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An Accompanying Guide to Any First-Year German Course

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An Accompanying Guide to Any First-Year German Course A LINGUISTIC INTRODUCTION TO GERMAN FOR THE NON-LINGUIST: AN ACCOMPANYING GUIDE TO ANY FIRST-YEAR GERMAN COURSE By JONATHAN C. BUSEY A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2001 For Julia, my soon-to-be wife ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Chris Overstreet and Prof. Keith Bullivant for patiently teaching me German and putting up with questions, and Prof. Franz Futterknecht for the motivation necessary to conceptualize and design yet another introduction to German. Motivation came from Prof. David Young’s unpublished introduction to Ancient Greek and Dr. Robert Underhill’s dissertation, Turkish Grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1976. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................. iii LIST OF TABLES ................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................ ix ABSTRACT .................................... xi INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 CHAPTERS .................................... 2 1 WORD ORDER AND THE GERMAN CASE SYSTEM ...... 3 1.1 Word order ............................ 3 1.2 Nominative ............................ 5 1.3 The Accusative ......................... 6 1.4 The Dative ............................ 8 1.5 The Genitive ........................... 11 1.6 Appositions ........................... 11 2 NOUN FORMS ............................. 15 2.1 Gender .............................. 15 2.2 Pronoun Agreement ....................... 16 2.3 Word Formation ......................... 17 2.3.1 N-nouns .......................... 18 2.3.2 Composita ........................ 19 3 ARTICLES ............................... 21 4 PRONOUNS .............................. 24 4.1 Personal Pronouns ........................ 24 4.2 Possessive Pronouns ....................... 25 4.3 Reflexive Pronouns ....................... 26 4.4 Demonstrative Pronouns .................... 27 4.5 Relative and Interrogative Pronouns .............. 28 iv 5 ADJECTIVES .............................. 31 5.1 Predicative Adjectives ...................... 32 5.2 Attributive Adjectives ...................... 32 5.2.1 Comparative and Superlative Forms .......... 33 5.2.2 Possessive Adjectives .................. 35 5.2.3 Ordinal Numbers ..................... 35 6 ADVERBS ................................ 37 7 VERBS ................................. 39 7.1 Verb Forms ............................ 39 7.1.1 The Infinitive ....................... 39 7.1.2 Conjugation ....................... 40 7.1.3 Irregular Verb Endings ................. 41 7.1.4 Verb Prefixes ....................... 42 7.1.5 Prefix or Preposition? .................. 45 7.2 Mood ............................... 46 7.2.1 Indicative ......................... 46 7.2.2 Imperatives ........................ 46 7.2.3 Subjunctive ........................ 51 7.3 Modal Verbs ........................... 54 7.3.1 Conjugation ....................... 55 7.4 Tenses .............................. 58 7.4.1 Present .......................... 61 7.4.2 Perfect .......................... 62 7.4.3 Imperfect ......................... 65 7.4.4 Future .......................... 65 7.4.5 Future Perfect ...................... 66 7.4.6 Past Perfect ....................... 66 7.5 Verb Types ............................ 67 7.5.1 Full Verbs ........................ 67 7.5.2 Auxiliary Verbs ..................... 67 7.5.3 Reflexive Verbs ...................... 67 7.5.4 Phrasal Verbs ...................... 68 7.6 Voice ............................... 72 7.6.1 Active ........................... 72 7.6.2 Passive .......................... 72 8 PREPOSITIONS ............................ 74 8.1 A Visual Overview of the Prepositions ............. 76 8.1.1 Prepositions of Movement and Motion ......... 76 8.1.2 Prepositions Exhibiting a Static State ......... 76 8.2 Prepositions Governing Case .................. 81 8.2.1 Accusative ........................ 81 v 8.2.2 Dative ........................... 81 8.2.3 Dative and Accusative ................. 82 8.2.4 Genitive ......................... 84 9 CONJUNCTIONS ........................... 87 9.1 Coordinating Conjunctions ................... 87 9.2 Subordinating Conjunctions .................. 87 9.3 Infinitive Conjunctions ..................... 91 9.4 Proportionate Conjunctions ................... 92 10 NEGATION ............................... 93 11 QUESTIONS .............................. 98 APPENDICIES A PRONUNCIATION ........................... 100 A.1 Guide to German Pronunciation ................ 100 A.2 Book Cover Guide ........................ 106 B IRREGULAR VERB LIST ....................... 108 REFERENCES ................................... 110 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................ 112 vi LIST OF TABLES Table page 1.1 Guidelines for German Word Order ................... 4 1.2 The Nominative Case ........................... 6 1.3 The Nominative dummy-es ........................ 7 1.4 Man ..................................... 8 1.5 Uses of the Accusative Case ........................ 9 1.6 The Accusative Case ............................ 10 1.7 Possessive and Personal Prounouns .................... 12 1.8 The Dative Case .............................. 13 1.9 The Genitive Case ............................. 14 1.10 The Genitive Declension .......................... 14 2.1 Endings Which Give Away the Gender .................. 16 2.2 Sounds That Join Words in Composita ................. 20 3.1 Differences in German and English Articles ............... 22 3.2 The German Article ............................ 23 4.1 Personal Pronouns ............................. 25 4.2 Pronoun Word Order Guidelines ..................... 29 4.3 The Possessive Pronouns ......................... 30 4.4 Reflexive Pronouns ............................ 30 4.5 Demonstrative Pronouns ......................... 30 5.1 Primary Adjectival Endings ........................ 31 5.2 Secondary Adjectival Endings ....................... 32 5.3 The Ordinal Numbers ........................... 36 vii 6.1 Adverbs ................................... 38 7.1 Conjugation of Regular Verbs ....................... 40 7.2 Conjugation of Some Irregular Verbs ................... 43 7.3 Inseparable Prefixes ............................ 44 7.4 Formation of Imperatives ......................... 48 7.5 The Main Irregular Verbs ......................... 48 7.6 The Two Types of Subjunctive in German ................ 53 7.7 Conjugation of Modal Verbs and m¨ochten ................ 56 7.8 When One Can Leave Out the Infinitive ................. 57 7.9 Imperfect Forms of sein and haben .................... 65 7.10 Phrasal Verbs ............................... 68 8.1 An Overview of the Prepositions ..................... 74 8.2 The ‘Two Way Verbs’ ........................... 82 8.3 Some Two-way Prepositions ....................... 83 8.4 Some Genitive Prepositions ........................ 85 9.1 The Coordinating Conjunctions ...................... 88 9.2 Subordinating Conjunctions ........................ 90 9.3 Uses of the Infinitive ............................ 92 10.1 Kein .................................... 95 10.2 Nicht .................................... 96 A.1 German Pronunciation Guide ....................... 100 A.2 Short Pronunciation Guide for German ................. 106 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 3.1 For an Indefinite Article ......................... 22 3.2 For a Definite Article ........................... 22 7.1 A Visual Representation of German Tense ............... 59 8.1 an with Accusative ............................ 77 8.2 auf with Accusative ............................ 77 8.3 bis ..................................... 77 8.4 durch .................................... 77 8.5 gegen .................................... 78 8.6 hinter with Accusative .......................... 78 8.7 in with Accusative ............................ 78 8.8 neben with Accusative .......................... 78 8.9 ¨uber with Accusative ........................... 78 8.10 um ..................................... 78 8.11 unter (i.e. beneath) with Accusative ................... 79 8.12 unter (i.e. among) with Accusative ................... 79 8.13 vor with Accusative ............................ 79 8.14 zwischen with Accusative ......................... 79 8.15 an with Dative .............................. 79 8.16 auf with Dative .............................. 79 8.17 in with Dative ............................... 79 8.18 neben with Dative ............................. 79 8.19 ¨uber with Dative ............................. 80 ix 8.20 von ..................................... 80 8.21 unter (i.e. beneath) with Dative ..................... 80 8.22 unter (i.e. among) with Dative ...................... 80 8.23 vor/hinter with Dative .......................... 86 8.24 zwischen with Dative ........................... 86 A.1 ich ..................................... 105 A.2 Radfahren ................................. 105 x Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts A LINGUISTIC INTRODUCTION TO GERMAN FOR THE NON-LINGUIST: AN ACCOMPANYING GUIDE TO ANY FIRST-YEAR GERMAN COURSE By Jonathan C. Busey December 2001 Chair: Keith Bullivant Major Department: Germanic and Slavic Studies This papers aims to complement other beginning German language courses at different levels: it is setup both for students searching for easier ways to remember the basics
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