Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge Ordinary Level HISTORY (MAURITIUS AND MODERN WORLD AFFAIRS) 2162/01 Paper 1 Mauritius and Modern World Affairs October/November 2018 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 80 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2018 series for most Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components. This document consists of 10 printed pages. © UCLES 2018 [Turn over 2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind. © UCLES 2018 Page 2 of 10 2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018 Section A: International Relations and Development Question Answer Marks 1 Describe the main territorial terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Explain 20 why Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George had differing views on how Germany should be treated in the peace settlement. Territorial terms (10 marks). Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium North Schleswig to Denmark Polish Corridor; Upper Silesia and Posen to Poland Memel to Lithuania Saar to League Alsace-Lorraine to France Togoland, Cameroons, German West Africa and German South-West Africa lost by Germany. Differing views (10 marks). Largely a result of different experiences. USA late entry wanting to avoid future war. Clemenceau looking for revenge and future security. Lloyd-George keen to maintain trade with Germany, but had made promises to electorate. Question Answer Marks 2 Describe how the League of Nations was organised. Explain why the 20 League failed to prevent the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935. Organisation (10 marks). Assembly, Council, Secretariat, the ILO, Commissions allow membership, voting and lack of army Abyssinia (10 marks). Britain and France dominating League and wanted to maintain friendship of Mussolini versus Hitler. Hoare-Laval Pact, lack of care for Abyssinia, ineffective sanctions, keep Suez Canal open. © UCLES 2018 Page 3 of 10 2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018 Question Answer Marks 3 Describe the main events of the German invasion of the Soviet Union 20 (Operation Barbarossa) in 1941. Explain why Germany lost the Second World War. Invasion (10 marks). June 1941, invasion delayed to help Mussolini in Greece, three-pronged attack, rapid advance to Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev, winter arrives and advance stops. Russian counter offensive. Battle of Stalingrad. German surrender Feb 1943. Retreat. Reasons for defeat: (10 marks). Failure to win Battle of Britain, Allies better resourced (especially after entry of USA), consequences of Barbarossa. Allied air supremacy and bombing 1944/45. Question Answer Marks 4 Describe the main events of the U2 spy-plane incident in 1960. Explain 20 why did Khrushchev ordered the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961. U2 (10 marks) 1 May 1960, just before Paris summit, USA says weather plane, Soviets show Gary Powers, Eisenhower refuses to apologise, Paris summit ruined, Khrushchev walks out. Eisenhower later owns up, but says all part of necessary measure and intends to continue. Why Wall built (10 marks). Reward general Cold War rivalry and division of Germany/Berlin, plus immediate events such as US embarrassment at Bay of Pigs, failure to reach agreement about Berlin at summits, refugee crisis and need to protect Soviet image. © UCLES 2018 Page 4 of 10 2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018 Section B: History of Mauritius 1 Ile de France 1715 to 1810 Question Answer Marks 5 Describe the main events in the Ile de France from the arrival d’Arsel in 20 1715 to the appointment of Labourdonnais as Governor in 1734. Explain why Labourdonnais has been called ‘the greatest of all governors of the islands’. Main Events (10 marks D’Arsel first arrival. But no development. Others follow from 1721, Conseil Superieur, role of Cossigny, etc. Labourdonnais (10 marks) Developed Port Louis, promoted French interests in Indian Ocean, introduced new crops, established order. Responsible for continuation of Ile de France as French dependency. Question Answer Marks 6 Describe the problems faced by the French in governing the Ile de 20 France in the period up to 1756. Explain why the Seven Years’ War (1756 to 1763) was important in the history of Mauritius. Problems (10 marks). Quick succession of governors, quarrels, war of Austrian Succession, administrative issues, the issue of slavery. 7 Year’s War (10 marks). Immediate problems such as expedition based on the island, Magon resigns, situation made worse by cyclone, showed Ile de France incapable of provisioning major fleet; major disaster for French East India Company (FEIC) and impact on islanders was increase in privateering. FEIC sells island to French Crown so royal administration from 1767. © UCLES 2018 Page 5 of 10 2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018 Question Answer Marks 7 Describe the improvements made to Port Louis by Pierre Poivre. 20 Explain why slavery was important to the Ile de France in the period up to 1789. Port Louis (10 marks). Improved defences, accommodation, roads, improved moral standards Slavery (10 marks). Slaves arrive in large numbers from 1720 and by mid-18th century 90% of island population were slaves. Suggestion that treated better than slaves elsewhere, but laws and office of Syndic probably not effective. Significant law and order problem of runaways. Played an important role in rock clearance to allow cultivation, worked in sugar industry, mills, agriculture in general, domestic slaves and as ‘royal’ slaves. Also had cultural impact. Question Answer Marks 8 Describe how the Ile de France prospered in the years 1803 to 1810. 20 Explain why the British were able to take control of the island in 1810. Prosperity (10 marks). Admin changes, reconstruction, improvements to harbour, law, education, especially trade and commerce British take control French naval inferiority, early British capture of Reunion, Decaen had offended locals, troops outnumbered. Decaen decides not to fight. offer of generous terms for surrender. Faced with overwhelming military force and offered these generous terms, Decaen surrendered and so saved many lives. © UCLES 2018 Page 6 of 10 2162/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November PUBLISHED 2018 2 British Mauritius from 1810 to 1922 Question Answer Marks 9 Describe the reaction of the Mauritian planters to the appointment of 20 John Jeremie as procureur général in 1832. Explain why it proved difficult to abolish slavery in Mauritius. Appointment of Jeremie (10 marks). Opposed, tried to stop him landing, Colonial Committee organise a general strike, Jeremie then dismissed. Jeremie returns and carries out arrests, public outcry. Governor fails to support and Jeremie dismissed. Abolition of slavery (10 marks). Initial British desire to maintain status quo, importance to economy, plus recent influx of slaves under British, arguments over compensation, role of d’Epinay. In Mauritius the Abolition of Slavery Act came into force in February 1835 – over a year later than elsewhere in the British Empire. Question Answer Marks 10 Describe how labour was provided to work in the sugar industry in the 20 period c.1820 to c.1865. Explain why these years saw a rapid development in the industry. Provision of labour (10 marks). The use of indentured labour had begun before the emancipation of the slaves. Workers entered into a contract that included their passage – usually from India – accommodation and payment.