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Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge Ordinary Level

HISTORY (MAURITIUS AND MODERN WORLD AFFAIRS) 2162/01 Paper 1 Mauritius and Modern World Affairs October/November 2018 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 80

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2018 series for most Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

This document consists of 10 printed pages.

2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018

Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018

Section A: International Relations and Development

Question Answer Marks

1 Describe the main territorial terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Explain 20 why Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George had differing views on how Germany should be treated in the peace settlement.

Territorial terms (10 marks).

Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium North Schleswig to Denmark Polish Corridor; Upper Silesia and Posen to Poland Memel to Lithuania Saar to League Alsace-Lorraine to France Togoland, Cameroons, German West Africa and German South-West Africa lost by Germany.

Differing views (10 marks).

Largely a result of different experiences. USA late entry wanting to avoid future war. Clemenceau looking for revenge and future security. Lloyd-George keen to maintain trade with Germany, but had made promises to electorate.

Question Answer Marks

2 Describe how the League of Nations was organised. Explain why the 20 League failed to prevent the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935.

Organisation (10 marks).

Assembly, Council, Secretariat, the ILO, Commissions allow membership, voting and lack of army

Abyssinia (10 marks).

Britain and France dominating League and wanted to maintain friendship of Mussolini versus Hitler. Hoare-Laval Pact, lack of care for Abyssinia, ineffective sanctions, keep Suez Canal open.

2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018

Question Answer Marks

3 Describe the main events of the German invasion of the Soviet Union 20 (Operation Barbarossa) in 1941. Explain why Germany lost the Second World War.

Invasion (10 marks). June 1941, invasion delayed to help Mussolini in Greece, three-pronged attack, rapid advance to Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev, winter arrives and advance stops. Russian counter offensive. Battle of Stalingrad. German surrender Feb 1943. Retreat.

Reasons for defeat: (10 marks).

Failure to win Battle of Britain, Allies better resourced (especially after entry of USA), consequences of Barbarossa. Allied air supremacy and bombing 1944/45.

Question Answer Marks

4 Describe the main events of the U2 spy-plane incident in 1960. Explain 20 why did Khrushchev ordered the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961.

U2 (10 marks)

1 May 1960, just before Paris summit, USA says weather plane, Soviets show Gary Powers, Eisenhower refuses to apologise, Paris summit ruined, Khrushchev walks out. Eisenhower later owns up, but says all part of necessary measure and intends to continue.

Why Wall built (10 marks).

Reward general Cold War rivalry and division of Germany/Berlin, plus immediate events such as US embarrassment at Bay of Pigs, failure to reach agreement about Berlin at summits, refugee crisis and need to protect Soviet image.

2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018

Section B: History of Mauritius

1 Ile de France 1715 to 1810

Question Answer Marks

5 Describe the main events in the Ile de France from the arrival d’Arsel in 20 1715 to the appointment of Labourdonnais as Governor in 1734. Explain why Labourdonnais has been called ‘the greatest of all governors of the islands’.

Main Events (10 marks

D’Arsel first arrival. But no development. Others follow from 1721, Conseil Superieur, role of Cossigny, etc.

Labourdonnais (10 marks)

Developed Port Louis, promoted French interests in Indian Ocean, introduced new crops, established order. Responsible for continuation of Ile de France as French dependency.

Question Answer Marks

6 Describe the problems faced by the French in governing the Ile de 20 France in the period up to 1756. Explain why the Seven Years’ War (1756 to 1763) was important in the history of Mauritius.

Problems (10 marks).

Quick succession of governors, quarrels, war of Austrian Succession, administrative issues, the issue of slavery.

7 Year’s War (10 marks).

Immediate problems such as expedition based on the island, Magon resigns, situation made worse by cyclone, showed Ile de France incapable of provisioning major fleet; major disaster for French East India Company (FEIC) and impact on islanders was increase in privateering. FEIC sells island to French Crown so royal administration from 1767.

2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018

Question Answer Marks

7 Describe the improvements made to Port Louis by Pierre Poivre. 20 Explain why slavery was important to the Ile de France in the period up to 1789.

Port Louis (10 marks).

Improved defences, accommodation, roads, improved moral standards

Slavery (10 marks).

Slaves arrive in large numbers from 1720 and by mid-18th century 90% of island population were slaves. Suggestion that treated better than slaves elsewhere, but laws and office of Syndic probably not effective. Significant law and order problem of runaways. Played an important role in rock clearance to allow cultivation, worked in sugar industry, mills, agriculture in general, domestic slaves and as ‘royal’ slaves. Also had cultural impact.

Question Answer Marks

8 Describe how the Ile de France prospered in the years 1803 to 1810. 20 Explain why the British were able to take control of the island in 1810.

Prosperity (10 marks).

Admin changes, reconstruction, improvements to harbour, law, education, especially trade and commerce

British take control

French naval inferiority, early British capture of Reunion, Decaen had offended locals, troops outnumbered. Decaen decides not to fight. offer of generous terms for surrender. Faced with overwhelming military force and offered these generous terms, Decaen surrendered and so saved many lives.

2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018

2 British Mauritius from 1810 to 1922

Question Answer Marks

9 Describe the reaction of the Mauritian planters to the appointment of 20 John Jeremie as procureur général in 1832. Explain why it proved difficult to abolish slavery in Mauritius.

Appointment of Jeremie (10 marks).

Opposed, tried to stop him landing, Colonial Committee organise a general strike, Jeremie then dismissed. Jeremie returns and carries out arrests, public outcry. Governor fails to support and Jeremie dismissed.

Abolition of slavery (10 marks).

Initial British desire to maintain status quo, importance to economy, plus recent influx of slaves under British, arguments over compensation, role of d’Epinay. In Mauritius the Abolition of Slavery Act came into force in February 1835 – over a year later than elsewhere in the British Empire.

Question Answer Marks

10 Describe how labour was provided to work in the sugar industry in the 20 period c.1820 to c.1865. Explain why these years saw a rapid development in the industry.

Provision of labour (10 marks).

The use of indentured labour had begun before the emancipation of the slaves. Workers entered into a contract that included their passage – usually from India – accommodation and payment. The system was seriously abused by the plantation owners and, in effect, the indentured labourers were almost slaves, as they were not permitted to leave and had to give much of their wages back to their employer in return for food and accommodation. But the system did provide the labour that they needed. By 1838 the number of indentured labourers was about 24 000, a number that doubled by 1846 and rose to over 200 000 by 1865.

Reasons for development (10 marks).

British allow export to Britain on same terms as West Indies – allow marks for describing expansion. Sugar production doubled from 11 000 tons in 1825 to 21 000 tons in 1826. By 1840 this had risen to 30 000 tons and to over 100 000 tons by the 1850s. Mauritius became the chief producer in the British Empire. This was helped by a growing demand for sugar in Europe. The increased production implied much larger acreage devoted to sugar, and other export crops such as coffee were abandoned.

2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018

Question Answer Marks

11 Describe the developments in Port Louis under British rule in the 20 period up to 1922. Explain why its fortunes fluctuated in these years.

Fortunes of Port Louis (10 marks).

The population of Port Louis grew from about 24 000 at the beginning of British rule to about 75 000 by the 1860s. This was largely through immigration. Indian traders came to Mauritius and settled in Port Louis, along with Muslim traders. It meant that Port Louis became a multi-ethnic and cosmopolitan place. The population declined at times because of epidemics – e.g. cholera and malaria (which killed over 18 000 people in 1868). The construction of railways also allowed the wealthy to build houses in the countryside, away from Port Louis.

Why fortunes fluctuated (10 marks).

Almost exclusively linked to trade, also Suez Canal, entrenched attitudes stopped reform. Initial decline because of competition with Cape Town, natural disasters, cyclones, smallpox, cholera, malaria. Indian immigration sees rise in population, but later decline. Good trade as sugar trade grows, but decline after 1860s. The change from sail to steam power led to a further reduction in general trade, as ships did not need to call in at ports as frequently.

Question Answer Marks

12 Describe the terms of the 1885 Constitution. Explain why Manilal 20 Maganlal Doctor is considered an important figure in the history of Mauritius.

Constitution (10 marks).

Allow background on work of planter community to extend influence and support of Governor Hennessy, oligarchs versus democrats. The number of members of the Council of Government was increased from 14 to 27. There were to be eight official members; nine nominated members and ten elected members, one from each rural district and two from Port Louis. The franchise was restricted. Only those with considerable wealth were allowed to vote. Ironically William Newton, who stood for election, failed to be elected. The Indian community had no votes and no representation. The Governor was so upset that the Indian community of over 200 000 had no representation that he included an Indian in the nine nominated members for whom he was responsible.

Manilal Maganlal Doctor (10 marks).

Shocked by lack of rights for Indians, used partnership with Action Liberale Party to awake consciousness and oppose capitalism, suggested closer links with India

2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018

3 Towards a modern Mauritius: 1922 to 2000

Question Answer Marks

13 Describe the labour disturbances in 1937 and 1938. Explain why there 20 was a growth in political awareness in Mauritius in the first half of the twentieth century.

Labour disturbances (10 marks).

During the period of the world-wide depression wages in Mauritius had fallen behind those anywhere else in the British Empire and were barely adequate to keep a person alive. In mid-1937 there were some small demonstrations on the sugar estates, but they were non-violent. The first death came in a demonstration at the Union Flacq Estate when six workers were killed – they became martyrs. By autumn the wave of demonstrations had declined, especially after Governor Evans declared a state of emergency after a dock strike started. Governor Evans then established Hooper Commission.

Political Awareness (10 marks).

Growth in political parties, emergence of Labour Party, trade unionism, role of individuals e.g. Curé.

Question Answer Marks

14 Describe the main terms of the Mackenzie-Kennedy Constitution of 20 1947. Explain why this Constitution is an important landmark in the history of Mauritius.

Mackenzie-Kennedy Constitution. (10 marks).

Proposals for reform in 1946 now not acceptable, so more radical proposals needed. Commission suggests widespread increase in franchise. Accepted by British. Huge increase in number of voters for 1948 election. Changes to Legislative Council, new electoral districts etc.

Importance (10 marks).

Election of 1948. Local representation and more radical policies, ‘only the beginning’, Ramgoolan et al campaign for wider rights, increased support for Labour Party in 1953.

2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018

Question Answer Marks

15 Describe the aims and ambitions of the Mouvement Militant Mauricien 20 (MMM). Explain why the party was successful in the period 1968–1982.

Mouvement Militant Mauricien 10 marks

Filled vacuum left when Labour and PMSD go into coalition. Party of extreme left demanding radical change and increased rights. Wanted to win support of youth and bring change through control of trade unions.

Reasons for success (10 marks).

Success due to organisation and structure, weakness of PMSD and Labour. Tapping discontent in young voters and benefitted from lowering voting age. Detention of leaders increased support

Question Answer Marks

16 Describe the main agreements made in the 1975 Lomé Convention. 20 Explain why some attempts to diversify the economy of Mauritius in the second half of the twentieth century were more successful than others.

Lomé (10 marks)

Diversification – standard arguments on folly of dependence on one industry (By 1990 sugar not main earner). Importance of e.g. tourism, importance of EPZ.

Diversification (10 marks).

Diversification had been recommended by the Meade Report as early as 1961. This led to the establishment of ISI – Import Substitution Industries – and EIOs – Export Oriented Industries. In 1970 the EPZ was established – Export Processing Zone – which created initially hundreds, and then thousands, of jobs. Between 1971 and 1977 the number of factories in the EPZ rose from 9 to 89 and employment from 644 to 18 200. (By 1990 sugar not main earner). Importance of other industries e.g. tourism.