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Educ@Upn.Mx, Revista Universitaria: Es Una Revista Indizada En El Sistema Regional De Información En Línea Para Revistas Cien EL CAPITÁN ALATRISTE Y LA RENDICIÓN DE BREDA ISSN 2007-2686 [email protected] ISSN 2007-2686 [email protected] Universidad Pedagógica Nacional México Para citar: López Camacho, Oscar Jesús, (31 de agosto de 2011). “El Capitán Alatriste y la Rendición de Breda”. [Versión electrónica]. [email protected], Revista Universitaria, Hecho en casa, núm. 07, recuperado el 11 de diciembre de 2015. http://educa.upnvirtual.edu.mx/educapdf/rev7/lopez-007.pdf [email protected], Revista Universitaria: es una revista indizada en el Sistema Regional de Información en Línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal: Latindex. 1 [email protected] Revista Universitaria EL CAPITÁN ALATRISTE Y LA RENDICIÓN DE BREDA ISSN 2007-2686 El Capitán Alatriste y la Rendición de Breda Oscar Jesús López Camacho Profesor de la UPN, responsable del Cuerpo Académico Lengua, literatura y comunicación del Área 5: Teoría pedagógica y formación de profesionales de la educación. Imparte cursos en la licenciatura en Pedagogía. Para comunicarse con el autor escriba a [email protected]. También ha publicado en esta revista: La producción de un texto descriptivo-expositivo (Hecho en casa/Núm. 03, abril, 2010); Para "monseñor" Monsiváis (Cultura/Núm. 04, agosto, 2010). Resumen En este artículo el autor propone una actividad de la lectura de la primera novela de El capitán Alatriste de Arturo Pérez-Reverte y del acercamiento a la pintura La rendición de Breda del artista Diego Velázquez. Abstract In this article the author proposes a reading activity of the first novel of Captain Alatriste by Arturo Pérez-Reverte and an approach to the painting The surrender of Breda by the artist Diego Velázquez. Palabras clave actividad, lectura, capitán alatriste, rendición de breda, pintura. Keywords activity, reading, captain alatriste, surrender of breda, painting. 2 [email protected] Revista Universitaria EL CAPITÁN ALATRISTE Y LA RENDICIÓN DE BREDA ISSN 2007-2686 Lectura de la novela y observación de una pintura Presentación a derrota de los holandeses ante las tropas españolas de Felipe IV el 5 de junio 1625 es un hecho histórico que Diego Velázquez representó en uno de sus cuadros más L famosos: La rendición de Breda, pintado entre 1634 y 1635. En esta obra, el general Justino Nassau entrega al general Ambrosio Spínola la llave de la ciudad de Breda en señal de capitulación; ambos generales se encuentran al frente de sus correspondientes ejércitos. Este hecho no se narra en El capitán Alatriste, sino que forma parte de las acciones centrales que se relatan en El sol de Breda, tercera novela de las seis que conforman las aventuras del capitán. La estrategia propuesta en este espacio parte de la lectura previa de la primera novela, El capitán Alatriste, donde se caracteriza por primera vez a Diego Alatriste y Tenorio. Considera, además, el acercamiento como espectador a la obra La rendición de Breda del pintor Diego Velázquez. Asimismo, retoma las últimas páginas de la novela El sol de Breda de Arturo Pérez-Reverte, en las que se aborda la presencia del capitán en dicho cuadro y cuya lectura no es requerida. 3 [email protected] Revista Universitaria EL CAPITÁN ALATRISTE Y LA RENDICIÓN DE BREDA ISSN 2007-2686 Propósitos • Complementar la lectura de la novela El capitán Alatriste con la apreciación de una obra de arte pictórica. • Precisar diversos aspectos que conforman la obra de arte pictórica de Diego Velázquez: La rendición de Breda. • Decidir entre distintas opciones en torno a algunos componentes de la obra de arte pictórica. Actividades 1) Lee la novela El capitán Alatriste de Arturo (abajo) y Carlota Pérez-Reverte (hija del escritor y autora de la investigación sobre el Madrid de la época). 2) Señala en la obra fragmentos acordes con la descripción física del capitán Alatriste. Descripción física del Capitán Alatriste "Recuerdo perfectamente su parpadeo ante la claridad cegadora de la calle, con aquel espeso bigote que le ocultaba el labio superior, su delgada silueta envuelta 4 [email protected] Revista Universitaria EL CAPITÁN ALATRISTE Y LA RENDICIÓN DE BREDA ISSN 2007-2686 en la capa, y el sobrero de ala ancha bajo cuya sombra entornaba los ojos claros". 3) Observa el cuadro La rendición de Breda de Diego Velázquez. 4) Elige al menos seis aspectos que consideres relevantes del cuadro, los cuales serán indicados a manera de “lluvia de ideas”. Seis aspectos relevantes de La rendición de Breda • El caballo a la derecha de la pintura, del lado del ejército español. (Ejemplo). 1. -- 2. -- 3. -- 5 [email protected] Revista Universitaria EL CAPITÁN ALATRISTE Y LA RENDICIÓN DE BREDA ISSN 2007-2686 4. -- 5. -- 6. -- 5) Clasifica los aspectos retomados de la “lluvia de ideas” acerca del cuadro de Velázquez en pequeños bloques. Por ejemplo: La rendición de Breda Personajes: Objetos de guerra: Paisaje: 6) Agrupa por orden de importancia dichos aspectos según el posible desarrollo de los párrafos de la redacción. Por ejemplo: La rendición de Breda A) Paisaje: B) Objetos de guerra 6 [email protected] Revista Universitaria EL CAPITÁN ALATRISTE Y LA RENDICIÓN DE BREDA ISSN 2007-2686 C) Personales 7) Redacta un breve texto predominantemente descriptivo sobre el cuadro de Velázquez. La rendición de Breda Primer párrafo en torno a aspectos relacionados con el paisaje en de la pintura: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________. Segundo párrafo relacionado con objetos de guerra: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________. Tercer párrafo vinculado con los personajes que aparecen en la obra: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________. 7 [email protected] Revista Universitaria EL CAPITÁN ALATRISTE Y LA RENDICIÓN DE BREDA ISSN 2007-2686 8) Describe brevemente, pero con mayor detalle, a los soldados españoles, quienes se ubican al lado derecho del cuadro en relación con el espectador. Descripción de La rendición de Breda Ejemplo: • El militar a espaldas del general Spínola, de frente amplia, cara inclinada, barbas rubias y gorguera blanca. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ 9) Selecciona la posible representación adecuada a la figura del capitán Alatriste a partir de su descripción física en la novela y de las características de los personajes descritos que aparecen en el cuadro de Velázquez. La rendición de Breda ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ 8 [email protected] Revista Universitaria EL CAPITÁN ALATRISTE Y LA RENDICIÓN DE BREDA ISSN 2007-2686 ________________________________________ 10) Justifica tu elección. La rendición de Breda ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Explicación Gran parte del interés que suscita esta estrategia radica en la exigencia de una observación atenta del conjunto de imágenes plasmadas en el cuadro de Diego Velázquez, donde se ha llegado a sostener la presencia del capitán Alatriste. En la primera novela de las aventuras del capitán, Íñigo Balboa, el narrador, al hablar de la muerte de su padre en una batalla anterior a la de Breda, indica que “por eso Diego Velázquez no llegó a sacarlo más tarde en el cuadro de la toma de Breda como a su amigo y tocayo Alatriste, que sí está allí, tras el caballo”. En las páginas finales de El sol de Breda, dedicadas a la realización del cuadro, el mismo narrador expresa que el pintor “dio un paso atrás sin dejar de mirar el lienzo; observaba el lugar situado entre dos cabezas, bajo el caño horizontal del arcabuz que el soldado sin barba ni bigote sostiene al hombro: allí donde se insinúa, medio oculto tras los oficiales, el perfil aguileño del capitán Alatriste”. Aunque ambos fragmentos subrayan la aparición de Diego Alatriste, en realidad el protagonista de la novela no se encuentra representado manifiestamente en el cuadro; pues, 9 [email protected] Revista Universitaria EL CAPITÁN ALATRISTE Y LA RENDICIÓN DE BREDA ISSN 2007-2686 si bien es posible que estuviera en una versión preliminar, el pintor lo suprimió en la definitiva por razones aún no aclaradas. Pérez-Reverte explica esta exclusión a partir de la consulta a una obra fundamental acerca del cuadro, la escrita a mediados de los años sesenta del siglo pasado por José Camón Aznar: Velázquez. En ella se señala que eran frecuentes los arrepentimientos del pintor, quien después de esbozar algunas figuras sobre el lienzo, solía eliminarlas en las versiones definitivas. Mediante el empleo de radiografías, Camón Aznar llegó a advertir estas omisiones en La rendición de Breda, entre las que señaló una vinculada cercanamente con el capitán: “Tras esa cabeza se adivina otra de perfil aguileño”. Para finalizar, si bien el capitán Alatriste no aparece explícitamente en el cuadro, de hecho se puede afirmar que es muy posible que se encuentre en él, pero en una capa debajo de la superficie, por lo
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