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Exile in Ameen Rihani's the Book of Khalid

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Exile in Ameen Rihani's the Book of Khalid Exile in Ameen Rihani‘s The Book of Khalid Amani Jebali Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the Master Degree in English Literary Studies – Year 1 Master Cultures, Langues et Littératures Étrangères, 1ère année UE 84 Department of English Studies Faculty of Languages and Cultures Université de Nantes Supervisor: Dr. Michel Feith July 2017 Examining Board: Dr. Michel Feith; Dr. Salah El Moncef 1 Fig : A Portrait of Ameen Rihani 2 Acknowledgments The completion of this research would have never been possible without the help and reassurance of those I love. To my parents, first and foremost, whose encouragements have always infused in me strength and patience in spite of all difficulties. To my dear family, that I miss deeply. I would also like to express my deep appreciation, my indebtedness, and my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Dr Michel Feith for his guidance, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. This thesis would have never been finalized without his advice and interest for my work. I would also like to thank the second member of the Jury, Dr Salah El Moncef, for his valuable support and for the time he took to read my research. Amani JEBALI 3 Wilt thou take it? The hand of a personified illusion, Of an exiled dream, Of an Oriental who makes himself thy guest? Ameen Rihani Myrtle and Myrrh, 1905. 4 The abbreviations used in this research to refer to Rihani‘s literary works are the following: Khalid: Rihani, Ameen. The Book of Khalid. Dodd, Mead, and Co. New York. 1911. 5 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 9 1.Arab American Literature .............................................................................................. 2.Al Nahda Or Arab Renaissance ..................................................................................... 8 3.Greater Syria and Maronite Christians ........................................................................ 10 4.The Book of Khalid: The Book that Launched the Future of Arab American Literature ................................................................................................................................. 14 5.Exile: A Dominating Theme in Ameen Rihani‘s The Book of Khalid ...................... 17 I) Political Exile: Khalid‘s Perspectives on Corruption In the Politics of the Ottoman Empire and the United States ............................................................................................................... 22 A)Corruption of the Ottoman Empire and its Consequences on Khalid‘s Life .................... 23 1.The Ottoman Empire and Corruption ........................................................................... 23 2.The Ottoman Empire and Rihani‘s Khalid: A political System against Religious Tolerance .......................................................................................................................... 26 3. Khalid‘s Utopian East .................................................................................................. 28 B) Politics in the United States and Khalid‘s Failed Participation....................................... 31 1.The Nature of the Political System in the US ............................................................... 31 2.A Dishonest Political Maneuvering and Khalid‘s Disillusionment ............................... 33 3. An Eastern Political Reformer of the West ................................................................ 37 C) Khalid: The Paradigm of an Exile ................................................................................. 41 1.Gibran and Rihani: Ringing in to Life an Exiled Political Thinker ............................... 42 2.Intellectual Evil as a Consequence of a Hybrid Identity ............................................... 45 3. Symptoms of an Exiled Khalid: Nostalgia ................................................................... 49 II) Spiritual Exile: Khalid‘s Formulation of a New World Picture .......................................... 55 A)Institutionalized Religion and the Tyranny of the Maronite Church ............................... 56 1.The Politicization of Religious Belief: Being Exiled From Faith ................................ 56 2.The Tyranny of the Maronite Church in the Book of Khalid ........................................ 61 3. Secularism .................................................................................................................... 56 B)Khalid: A Lebanese Transcendentalist ................................................................................ 1.American Transcendentalist Philosophy as an Influence on Khalid the Baalbekian .... 72 2.Khalid: A Prophet like figure ......................................................................................... 77 6 3. Pantheism and the Transmigration of Souls ................................................................ 82 C)Humanist Khalid: This Worship and Homage for Man ................................................... 86 1.Renaissance Humanism and Man as the Measure of all things ..................................... 87 2.Humanism in the Book of Khalid .................................................................................. 90 III) Conquering Exile: Khalid‘s Attempts to Tranquilize his Agitated Mind and Psyche ....... 95 A)The Sublimation of Exile .................................................................................................. 96 1.The Theory of Sublimation ........................................................................................... 97 2.Signs of Exile and Coping Mechanisms ........................................................................ 98 3. Exile and the Dream .................................................................................................. 102 B)Humour and Exile: How can the First Conquer The Second ?.......................................105 1.Defining Humour ........................................................................................................ 107 2.Humour in the Book of Khalid .................................................................................... 108 3. Humour against Exile ................................................................................................. 110 C) Reconciling the East and the West: Rihani‘s Endeavor to Unify Greater Syria with America through Khalid‘s Experience ............................................................................... 111 1.Unity of Being ............................................................................................................ 112 2.Arab Nationalism ......................................................................................................... 115 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 117 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………...127 7 Abstract In this research, I intended to focus on Ethnic American literature. Among the Hispanic-American, African-American, or Jewish-American communities, there is also one that thrived into the American society and produced its own exceptional literary creations. Indeed, I am taking into consideration the Arab-American populace as one of the important components of the American cosmopolitan society. Arab-Americans traveled from the Levant to the United States in search for peace and in order to escape all of the religious and political persecutions that ravaged the Arab world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under the disgraceful violations of tyrannical powers. Crossing seas, abandoning families, and leaving behind a life and a home was not an option nor a choice for these newcomers. They saw in the United States a place where their troubles would come to an end, and where their self-respect can be restored through work. Arab- American settlers brought to life their artistic fervor, their music, and their literature. The latter first started to thrive in the early Twentieth Century. It created a captivating mixture between the American and Arab cultures. In fact, each ethnic community has its memories, and still survives thanks to its original heritage; and each category still breathes in the remnants of its initial homeland. That is why I chose to introduce and understand one of the major Arab-American literary productions, whether in volume, form, or theme. Thus, in this thesis, my focal point will be The Book of Khalid, by Lebanese-American writer Ameen Rihani, who belongs to the first wave of Arab- 8 American immigrants –started in 1880 and ended in 1924--. This book was first published in New York in 1911 and was initially received by an American readership. Although it examined both Arab and American concerns through its archaic English embroidered by some terms in the Arabic language reflecting Arab concerns, it mostly handled the journey of a certain Lebanese Khalid, who travels to America, and then comes back to Greater Syria in a futile attempt to connect his Levant to his New York, and to link the skyscrapers to the Cedars. The book‘s structure is quite intricate and unique. Indeed, it is divided into three books: To Man, to Nature, and to God. It is also introduced as a lost manuscript in a library in Cairo by the narrator. The reader is told that an Editor weaved its lost pieces to make a coherent story. Within the Book of Khalid, a testimony from his long-time
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