Plessis, B. J., 107 Dagbreek,45 du Toit, Danie, xiii, 193 Dagbreek Trust, 315 Duduza Civic, 99 Dagbreekpers, 45 Durban strikes (1973), 90 de Klerk, F. W., 8, 10, 114n15, 115, 144 Dutch Reformed Church, 46, 64 de Klerk, Peter, 147 Dynamo Group, 315 de Klerk, Willem, 298n6 de Kock Commission, 92 East Coast Radio, 172–3 de Lange, J. P., 127 East Rand People’s Organisation, 99 de Villiers, Dawie, 116nn17, 18 economic development, 4, 7, 28–30, 88, de Villiers, Sue, 298n6, 304 94, 104–9, 350–1 de Villiers, W. J., 109–13, 116, 185, Economic Trends Research Group, xiv 191 Electricity Act (1987), 113 Deﬁance Campaign (1989), 104 Electricity Supply Commission Deloitte & Touche, 149 (ESCOM/ESKOM), 28, 29–30, 80, democracy, 2–4, 5–6, 8, 23, 340–4 110, 113–14, 191, 206–8, 263, 271, see also civil society activism 273 Democratic Party, 12, 42n12, 116n16, and “complementarity,” 197, 239, 276, 277 247–8, 251, 254 Denel, 296, 319n13 Electronic Media in Education Forum, Department of Information, 73 157n12

398

I

Eminent Persons Group (EPG), 241, 242, gold, 105n12 246, 249–50, 265 Golden City Post,53 English language press, 36–43, 48 Golding, Marcel, 143n9, 227–8n16, 352 Enlightenment project, 13, 135, 169n15 goldplating, 112, 183 Ericsson Ltd., 231 Good Hope Stereo, 159, 167 Erwin, Alec, 227, 259 Gore, Al, 234–5 Evaton Ratepayers Association, 99 Government Communication and Exit, 54n18 Information System (GCIS), 20, 317, 318, 320, 339 Federale Mynbou, 313–14 Government of National Unity, 12, 17, federalism, 165n15 259, 268, 280, 284, 289, 296, 331, Federation for African Business and 334–5 Consumer Services (FABCOS), 271 Grahamstown Voice, 54n18 Federation of South African Trade Grassroots, 54n18 Unions (FOSATU), 98–9, 102–3 Green, Pippa, 292 Film and Allied Workers Organisation Green, Quentin, 122, 157, 158 (FAWO), 18, 128, 129, 140n8, 143 Grinaker Electronics, 82 Financial Mail, 268 Group Areas Acts, 33 First National Bank of South Africa, Group Five Company, 229n17 236n19 Group of Thirteen, 154–6, 159, 161 5FM (radio), 161 Growth, Employment and Redistribution Fleetcall Ltd., 247–8 (GEAR) strategy, 23, 223–5, 259, Fleming Martin Ltd., 230 262–3, 335–6 Fontes, Brian, 130 Guardian,50 France Télécom, 270 Free, Fair and Open Conference, 129, Harber, Anton, 48, 292 137–9 Harris, Kevin, 71 Freedom Front, 12, 13n5, 277 Heard, Anthony, 42 Freedom of Expression Institute, 157n12 Hendrickse, Alan, 71–2 Friend Newspapers Ltd., 37 Herenigde Nasionale Party, 42n12 Herstigte National Party, 95 game theory, 5 Hertzog, Albert, 95 Gandar, Lawrence, 43 Hertzog, J. B. M., 29, 41n12, 44, 45, 57 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Highveld Stereo, 173 153 homelands, 33, 95, 99, 122, 179–80 General and Allied Workers Union, Hoofstad,45 102–3 Hosken Consolidated Investments, 174, General Mining, 313–14 352–3 Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party, 41n12 Huntington, Samuel, 6 Global One Business Solutions, 264 globalization, 151–2, 347–8 IBM, 235 Godfrey, Steve, 298n6 Ilanga Lase Natal,49

399

I

Ilima Community Development J. Arthur Rank organization, 68 Company, 271 J. P. Morgan Co., 233 import-substitution industrialization, 30, Jabulani! Freedom of the Airways 81–2, 85, 87, 96, 107–9, 324 Conference, 129, 130–3 Imvo Zabantsundu,49 job reservation, 31, 81, 90, 94, 110, 185, “Incutshe” (story), 69 191, 325 Independent Broadcasters’ Committee, Johannesburg Consolidated Investments 157n12 (JCI), 37–8, 311, 312–13, 314 Independent Broadcasting Authority Johnnic, see Johnnies Industrial (IBA), 20, 166, 170–2, 175, 267n27, Corporation 274 Johnnies Industrial Corporation Triple Inquiry, 145–6, 147–9, 153–70 (Johnnic), 312–13, 314, 348–9 Independent Broadcasting Authority Act, joint ventures, 315 144, 145–50, 328 Jones, J. D. F., 314n11 Independent Media Diversity Trust, Jooste, Marius, 45 307 Jordan, Pallo, 1, 227n16, 332 Independent Newspapers Limited, 37, against government time on SABC, 305, 311–12, 316 260, 294 Industrial Conciliation Act (1924), 30–1 and Green Paper/White Paper process, Industrial Conciliation Act (1956), 90n1 210–12, 237–8, 250–1, 256–7 Industrial Development Corporation political fall of, 259–60 (IDC), 30 and press freedom, 128, 134, 284 inﬂux control, 90 on privatization, 229–30 Information Society and Development and SACS, 294 Conference (ISAD), 234–5 suggests Universal Service Agency, Information Technology Association, 241n20 272–3 and Telkom, 208, 243 Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), 11n4, 12, and Triple Inquiry Report, 165–6 42, 66n23, 70, 277 Inkululeko,50 Kagiso Trust Investments, 236n19, Inkundla ya Bantu,50 315–16 Interim Independent Communication Kaplan, David, xiv, 84–5 Authority, 138 Keys, Derek, 16, 222 International Development Research KFM (radio), 172 Centre (IDRC), 211 Kirsh Industries, 123n1 International Freedom Foundation, Klaaste, Aggrey, 127 288 Koranta ea Becoana,49 Internet Service Providers Association, Kotane, Solomon, 303–4, 305, 319 272 Krasnow, Erwin, 130n6 INTV, 121 Krugersdorp Residents Organisation, Iron and Steel Corporation (ISCOR), 30, 99 108–9, 114, 206, 248n22 KwaZulu Ingonyama Trust Act, Irving, Larry, 235 114n15

400

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labor, 90 and government negotiations, 9 black, 13–14, 15, 32n2, 93, 94, 98–9, lack of bitterness, 13 102 leadership style, 218 and investment, 352–3 on the press, 284, 290, 318–19n12 shortage of, 90 on Reserve Bank, 221 state intervention in, 28–9 on telecommunications, 232 and White Paper, 251 Mangoaela, Percy M., 209 see also trade unions Mangope, Lucas, 123 land tenure, 66n23 Manuel, Trevor, 244, 259 land transfers, 114n15 Manufacture and Supply Agreements, 82, Lane, William, 147 84–5 Langa, Mandla, 298n6 Marcus, Gill, 128 language, 35–6, 55, 65 market capitalism, 23, 119, 355 Laufer, Stephen, 296–7 Markovitz, Michael, 140n8, 142, 146, 159 “Le tla Mpona” (story), 69 Mass Democratic Movement (MDM), Learn & Teach, 54n18 14, 18, 104, 120, 134–7, 142, 217–18 Learn and Teach Publications Trust, 307 Mathomo Properties Ltd., 352 Legal Succession of the South African Matisonn, John, 135, 147 Transport Services Act (1989), 113, Matsepe-Casaburri, Dr. Ivy, 144 207 Mavimbela, Vusi, 220n11 Lewis, David, xiv, 108 Mazwai, Thami, 292, 293, 295, 296 liberalization of parastatals, 4, 110, Mbeki, Thabo 178–9, 186–8, 214, 232–4, 238–9, and African Global, 237 246, 249, 251, 253–5, 265, 278, 351 and Africanism, 218 Liebenberg, Chris, 222, 259 and Comtask, 297–8, 319, 338 Lijphart, Arend, 97n6 on media, 289–91 Louw, Gene, 117 and privatization, 227, 243–4 Louw, Raymond, 41n11, 127, 129, 142, and SABC, 260 298n6 and SACS, 294–5 Luyt, Louis, 39, 74 Mboweni, Tito, 252 Lyonnaise Water Southern Africa, Media Monitoring Project, 299n6, 301–2 229n17 Media Workers Association of South Africa (MWASA), 127–8, 143, McGregor, Robin, 38n7, 299, 311, 324–5 157n12 Macozoma, Saki, 235, 261–2 Methold Ltd., 203n7 Macro-Economic Research Group Metro Radio, 161 (MERG), 219 Meyer, Piet, 60, 62, 63, 68 Maharaj, Mac, 227n16 Meyer Commission of Inquiry, 68 Malan, D. F., 45 mfecane (wars), 65n23 Mandela, Nelson Midi Television, 174 backs Independent Newspapers, migrant workers, 98–9 311–12 Milner, Lord Alfred, 37, 55, 65 clashes with Jordan, 259, 260 Mineworkers Development Agency, 352

401

I

Mineworkers Investment Company Natal Daily News,37 (MIC), 351–2 Natal Mercury, 39, 311, 312 mining, 26–7 Natal Newspapers Ltd., 39 Ministry for Administration and Natal Witness, 39, 124 Privatisation, 114, 116 National African Federated Chambers of Ministry for Minerals and Energy Affairs Commerce (NAFCOC), 174 and Public Enterprises, 116 National African Telecommunications Ministry of Administration and (Naftel), 203 Economic Coordination, 116 National Association of Broadcasters, Ministry of Public Enterprises, 116 160–1 Ministry of Transport, 116 National Colloquium on “mixed systems,” 21, 132, 278, 282, 308, Telecommunications Policy, see 328, 333 National Telecommunications “Mmampodi” (story), 69 Policy Project Mmbatho, battle of, 13n5 National Community Media Forum, 306, Mncube, Stephen, 298n6 307 M-Net, 39, 69, 124–6, 146, 160, 165, 203, National Community Radio Forum, 306 316, 329 National Economic Development and Mobile Telephone Network (MTN), 203, Labour Council (NEDLAC), 224, 212, 272 243, 244 Mohamed, Ismail, 143 National Economic Forum (NEF), Moholi, Pinky, 246, 249, 250 16–17, 224n14 Mokaba, Peter, 220n11, 226 National Electricity Forum, 16 Mokone-Matabane, Sebiletso, 147, 298n6 National Empowerment Consortium Molusi, Connie, 266, 268 (NEC), 312, 313t, 348 Monage, Elias, 212, 242 National Federation of Workers, 103 monopoly enterprises, see parastatals National Framework Agreement, 245–6 Monyokolo, Lefty, 242, 246, 262, 352 National Housing Forum, 16 Mopani Media, 173–4 National Labour and Economic Morris, Mike, xiv Development Institute (NALEDI), Moseneke, Dikgang, 230, 237, 245, 311n9 173, 212–13 Motlana, Nthato, 203n7, 311 National Manpower Commission, Mulder, Dr. Cornelius, 47, 74 224n14 Muldergate, 73–4, 88, 287 National Party, 120, 276, 277 Multi-Party Negotiating Council, 12, and Afrikaner nationalism, 44 142, 148, 201 Botha leadership of, 91, 93–4 and broadcasting, 60–1, 127, 131, 141, Naidoo, Jay, 171, 176, 227, 259, 261, 144, 170 264–6, 267n27, 269–70, 276n30 constructs apartheid institutions, 31–3 Nasionale Nuusdistribueerders (NND), and elite pact, 8–12 286 established, 29 Nasionale Pers (Naspers), 44–5, 124, 125, loses ground, 115–16 286, 306, 315, 316 and Muldergate, 74–5

402

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and reform, 324–5 Newshelf 71 (consortium), 173 and telecommunications, 190–3, 201, Newspaper Press Union, 48, 54 252–3 Ngcaba, Andile, 193, 202, 246, 250, 265, withdraws from Government of 266–7, 270 National Unity, 259 Niddrie, David, 142, 144, 158 National Students Federation, 288 Niehaus, Carl, 128, 131, 167, 322 National Telecommunication Niemand, J. P., 121 Coordinating Group, 268, 273 Nozola Investments, 348 National Telecommunications Forum Ntenteni, Thami, 319 (NTF), 208–9, 250–1, 273 Numaqua Nuus, 54n18 National Telecommunications Policy Project (NTPP), 211–15, 241, 255, Omroep voor Radio Freedom, 129 332, 333 Oosthuizen, Ters, 200, 201n6, 212 National Telecommunications Open Democracy Bill (1998), 308 Colloquium, 1–2, 237–42 “Open Time,” 126, 165, 168 Task Team, xv, 2, 242, 246–51 Open Window Network, 306 National Telecommunications Users Orbicom Ltd., 212, 264, 273 Group, 272 O’Reilly, Tony, 311 National Telematics User Group (NTUG), 189, 272, 273 Pact government, 28, 29 National Union of Metalworkers of Pahad, Aziz, 135 South Africa (NUMSA), 214, 240 Pahad, Essop, 141, 319, 320 National Union of Mineworkers, 104 Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), 8, 12, National Union of South African 50n17, 51 Students (NUSAS), 288 parastatals, 28–31, 61, 106, 116, 217, Native Labour Settlement of Disputes 245–6, 252, 358t Act (1953), 90n1 see also liberalization of parastatals; Native Land Act (1913), 29, 66n23 names of individual enterprises Native Trust and Land Act (1936), 29, Parliament, 8, 96–7 49 Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Ndebele, Njabulo, 144 Communications, 166, 167–9, 269, Negotiating Group on Basic 270–1 Telecommunications, 232 passbook identiﬁcation system, 33 neoliberalism, 217, 220, 224, 235 Pauquet, Val, 298n6 Netshitenzhe, Joel, 128, 142 Perskor Beperk, 44, 45–6, 124, 286, New Africa Communications Ltd. 315–16, 346 (NAC), 236n19, 240 Phutuma Trust, 316 New Africa Investments Ltd. (NAIL), Plessey, 82 173, 203, 240, 311, 348, 350n2 police repression, 100–1 New African, 54n18 Port Elizabeth Black Civic Organisation, New Age,50 99 New Ground, 54n18 Post Ofﬁce, see South African Posts and New Nation, 54n18, 55, 311 Telecommunications

403

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Post Office Amendment Act (1991), and reform apartheid, 96 190–5 and SAPT, 190–2 Post Office Savings Bank, 80 as strategy to maintain white Post & Telecommunications Workers dominance, xiii, 325–6 Association (POTWA), 127, 129, and telecommunications reform, 141, 191–2, 214, 240, 242, 244, 262, 19–20, 178–9, 185–6, 199 352 and television, 126–7 post–social democratic vision, see civil and Washington consensus, 222–3 society activism Pro-Five, 121 poverty, 4, 23–4, 344 Progressive Federal Party, 41, 42n12, 95 President’s Council, 97, 98 Progressive Party, 41, 42n12 press property rights theory, 183, 184 African, 48–52 public choice theory, 183–4 Afrikaans, 43–6 Publications and Entertainments Bill alternative, 53–5 (1960s), 47–8, 54 and censorship, 46–8 Publications Control Board, 54 and control over distribution, 285–6 English, 36–43 Q&D Ltd., 247 freedom of, 283–4 Q-Trunk Ltd., 247–8 ownership of, 284–5, 299, 310–16, 321 Qwelane, Jon, 292n3, 295 resistance, 52–5 role of, 19 Radio Bantu, 62, 64, 72 staffing problems, 302–3 Radio Bantu Schools Service, 64–5 theories of, 135, 282–4, 289–93, 306–7, Radio Bophuthatswana (Radio Bop), 317 122, 163 Press Code of Conduct, 48 Radio Ciskei (TBVC), 122, 163 Press Commission of Inquiry, 47 Radio Freedom, 132 Press Council, 48 Radio Good Hope, 62 Pretoria News, 37, 311 Radio Highveld, 62 Pretorius, Johan, 72 Radio Jacaranda, 172–3 Pretorius, Pierre, 140, 142, 195, 200 Radio Lotus, 159, 161, 167 Primedia Broadcasting, 173 Radio Metro, 123 Print Media Association of Southern Radio Mmabatho, 163 Africa, 305–6 Radio Port Natal, 62 privatization Radio Pretoria, 146n10 adopted as long-term strategy, 107, Radio RSA, 73 113–18 Radio Sunshine, 163 ANC opposition to, 212–13, 215, 217 Radio Thohoyandou, 163 benefits and dangers of, 278 Radio Today,67 Cabinet support for, 243–6 Radio Transkei, 122, 163 and IBA, 148 radio trunking, 247–8 internal struggles over, 226–32 Radio Venda, 122, 163 as means to free press, 138 Radio Xhosa, 163

404

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Ramaphosa, Cyril, 202, 260n24, 311n9, Sanlam, 40, 44–5, 124, 203n7, 285, 312–13, 349 313–14 Rand Daily Mail, 38, 39, 73–4, 124 Saponet-P (network), 78 Rand Mines Group, 37 Sasol, 114 Rantho, Tshepo, 298n6 satellite service, 279 Rapport, 46n13 Save the Press Campaign, 18, 128 Rebhold Ltd., 352 SBC-Telekom Malaysia, 270, 277, Reconstruction and Development 351 Council, 157n12 Schlesinger, I. W., 56–7 Reconstruction and Development Schoch Commission, 59–60 Programme (RDP), 16, 23, 208, Schutte, Danie, 143 210, 216–17, 219–20, 222–3, 225, Schwartz, Larry, 130 259, 289, 332–3 Sekano, Tlhalefang, 262n25, 269 and Keynesian economics, 16, 218–19, Sen, Amartya, 4–5, 350–1 332 Sentech, 163, 206 perception of failure, 223, 262, 266 Setswana Stereo, 163 “Record of Understanding,” 11 702 Radio, 123, 131n7, 132, 157n12 Regional Africa Satellite Commission Shaka Zulu, 69–70 (RASCOM), 233 Sharpeville massacre, 50–1, 63, 88 Reith, John, 57 Shope-Mafole, Lyndall, 147, 239 Rembrandt Group, 203, 315 Shopsteward, 54n18 Representation of Natives Act, 49 Siemens Ltd., 82, 83, 84n28 Republican News Agencies, 286 Sigcau, Stella, 227n16, 229, 252, 263 Resistencia Nacional Moçambicana signal distribution, 163 (Renamo), 288 Siphumelele Investments, 348 Reuter South African Press Agency, 38 Sisulu, Zwelakhe, 127, 157, 343, 344 Rhodes University Media Policy Siyanda Women’s Investments, 274 Conference, 129 Slabbert, Frederik van Zyl, 144, 279 Rhoodie, Eschel, 74 Slovo, Joe, 10, 123, 211, 227n16 Riekert Commission, 92–3 Smuts, Dene, 277 Riotous Assemblies Act, 47 Smuts, Neel, 121, 122, 148, 246, 265 Rive, Louis, 180n2 Sobukwe, Robert, 51 Rix, Steven, 242 social transformation, 22–4, 344–56 Robben Island, 52 socialist project, 325, 351–6 Roemer, John, 354 Somerset, Lord Charles, 55 Roos, Gideon, 61–2, 63 South Africa National Civic Organisation Rupert, Anton, 40n10 Investment Holdings, 271 South African Allied Workers Union, SA Foundation, 252 102–3 SA Labour Bulletin, 54n18 South African Associated Newspapers Saamstaan, 54n18, 55 (SAAN), 37, 38, 39, 41–2, 74, 286 SAFM (radio), 301 South African Black Technical and Allied Sandler, Jonty, 311n9 Careers Organisation, 271

405

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South African Broadcasting Corporation and Telecommunications Green Paper, (SABC), 55, 139–40, 327, 342–3 212n9 and advertising, 156–7 South African Communist Party (SACP), and apartheid, 36, 63, 66–72 8, 10, 16, 43, 220n11, 226, 333, 351 attacks English institutions, 63–4 South African Companies Act, 113, 185, black programming, 62 190, 192 Board of Control, 58 South African Congress of Trade Unions cable service, 59–60 (SACTU), 102, 352 and Campaign for Independent South African Council of Churches Broadcasting, 143–4 (SACC), 16, 143 and censorship, 71–2 South African Independent competition for, 123–4 Telecommunications Authority Contemporary Community Values (SAITA), 139 Television (CCV), 117, 126, 158, South African Information Bureau, 167 72–5 “Delivering Value,” 153–8 South African Labour Party, 20 established, 18, 56–8 South African National Civic ﬁnancing of, 22, 122, 153–8 Organisation (SANCO), 16, 137, and language issues, 36 209n8, 219, 271 model for, 57–8 South African Posts and National Network Television (NNTV), Telecommunications (SAPT), 28, 118, 126, 158 36, 75–86, 106, 116–17n18, 180 and public service mission, 176 factions within, 185–6, 193 and regionalism, 154–5 problems with boundaries and religious programming of, 64–5 competitors, 189–90, 247–8 reorganization of, 20, 117–18, 121–2 South African Press Agency (SAPA), 38, and television, 67–70, 171, 329–30 59, 303 and TopSport Surplus (TSS), 69, 118 South African Press Council, 47 TV1, 68, 118, 126, 158 South African Railways and Harbours TV2, 68 (SAR&H), 28, 106, 206 TV2/3, 68, 69–70, 72, 117, 126 South African Railway and Harbour TV4, 68–9, 117 Workers Union (SARHWU), 244 South African Cellular Service Providers South African Reserve Bank, 11, 28, 221 Association, 272, 273 South African Society of Journalists South African Communication Service (SASJ), 127 (SACS), 287–9 South African Students’ Organisation, and Comtask process, 304–5 89 debate over fate of, 337–9 South African Students Press Union, dismantled, 20 306 and Mbeki, 294–5 South African Telecommunications reform of, 19, 282 Commission (SATCOM), 140–1 services criticized, 300–1, 320–1 South African Telecommunications

406

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Regulatory Authority (SATRA), and Southern Africa (Viljoen Task 333–4 Group), 117, 125n5, 127–31 ﬁght over independence of, 273–7, Taylor, W. J. (Jimmy), 77, 180n2, 186 281, 336–7 TBVC, 163 role of, 20, 254, 264, 270 telecommunications South African Transport Services and apartheid, 76–86, 185 (SATS), 106, 110, 191 cellular networks, 198, 200, 248 see also Transnet cellular service, 331–2 South African Union of Journalists, 143 cross-subsidies, 111–12, 181, 188–90 South African VANS Association, 272, de Villiers’ investigation, 111–13 273 deregulation, 178–9, 186–8 South, 54n18, 55 digital service, 78, 83–4, 112, Southern Africa Transport and 248–9n22 Communications Commission Green Paper, 1–2, 17, 208, 210–15, (SATCC), 234 216t, 255–8 Soviet Union, 9, 354 international liberalization of, 186–8 Sowetan, 53, 55, 286, 290, 301, 311 international sectoral trends, 178–9, Soweto Civic Association, 99 181–4 Soweto uprising, 34, 52, 67, 88–90, 324 Manufacture and Supply Agreements, Sparks, Allister, 42, 302–3 82–5, 185 Speak, 54n18 Saponet-P(network), 78 Springbok Radio, 59 satellite service, 279 Standard Bank Nominees, 38n7 universal access, 253n23 Star, The,37 universal service, 19, 181–2, 240–1, state business enterprises, 28n1 235n23, 255, 258 state ownership, 28n1, 357t VANs license, 197 critique of, 183–5 very small aperture satellites (VSATs), State Security Council (SSC), 97, 287 197 Strategic Communications (Stratkom) videotex service, 78 branch, 287–8 White Paper, 17, 208, 210–15, 246–51, states of emergency, 54–5, 101, 123, 287 255–8, 279, 333–5 Strategic Equity Partner (SEP), 230, 252, Telecommunications Act, 277 269–70, 273, 275, 277 Telephone Attachment Association, 273 Stratkom, see State Security Council Telephone Manufacturers of South Sunday Express, 124 Africa (TMSA), 82, 83, 84n28 Sunday Independent, 312 Telkom, 20 Sunday Times,38 and cellular service, 200, 202–3, 248 Suppression of Communism Act, 47, 50 creation of, 190–5 swaart gevaar,31 early years, 204–8 expansion plan, 231n18 Tarjanne, Pekka, 209 and Green Paper/White Paper process, Task Group on Broadcasting in South 208–15, 246–51

407

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and licensing, 275–6 True Love,53 management changes, 210 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, need for capital, 261 20, 48n14, 309, 318n13 policy positions, 214, 230, 271 Tsedu, Mathatha, 298n6 possible partnership, 236–40, 252–4 Tswelopele Investments, 348 and privatization, 230–1, 351 Tutu, Desmond, 71 Vision 2000, 231n18 Tyibilika, Vo, 262 Terreblanche, Sampie, 71 Thebe Investment Corporation, 236n19, U.S. Agency for International 315 Development, 234 Third Force, 120 U.S. Telecommunications Act (1996), Times Media Limited, 37, 39, 124, 312, 278 346, 349 Ukhozi Media, 315 Time-Warner Inc., 174 Unaio Nacional para a Independencia Tomaselli, Keyan, 61, 64n21 Total de Angola (UNITA), 288 Tomaselli, Ruth, 61, 64n21 Union & Rhodesian Mining & Finance TopSport Surplus (TSS), 69, 118 Co., 38–9 Torch,50 Union of South Africa, 27 trade sanctions, 106 Unionist Party, 41n12 trade unions, 13–14 United Democratic Front (UDF), 8, 13, black, 15, 94, 102 53–4, 120, 209n8, 235 and investment companies, 312–13, culture of consultation and 351–3 transparency, 16, 23, 87, 121, 217, and migrant workers, 98–9 266, 308, 326–7 organization in 1970s, 98–9 political commitments and style, and parastatals, 245–6, 270 99–101, 103 and Telkom, 214–15, 240 press and media organizations, 129– and Wiehahn report, 93 31 see also individual unions; labor tensions with ANC, 134–7, 217–26, Transformation Unit, 157 195–7, 280 transition to democracy theory, 5–7, 10, United Nations, 88n1 12–13, 22, 325 United Party, 41n12 Transitional Executive Council, 12, 220 United States, 233–5 Transnet, 110, 113, 203, 206–8, 243, 254, Universal Service Agency, 240–1, 254, 271, 314 334 Transtel, 203, 206–8, 273 Universal Service Fund, 254 and “complementarity,” 197, 239, Upbeat, 54n18 247–8, 251, 254 Urban Brew Ltd., 344 Transvaal Newspapers Ltd., 37 Urban Foundation, 91 Treurnicht, Andries, 45, 89n2, 95 “USenzekile” (story), 69 tribal values, 64–5, 65–6n23 Tripartite Alliance, 10, 16, 128, 136, Vaal Civic Association, 99 216–26, 332–3 van den Bergh, Mike, 239

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van der Merwe, Fanie, 121 Water Sanitation Services South African van Rensburg, Eugene, 201 (WSSSA), 229n17 van Schalkvyk, Marthinus, 170 Weekly Mail, 53–4, 55 van Zyl, John, 159–60 Welgemoed, Piet, xiii, 141, 193, 195–6, Venter, David, 293 200, 201 Verwoerd, Hendrik, 33, 45 Wiehahn Commission, 92–3 very small aperture satellites (VSATs), Work in Progress, 54n18 197 World Trade Organization, 232 Vick, Chris, 296n5 World, 52–3 videotex service, 78 Worldwide Africa Investment Holdings, Vilikazi, Dupree, 250, 265 236n19, 312, 348 Viljoen, Christo, 126, 147 Viljoen, Constand, 13n5 Xisaka Ltd., 314 Vodacom Ltd., 203, 272 Vodafone Plc., 203 Volkskas Bank, 46 Yabeng Company, 123n1 Volksparty, 41–2n12 Y-FM, 173–4 Vorster, John, 46 youth congresses, 102 Vosloo, Ton, 124, 127 Youth Radio Consortium, 173 Vrye Weekblad, 46n13, 54n18 Vuna Industrial Holdings, 315 Zenzeleni Clothing, 353 Zerilda Ltd., 173 “Washington consensus,” 222–3, 335–6 Zulu kingdom, 70

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