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Coleoptera: Boridae) in the Natural Tree Stands of the Białowiez˙A Forest Jerzy M

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Coleoptera: Boridae) in the Natural Tree Stands of the Białowiez˙A Forest Jerzy M Journal of Insect Science RESEARCH Habitat Preferences of Boros schneideri (Coleoptera: Boridae) in the Natural Tree Stands of the Białowiez˙a Forest Jerzy M. Gutowski,1 Krzysztof Suc´ko,1 Karol Zub,2,3 and Adam Bohdan4 1Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests, Park Dyrekcyjny 6, 17-230 Białowiez˙a, Poland 2Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Waszkiewicza 1c, 17-230 Białowiez˙a, Poland 3Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 4Workshop for All Beings, S´wie˛tojan´ska 22/1, 15-082 Białystok, Poland Subject Editor: Brian Aukema J. Insect Sci. 14(276): 2014; DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu138 ABSTRACT. We analyzed habitat requirements of Boros schneideri (Panzer, 1796) (Coleoptera: Boridae) in the natural forests of the con- tinental biogeographical region, using data collected in the Białowiez˙a Forest. This species has been found on the six host trees, but it preferred dead, standing pine trees, characterized by large diameter, moderately moist and moist phloem but avoided trees in sunny lo- cations. It occurred mostly in mesic and wet coniferous forests. This species demonstrated preferences for old tree stands (over 140-yr old), and its occurrence in younger tree-stand age classes (minimum 31–40-yr old) was not significantly different from random distribu- tion. B. schneideri occupied more frequently locations distant from the forest edge, which were less affected by logging. Considering habitat requirements, character of occurrence, and decreasing number of occupied locations in the whole range of distribution, this species can be treated as relict of primeval forests. Key Words: Boros schneideri, saproxylic beetle, habitat requirement, Białowiez˙a Primeval Forest, natural forest Boridae is a small family of beetles (Coleoptera), represented only by Information on biology and habitat requirements of B. schneideri four species worldwide. It belongs to the superfamily Tenebrionoidea are still insufficient. Most data on this topic were collected in Boreal and is treated as a monophyletic group. This family consist of three gen- region, mainly in Lithuania (Baranowski 1977; Karalius and Blazˇyte˙- era: Lecontia Champion, 1889 (North America), Synercticus Newman, Cˇeresˇkiene˙ 2009; Blazˇyte-Cˇeresˇkiene˙ and Karalius 2010, 2012), 1842 (Australia, New Guinea), and Boros Herbst, 1797 (Eurasia, North whereas knowledge from other geographic regions is fragmentary or America). The last genus is represented by two species—North does not exist at all. Larvae of this species lives under the bark of stand- American Boros unicolor Say, 1827 and occurring in Palaearctic Boros ing, dead trees, mainly pine Pinus sylvestris L. and silver fir Abies alba schneideri (Panzer, 1796) (Lawrence and Pollock 1994; Lawrence and Miller, less often other coniferous and deciduous tree species (Trella Newton 1995; Pollock 2008, 2010). 1939; Leiler 1954; Kinelski and Szujecki 1959; Burakowski et al. Morphology of imagines, pupae, and larvae of B. schneideri is well 1987; Kubisz 2004a,b; Telnov et al. 2006; Karalius and Blazˇyte˙- known, sufficiently described and illustrated (Saalas 1937, St. George Cˇeresˇkiene˙ 2009; Blazˇyte-Cˇeresˇkiene˙ and Karalius 2010, 2012). 1940, Leiler 1954, Mamaev et al. 1977, Stebnicka 1991, Kubisz 2004b, According to Kolomiec and Bogdanova (1980), imagines of B. schnei- Levkanicˇova´ 2009, Pollock 2010), but eggs were not described so far. deri are predatory and larvae are sapro-xylophagous. However, B. schneideri is widely distributed in north-eastern Europe and Nikitskij et al. (1996) describes this species as sapro-xylo-mycetopha- Siberia, reaching eastward behind lake Baikal (Buryatia region); it also gous, with a tendency for necrophagy and predation. Leiler (1954) has been found in Sakhalin, China, and isolated localities in the eastern states that larvae of B. schneideri feed on mycelium of Ophiostoma mi- part of Central Europe (Janovskij 1976, Burakowski et al. 1987). This nus (Hedgecock) Syd. & P. Syd., whereas Anonim (2011) reports that species was reported from the following European countries and prov- they are feeding on mycelium of Aureobasidium Berkhout 1923 (both inces: Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine, Poland, fungi from the class Ascomycota). According to information from Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Sweden, Finland, Russia (South, Slovakia, larvae can also live in bracket fungi from genus Polyporus Central, and North European Territory), and the Asiatic part of Russia (Basidiomycota; Anonim 2012). The development of larvae takes place (West and East Siberia, Far East), Japan, China (North-East Territory), under bark, which is slightly detached, phloem is decomposing, and and Korea (Pollock 2008, Karalius and Blazˇyte˙-Cˇeresˇkiene˙ 2009, moderately humid. This phase of bark decomposition and under-bark Blazˇyte-Cˇeresˇkiene˙ and Karalius 2010). B. schneideri became extinct environment is called pyrochroidal (Mamaev et al. 1977). There are in Western Europe due to excessive logging (Horion 1956; Su¨da 2003; some premises indicating that B. schneideri is night active. One speci- Kubisz 2004a,b; Karalius and Blazˇyte˙-Cˇeresˇkiene˙ 2009). In all regions men was captured in the Białowiez˙a Forest using a light. During search- is regarded as very rare (Bistro¨m and Va¨isa¨nen 1988; Vilks and Telnov ing, we did not observe imagines on the surface of trees or in open 2003; Kubisz 2004a,b), except for Lithuania, where recently was dis- places, all of them were found under bark, in feeding places. Also an- covered in many new localities (Karalius and Blazˇyte˙-Cˇeresˇkiene˙ other species from Boridae family—Australian Synercticus heterome- 2009; Blazˇyte-Cˇeresˇkiene˙ and Karalius 2010, 2012). rus Newman—is active at night (Lawrence and Pollock 1994). Because of rarity and declining number in many European coun- The main goal of this study was to identify habitat requirements tries, this species draw special attention of European Community and of this species in the continental part of Europe (Continental region), its occurrence determines designation of Natura 2000 areas (Council in natural tree stands of the Białowiez˙a Forest. Detailed studies on Directive 92/43/EEC—Annex 2 of the European Union Habitats habitat selection by B. schneideri were conducted in Lithuania, but Directive). they were restricted to the managed forests, which differ in species VC The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] 2 JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE VOLUME 14 composition and tree stands structure from the forests of natural ori- Investigations focused on searching for larvae, pupae, and imagines on gin. Here, we attempt to present primeval, not deformed by human potential host trees (dead standing trees, fallen trees and branches, and pressure, habitat requirements of this species. The Białowiez˙a Forest, piles of wood) where the bark was pried to check for preimagines devel- particularly its central part—the Białowiez˙a National Park, is the best opmental stages or imagines of B. schneideri. If presence of this species preserved forest complex in lowland Europe, in the zone of decidu- was confirmed on a given tree, searching was ceased and remaining ous and mixed forests (Falin´ski 2003, Gutowski and Jaroszewicz feeding site was left untouched. We never removed more than one-third 2004). We assume that this species has different preferences for host of the bark area from a single tree. During investigations, we recorded trees in the natural forests of the Continental region than in the north- species and diameter of the host tree, as well as other parameters (like ern areas of Europe, e.g., it may occur on more tree species than in forest type, humidity, and light conditions). Forest type was described boreal forests, where it occupies virtually only pine trees (Blazˇyte- during field work and then corrected according to data from Forest Cˇeresˇkiene˙ and Karalius 2010). We also hypothesize that in our study management plans prepared for Forestry Districts of Białowiez˙a, area, B. schneideri is more resilient to overshadowing of host trees Browsk, and Hajno´wka (state on 1.01.2002 r.). This source of data was (higher density of surrounding trees and higher proportion of spruce) used also to acquire information on the mean age of the dominant tree than in Lithuania, where it was absent in the localities characterized species, which can be used as a proxy for the age of tree stands and by 80% of shade and high share of spruce in the tree stands share of Pic. abies in a tree stand (%), which provide indirect informa- (Blazˇyte-Cˇeresˇkiene˙ and Karalius 2012). tion about light conditions. We assessed moistness of habitat at the host tree location using three categories: dry, mesic, and wet. The humidity Materials and Methods of substrate, in the place where B. schneideri was found, was catego- Our analyses are based on all available literature on distribution of rized as low, moderate, or high. Light conditions were assessed accord- this species worldwide, in Poland and in the Białowiez˙a Forest, where ing to percentage of host three shadowed by surrounding
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