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Civil Resistance Against Coups a Comparative and Historical Perspective Dr
ICNC MONOGRAPH SERIES Civil Resistance Against Coups A Comparative and Historical Perspective Dr. Stephen Zunes ICNC MONOGRAPH SERIES Cover Photos: (l) Flickr user Yamil Gonzales (CC BY-SA 2.0) June 2009, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. People protesting in front of the Presidential SERIES EDITOR: Maciej Bartkowski Palace during the 2009 coup. (r) Wikimedia Commons. August 1991, CONTACT: [email protected] Moscow, former Soviet Union. Demonstrators gather at White House during the 1991 coup. VOLUME EDITOR: Amber French DESIGNED BY: David Reinbold CONTACT: [email protected] Peer Review: This ICNC monograph underwent four blind peer reviews, three of which recommended it for publication. After Other volumes in this series: satisfactory revisions ICNC released it for publication. Scholarly experts in the field of civil resistance and related disciplines, as well as People Power Movements and International Human practitioners of nonviolent action, serve as independent reviewers Rights, by Elizabeth A. Wilson (2017) of ICNC monograph manuscripts. Making of Breaking Nonviolent Discipline in Civil Resistance Movements, by Jonathan Pinckney (2016) The Tibetan Nonviolent Struggle, by Tenzin Dorjee (2015) Publication Disclaimer: The designations used and material The Power of Staying Put, by Juan Masullo (2015) presentedin this publication do not indicate the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICNC. The author holds responsibility for the selection and presentation of facts contained in Published by ICNC Press this work, as well as for any and all opinions expressed therein, which International Center on Nonviolent Conflict are not necessarily those of ICNC and do not commit the organization 1775 Pennsylvania Ave. NW. Ste. -
PEER-REVIEW FEEDBACK on the GOODNESS FIELD: a Guidebook for Proactive Nonviolence
PEER-REVIEW FEEDBACK ON THE GOODNESS FIELD: A Guidebook for Proactive Nonviolence Bob Aldridge's powerful book, The Goodness Field: A Guidebook for Proactive Nonviolence points out the need and opportunity for a Global Satyagraha Movement – nonviolent, active, creative, and compassionate – to challenge the US addiction to power and greed which feeds our nation's endless wars and empire. Aldridge gives some very helpful suggestions for how to build that movement. This is not a pipe dream. We, the world's people can make it happen! – David Hartsough Author, Waging Peace: Global Adventures of a Lifelong Activist Co-Founder, Nonviolent Peaceforce and World beyond War - - - - I am in wholehearted agreement with Bob Aldridge's call for a "Global Satyagraha Movement inspired by a Global Constructive Pro- gram.” I'm glad to say, also, that these very ideas are catching on. If humanity is to rescue itself from the materialism, the low human image based on outdated science, and the devastation that they are causing to our personal and social lives -- indeed for our continued existence -- I can see no other way of doing that than the discovery of what he calls the "goodness field" that science is beginning to discover and traditional wisdom has long spoken of, by whatever name. – Michael N. Nagler President, Metta Center for Nonviolence Author, The Third Harmony: Nonviolence and the New Story of Human Nature - - - - Every so often an elder, whose life has embodied the way of faith, peace and justice, writes a “testament” (as Jim Douglass rightly calls this book), one that peers well past what the rest of us see. -
YUGOSLAV REFUGEES, DISPLACED PERSONS and the CIVIL WAR Mirjana Morokvasic Freie Universitm, Berlin and Centre Nationale De La Recherche Scientifique, Paris
YUGOSLAV REFUGEES, DISPLACED PERSONS AND THE CIVIL WAR Mirjana Morokvasic Freie UniversitM, Berlin and Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Background case among the socialist countries. The within the boundaries of former Slovenia and Croatia declared present tragedy can only be compared Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav case may also independence on 25 June 1991. That to that of the Second World War; from help de-dramatize the East I West was the date of the "collective an international perspective, the invasion scenarios which predict thanatos"' which led to the United Nations High Commission on disruptive mass movements caused by disintegration of Yugoslavia. As a Refugees (UNHCR) compares it in political and ethnic violence or result of German pressure, the scope, scale of atrocities and ecological catastrophe in the countries European Community, followed by a consequences for the population, to the aligned with the former Soviet empire. number of other states, recognized the Cambodian civil war. The Demographic Structure In three ways, analyzing the independence of the secessionist The 600,000 to 1 million displaced refugees' situation contributes to our republics on 15 January 1992 and persons referred to above come from understanding of issues beyond the buried the second Y~goslavia.~ Croatia, whose total population is 4.7 human tragedy of the people Although the Westernmedia have million (see Figure 1).Moreover, most themselves. First, it demystifies the now shifted their attention to the of these people come from a relatively genesis of the Yugoslav conflict, which former Soviet Union, where other small area the front line, which is now is often reduced to a matter "ethnic - similar and potentially even more under the control of the Yugoslav hatred." It shows that the separation of dangerous ethnic conflicts are brewing, Army and Serbian forces. -
Centralization in Nonviolent Civil Resistance Movements
United We Stand, Divided We Fall: Centralization in Nonviolent Civil Resistance Movements. By Evgeniia Iakhnis Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations and European Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Erin K. Jenne CEU eTD Collection Word Count: 14,555 Budapest, Hungary 2012 Abstract This thesis examines how the level of centralization affects the outcome of nonviolent civil resistance campaigns. The findings of the statistical analysis show that campaigns led by a coalition or an umbrella organization are more likely to succeed than movements with other organizational structures, while spontaneous movements have lower chances to achieve political transformation. A detailed analysis of two cases of nonviolent resistance, Romania from 1987-1989 and Bulgaria in 1989, explores the casual mechanisms that link different levels of centralization to the outcome of nonviolent campaigns. It reveals that the existence of a strong coalition at the head of a nonviolent campaign enables the movement to conduct effective negotiations, prevents disruption of nonviolent discipline, and presents a viable political alternative once the previous regime falls. In contrast, the spontaneous character of a movement undermines its ability to conduct effective negotiations, maintain nonviolent discipline, and create a viable alternative on the political arena. CEU eTD Collection i Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Erin Jenne for her support and invaluable advice. I also want to say a special thank you to Matthew Stenberg for his constructive criticism and patience while reading my thesis drafts. Without him, my experience at the CEU would have been different. -
Mary Elizabeth King on Civil Action for Social Change, the Transnational Women’S Movement, and the Arab Awakening
Theory Talks Presents THEORY TALK #55 MARY ELIZABETH KING ON CIVIL ACTION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE, THE TRANSNATIONAL WOMEN’S MOVEMENT, AND THE ARAB AWAKENING Theory Talks is an interactive forum for discussion of debates in International Relations with an emphasis of the underlying theoretical issues. By frequently inviting cutting-edge specialists in the field to elucidate their work and to explain current developments both in IR theory and real-world politics, Theory Talks aims to offer both scholars and students a comprehensive view of the field and its most important protagonists. Citation: Kovoets, N. (2013) ‘Theory Talk #55: Mary Elizabeth King on Civil Action for Social Change, the Transnational Women’s Movement, and the Arab Awakening’, Theory Talks, http://www.theory-talks.org/2013/06/theory-talk-55.html (05-06-2013) WWW.THEORY-TALKS.ORG MARY ELIZABETH KING ON CIVIL ACTION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE, THE TRANSNATIONAL WOMEN’S MOVEMENT, AND THE ARAB AWAKENING Nonviolent resistance remains by and large a marginal topic to IR. Yet it constitutes an influential idea among idealist social movements and non-Western populations alike, one that has moved to the center stage in recent events in the Middle East. In this Talk, Mary King—who has spent over 40 years promoting nonviolence—elaborates on, amongst others, the women’s movement, nonviolence, and civil action more broadly. What is, according to you, the central challenge or principal debate in International Relations? And what is your position regarding this challenge/in this debate? The field of International Relations is different from Peace and Conflict Studies; it has essentially to do with relationships between states and developed after World War I. -
Policing Protests
HARRY FRANK GUGGENHEIM FOUNDATION Policing Protests Lessons from the Occupy Movement, Ferguson & Beyond: A Guide for Police Edward R. Maguire & Megan Oakley January 2020 42 West 54th Street New York, NY 10019 T 646.428.0971 www.hfg.org F 646.428.0981 Contents Acknowledgments 7 Executive Summary 9 Background and purpose Protest policing in the United States Basic concepts and principles Lessons learned 1. Background and Purpose 15 The Occupy movement The political and social context for protest policing Description of our research The stakes of protest policing Overview of this volume 2. Protest Policing in the United States 25 A brief history of protest policing in the United States Newer approaches in the era of globalization and terrorism Policing the Occupy movement Policing public order events after the Occupy movement Conclusion 3. Basic Concepts and Principles 39 Constitutional issues Understanding compliance and defiance Crowd psychology Conclusion 4. Lessons Learned 57 Education Facilitation Communication Differentiation Conclusion Authors 83 Acknowledgments This guide and the research that preceded it benefited from the help and support of many people and agencies. We are grateful to the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) of the U.S. Department of Justice for funding this project, which allowed us the opportunity to explore how American police agencies responded to the Occupy movement as well as other social movements and public order events. We thank Robert E. Chapman, Deputy Director of the COPS Office, for his many forms of support and assistance along the way. We are also grateful to The Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation for its willingness to publish this guide. -
PDF Version of This Article
Review Article G 235 Review Article How Nonviolence is Misrepresented Brian Martin PETER GELDERLOOS IN his book How Nonviolence Protects the State claims that nonviolence is ineffective, racist, statist, patriarchal, tactically and strategically inferior, and deluded.1 His attack on nonviolence is fierce and unrelenting. To assess Gelderloos’ views, I first outline the case for nonviolence and the associated case against violence. This provides a foundation for examining Gelderloos’ arguments. I give special attention to his questionable assumption that violence always triumphs over nonvio- lence. In my judgment, Gelderloos’ arguments are based on pervasive double standards. In addition, he fails to spell out what levels and types of violence he considers acceptable, an omission that undermines his argument. Finally, I comment on connections between anarchism and violence/nonviolence. I am a longstanding supporter of nonviolent action, so it is pre- dictable that I am critical of Gelderloos’ arguments. But I also believe critical analysis is valuable. Nonviolent activists can become more effective by subjecting their beliefs to logical scrutiny and empirical testing. The Case for Nonviolent Action Through history classes, Hollywood movies and the daily news, most people come to believe two things about violence. One is that groups with a greater capacity for violence — armies, weapons, military industry and ruthlessness — can nearly always win over those with a lesser capacity. This is the assumption behind the question “What July–September 2008 236 G GANDHI MARG would you do to stop the Nazis?” asked rhetorically as a presumed refutation of nonviolence.2 Second, most people believe that violence is a tool, usually a neutral tool. -
C.V. of Dana M. Williams
[email protected] Dana M. Williams dmwilliams.yourweb.csuchico.edu Department of Sociology +1 (530) 898-5076 California State University, Chico Sociology, CSUC Butte Hall 645 Chico, CA 95929-0445 Employment History 2017-present Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, California State University, Chico 2014-2017 Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, California State University, Chico 2010-2014 Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Criminal Justice, Valdosta State University 2010 Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Akron 2007-2009 Associate Lecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Akron 2004-2007 Graduate Assistant, Department of Sociology, University of Akron 2003-2004 Research Assistant, Policy Matters Ohio, Cleveland, Ohio Education Ph.D. (2009) University of Akron, Sociology. Dissertation: “Cross-National Protest Potential for Labor and Environmental Movements: The Relevance of Opportunity”. M.A. (2002) University of Akron, Cultural Geography. Thesis: “Food Security and Access in Akron, Ohio”. B.A. (1999) University of North Dakota, Computer Science and Geography. Research and Teaching Areas Social Movements, Research Methods, Social Theory, Social Inequalities (class, gender, and race), Race and Ethnicity, Political Sociology, Globalization, Comparative Sociology, Complex Organizations. Teaching Experience CSU Chico: Social Research Methods, Statistical Analysis for the Social Sciences, Sociology of Work, Political Sociology, Public Sociology, Social Movements, Medical Sociology; Valdosta State University: Research Methods, Sociological Theory, Social Movements, Race and Ethnic Relations, Introduction to Sociology; Graduate-level: Statistical Applications in Sociology, Sociological Theory; University of Akron: Social Inequalities, Social Movements, Introduction to Sociology, Social Problems, Sociology of Anarchism Books In- Dana M. Williams. In Us We Trust: Radical Relationships of Solidarity and Anti-Authoritarianism. progress Publisher: undecided. -
Social Movement Organizational Collaboration: Networks of Learning and the Diffusion of Protest Tactics, 1960-1995*
Social Movement Organizational Collaboration: Networks of Learning and the Diffusion of Protest Tactics, 1960-1995* Dan J. Wang Department of Sociology Stanford University [email protected] and Sarah A. Soule Graduate School of Business Stanford University [email protected] December 15, 2011 Word Count: 13,073 * Direct written correspondence to the first author at the Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304. This research was supported by grants to the second author from the National Science Foundation (SBR # 9709337, SBR # 9874000). We thank Doug McAdam, John McCarthy, and Susan Olzak for their role in collecting the data used in this paper. We also thank the members of the Organizational Behavior group at the Stanford Graduate School of Business and the members of the Organizations and Networks Workshop and Social Movements and Political Sociology Workshop at Stanford University for comments on earlier iterations of this paper. Finally, we thank Steve Barley, Linus Dahlander, Amir Goldberg, Woody Powell, Craig Rawlings, Jesper Sørensen, Kurt Sandholtz, Sidney Tarrow, and the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions on earlier drafts of this manuscript. ABSTRACT This paper examines the diffusion of protest tactics between social movement organizations (SMOs). Drawing on organizational learning theory, we argue that knowledge about specific tactics diffuses between social movement organizations via their co-engagement in protest events. Using a longitudinal network dataset of organizations and their participation in protest events between 1960 and 1995, we adapt novel methodological techniques for dealing with selection and measurement bias in networks analysis, which comes in two forms—1) the mechanism that renders some organizations more likely to select into collaborations than others, and 2) the notion that tactical diffusion is not a result of collaboration, but rather is an artifact of homophily or some form of indirect learning. -
Civil Resistance in Ethiopia: an Overview of a Historical Development
Vol. 13(1), pp. 7-18, January-June 2021 DOI: 10.5897/AJHC2020.0471 Article Number: 216870165987 ISSN 2141-6672 Copyright ©2021 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article African Journal of History and Culture http://www.academicjournals.org/AJHC Review Civil resistance in Ethiopia: An overview of a historical development Amare Kenaw Aweke Department of Peace and Security Studies, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Dire Dawa University (DDU) Ethiopia. Received 8 May, 2020; Accepted 26 May, 2020 A history of anti-government opposition in Ethiopia is a very complex topic and a subject extremely difficult to investigate. It runs through the analysis of intractable social crisis of the entire feudal empire covering a wide range of historical processes across ages to the various people’s movements in contemporary Ethiopia. It also involved different styles and methods over the years ranging from violent to nonviolent, and from dialogues and negotiations to conventional politics. The major purpose of this article is to provide a brief historical overview of the genesis, development, nature and dynamics of civil resistance in light of experiences ranging from the second half of 20th century to the 2015 Oromo and Amhara protest. Key words: Civil resistance, Ethiopian students movement, Ethiopian May-2005 election dissent, everyday forms of resistance, rebellions. INTRODUCTION A meticulous review of a history of anti-government some public writers2. opposition in Ethiopia gives an expanded list of both The materials produced at this time are important in violent and nonviolent resistance. It is also a very providing vivid insights on the genesis, foundation, and complex topic and has to explore the very complex crises radicalization of the late 1960s and early 1970s people‟s of the feudal empire, the Military regime and the movements in Ethiopia. -
Latin America's Authoritarian Drift
July 2013, Volume 24, Number 3 $12.00 Latin America’s Authoritarian Drift Kurt Weyland Carlos de la Torre Miriam Kornblith Putin versus Civil Society Leon Aron Miriam Lanskoy & Elspeth Suthers Kenya’s 2013 Elections Joel D. Barkan James D. Long, Karuti Kanyinga, Karen E. Ferree, and Clark Gibson The Durability of Revolutionary Regimes Steven Levitsky & Lucan Way Kishore Mahbubani’s World Donald K. Emmerson The Legacy of Arab Autocracy Daniel Brumberg Frédéric Volpi Frederic Wehrey Sean L. Yom Putin versus Civil Society The Long STruggLe for freedom Leon Aron Leon Aron is resident scholar and director of Russian studies at the American Enterprise Insitute, a Washington, D.C.–based think tank. His most recent book is Roads to the Temple: Memory, Truth, Ideals and Ideas in the Making of the Russian Revolution, 1987–1991 (2012). Civil unrest, no matter where it takes place, is always difficult to as- sess. For experts and policy makers, the dilemma is depicted by meta- phors as well-worn as they are accurate: Flash in the pan or tip of the iceberg? Do demonstrations and rallies manifest intense but fleeting anger and frustration? Or do they represent enduring sentiments that eventually may force major reforms or even a change in regime? Evaluating the prospects for Russia’s “new” protesters, who began to mobilize en masse after fraudulent State Duma elections in Decem- ber 2011, and the civil society from which they sprang is no exception. Perhaps history can help us to understand contemporary developments. Of course, no historical parallel is perfect, but though history is hardly an infallible guide, it is the only one we have and may have something to teach us here. -
Via Issuelab
ROCKEFELLER ARCHIVE CENTER RESEARCH REPO RTS “Peaceful Revolutionary Heroes”: Non-Violence, Revolution, and Opposition in Cold War Peripheries by Emily R. Gioielli © 2019 by Emily R. Gioielli Abstract The ascendance of a norm of non-violent protest or “civil resistance” against a government or occupying force may, at first, seem self-evident. As modern states have come to attain overwhelming military and policing powers over their populations, the idea of using violent means to oppose a regime seems ineffective, at best, and dangerous, at worst. Yet, the near total embrace of and insistence on non-violence should not be considered a foregone conclusion. They must be examined historically so as to understand how people across time and space have supported what was fundamentally a radical ideology of resistance to inequality, colonialism, and political repression. This project centers on the question of how non-violence became a norm for resistance and struggle. It focuses on the potential entanglement of two processes of transformation: the Black American freedom struggle and the regime changes in East Central Europe in 1989, that are inexorably linked to non-violence or peaceful transition. It considers how the “other” transatlantic relationship, between Black Americans and eastern Europeans during the Cold War, shaped opposition politics in East Central Europe. This project places a special emphasis on the intellectual roots, social organization, and tactical methods of non-violent political opposition and peace movements in Hungary from approximately 1947 to 1990. It will also pay special attention to how the socialist ideal of revolutionary action changed over time, as the needs of socialists states changed.