Xenoturbellida Annelida Mesozoa Loricifera Cnidaria Phoronida Acanthocephala Entoprocta Rhombozoa Arthropoda Onychophora Orthone

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Xenoturbellida Annelida Mesozoa Loricifera Cnidaria Phoronida Acanthocephala Entoprocta Rhombozoa Arthropoda Onychophora Orthone

Call List Xenoturbellida Annelida Mesozoa Loricifera Cnidaria Phoronida Acanthocephala Entoprocta Rhombozoa Arthropoda Onychophora Orthonectida Hemichordata Acoelomorpha Ctenophora Rotifera Placozoa Gastrotricha Priapulida Gnathostomulida Echinodermata Mollusca Platyhelminthes Bryozoa Nematomorpha Chordata Brachiopoda Sipuncula Echiura Porifera Micrognathozoa Nemertea Kinorhyncha Tardigrada Myxozoa Cycliophora Nematoda Chaetognatha Created using www.BingoCardPrinter.com B I N G O Xenoturbellida Phoronida Onychophora Ctenophora Gnathostomulida Annelida Acanthocephala Orthonectida Rotifera Echinodermata Free Mesozoa Entoprocta Placozoa Mollusca Space Loricifera Rhombozoa Hemichordata Gastrotricha Platyhelminthes Cnidaria Arthropoda Acoelomorpha Priapulida Bryozoa Created using www.BingoCardPrinter.com B I N G O Sipuncula Hemichordata Chordata Rotifera Cycliophora Acoelomorpha Gnathostomulida Nematoda Micrognathozoa Myxozoa Free Priapulida Orthonectida Brachiopoda Echiura Space Ctenophora Annelida Platyhelminthes Mesozoa Chaetognatha Gastrotricha Arthropoda Phoronida Nematomorpha Loricifera Created using www.BingoCardPrinter.com B I N G O Nematomorpha Mollusca Placozoa Echiura Gastrotricha Arthropoda Annelida Phoronida Onychophora Nemertea Free Rhombozoa Tardigrada Nematoda Chordata Space Entoprocta Cnidaria Sipuncula Bryozoa Gnathostomulida Rotifera Brachiopoda Orthonectida Mesozoa Kinorhyncha Created using www.BingoCardPrinter.com B I N G O Brachiopoda Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Myxozoa Platyhelminthes Echinodermata Loricifera Orthonectida Rhombozoa Bryozoa Free Rotifera Cycliophora Chaetognatha Mollusca Space Acanthocephala Micrognathozoa Phoronida Ctenophora Nemertea Chordata Annelida Priapulida Acoelomorpha Hemichordata Created using www.BingoCardPrinter.com B I N G O Mollusca Priapulida Ctenophora Nematomorpha Annelida Gnathostomulida Mesozoa Acoelomorpha Orthonectida Bryozoa Free Placozoa Hemichordata Onychophora Echiura Space Nematoda Platyhelminthes Echinodermata Phoronida Nemertea Rotifera Entoprocta Cnidaria Acanthocephala Tardigrada Created using www.BingoCardPrinter.com B I N G O Rotifera Cycliophora Nematoda Mesozoa Echinodermata Nematomorpha Chordata Micrognathozoa Orthonectida Gastrotricha Free Loricifera Sipuncula Myxozoa Phoronida Space Onychophora Rhombozoa Mollusca Chaetognatha Bryozoa Hemichordata Tardigrada Echiura Nemertea Placozoa Created using www.BingoCardPrinter.com B I N G O Hemichordata Gastrotricha Orthonectida Loricifera Phoronida Chaetognatha Entoprocta Cnidaria Bryozoa Ctenophora Free Tardigrada Gnathostomulida Kinorhyncha Arthropoda Space Placozoa Priapulida Platyhelminthes Nematoda Mesozoa Acanthocephala Nemertea Brachiopoda Sipuncula Acoelomorpha Created using www.BingoCardPrinter.com B I N G O Echiura Platyhelminthes Ctenophora Nematomorpha Orthonectida Cnidaria Cycliophora Micrognathozoa Acanthocephala Kinorhyncha Free Priapulida Onychophora Placozoa Bryozoa Space Mollusca Brachiopoda Nemertea Myxozoa Arthropoda Rhombozoa Chordata Acoelomorpha Chaetognatha Entoprocta Created using www.BingoCardPrinter.com.

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Metazoa Based on How Organized They Are
BIOLOGY 18: Phyla of the “Changed Animals” Climbing the evolutionary lad- der from the protozoa we find higher levels of organization. Organisms are grouped into mesozoa and metazoa based on how organized they are. The simplest multicellular organisms (those having many cells) are the me- sozoa (“middle animals”). These or- ganisms are simple parasitic worms. Parasitic means that they live at the expense of some other organism. They often suck nutrient-rich fluids right out of the other organism, but they don’t usually kill the organism or they lose their source of food. The metazoa, meaning “changed animals” can be larger in size because they have different kinds of cells that work together to bring things in, take things out, protect the whole organ- ism, and perform other duties that enable them to live in a wider range of habitats. Because of the various cell types, organisms at this level be- gin taking on a variety of shapes that are not possible among colonies of identical cells. The metazoa include all other phyla of animals from the simple to the complex. A strawberry sponge of the phylum Porifera. Kingdom Animalia: Metazoa Kingdom Porifera Coelenterata Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Rhinochocoela Nematoda Acanthocephala Chaetognatha Nematomorpha Hemichordata (sponges) (flat worms) (proboscis, (round (spiny-headed (arrow (horsehair (acorn worms) nemertine & worms) worms) worms) worms) Phylum ribbon worms) 186 BIOLOGY The next set of organisms in terms of their simplicity is the phylum Porifera—the sponges. There are many types of these animals that live in the sea and a few that live in fresh water.
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bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/282285; this version posted March 14, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The mitochondrial genomes of the mesozoans Intoshia linei, Dicyema sp., and Dicyema japonicum Helen. E. Robertson1, Philipp. H. Schiffer1 and Maximilian. J. Telford1* 1 Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT *Author for correspondence: [email protected] +44 (0)20 7679 2554 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/282285; this version posted March 14, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract The Dicyemida and Orthonectida are two groups of tiny, simple, vermiform parasites that have historically been united in a group named the Mesozoa. Both Dicyemida and Orthonectida have just two cell layers and appear to lack any defined tissues. They were initially thought to be evolutionary intermediates between protozoans and metazoans but more recent analyses indicate that they are protostomian metazoans that have undergone secondary simplification from a complex ancestor. Here we describe the first almost complete mitochondrial genome sequence from an orthonectid, Intoshia linei, and describe nine and eight mitochondrial protein-coding genes from Dicyema sp. and Dicyema japonicum, respectively. The 14,247 base pair long I. linei sequence has typical metazoan gene content, but is exceptionally AT-rich, and has a divergent gene order compared to other metazoans.
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Chapter 12 Porifera
Chapter 12 Porifera Figure 12.04 1 Unicellular Protists choanoflagellates-colonial organization Theories of Unicellular Origin of Metazoans 1) 1874-Haeckel first proposed metazoans arose from a colonial flagellated form & cells gradually became specialized 2) as cells in a colony became more specialized, the colony became dependent on them 3) colonial ancestral form was at first radially symmetrical, & reminiscent of a blastula stage of development 4) this hypothetical ancestor was called a blastea 5) another hypothetical ancestral forms similar to a gastrula may have existed, & refer to them as gastraea 6) Bilateral symmetry evolved when the planula larvae adapted to crawling on the floor 7) Molecular Evidence a) small subunit rRNA & biochemical pathways support the colonial flagellate hypothesis b) metazoans appear to be monophyletic & arising from choanoflagellates Monophyletic group contains the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group & all of its descendants 2 Unicellular (acellular) Multicellular (metazoa) protozoan protists Poorly defined Diploblastic tissue layers Triploblastic Cnidaria Porifera Ctenophora Placozoa Uncertain Acoelomate Coelomate Pseudocoelomate Priapulida Rotifera Chaetognatha Platyhelminthes Nematoda Gastrotricha Rhynchocoela (Nemertea) Kinorhyncha Entoprocta Mesozoa Acanthocephala Loricifera Gnathostomulida Nematomorpha Protostomes Uncertain (misfits) Deuterostomes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Brachiopoda Hemichordata Arthropoda Phoronida Onychophora Bryozoa Chordata Pentastomida Pogonophora
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Diseases of Echinodermata. 11. Agents Metazoans (Mesozoa to Bryozoa)
DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 2: 205-234.1981 Published July 30 Dis. aquat. Org. I REVIEW Diseases of Echinodermata. 11. Agents metazoans (Mesozoa to Bryozoa) Michel Jangoux Laboratoire de Biologie marine (CP 160),Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Ave F. D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium ABSTRACT: The only species of Mesozoa known to parasitize echinoderms is clearly pathogenic; it causes the regression of ovaries of infested ophiuroids. Symbiotic turbellarians have been reported for each echinoderm group; they mainly infest the gut and coelom of aspidochirote holothuroids and regular echinoids. Echinoderms generally act as second intermediary host for trematodes; the latter are known mostly from echlnoids and ophiuroids which constitute the most frequent echinoderm prey for fishes. Records of echmodem-infeslng nematodes are rather scarce; they usually infest either the coelom or the gonads of their host. Many eulimid gastropods have been reported to parasitize echinoderms; however, most of them do not seem to seriously alter the echinoderm life cycle. They are no bivalves parasitic on echinodems except a few species inhabiting the gut of holothuroids. Associa- tions between echinoderms and sponges, cnidarians, entoprocts or bryozoans have been casually reported in the literature. INTRODUCTION amphiurid Amphipholis squamata (Caullery & Mesnil. 1901, Kozloff 1969, Rader 1982) but it may - if very The present paper is the second of a series of 4 that rarely - also affect other ophiurid species, namely review the diseases of Echinodermata. It considers the Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiura albida (respectively disease agents belonging to the Mesozoa, Parazoa, Fontaine 1968, Bender 1972). R. ophiocornae is mostly Cnidaria, Acoelomata (Turbellaria and Trematoda), known from European localities (Atlantic coast of Nematoda, Mollusca (Gasteropoda and Bivalvia), France, North Sea, northwest Mediterranean Sea; for Entoprocta and Bryozoa.
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The Multipartite Mitochondrial Genome of Liposcelis Bostrychophila: Insights Into the Evolution of Mitochondrial Genomes in Bilateral Animals
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New Insight Into the Phylogeny of Mesozoa: Evidence from the 18S and 28S Rrna Genes N
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ANIMALIA (Metazoa) Mesozoa Parazoa Eumetazoa
CHAPTER - 4 ANIMAL KINGDOM Animals constitues more than 1.5 million species. Of these, species named so far consitutes less than 20% of fall living animals. Animals are unique in many ways. In fact they are the only organisms to have developed ‘active flights’. Even now biologists consider two major groups of animal kingdom the invertebrates without backbone ad the vertebrates called the backboned animals. Of all the liked animals invertebrates consitute 98 percent of them! Animals are the organisms that develop from embryos formed by the fusion of haploid egg and sperm. The multicellular organisms of the kingdom animalia (metazoa) are typically divided into three grades: ANIMALIA (metazoa) Mesozoa Parazoa Eumetazoa (with a single phylum placozoa) (includes porifera, the sponges) This term was given by van The name parazoa means the These true metazoans are Beneden in 1876 who called this "beside-animals". Although the known also as enterozoa. These group as connecting link simplest in organization of all the animals have tissues organized between protozoa (animal metazoa these groups do into organs and organ systems. product) and metazoa. Although compose a higher level of Approximately they constitute 33 mesozoa and parazoa are morphology and physiological phyla according to modern multicellular, their plan of integration than that found in classification of animals. organization is distinct from that protozoan colonies. The mesozoa of the eumetazoan phyla. Such and porifera (or pore bearers) is a cellular layers as they process group of strange animals in this are not found homologous to the world. Many of them are marine, germ layers of the eumetazoa very few live in fresh water.
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3 Patterns of Diversity and Distribution of Aquatic Invertebrates and Their Parasites
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Zoo-02-CR 3.4 Phylum Mesozoa the Phylum Mesozoa Includes Some
Zoo-02-CR 3.4 Phylum Mesozoa The phylum Mesozoa includes some small, slender and organized parasitic animals, with the simplest structure of any metazoan but having complex life cycles. The hosts of all are marine invertebrates. They have offered a great taxonomic puzzle ever since their discovery in 1929. Vair Beneden (1877) regarded them as intermediate in structure between Protozoa and Metazoa and called them Mesozoa. Hatschek (1888) named them Planuloidea due to their resemblance to the planula larva of Coelenterata. Hartmann proposed the term Moruloidea due to their structural resemblance to morula stage in embryonic development. Most zoologists regard them at degenerate flatworms and hence append the Mesozoa to the phylum Platyhelminthes. Characters and classification General Characters: 1. Simplest, multicellular, acoelomate animals, living as endoparasite in the internal spaces and tissues of squids, flatatworms, sea stars, annelids and other invertebrates. 2. Body small, slender, worm-like and solid, consisting of an outer layer of ciliated cells, called somatoderm. Enclosing one or more reproductive cells. 3. Endoderm, mesogloea and digestive tract are absent. 4. Life cycle is complicated by an alternation of sexual and asexual generations. Classification The Mesozoa are grouped under two orders as follows Order1. Dicyemida 1. Common endoparasites in the nephridia of various cephalopods. 2. Usual adult form (nematogen) up 8 nm. Iong. 3. A single multinucleate internal or axial cell. 4. Ova develop parthenogenetically into dimorphic embryos. Examples: Dicyema. Pseudicyema, Dicyemennea. Order-2. Orthonectida 1. Rare endoparasites of various invertebrates, such as flatworms, nemerteans, brittle stars, annelids, and a clam. 2. Body slightly ringed and sexual forms less than 1 m.
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Evolution of Multicellular Animals As Deduced from 5S Rrna Sequences
Volume 12 Number 12 1984 Nucleic Acids Research Evolution of muldcellular animals as deduced from 5S rRNA sequences: a possible early emergence of the Mesozoa Takeshi Ohama, Tsutomu Kumazaki, Hiroshi Hon and Syozo Osawa Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464, Japan Received 9 April 1984; Revised and Accepted 30 May 1984 ABSTRACT The nucleotide sequences of 5S rRNA from a mesozoan Dicyema rmisakiense and three metazoan species, i.e., an acorn-worm Saccoglossus kowaZlevskii, a moss-animal Bugula neritina, and an octopus Octopus vulgaris have been determined. A phylogenic tree of multicellular animals has been constructed from 73 5S rRNA sequences available at present including those from the above four sequences. The tree suggests that the mesozoan is the most ancient multicellular animal identified so far, its emergence time being almost the same as that of flagellated or ciliated protozoans. The branching points of planarians and nematodes are a little later than that of the mesozoan but are clearly earlier than other metazoan groups including sponges and jellyfishes. Many metazoan groups seem to have diverged within a relatively short period. INTRODUCTION The 5S rRNA is one of the molecules suited for studying the evolutionary process of widely separated organisms because of its universal occurrence with a low nucleotide substitution rate (1). To date, 69 5S rRNA sequences from 54 multicellular animals from almost all the major phyla have been determined (see ref. of (2)). However, the sequences from the Mesozoa, the Lophophorata and the Hemichordata have been wanting. We have therefore determined the 5S rRNA sequences from a mesozoan Dicyema misakiense (Phylum Mesozoa), a moss-animal BuguZa neritina (Phylum Lophophorata), an octopus Octopus vulgaris (Phylum Mollusca) and an acorn-worm Saccoglossus kowalevskii (Phylum Hemichordata).
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Other Invertebrate Taxa - A
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. IV - Other Invertebrate Taxa - A. Schmidt-Rhaesa OTHER INVERTEBRATE TAXA A. Schmidt-Rhaesa University of Bielefeld, Germany Keywords: Mesozoa, Xenoturbella, Kamptozoa, Sipunculida, Tardigrada, Onychophora, Chaetognatha, Phoronida, Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, Tentaculata, Lophophorata, Hemichordata Contents 1. Introduction 2. Mesozoa 2.1.Rhombozoa 2.2.Orthonectida 3. Xenoturbellida (Xenoturbella bocki) 4. Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) 5. Sipunculida 6. Tardigrada, the Water-bears 7. Onychophora, the Velvet Worms 8. Chaetognatha, the Arrow Worms 9. Tentaculata, or Lophophorata 9.1.Phoronida 9.2.Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) 9.3.Brachiopoda 10. Hemichordata 10.1.Pterobranchia 10.2.Enteropneusta Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary UNESCO – EOLSS This chapter provides information on several smaller groups of animals. Mesozoa are probably derived and simplified forms. They include the commensal Rhombozoa from the kidney of cephalopods and the parasitic Orthonectida. Xenoturbella bocki is another animal that lacksSAMPLE characteristics that indicate CHAPTERS a relationship to one certain group. Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and Sipunculida are spiralian taxa related to mollusks or annelids. Tardigrades and onychophorans are both related to arthropods. Arrow worms (Chaetognatha) are of unresolved phylogenetic relationships. They are an important element of plankton. The two last groups, Tentaculata and Hemichordata are probably not monophyletic. Tentaculata, which include the shelled brachiopods, the (mostly) colonial bryozoans and the worm-like phoronids, may either be related to deuterostomes or be spiralians. The two hemichordate taxa, Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia, are deuterostomes. Enteropneusts are burrowers in sediment, while pterobranchs are small colonial filter feeders. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. IV - Other Invertebrate Taxa - A. Schmidt-Rhaesa 1.
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Bio 207 Course Title: Lower Invertebrates
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA COURSE CODE : BIO 207 COURSE TITLE: LOWER INVERTEBRATES Course Code & Course Title: BIO 207: Lower Invertebrates Course Writer: Dr. Patrick A. Audu Course Editor Programme Leader Dr. Ado Baba Ahmed National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos Course Coordinator Mr. Adams, Abiodun E National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA (NOUN) TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE GENERAL INTRODUCTION …………………………………………… 1 MODULE 1: TAXONOMY OF INVERTEBRATES …………………… 2 Unit 1: Classification of Organisms …………………………………. 3 Unit 2: General Classification of Invertebrates…………………….. 7 Unit 3: A Systematic Approach to Lower Invertebrate Structure and Levels of Organization …………………………………. 10 Unit 4: Phylum Sarcomastigophora ………………………………… 16 Unit 5: Phylum Ciliophora …………………………………………... 21 MODULE 2: THE STRUCTURE AND LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF THE MESOZOA, PARAZOA AND METAZOA ……. 26 Unit 1: Mesozoa ………………………………………………………. 26 Unit 2: Parazoa ……………………………………………………….. 30 Unit 3: Classification and Characteristics of the Poriferans ………. 37 Unit 4: The Metazoa ………………………………………………….. 41 Unit 5: The phylum Cnidaria ………………………………………... 47 MODULE 3: STRUCTURE AND LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE PLATYHELMINTHES …………………………… 52 Unit 1: The Phylum Platyhelminthes …………………………………. 52 Unit 2: The Turbellaria ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 55 Unit 3: The Trematoda …………………………………………………. 60 Unit 4: Class Cestoidea (Cestoda) ……………………………………… 64 Unit 5: The Phylum Nematoda ………………………………………… 71 THE LOWER INVERTEBRATES General Introduction Earlier, you studied all animals together under the broad subject Animalia. From this level on, we shall be examining their classification, characteristics and economic importance. All animals along with the animal like organisms can be classified into two main groups, namely invertebrates - animals (and animal-like organisms) without backbone and vertebrates - animals with backbone. The invertebrates are grouped into two; the lower invertebrates and the higher invertebrates.
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