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Lower St. Marks River/Wakulla River/Apalachee Bay Resource Characterization

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Lower St. Marks River/Wakulla River/Apalachee Bay Resource Characterization LOWER ST. MARKS RIVER/WAKULLA RIVER/APALACHEE BAY RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION With a Discussion of Freshwater-dependent Habitats and Species By F. Graham Lewis, Ph.D. Nicholas D. Wooten Ronald L. Bartel Northwest Florida Water Management District Water Resources Special Report 2009-01 NORTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GOVERNING BOARD George Roberts, Chair Panama City Philip McMillan, Vice Chair Blountstown Steve Ghazvini, Secretary/Treasurer Tallahassee Peter Antonacci Stephanie Bloyd Joyce Estes Tallahassee Panama City Beach Eastpoint Tim Norris Jerry Pate Ralph Rish Santa Rosa Beach Pensacola Port St. Joe Douglas E. Barr Executive Director For additional information, write or call: Northwest Florida Water Management District 81 Water Management Drive Havana, Florida 32333-4712 (850) 539-5999 Acknowledgements _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of NWFWMD staff and other researchers that provided information and guidance during the development of this report. The contributions of the following NWFWMD staff are appreciatively acknowledged: Kris Barrios, Leigh Brooks, Linda Chaisson, Carlos Colon, John Crowe, Elaine McKinnon, Chris Richards, Jerrick Saquibal and Paul Thorpe. The authors also acknowledge the researchers and individuals that provided information and technical data that were referenced in this report. Among those, special thanks go to Scott Savery (FDEP) for providing much valuable information on wildlife resources in the Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park, Ted Hoehn and Richard Cailteux (FFWCC) for information on freshwater fish distributions in the Wakulla and adjacent rivers, Diane Eggeman (FFWCC) for waterfowl census data, and Terri Calleson (FFWCC) for manatee surveys. In addition, we acknowledge the valuable work and public outreach of the Wakulla Springs Working Group participants that strive to protect and restore Wakulla Springs and water resources in the St. Marks River Watershed. Cover and Geographical Information Systems: John Crowe, NWFWMD TABLE OF CONTENTS _____________________________________________________________________________ 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose and Scope ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Watershed Research and Evaluations ............................................................................................ 1 1.3 Watershed Protection and Preservation .......................................................................................... 1 2.0 ST. MARKS RIVER WATERSHED .................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Hydrogeology of Watershed ........................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Woodville Karst Plain ................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Sensitive Karst Areas...................................................................................................................... 5 2.4 Non-Point Source Runoff ............................................................................................................. 10 3.0 LAND USE AND LAND COVER ...................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Hydrologic Impacts of Land Use .................................................................................................. 11 3.2 Conservation Lands ...................................................................................................................... 12 4.0 ST. MARKS RIVER HYDROLOGY ................................................................................................. 15 4.1 Lake Lafayette Sub-Basin ............................................................................................................ 15 4.2 Lower St. Marks Basin ................................................................................................................. 15 5.0 WAKULLA RIVER HYDROLOGY .................................................................................................. 20 5.1 Sinking Streams ............................................................................................................................ 20 6.0 ST. MARKS WATERSHED DISCHARGE ........................................................................................ 22 6.1 St. Marks River Flow.................................................................................................................... 22 6.2 Rainfall and Flow ......................................................................................................................... 25 6.3 St. Marks River Low-Flow Analyses ........................................................................................... 27 6.4 St. Marks River High-Flow Analyses ........................................................................................... 29 6.5 St. Marks and Wakulla River Flood Model .................................................................................. 30 6.6 Wakulla Springs Flow .................................................................................................................. 32 6.7 Wakulla Spring Low-Flow Analyses ........................................................................................... 35 6.8 Wakulla Springs High-Flow Analyses ......................................................................................... 36 6.9 St. Marks River and Wakulla River Discussion ........................................................................... 37 7.0 LOWER ST. MARKS AND APALACHEE BAY WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY ....................... 39 7.1 Water Quality Classifications ....................................................................................................... 40 7.2 Water Quality Characteristics ....................................................................................................... 41 7.3 Sediment Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 57 8.0 ST. MARKS/APALACHEE BAY HABITATS .................................................................................... 58 i 8.1 Palustrine Forest ........................................................................................................................... 58 8.2 Freshwater and Brackish Wetlands .............................................................................................. 59 8.3 Tidal Salt Marsh ........................................................................................................................... 63 8.4 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation .................................................................................................... 64 8.5 Seagrass ........................................................................................................................................ 66 8.6 Soft-Bottom Habitat ..................................................................................................................... 67 8.7 Hard-Bottom Habitat .................................................................................................................... 70 9.0 FAUNAL COMMUNITIES OF THE LOWER RIVERS AND APALACHEE BAY SYSTEM .................. 71 9.1 Riverine Communities .................................................................................................................. 71 9.1.1 Benthic and Epifaunal Invertebrates ......................................................................................... 71 9.1.2 Fishes ......................................................................................................................................... 72 9.1.3 Amphibians and Reptiles ........................................................................................................... 75 9.1.4 Birds .......................................................................................................................................... 76 9.1.5 Mammals ................................................................................................................................... 79 9.2 Estuarine Communities................................................................................................................. 80 9.2.1 Salt Marshes .............................................................................................................................. 80 9.2.1.1 Benthic Infauna....................................................................................................................... 80 9.2.1.2 Macroinvertebrate Community ............................................................................................... 81 9.2.1.3 Fish Abundance ...................................................................................................................... 82 9.2.2 Seagrass Beds ............................................................................................................................ 83 9.2.2.1 Benthic Macrofauna (infauna and
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