Sustainable Energy Access in Eastern Indonesia—Power Generation Sector Project (RRP INO 49203)
Environmental Impact Assessment
Project Number: 49203-002 March 2018
INO: Sustainable Energy Access in Eastern Indonesia─Power Generation Sector Project
Kaltim Peaker 2 Core Subproject
Prepared by Fichtner for the Asian Development Bank.
This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Final Version March 2018
CONSULTING SERVICES FOR "TA-9082 INO: Preparing the Eastern Indonesia Sustainable Energy Access Sector Project“ KALTIM PEAKER 2 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (Final Report)
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Sarweystrasse 3 ● 70191 Stuttgart P.O. 10 14 54 ● 70013 Stuttgart Germany Phone: +49 711 8995-0 Fax: +49 711 8995-459 www.fichtner.de Please contact: Dr. Werner Miller Extension: 418 E-mail: [email protected]
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Rev Checked/releas Rev-date Contents /amendments Prepared/revised No. ed 0 27.04.2017 ESIA - Draft Zajac / Ningtyas Miller 1 28.06.2017 ESIA - Draft revised Sousa Miller 2 14.08.2017 ESIA - Draft final Zajac Sousa 3 06.10.2017 ESIA - Final Zajac Miller
7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 Disclaimer The content of this document is intended for the exclusive use of Fichtner’s client and other contractually agreed recipients. It may only be made available in whole or in part to third parties with the client’s consent and on a non-reliance basis. Fichtner is not liable to third parties for the completeness and accuracy of the information provided therein.
7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 Table of Contents
I. Executive Summary I-1 A. The project I-1 B. Legal requirements I-3 C. Project categorization I-4 D. Environmental and social baseline conditions I-4 E. Impact assessment I-6 F. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan I-10 G. Public participation I-11 H. Overall Findings and Recommendations I-11
II. Introduction II-14 A. Project Background and Objective II-14 B. Project need II-14 C. Scope of the Study II-14 D. Data sources II-15 E. Project categorization II-15 F. Project area of influence II-16
III. Institutional and Legislative Framework III-1 A. National Legal and Institutional Framework III-1 1. National Legal and Institutional Framwework III-4 2. Indonesian Law III-6 3. Indonesian Government Regulations III-6 4. Indonesian Minister Decrees III-7 B. International Guidelines and Standards III-13 1. International Agreements III-13 2. ADB Safeguards Error! Bookmark not defined. C. Gaps between national requirements and international standards III-14
IV. Description of the Project IV-16 A. Project setting IV-16 1. Project location IV-16 2. The project site IV-17 3. Access to the project site IV-18 B. Technical Description IV-20 1. Existing Tanjung Batu and Kaltim 1 Power Station Complex IV-20 2. Planned Technical Infrastructure for Kaltim Peaker 2 IV-22 C. Project Associated facilities IV-24 D. Project variants IV-29 E. No-Project option IV-30
V. Description of the Environment V-31 A. Physical environment V-31 B. Natural environment V-42
7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 I C. Human environment V-51 1. Kutai Kartanegara District V-51
Cultural heritage V-53 2. Project site V-53
VI. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures VI-1 A. Methodology VI-1 1. Scoping VI-1 2. Assessment criteria VI-2 3. Cumulative impacts VI-3 B. Design Phase and Pre-Construction Impacts VI-4 C. Construction Phase Impacts VI-5 1. Physical Environment VI-5 2. Natural Environment VI-9 3. Human Environment VI-12 D. Operation Phase Impacts VI-15 1. Physical Environment VI-15
Mitigation and Monitoring Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Natural Environment VI-33 3. Human Environment VI-35
Mitigation and Monitoring VI-36 E. Cumulative impacts VI-37
VII. Public participation VII-38
VIII. Grievance Redress Mechanism VIII-39
IX. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan IX-41 A. Institutional Framework and Procedural Arrangements for Environmental Compliance IX-42 B. Self-monitoring and external auditing IX-42
X. Costs of EMP Implementation X-1
XI. Overall Findings and Recommendations XI-2 A. Kaltim Peaker 2 Error! Bookmark not defined. B. Mitigation Error! Bookmark not defined. C. Cumulative Impacts Error! Bookmark not defined.
XII. References XII-5
Annexes XII-7 A. Maps of the project site and the investigation area XII-7 B. Public Participation and Meetings XII-7 C. Air Emission Expert Study XII-7
7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 II D. Noise Emission Expert Study XII-7 E. Land Certificate XII-7 F. Hazardous Waste Permits XII-7 G. Noise control for power plants, Short overview of basic principles and examples XII-7 H. Biodiversity Study XII-7
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List of Tables
Table 1: Summary of the main project facilities ...... IV-29 Table 2: Various Types of Geological Formations (Source: Agriculture and Horticulture Agency Kutai Kartanegara, 2010) ...... V-32 Table 3: Various Types of Soil (Source: Agriculture and Horticulture Agency Kutai Kartanegara, 2010) ...... V-32 Table 4: Summary of water quality measurements from the semi-annual monitoring Reports for the Tanjung Batu Power plant complex (average values)...... V-36 Table 5: Water quality data from the semi-annual monitoring Reports for the Tanjung Batu Power plant complex...... V-37 Table 6: Rainfall and Rainy Day by Month (Source: District of Tenggarong Seberang in Figures, 2016) ...... V-38 Table 7: Multiplying factor to convert 24 hour concentrations to 1 hr concentrations (adapted from EPA, 1992) ...... V-39 Table 8: Multiplying factors for point sources to convert 1 hour concentrations to other averaging periods (*OME, 2008, and **EPA, 1992) ...... V-40 Table 9: Air Quality measured and converted data in the project area (adapted from data directly received) ...... V-40 Table 10: Results of the semi-annual noise measurements in the years 2014, 2015, and 2016 ...... V-41 Table 11: Maximum calculated 10 minutes SO2 concentrations and comparison with the air quality standards ...... VI-21 Table 12: equations and parameters used to calculate the Project GHG emissions ...... VI-27 Table 13: worst case scenario when all three power plants are operational 24 hours a day and both Kaltim 1 and Kaltim 2 Peakers use HSD as a primary fuel...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 14: Calculated A-weighted downwind sound pressure level LA(DW) at the POIs for operation of the existing power plants Tanjung Batu and Kaltim 1 and level increase L caused by the additional contribution from Kaltim Peaker 2...... VI-32 Table 15: Suggestion of an External Auditing Plan for the Kaltim Peaker 2 ...... IX-43 Table 16: Outline of an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Kaltim Peaker 2 - Pre-Construction and Construction phase...... IX-44 Table 17: Outline of an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Kaltim Peaker 2 - Operation phase ...... IX-55
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Location of the planned project site Kaltim Peaker 2 (marked in yellow), bordering the existing Kaltim 1 Peaker site and the Tanjung Batu Power Station Complex area in the North...... IV-16 Figure 2: Location of the planned project site Kaltim Peaker 2 (marked in yellow), bordering the existing Kaltim 1 Peaker site and the Tanjung Batu Power Station Complex area in the North ...... IV-17 Figure 3: View from the top of the Diesel tank within the Kaltim Peaker 1 site to the neighbouring Kaltim Peaker 2 site. At the left side of the picture, at the other side of the fence, the abandoned office buildings can be seen and in the far background the school building...... IV-18 Figure 4: Access from/to Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, Balikpapan...... IV-19 Figure 5: Murinin road from/to Temindung Airport, Samarinda, to/from the Tanjung Batu complex...... IV-20 Figure 6: Tanjung Batu Power Plant (Gas Turbines, 60 MW) ...... IV-21 Figure 7: Kaltim Peaker 1 Power Plant (Gas Turbines, 100 MW) ...... IV-21 Figure 8: Layout plan of the planned project site Kaltim Peaker 2 ...... IV-23 Figure 9: Excavated bay and remains of the temporary jetty for the disembarkation of construction material for Kaltim Peaker 1...... IV-25 Figure 10: Existing gas receiving facilities ...... IV-26 Figure 11: Oil trap at the west side of the Tanjung Batu power plant ...... IV-27 Figure 12: Storage of hazardous waste at Tanjung Batu power plant complex ...... IV-28 Figure 13: Geological map of the Kutai Kartanegara Regency ...... V-33 Figure 14: Geological map of the Kutai Kartanegara Regency, Section Kaltim area ...... V-34 Figure 15: Seismic Hazard Map of Indonesia ...... V-34 Figure 16: Location of a coal fired power plant in a distance of ca. 2 km upstream the existing Kaltim power plant complex ...... V-37 Figure 17: Wind rose for the year 2016 as simulated with the model WRF (Source: Kaltim Peaker 2 Power Plant Air Dispersion Calculation, Draft Report, Fichtner, April 2017)...... V-39 Figure 18: A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for scenario 3 (Kaltim 2 in operation, Tanjung Batu and Kaltim 1 off)...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 19: A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for scenario 2 (Tanjung Batu, Kaltim 1 and Kaltim 2 in operation)...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 20: Proboscis habitat on PLN property (marked in red). Source: Presentation of Balitek KSDA (Ministry of Environment and Forestry) during a ADB mission to Tanjung Batu in August 2017 (Rencana Kegiatan Restorasi Habitat Bekantan di Areal PT. PLN (Persero), Balitek KSDA...... V-44 Figure 21: Proboscis (Nasalis larvatus) - Distribution of this endemic species in Kalimantan (Source: http://maps.iucnredlist.org/map.html?id=14352) ...... V-45
7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 V Figure 22: Power plant location and main habitats of Irrawaddy dolphin populations in the Mahakam River...... V-48 Figure 23: Protected Areas of Kalimantan (KEHATI, http://tfcakalimantan.org/) ...... V-50 Figure 24: Location of the sensitive receptors (source of the satellite image: Google Earth TM) (R = Receptor) ...... VI-18 Figure 25: Closer view of the location of the sensitive receptors R1 to R5 (R = Receptor) ...... VI-19 Figure 26: A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for scenario 3 (Kaltim Peaker 2 in operation, Tanjung Batu and Kaltim 1 off). ... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 27: A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for scenario 2 (Tanjung Batu, Kaltim 1 and Kaltim Peaker 2 in operation)...... VI-32
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Abbreviations
ADB Asian Development Bank ADC Air Dispersion Calculation AIMS ASEAN Interconnected Master Plan AMDAL Indonesian broad equivalent to an Environmental Impact Assessment APG ASEAN Power grid AQS Air Quality Standard DLH Dinas Lingkungan Hidup (Environmental Agency) CFPP Coal Fired Power Plant EA Executing Agency (PLN) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment (for Category A projects) EMP Environmental Management Plan GWh Giga Watt hours GFPP Gas Fired Power Plant GHG Green House Gas GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HSD High Speed Diesel IEE Initial Environmental Examination (for Category B projects) IPP Indigenous Peoples Plan IPPF Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework ISO International Organization for Standardization LNG Liquefied Natural Gas NG Natural Gas O&M Operation and maintenance PAI Potential Acid Input PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Indonesian State Electricity Company) POI Point of Interest (receptor in the noise emission study) PPE Personal Protective Equipment PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (the “PPTA Consultant” has been appointed by ADB to carry out the PPTA assignment) RKL - RPL EMP - Environmental Monitoring Plan in Indonesia RF Resettlement Framework PV Photovoltaic REA Rapid Environmental Assessment ROW Right of Way RP Resettlement Plan SMP Social Management Plan SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SS Substation OHL Overhead transmission line TOR Terms of References UKL – UPL Environmental Management and Environmental Monitoring Effort in Indonesia VICO Victoria Indonesia Company (LNG distribution, East Kalimantan)
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Definitions
EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment: Assessment of the substantial impacts of a business and / or activities on the environment. EIA documents in Indonesia consist of: Terms of Reference (KA), AMDAL and RKL – RPL
KA-ANDAL = Terms of Reference for the AMDAL
AMDAL = Environmental Impact Assessment Document in Indonesia for significant impacts of a business and / or activity on the environment.
RKL-RPL = Environmental Management Plan - Environmental Monitoring Plan: is a document containing a series of management and monitoring measures to be applied by the Proponent. This document applies for activities whose licensing requires a mandatory EIA
UKL-UPL = Environmental Management and Environmental Monitoring Effort: is a document that contains the management and monitoring measures to be applied by the Proponent. This document applies for activities where licensing does not require a mandatory EIA.
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I. Executive Summary
A. The project
Project Background and General Objective 1. Electric energy is a central factor to support the regional development especially to support and develop economic activities. Along with the growth of regional development and construction sectors, the demand for energy, particularly electric energy will continue to rise. In future, the growth of economic activity will continuously increase the demand for particularly electric energy. 2. The planned Kaltim Peaker 2 Gas Fired Power Plant is part of ADB’s Eastern Indonesia Sustainable Energy Access Sector Project TA-9082 INO. 3. The Kaltim Peaker 2 will be a single cycle gas turbine facility capable of running on liquefied natural gas (LNG) as primary fuel or high speed diesel (HSD) as secondary/backup fuel with a power output capacity of 100 MW ±10% and shall serve peak load demands (peaking). 4. The project objectives are: (i) Increasing electricity supply in the region of East Kalimantan, especially in the Kutai regency; (ii) Implement Accelerated Development of Power Generation ; (iii) Increasing the availability and reliability of electricity supply from gas- fired power plant in East Kalimantan province; (iv) Providing sufficient energy to fulfill the load demand especially during peak hours; 5. The Kaltim Peaker 2 will improve the reliability and capacity of the existing electrical system in East Kalimantan as well as meet the increasing demand for electric energy during peak hours (06:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m.).
Objectives and Scope of the EIA 6. Fichtner has been contracted by ADB to provide technical assistance (PPTA) for the preparation of all documents for the sector project framework and core subprojects to be considered by ADB’s Board. Kaltim Peaker 2 has been defined as one of the core projects within the sector project framework. 7. According to the TOR the following Environmental safeguard documents have to be provided in line with ADB’s SPS 2009: (i) environmental assessment and review framework for the overall sector project; (ii) environmental impact assessment or initial environmental examination of each core subproject; (iii) environmental management plan (EMP), environmental monitoring plan and cost estimates for the implementation of the EMP for each core subproject
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8. This EIA Study covers the positions (ii) and (iii) for the core project Kaltim Peaker 2. 9. The main objective of the EIA study is to identify significant environmental impacts and risks resulting from the planned project and to propose measures in order to avoid or at least to reduce environmental impacts and risks to acceptable levels.
Project location and access to the site 10. The project site is located on Kalimantan Island near Tanjung Batu Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kertanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The plant site is directly bordering the existing Tanjung Batu Power Station Complex area (Kaltim 1) in the North. The land associated with the future plant is owned by PLN and it is uninhabited and unfarmed. 11. The gas supply will take place through a new gas pipeline, which will be constructed for the supply of the already operating power station complex, made up of Kaltim Peaker 1 and Tanjung Batu Power Plant. Access to the new site Kaltim Peaker 2 is possible on the already existing access road to Kaltim 1. Backup Diesel haulage and storage as well as water supply and wastewater disposal will use already existing facilities of Kaltim 1. Power evacuation will be done via already existing power lines. Beside the temporary Jetty and the extension of an existing access road by ca. 100 m there are no associated facilities outside the project plant site which have to be considered in the impact assessment. However, cumulative effects from the parallel operation of the already existing power plant complex and Kaltim Peaker 2 have to be assessed. According to ADB’s Operations Manual Section F1/Bank Policies (October 2013) a Due Diligence Report has been conducted for the Tanjung Batu Power Station Complex.
Technical Project description 12. The planned project is directly bordering an already existing power plant complex in the north. These existing facilities have to be considered in the EIA due to the cumulative effects in combination with the planned project.
Existing Power Plant Complex 13. The existing Power Plants Complex where Kaltim Peaker 2 will be built presently includes: (i) Tanjung Batu PP - Gas Turbine Combined Cycle, 60 MW (2 x 20 MW GT and 20 MW ST), dual fuel, operation since 1997. Since 2013 the power plant has been run on HSD (ii) Kaltim 1 - Gas Turbine Kaltim Peaker 1, 2 x 50 MW (unit 1 is operating since 17 March 2014, and unit 2 since 18 April 2014), dual fuel, to date, run on HSD.
Kaltim Peaker 2 Project configuration
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14. The Kaltim Peaker 2 PP will have dual fuel firing capability with the primary fuel being Natural Gas (NG). The back-up fuel will be High-Speed Diesel (HSD). 15. The Plant is planned to be operated in peaking mode supplying electric power to the local grid, primarily during times of high demand. This generally occurs typically daily over a 5 hours period between 05:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. 16. Based on the Feasibility Study and the technical part of the bid invitation documentation produced by PT.PLN, the current planning status involves the option to use different technical concepts, that is: heavy-duty gas turbines, aero derivative gas turbines. Each solution will involve its own plant configuration, electrical infrastructures and automation concepts. The EPC tender has been issued and offers have been received, but the award has not been decided upon yet, so that no final design is available at the time of writing. 17. In this EIA it was assumed that the Kaltim Peaker 2 Plant will adopt the same configuration and technology as the existing Kaltim 1 Peaker Plant, which has been running on HSD so far.
Difficulties encountered 1. The elaboration of this EIA faced the difficulty that the development of the technical planning was partly in an initial state. Numerous planning details, which are necessary for an environmental assessment, were not determined at the time, when this EIA was conducted, and allocated to the decision of the EPC contractor. 18. In all cases where insufficient information regarding some aspect of the technical details of the plant was available, appropriate assumptions based on experience of similar sized power plants were considered. 19. In view of design uncertainties, to ensure compliance with national legislation, SPS requirements, and EHS guidelines the contractor must be contractually obligated to update the EIA based on his specific design and seek ADB’s clearance. 20. .
B. Legal requirements
21. The planned project must comply with the Indonesian environmental and social laws and regulations. 22. In order to fulfil the requirements of the international financing agency ADB, it’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009), project relevant IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines, were also considered in this EIA. Recommendations based on these considerations are obligatory to achieve compliance with ADB safeguards policy.
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C. Project categorization
23. Environmentally, the planned project falls into Category A, mainly because of the project is located in a power complex where 220MW power generation capacity is already installed and these plants run on HSD rather than gas. A coal fired power plant of 100 MW installed capacity is also located in project airshed making it necessary to understand and assess cumulative impacts of 320MW existing and 100MW proposed capacity. There is also a presence of rare and endangered species in the project area of influence, among them the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) and, potentially Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris). Environmental impacts from the planned project on protected species and local residents could therefore not be excluded a priori. 24. Regarding Involuntary Resettlement, the planned project falls into Category C. No involuntary resettlement of residential houses is necessary for the planned project and the project land had already been acquired by PLN more than 10 years ago. However, the relocation of the school building (permanent physical displacement) and the economic displacement of local sharecroppers (loss of land or means of livelihood) must be considered in the EIA process, following ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 2, para. 6. 25. Regarding Indigenous Peoples, the project also falls into Category C, as no physical relocation of Indigenous People is caused by the planned project, which would trigger ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 2, para. 33.
D. Environmental and social baseline conditions
26. To determine the environmental and social effects of constructing the PP, a baseline description of the project’s affected area was made for the further assessment of environmental and social impacts caused by the construction and the operation of the planned Power Plant. This description includes the physical, biological and human environment that might be influenced by the construction and operation of the project.
Physical environment 27. The project site of the planned Kaltim Peaker 2 is located on the banks of the Mahakam River with a quite plain topography beside one about 50 -70m high hill, which is partially located within the project site. 28. West of the project site there is a swamp area, which is ca. 2 - 3 m lower than the project site. 29. Stratigraphically, unit at the project site is composed of young alluvial deposits, accumulated since the Holocene age with a still ongoing sedimentation process. 30. The project site material consists of coast and river sediments with loose clay, silt, sand, and gravel.
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31. In spite of the fact that the project area is almost 100 km upstream the river mouth, the average water level of the Mahakam river is only around 2 m above sea level. So, the project area is still within the tidal range. 32. According to the Feasibility Study (PLN 2016), the ground water level within the project site is about 2 m below the surface level. 33. For the existing power plant complex semi-annual monitoring including measurements of air quality and noise level are conducted. The Client provided the past 4 measurement reports. 34. According to the monitoring reports, the measured ambient concentrations of the project relevant air pollution parameters CO, NOx, SO2, and PM10 / TSP were all well below the national and WHO standards. 35. Noise levels measurements ranged from 48 to 59.3 dB(A) in the plant area (standard up to 70 dB(A)), whereas in the settlement levels ranged from 42.2 to 62.5 dB(A) (standard up to 55 dB(A)). However, as a part of the EIA a targeted noise survey was undertaken that indicated 67.d dB(A)sound level at the plant boundary near main gate1. The highest community level noise was recorded at Tanjung Batu village at 54.2 dB(A). At the time of survey only one unit of Kaltim Peaker 1 was in operation at 60 MW capacity.
Natural environment 36. The northern part of the 5 ha wide Kaltim 2 Peaker site, about one quarter of the total plant site area, is a built up area with two abandoned semi- permanent site office buildings, a small prayer hall and a toilet building previously used by the contractor who built Kaltim Peaker 1. These structures will be demolished at the beginning of the construction works. 37. About three quarters of the Kaltim 2 Peaker site is presently covered by secondary bush and grassland, which is not used by local residents. The site is already under heavy influence from human activities (disturbed soils, noise, pollution, traffic, moving persons). 38. The project site of Kaltim Peaker 2 itself, which is partly built-up, generally provides no habitats for rare, endangered or protected animal or plant species, due to the previous and still ongoing severe human influence. 39. The only semi-natural environment left in the project area of influence is the Mahakam River as well as the swamp and forest areas west of the power plant complex. These forest areas provide habitat for a small group of endemic and protected Proboscis monkeys (approximately 13 individuals) and these areas are therefore regarded as natural habitat.
Human environment
1 The Main gate is very close to the Kaltim Peaker 1 unit. The noise levels within the site could differ significantly based on the distance from the operating plants. Inside the plants and outside the fencing of individual units, the noise levels were les than 70 dB(A) and at most places below 60 dB(A).
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40. PLN has acquired a total of 1,709,190 m2 (171 ha) of land in 1998. The existing power plant complex (ca. 20 ha) as well as the 5 ha for the new Kaltim Peaker 2 site are located in the center of the PLN property. 41. No residential houses are located within the site and the land of the project site is not used by local residents. For these reasons land acquisition must not be considered within this EIA. 42. A school building is located ca. 100 m south-east of the planned power plant site. The village Tanjung Batu is located ca. 1 km north-east of the planned power plant site. 43. There are no complaints from local residents regarding air pollution or noise from the existing power plant complex.
E. Impact assessment
44. The impact assessment of the impacts of the planned power plant was made for the physical, biological and human environments. It considers the construction and the operational phases (including maintenance).
Physical environment 45. The major environmental issues in connection with a gas and Diesel fired power plant are air emissions, noise emissions, and to a lesser degree emissions of wastewater into the aquatic environment. 46. As a sound basis for an assessment of noise and air emissions, expert studies with noise and air emission calculations were conducted, which are considering the overlapping effects of the relevant noise and air emission sources from the already existing Power Plant facilities as well as the forecasted emissions from the planned Kaltim Peaker 2. Wherever more than one project option exists, „worst case scenarios“ were used for the emission calculations and the impact assessment. The expert reports are attached as Annex C (Air Dispersion calculation) and Annex D (Noise Emission Calculation) to this EIA Report. 47. The results of these calculations showed, that air emission from the stand alone Kaltim Peaker 2 meets all applicable national and international air quality standards for CO, SO2, NOx, and PM10 / TSP for both gas and HSD operation modes. 48. Based on meteorological conditions and relative locations of Tanjung Batu power complex, Cahaya Fajar Kaltim coal fired power plant and Tanjung Batu village, it was concluded that the emissions from these two power plants do not overlap at Tanjung Batu village under any wind directions. The cumulative impacts of three units (installed capacity 320MW) within Tanjung Batu Power Complex were therefore considered. 49. The noise generated by Tanjung Batu, Kaltim Peaker 1 and Kaltim Peaker 2 would not meet national as well as international standards for ambient noise for residential areas at Tanjung Batu village, the most susceptible
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receptor for noise among PoIs. The noise modelling indicates that an additional attenuation by installing a gas turbine intake silencer for Kaltim Peaker 1 and for Tanjung Batu power plant will be necessary. It may be noted that a nearby school where noise standards exceed, will be shifted to a distant location to avoid noise impacts. Kaltim Peaker 2 itself will be designed with adequate noise attenuation (gas turbine intake silencer and a stack silencer) to ensure that at no time of day or night the incremental noise due to Kaltim Peaker 2 at the Tanjung Batu village, is above 3dB(A) of the ambient.
Biological environment 50. Beside the small-scale and inevitable physical impairments of the remaining flora, fauna, and habitats within the construction area, caused by the construction of the Kaltim Peaker 2, the major environmental issues in connection with a gas and diesel fired power plant are air emissions, noise emissions, and discharge of wastewater into the aquatic environment. Impacts of these far reaching effects have been considered in the assessment process. Proboscis Monkeys 51. From the protected species in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency a small population (13 individuals) of the Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) has been verified within the project AoI (noise, gaseous emissions, disturbances by humans) in a forest area, which begins 500 m east of the planned project site. GIS evaluation of a recent satellite map showed that the overall forest area which can be used by the local Proboscis group is estimated to be only up to 25 ha in size, which is already at the lower limit for this small population. The eastern part (8 ha) of the overall proboscis habitat is located on PLN property and according to the available information it is used by the monkeys mainly as food habitat. The whole proboscis habitat area is regarded as natural habitat for this endemic species, following the description of ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 1, para. 26 and 28. 52. The local Proboscis group presently seems to survive under already strained conditions, with a limited habitat size and under constant threat of illegal hunting and human disturbances. Ca. 8 ha of the habitat is located on PLN property and this area is hard to access, as it is bordering swamp land at its eastern side. PLN already took steps to protect the area. 53. According to information from PLN, a “Bekantan conservation area” has been launched on May 2017, as part of the PLN commitment for “Proper Hijau (Green)”. A MoU has been signed between PLN Mahakam Sector and BKSDA (Balai Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam – Natural Resources Conservation Centre) for the protection of the Proboscis habitat on PLN Property. 54. Following the MoU, a sign has been installed on the western road along the PLN property to inform passers-by about the preparation of the new Proboscis conservation area. In addition, PLN has already planted around 200 fruit trees at the outer edge of the Bekantan conservation area as an initial activity to improve the food supply for the Proboscis Monkeys.
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Irrawaddy dolphin and False Gharial 55. There are two more rare and endangered species in the Mahakam River, that could be affected by the planned project, the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) and the False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegellius).2 56. The river section near and downstream the project site, which could be influenced by the planned project, does not belong to the core habitats of these species. No Irrawaddy dolphins have been observed in the past years in this river section. The river bank structure (steep eroding concave bank with strong current) indicates that the river bank north of the Tanjung Batu power plant complex is no core habitat of this species (e.g. for feeding, reproduction, or basking in the sun). 57. However, there is a possibility that False Gharial may enter into the Tanjung Batu complex through the sloping access formed by the temporary jetty and use the swamp area located west of the existing power plants as a habitat. The wildlife monitoring program will address this opportunity and mitigation of construction activities will be provided to ensure no potential disturbance of wildlife. 58. Neither the temporary impacts in the construction phase (hammering of the piles for the temporary jetty), nor the noise emitted and the small volumes of water released from the planned project site into the Mahakam River during operation of Kaltim Peaker 2 can be regarded as significant risks for the remaining populations of the Irrawaddy dolphin and False Gharial. 59. Summing up these findings and under consideration of the planned mitigation measures no major or significant impairments for the local flora and fauna are expected during the construction or operation of the planned PP and related infrastructure.
Human environment 60. No Resettlement will be caused by the planned project as the project site and all associated infrastructure sites (temporary jetty, access road extension) are property of PLN. These areas are also not used by the local people e.g. for agriculture. 61. T he settlement next to the project site is Tanjung Batu, a village 1 km north-east of the planned project site. 62. The project site is already owned by the project owner PLN and therefore no land acquisition, compensation or resettlement issues have to be considered in this EIA. The necessary relocation of a school building and the losses of sharecroppers will be compensated by PLN. 63. The planned project will provide job opportunities for the local people, numerous temporary jobs during the construction phase and some permanent jobs in the operation phase.
2 Personal communication with PLN personnel indicates potential presence of False Gharial crocodile (Tomistoma scheillius) in the Mahakam River.
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64. Air and noise emission calculations were made to assess the impacts of the emissions from the existing as well as from the planned power plant on residential houses and areas in the vicinity of the project site. 65. The results of the air emission calculations showed, that none of the investigated air pollution parameters CO, NOx, SO2, and PM10/TSP exceed the national standards. Also, the contribution for Kaltim Peaker 2 alone are within 25% of the national standards for all air quality parameters. The cumulative impacts of these units will further be lowered by raising the stack height of Kaltim1 Peaker 1 to 50m. 66. Regarding noise, the noise modelling has been used to decide the level of noise attenuation measures required at the existing power units of Kaltim Peaker 1 and Tanjung Batu Power Plant to keep the noise level due to these plants at Tanjung Batu village within the national standards. Kaltim Peaker 2 will be designed with noise abatement measures to ensure that the incremental noise due to the plant is within 3 dB(A) during the day or night at the most impacted receptor (Tangung Batu village) 67. For an average normal hearing person and broadband sound, a difference in sound pressure level of at least 3 dB is required for this person to perceive the difference. Therefore, in terms of subjective perception, it is likely that the increase caused by the additional noise from Kaltim Peaker 2 will not or just barely be noticeable by persons at the POIs. 68. Based on the noise modelling expert study, noise abatement at Tanjug Batu Power Plant, Kaltim Peaker 1 as well as at proposed Kaltim Peaker 2 have been identified. These noise abatement measures will ensure that the ambient national noise standards are complied with for all three plants as standalone units and in addition Kaltim Peaker 2 also complies with IFS EHS Guidelines on noise, the applicable noise standard for the subproject. If the contractor decides to implement noise abatement measures differing from those recommended, the contractor has to prove with a design-specific noise emission calculation, that (i) the Kaltim Peaker 2 noise emissions as a standalone project will not cause exceedance of ambient national noise standards at Tanjung Batu village and (ii) its operation will not cause a noise increment of more than 3 dB(A) to ambient noise at the village when operated with other plants. The plant being a Peaker plant, it is not expected to operate after 10 pm and thus the night time international standards will not apply. Still it will be ensured through the plant design and operating protocol that the plant does not lead to an increase above 3 dB(A) to the ambient noise levels at Tanjung Batu village at any time.. 69. In case, during the operation the monitoring results indicate that the noise limits are exceeded by more than 3 dB(A) the contractor will be required to provide primary noise protection measures at the plant site, and/or secondary noise protection measures (e.g. noise protection walls or fences) near sensitive receptors.
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F. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
70. All measures are compiled in this EIA Report in form of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). This plan further details the procedures necessary for managing the significant environmental issues (what? how? when? where? who?). 71. The EMP addresses significant impacts separately for the construction and the operation phases and essentially comprises: (i) The environmental attribute (e.g. air quality, noise)that is likely to be impacted; (ii) A summary of the potential impact and/or likely issue; (iii) The identified mitigation actions that aim to eliminate and/or reduce the potential impact to acceptable levels; (iv) Monitoring actions to ensure that the identified mitigation measures are implemented. Monitoring actions include: inspections, review of reports/plans, reporting, and the undertaking of certain monitoring measures; (v) The frequency for implementing the monitoring actions, which include: once, continuously throughout the construction/operation period (depending on the mitigation measure identified this could include daily, weekly, or monthly), or upon occurrence of a certain issue; and (vi) The responsible entity for implementing the mitigation measures and monitoring actions identified. (vii) Monitoring must commence from the loan effectiveness date, as it includes monitoring of pre-construction measures. Semi-annual monitoring reports must be provided, even if to confirm that no works commenced.
72. This outline of an EMP just forms the basis for further, more detailed protection, safety and security measures planning, which must be set up by the contractor, based on the detailed technical planning. As a “living document” the EMP will be updated once per year through the full construction period. 73. Additional specific H&S as well as E&S plans must be set up by the contractor (construction phase) and the operator (operation phase). 74. The Contractor must assure that the necessary measures to prevent accidents and health injuries in the construction phase are properly planned and applied through an EHS Plan. 75. A construction safety manager will be nominated to perform inspections on site, monitor the application of the plan and report accidents, incidents and emergencies. 76. The prevention and avoidance of negative effects for the workers during operation must be subject of an EHS Plan to be developed and applied by the Operator.
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77. An environmental and social expert, employed by the contractor, will survey the construction works and companies and will take care that the EMP and the specific H&S plans are de facto applied at the construction site. 78. Monitoring must commence as soon as loan effectiveness date, as it includes monitoring of pre-construction measures. Semi-annual monitoring reports must be provided, even if to confirm that no works commenced etc. 79. In the operation phase, if self-monitoring is applied, an external environmental expert will be contracted by the operator to verify the monitoring undertaken by PLN. The monitoring report of the external environmental expert will be delivered to PLN and ADB at the same time. 80. Biodiversity Action Plan will be developed by PLN/contractor to ensure no net loss for natural habitats. The mitigation and protection measures already proposed in this EIA, and its EMP, should be sufficient to achieve NNL for Proboscis Monkey.
G. Public participation
81. During the EIA process numerous meetings were held with various stakeholders (project developer, local residents, authorities, community leaders). A compilation of all meetings conducted by the environmental and the social team is attached as Annex B to this report. 82. The main purpose of these meetings was to inform local stakeholders about the planned project, to collect baseline data, and to find out the attitude of the local stakeholders towards the planned project. 83. The general attitude of the local communities towards the planned project was positive, mostly because new job opportunities will be created and more money is flowing into this remote region through the spending power of local and foreign workers. 84. No complaints were made by local residents regarding the operation of the already existing power plant complex Tanjung Batu. Questions regarding complaints against air pollution or noise from this site were always negated. 85. The teacher and vice principal of the school SMP PGRI 14 (Bu Supatemi) agrees to a relocation of the school under the condition that PLN continues to support the school.
H. Overall Findings and Recommendations
86. The impacts caused by the planned standalone project Kaltim Peaker 2 are assessed as not significant after implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. 87. The forest areas west of the Tanjung Batu PPC are natural habitat for a small group of Proboscis monkeys, which is an endemic, endangered and protected species. The impact of the standalone Kaltim Peaker 2 on the Proboscis habitat is assessed as not significant, if the measures described in
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this EIA are applied. These measures must be applied to ensure that no net loss for the critical Proboscis habitat is caused by the planned project. The mitigation and protection measures already proposed in this EIA, and its EMP, should be sufficient to achieve NNL for Proboscis Monkey. 88. As a sound basis for an assessment of noise and air emissions expert studies with noise and air emission calculations were conducted, which are considering the overlapping effects of the relevant noise and air emission sources from the existing Power Plant facilities Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 as well as the forecasted emissions from the planned Kaltim Peaker 2. 89. Based on air quality modelling, It was observed that all plants running at full capacity will not lead to any exceedance of national ambient air quality standards. The cumulative impacts on air quality do indicate exceedance of WHO standards for SO2 inside the plant premises but this will be mitigated by raising the stack height for existing Kaltim Peaker 1 to 50m. The stack height of Kaltim Peaker 2 will also be 50 m in line with good international implementation practice (GIIP).Ambient noise level exceedances are resulting from the cumulative operation of the neighbouring power plants Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1. Mitigation measures specially at Kaltim Peaker 1 are necessary to bring down the ambient noise within standards. The Kaltim Peaker 2 will be designed with adequate nosie control to ensure that the overall noise level at the receptor points around the power plant complex do not exceed 3 dB(A).
Additional key EMP recommendation are: (i) Preparation of a Biodiversity Action Plan by PLN to ensure that no net loss for the Proboscis habitat occurs. The contractor and PLN have to take care for the protection of the Proboscis monkeys especially during construction, when a number of external workers will come to the project area. (ii) Relocation of the school building before the beginning of the construction activities to an area which is not severely affected by the planned and the already operating power plants. (iii) Noise mitigation measures at Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 to be implemented by PLN to ensure ambient noise standards are complied with the individual plan. (iv) Contractors obligation to show that Kaltim Peaker 2 will comply with applicable national and international standards differ from the recommendations of this EIA.and (v) Operation of the Kaltim Peaker 2 and the neighbouring plants with gas, and only in emergency cases and for short-term with HSD. (vi) The swamp land, which serves as a natural barrier between the Power plant complex and the Proboscis monkeys habitat, must not be filled up or used as a PV power plant. (vii) Access to the Proboscis habitat via the new road at the western side of the PLN property shall be continuously surveyed.
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(viii) All blasting activities should be a carefully supervised, should use minimum necessary blast charge and must be performed in a short time window of 12 noon to 3 p.m..
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II. Introduction
A. Project Background and Objective
90. Electric energy is a central factor to support the regional development especially to support and develop economic activities. Along with the growth of regional development and construction sectors, the demand for energy, particularly electric energy will continue to rise. In future, the growth of economic activity will increase the demand for particularly electric energy continuously. The project objectives are: (i) Increasing electricity supply in the region of East Kalimantan, especially in the Kutai regency; (ii) Contribute to Implement accelerated development of power generation; (iii) Increasing the availability and reliability of electricity supply from gas- fired power plant in East Kalimantan province. (iv) Providing sufficient energy to fulfill the load demand especially during peak hours
B. Project need
91. The new power plant will improve the reliability and capacity of the existing electrical system in East Kalimantan with a connected generation capacity of over 700 MW currently as well as meet the increasing demand for electric energy during peak hours (5 PM to 10 PM). 92. For these reasons PLN has decided to build the new power plant Kaltim Peaker 2 using dual fuel type (fueled by natural gas with HSD fuel as a backup fuel) to serve peak load demands. 93. The power output capacity of Kaltim Peaker 2 will be 100 MW ±10% according to the tendered specifications.
C. Scope of the Study
94. Fichtner has been contracted by ADB to provide technical assistance (PPTA) for the preparation of all documents for the sector project framework and core subprojects to be considered by ADB’s Board. Kaltim Peaker 2 has been defined as one of the core projects within the sector project framework. 95. According to the TOR, the following Environmental safeguard documents have to be provided in line with ADB’s SPS 2009: (i) environmental assessment and review framework for the overall sector project; (ii) environmental impact assessment or initial environmental examination of each core subproject;
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(iii) environmental management plan (EMP), environmental monitoring plan and cost estimates for the implementation of the EMP for each core subproject 96. This EIA Study covers the positions (ii) and (iii) for the core project Kaltim Peaker 2. 97. The project area of influence (AoI) comprises the settlements around the Tanjung Batu PPC (receptor points), as well as the forest areas in the west, which provide habitat for endemic and protected Proboscis monkeys. 98. The main objective of the EIA study is to identify significant environmental impacts and risks resulting from the planned project and to propose measures to avoid or at least to reduce environmental impacts and risks to an acceptable level.
D. Data sources
99. The main technical information source for the planned project was the Feasibility Study PLTMG Kaltim Peaker 2 100 MW, provided by PLN (Feasibility Study Kaltim-2 Gas Fired Power Plant (Peaker), PT PLN (PERSERO), 2016). This document contains a general description of the planned project infrastructure. Other documents, provided by PLN, which were used as a data source for this EIA report, comprise: (i) AMDAL Approval No 3758/0115/SJ.T/1996, September 23rd 1996 (ii) EMP Approval No 2399/41/SJN.T/1998, July 9th 1998 (iii) EmoP Approval No 2399/41/SJN.T/1998, July 9th 1998 (iv) AMDAL Approval for Kaltim-1 (2X50 MW) No. KAKK/34/AMDAL/PLN/XI/2010, December 28th 2010. (v) AMDAL Amendment (Sucofindo, November 2016) (vi) Environmental Monitoring Reports (PLN, 2014 - 2016)
100. In addition to the available data, information was collected during field surveys conducted by the national environmental and socio-economic experts in 2016 and 2017. Socio-economic baseline surveys were carried out for sample populations settled within the possible project area of influence. 101. Recent, high-resolution (50 cm) satellite maps were bought for the assumed project area of influence in order to precisely locate impact areas and to enable a quantitative assessment (wherever possible) of ecological and social impacts. 102. Additional information was also collected from literature, internet sources, and discussion with local residents, experts, administration and authorities.
E. Project categorization
103. Environmentally, the planned project falls into Category A, mainly because of the project is located in a power complex where 220MW power
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generation capacity is already installed and these plants run on HSD rather than gas. A coal fired power plant of 100 MW installed capacity is also located in project airshed making it necessary to understand and assess cumulative impacts of 320MW existing and 100MW proposed capacity. There is also a presence of rare and endangered species in the project area of influence, among them the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) and, potentially Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris). Environmental impacts from the planned project on protected species and local residents could therefore not be excluded a priori. 104. 105. Regarding Involuntary Resettlement, the planned project falls into Category C. No involuntary resettlement of residential houses is necessary for the planned project and the project land had already been acquired by PLN more than 10 years ago. However, the relocation of the school building (permanent physical displacement) and the economic displacement of local sharecroppers (loss of land or means of livelihood) must be considered in the EIA process, following ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 2, para. 6. 106. Regarding Indigenous Peoples, the project also falls into Category C, as no physical relocation of Indigenous People is caused by the planned project, which would trigger ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 2, para. 33.
F. Project area of influence
107. For each of the environmental factors investigated, a specific project area of influence can be defined. 108. In this specific planning case, the overall project area of Influence (AoI) has been defined as the area extending 1 km beyond the are defined by the 55 dB(A) contour line from the noise emission expert study (Error! Reference source not found. below), which shows the A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the Kaltim Peaker 2 plant for the scenario Kaltim Peaker 2 in operation, Tanjung Batu and Kaltim 1 off. Although, aAccording to information from PLN, Kaltim Peaker 2 will be operated in the evening at the time of the highest energy demand, which is between 5p.m. and 10p.m, as a precautionary approach larger area is considered. Beyond this area none of project impacts are expected to be noticeable.. 109. All significant environmental impacts, other than noise, which are expected to be caused by the planned project, are located within this AoI.
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III. Institutional and Legislative Framework
A. Relevant framework
1. The major environmental issues in connection with a gas and diesel fired power plant are air emissions, noise emissions, and emissions of wastewater into the aquatic environment. 2. The planned project Kaltim Peaker 2 is regarded as the extension of an already existing facility, for which an AMDAL had already been conducted and for which an environmental permit had been given, which is still valid. For an extension no full AMDAL is therefore required. This decision of the environmental authority was communicated to PLN, based on the environmental assessment directive No. 660.1/143/B-1/BLHD dated July 13, 2016. For the planned project an addendum to the existing AMDAL including an RKL-RPL has to be prepared. At the time when this EIA had been prepared only a draft of the addendum to the existing AMDAL was available and handed over to the consultant by PLN. 3. The national emission limits for stationary sources, including thermal power plants, were issued on 1 December 2008 and replaced the earlier 1995 standards. The regulations include limits for the emissions of sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (as nitrogen dioxide) and particulate matter for existing, in development and new power plants. Fuel types covered by the decree include coal, oil and natural gas. Power plants must meet these emission standards 95% of the time over 3 months (URL 3). 4. Table 3-1 shows the national emission limit values applicable for turbines and for engines. Because these values consider “standard” conditions (temperature of the flue gas of 25 °C), Table 3-2 shows the values adapted to meet the “normal” conditions (0°C). A correction for the percentage of O2 is also undertaken.
ELV [mg/m3] for new ELV [mg/m3] for new Pollutant turbines * engines ** Oil Gas Oil Gas CO NE NE 540 500
SO2 650 150 600 150
NO2 450 320 1,000 320 TSP 100 30 120 30 Dry gas, excess 15% 15% 5% 5% O2 content Temperature 25°C 25°C 25°C 25°C flue gas ELV: Emission Limit Values | NE: Non-existent * Attachment II B | ** Attachment IV B Table III-1: Indonesian emission limits for emissions to air from stationary sources (Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 21 of 2008)
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Adapted ELV [mg/m3] Adapted ELV [mg/m3] Pollutant for new turbines * for new engines ** Oil Gas Oil Gas
CO NE NE 219 203
SO2 709 164 243 61
NO2 491 349 405 130 TSP 109 33 49 12 Dry gas, excess 15% 15% 15% 15% O2 content Temperature 0°C 0°C 0°C 0°C flue gas ELV: Emission Limit Values | NE: Non-existent * Adapted from Attachment II B | ** Adapted from Attachment IV B Table III-2: Adapted Indonesian emission limits for emissions to air from stationary sources (adapted from Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 21 of 2008)
The International Finance Corporation (IFC, World Bank Group) defined guidelines for the emissions of facilities producing more than 50 MWth using combustion engines and combustion turbines (Table 3-3).
ELV [mg/Nm3] for combustion ELV [mg/Nm3] for combustion engines; facilities > 50 MW turbines; facilities > 50 MW Pollutant th th Natural Liquid fuels < 300 Natural Gas Other fuels Gas MWth CO NE NE NE NE
SO2 NE 0.5 - 2%S/1,170 NE 0.5 - 1 % S 400 (dual 400 - 2,000 (dual NO2 51 152 fuel) fuel) TSP NE 30 - 50 NE 30 - 50 Dry gas, excess O2 15% 15% 15% 15% content Temperatur 0°C 0°C 0°C 0°C e flue gas NE: Non-existent Table III-3: IFC emission guidelines for facilities larger than 50 MW with combustion turbines and combustion engines (IFC, 2008)
The specifications for Kaltim Peaker 2 demand the compliance with the national emission limit values.
2. Benchmark for measuring the impact of noise level is the stricter regulation of either Decree Number KEP/48/MENLH/11/1996 or the respective IFC EHS
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guidelines. A comparison of the national standards and IFC guidelines for acoustic environment is provided in the table below. IFC Guidelines for noise limits in residential areas at night time (22:00 to 7:00) are stricter compared to the national standards. Notwithstanding the standards, IFC guidelines do not allow increase of more than 3dB(A) to background noise levels. Table 6: National Standards and IFC Guidelines for Noise
Parameter Indonesian IFC Standard* Standard**
Noise (dBA), workplace 85 85
Noise (dBA), industry, trading, services 70 70
Noise (dBA), government and public facilities, 60 cultural reserves
Noise (dBA), residential, day (7:00 – 22:00) 55 55
Noise (dBA), residential, night (22:00 – 7:00) - 45 Source: *) MoE Decree No. 481996 concerning on Noise Level Standard **) IFC EHS General Guidelines – Table 1.7 Noise Level Guidelines and Table 2.3.1 Noise Limits for Various Working Environment.
The scope of the Project does not include facilities discharging significant volumes of industrial waste water. Discharges of treated waste water will primarily be associated with water from the construction worker camp, sanitary facilities and workshops for operation of the power plants. As stated in the General EHS Guidelines, the parameters of treated sanitary sewage discharge should not exceed the indicative values provided in Table 7.
1. ADB Safeguards
5. Environmental sustainability is one core issue of ADB’s environmental policy. The ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, financial intermediation loans, and private sector investment operations. Environmental assessment is a process rather than a one-time report, and includes necessary environmental analyses and environmental management planning that take place throughout the project cycle. This EIA was carried out in accordance with the following ADB documents: (i) Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), June 2009, effective since January 2010; (ii) Operations Manual (OM) with relevant Bank Policies (BP), March 2010.
Other relevant international guidelines
(iii) General IFC Health and Safety Guidelines (2007);
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(iv) IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants, December 2008; (v) IFC Performance Standards and Guidance Notes (2012).
B. National Legal and Institutional Framework
1. National Legal and Institutional Framework
6. The following list comprises project relevant Indonesian laws regarding environmental protection and management including: (i) Law 2/2013: Acquisition of Land for Development in the Public Interest (ii) Law 32/2009: Environmental Protection and Management (iii) Law 22/2009: Traffic and Road – relevant reference for vehicle and road traffic management (iv) Law 18/2008: Waste Management – general legislation and regulation regarding waste management (v) Law 26/2007: Spatial Planning Law (vi) Law 13/2003: Workforce – relevant for workforce issues (vii) Law 7/2004: Water Resources – hydrological impact assessment within the assessment area (viii) Law 5/1990: Conservation of Living Natural Resources and their Ecosystems. (ix) Law 19/ 2009: Ratification of Stockholm Conservation on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
7. These laws are accompanied by various minister and provincial decrees and regulations, including: (i) Ministry of Land and Spatial Planning 6/2015: Technical Guidelines for Land Acquisition – Standard operating procedure to conduct land acquisition for public interest development; (ii) Ministry of Health 492/MENKES/PER/VIV/2010: Qualification of Drinking Water Quality – drinking water parameters and measures to manage environmental impact to drinking water sources; (iii) Ministry of Health Regulation 416/1990: Water Quality; (iv) Ministry of Public Works 14/PRT/M/2013: Standards and Guidelines for procurement Construction Work and Consulting Services; (v) Ministry of Public Works 03/2013: Regarding Implementation of Infrastructure and Waste Facility in Household Waste Management and Household-like Waste Management; (vi) Ministry of Public Works 45/1990: Water Quality Control in Water Resources – relevant for water quality control and monitoring review.
Environmental protection and management ministerial decrees include: (i) State Minister for the Environment Decree Number 13, year 1995, on Standard Quality of Emission of Stationary Source; (ii) State Minister for Environment Decree Number 48, year 1996, on Noise Level Standard; 7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 III-4
(iii) State Minister for the Environment Decree Number 49, year 1996, on standard of Vibration Level; (iv) State Minister for the Environment Decree Number 45, year 1990, on standard Index of Air Pollutant; (v) Ministry of Environment 15/2013: Measurement, Reporting and Verification of Climate Change Mitigation; (vi) Ministry of Environment 7/2010: Competence Certification of AMDAL Preparation and Training Requirements for AMDAL Preparation; (vii) Ministry of Environment 5/2008: AMDAL evaluator Working Guidelines – relevant reference for reviewing AMDAL document compliance; (viii) Ministry of Environment 21/2008, Emission Standard for Stationary and/or Thermal Power Generation Activities; (ix) Ministry of Environment Regulation 8/2009: Wastewater Quality;
Environmental protection and management government regulations include: (i) Government Regulation 101/2013: Hazardous Waste Management; (ii) Government Regulation 81/2012: Household Waste Management and Household-like Waste Management; (iii) Government Regulation 43/2008: Groundwater – groundwater management and pollution control review; (iv) Government Regulation 26/2008: National Spatial Plan; (v) Government Regulation 16/2004: Land Use – relevant for land use and land acquisition review; (vi) Government Regulation 41/1999: Air Pollution Control – air quality; (vii) Government Regulation 82/2001: Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control – surface water quality; (viii) Government Regulation 7/1999: Flora Fauna Conservation – biodiversity; (ix) Government regulation 18/ 1999, in conjunction to government Regulation 85/1995: Management of Dangerous and Poisonous Materials.
Presidential Decrees include: (i) Presidential Decree 71/2012: Implementation of Land Acquisition for Development of the Public Interest Facility. Amended through 40/2014, 99/2014 and 30/2015; (ii) Presidential Decree 15/2015: Establishment of Ministry of Public Works and Housing for 2014-19; (iii) Presidential Decree 185/2014: Acceleration of Water and Sanitation provision; (iv) Presidential Decree 71/2012: National Greenhouse Gases Inventory; (v) Presidential Decree 61/2011: Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction National Action Plan.
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2. Indonesian Law
8. Law No 32 /2009 Regarding Environmental Protection and Management 9. The purpose of this Law is to allow an environmentally sustainable development through means of an environmental planning policy and the rational exploitation, development, maintenance, restoration, supervision and control of the environment. 10. Requirements and procedures for obtaining an environmental license are set out in the Law. Particular attention should be paid to the importance given by the Law to the community involvement in the environmental protection and management. 11. In Article 22 (1) it is stated that every business or activity having a substantial impact in the environment shall be mandatorily subject to an AMDAL (Indonesian version of an Environmental Impact Assessment) and Article 23 describes these activities. Article 34 explains that the activities which are not subject to a mandatory AMDAL shall prepare a UKL-UPL (environmental management and monitoring effort document). Article 36 (1) states that AMDAL or UKL/UPL is a pre-requisite for an environmental license for all types of activities. 12. For any business or activity where an AMDAL is required a RKL-RPL (Environmental Management Plan - Environmental Monitoring Plan) must also be provided.
3. Indonesian Government Regulations
13. Indonesian Government Regulation No. 27/2012 regarding the Environmental License 14. An environmental license is defined as a license issued to a party engaged in any business activity which requires an AMDAL or UKL-UPL for protection and management of the environment. This is a prerequisite for any business license. In principle, the AMDAL is a study of the potential significant impacts of the proposed business activity on the environment, while the UKL- UPL covers monitoring and management efforts undertaken for business activities which are not likely to have a significant impact on the environment. 15. The required AMDAL or UKL–UPL assessments must be completed before an environmental license can be issued. In other words, any business activities which require an AMDAL or UKL-UPL also require an environmental license. Certain stated business activities are exempt from the AMDAL requirement. 16. The UKL-UPL is prepared at the planning stage of a business activity by completing the prescribed forms and submitting them to the relevant authority. Only one UKL – UPL is required for several different business activities if they are located in the same ecosystem.
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17. The application for an environmental license must be submitted along with its supporting documents, such as the AMDAL or UKL–UPL, to the Minister of Environmental Affairs, Governor, or Mayor/Regent in line with their respective authorities. 18. Having obtained an environmental license, the holder must: (vi) comply with the terms and conditions of the environmental license; (vii) submit a report on the compliance with the terms and conditions of the environmental license to the Minister, Governor, or Mayor/Regent every six months; and (viii) provide guarantee funds for environmental recovery. (ix) Sanctions for failure to comply with the Government Regulation no 27/2012 may include written warnings, government action, the suspension and eventually revocation of the environmental license. 19. Article 42 (1) states that the environmental permit application must be submitted in written form by the person in charge of the business and/or activity as the Proponent. Article 43 (1) states that the application must be accompanied by: (i) the AMDAL document or the UKL/UPL; (ii) Article association, and (iii) Company Profile and/or activities. Article 45 refers to community involvement. 20. Indonesian Government Regulation No. 60/2012 Regarding Procedures for Modification of Land Use and Functions of Forest Areas. 21. PP 60/2012 is specifically for plantation companies operating in production forest areas, and is applied to other forest activities including logging and mining companies. This regulation is concerned with the provision of land replacement by a borrow-to-use permit.
4. Indonesian Minister Decrees
22. State Minister for the Environment Regulation No.05 of 2012 Minister Decree No.05/2012 regarding Activities for which an AMDAL is mandatory. 23. This minister regulation provides guidance/direction of the preparation of the procedures for the environmental documentation. Article 4 explains that the business and/or activities undertaken: (i) within a protected area, and or (ii) directly adjacent to a protected area, have to prepare an AMDAL. 24. Attachment 1 from this regulation contains a list of the activities for which an AMDAL is mandatory. This list includes 100 MW Power plants. An AMDAL for the PLTG (2x50 MW) currently in operation has been prepared and a license was given by the Environmental Authority (Decree No. KAKK/34/AMDAL/PLN/XII/2010, dated December 28, 2010). 25. The Environmental Documents of an AMDAL comprise the following 3 document types: (i) AMDAL (Indonesian version of an Environmental Impact Assessment), which is an assessment report on the significant impacts of the company’s business and/or activities on the environment, and which is
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necessary for the process of decision making regarding the running of the business and/or activities. (ii) UKL-UPL Form (Environmental Management Efforts and Environmental Monitoring Efforts Form), which pertains to the management and monitoring efforts by the company of its business and activities that have no significant impacts on the environment, and which is necessary for the process of decision making regarding the running of the business and/or business activities. (iii) Surat Pernyataan Kesanggupan Pengelolaan dan Pemantauan Lingkungan Hidup/SPPL, which is a statement regarding the company’s activities to monitor and manage the environmental impact of its business and/or activities which are exempted from the AMDAL or UKL-UPL requirement. 26. Depending on the project type, one of the first two documents is required for the submission of the application for the Environmental License. The SPPL is only for businesses and/or activities which are exempted from the AMDAL or UKL-UPL requirement. 27. Setting up the Terms of Reference is the initial assessment of the impacts of the business and/or activities on the environment, which is to be further elaborated in the AMDAL. 28. The RKL-RPL sets forth the plans for the management of the environment and prevention of the negative impacts on the environment. 29. The Regulation No.16 of 2012 intensifies the environment assessment requirement, but simplifies the composition of the AMDAL documents. 30. Section 4 explains that the AMDAL document shall consist of: (i) Terms of Reference (ii) Environmental Impact Analysis and (iii) RKL – RPL (management and monitoring plan). For UKL-UPL, Article 8 states that it must contain: a) the identity of the initiator; b) business plans and/or activities; c) environmental impacts that may occur, and environmental management and monitoring program; d) the number and type of license protection and environmental management which is needed; e) statement of the initiator committing to implement the provisions of the UKL-UPL form; f) bibliography; and g) attachments. 31. State Minister for the Environment Regulation No.17 of 2012 regarding Guidelines for Community Involvement in The Process of Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental License 32. The Ministry of Environment has issued guidelines for the involvement of the public in the environmental impact assessment (AMDAL) process and in the issuance process of environmental licenses. 33. The Regulation explains why the public is included in the processes: (i) the public gets information on business plans or activities that may have a significant impact on the environment; (ii) the public can give suggestions, opinions or comments on the business plans or activities;
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(iii) the public can be involved in the process of decision making in relation to the worthiness or unworthiness of business plans or activities; (iv) the public can give suggestions, opinions and comments on the issuance process of environmental licenses.
34. The communities that are included in the AMDAL process are (i) the community which is suffering from the impact; (ii) the concerned community; and (iii) the community which is affected by any form of decision in the AMDAL process. 35. The affected community must be included in the assessment process of the AMDAL and of the other environmental documents (RKL-RPL Environmental Management Plan – Environmental Monitoring Plan) through its appointed representative who will be a member of the AMDAL Appraisal Committee. 36. The rules and procedures for the public’s participation in the AMDAL process and for the involvement of the public in the issuance of environmental licenses are specified in Chapter II and Chapter III of the Regulation.
Head of Environmental Impact Management Agency (BAPEDAL) Decree (i) Head of BAPEDAL Decree 9/2000: AMDAL Preparation Guidelines for the Components of Public Health (ii) Regulation of the Minister of Environmental Affairs Republic of Indonesia No 17, 2012. Community Involvement and Information Disclosure in the Process of Environmental Impact Assessment (iii) Head of BAPEDAL Decree 124/12/1997: Guidelines for Reviewing Public Health Aspects on Environmental Impact Assessment (iv) Head of BAPEDAL Decree 105/1997: Monitoring of Implementation of Environmental Management and Monitoring (RKL & RPL) – relevant as reference for reviewing the progress of environmental management and monitoring plan (v) Head of BAPEDAL Decree 56/1994: Guidelines to determine significance and scale of environmental impact – as the most relevant reference for reviewing important and significance impacts
International Agreements
Indonesia has ratified several international conventions, including, among others: (i) Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas (Marine Life Conservation). Objectives: Solve the problem of preservation of biological resources in the high seas through international collaboration with the consideration that the use of modern technology for the exploitation of resources in excess will cause harm to these resources. (ii) Convention on Biological Diversity, for parties to require the environmental assessment of their proposed projects that are likely to have significant adverse impacts on biological diversity with a view of avoiding or minimizing such impacts;
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(iii) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (1972). Indonesia has International agreement to make controlling the continuous encroachment of wetland in the present and future, to recognize the basic ecological functions of wetlands follows the economic, cultural, scientific, and recreation. (iv) Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (1972). Indonesia has international agreement to control of marine pollution due to accumulation of waste and other materials and to encourage regional agreements to complement the Convention; London Convention come into effect in 1996. (v) Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, in 1998, and subsequent protocol and amendments, for parties to take appropriate measures to protect human health and the environment against adverse impacts likely to arise from human activities that will/likely modify the ozone layer. (vi) Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (MARPOL). Indonesia ratified international agreement to conserve the marine environment / marine pollution by banning oil and other hazardous substances and disposal of hazardous substances to suppress levels that do inadvertently (e.g. due to accidents). (vii) Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989). Indonesia has ratified international agreement to reduce cross-country movement of waste in accordance with the minimum limit of the Convention in order to create an environmentally friendly waste management and efficient; reducing toxicity of waste generated and to ensure that environmental management is the basis for resource development. (viii) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). Indonesia has ratified international agreement to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere as low as possible in order to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate. (ix) Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Indonesia has ratified international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting national programs in developed countries aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and determine the percentage of reduction targets for developed countries. (x) Indonesia ratified the Paris Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance in October 2016. Other Relevant Requirements (i) Spatial Regional Planning is defined in Chapter V of the Regulation Kutai Kartanegara Regency No. 9, Year 2013, Article 53, paragraph (1) and (2) explains that the village of Tanjung Batu is one of the areas designated as an Industrial Zone. As the planned Kaltim Peaker 2 site is located within an Industrial Zone, the chosen location is appropriate. (ii) Relevant requirements with respect to workers’ health and safety include Law No.1 year 1970 on Workers’ Safety and Ministry of 7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 III-10
Workforce Decree No. Kep-51/MEN/1999 on Reference Standard on Activities in Working Area.
National Institutional Framework
The following table gives a review of the administrative units at national, provincial and district level and an evaluation of their capacity for implementing national laws and ADB requirements.
CAPACITY IN IMPLEMENTING CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION NATIONAL LAWS AND ADB NEEDS REQUIREMENTS National level Has understanding on ADB Ministry of requirements. Fostering to the Has full capacity as regulator for Environment and provincial and district level environmental management. Forestry regarding environmental monitoring. Has enough capacity. There is the Improve duties and function to Minister’s Expert Staff for Environmental Ministry of Mineral manage and monitor and Spatial, and Sub Directorate of Resources and environmental compliance of Electrification and Environmental Protection Energy projects under DG of under Environmental and Technical Electrification, MoMRE Directorate. Has enough capacity. There is Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Directorate with task on prevention and protection of conservation area and biodiversity, Ministry of including management authority of CITES; Improve coordination with Maritime Affairs Costal Utilization Directorate with function related institutions, concerning and Fisheries of pollution prevention and climate change environmental mitigation. adaptation. In addition, there is section of Environmental Revitalization under sub directorate of Environmental Regulation. Improve coordination with Ministry of There is sub directorate of environment, related institutions, concerning Agriculture water conservation and climate. environmental mitigation. Provincial level Provincial There is a division of Environmental Impact Improve function of Environmental Assessment and Environmental Planning environmental monitoring and Agency Division. supervision. Has no capacity: in East Nusa Tenggara Province, there is Environmental Protection Section which only under Mining Sector; Provision a unit that responsible Provincial Mineral there is no environmental management to the implementation and Resource and section under Energy Utilization and environmental monitoring, Energy Service Electrical Sector. In East Kalimantan especially under Energy Province, there is Geology Environment Utilization and Electrical Sector. and Ground Water Section under Mineral Resources and Geology. Provincial Maritime There is no section or division that relate to Provision a unit that responsible Affairs and environmental management and to the implementation and Fisheries Service monitoring. environmental monitoring. There is no section or division that relate to Provision a unit that responsible Provincial environmental management and to the implementation and Agriculture Service monitoring. environmental monitoring.
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CAPACITY IN IMPLEMENTING CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION NATIONAL LAWS AND ADB NEEDS REQUIREMENTS Provincial Improve coordination on As coordinating agency among related Development environmental monitoring, organizations/institutions in provincial level. Planning Agency among provincial institutions. District level District Improve function of Environmental There is a division of AMDAL & UKL/UPL environmental monitoring and Agency (DEA) supervision. District Mineral Mostly there no section or division that Improve coordination with Resource and relate to environmental management and related institutions, concerning Energy Service monitoring. environmental mitigation. District Maritime Mostly there no section or division that Improve coordination with Affairs and relate to environmental management and related institutions, concerning Fisheries Service monitoring. environmental mitigation. Mostly there no section or division that Improve coordination with District Agriculture relate to environmental management and related institutions, concerning Service monitoring. environmental mitigation. District Improve coordination on As coordinating agency among related Development environmental monitoring, organizations/institutions in district level. Planning Agency among district institutions.
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C. International Guidelines and Standards
1. International Agreements a) Indonesia has ratified several international conventions, including: (iii) Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas (Marine Life Conservation). Objectives: Solve the problem of preservation of biological resources in the high seas through international collaboration with the consideration that the use of modern technology for the exploitation of resources in excess will cause harm to these resources. (iv) Convention on Biological Diversity, for parties to require the environmental assessment of their proposed projects that are likely to have significant adverse impacts on biological diversity with a view of avoiding or minimizing such impacts; (v) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (1972). Indonesia has International agreement to make controlling the continuous encroachment of wetland in the present and future, to recognize the basic ecological functions of wetlands follows the economic, cultural, scientific, and recreation. (vi) Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (1972). Indonesia has international agreement to control of marine pollution due to accumulation of waste and other materials and to encourage regional agreements to complement the Convention; London Convention come into effect in 1996. (vii) Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, in 1998, and subsequent protocol and amendments, for parties to take appropriate measures to protect human health and the environment against adverse impacts likely to arise from human activities that will/likely modify the ozone layer. (viii) Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (MARPOL). Indonesia ratified international agreement to conserve the marine environment / marine pollution by banning oil and other hazardous substances and disposal of hazardous substances to suppress levels that do inadvertently (e.g. due to accidents). (ix) Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989). Indonesia has ratified international agreement to reduce cross-country movement of waste in accordance with the minimum limit of the Convention in order to create an environmentally friendly waste management and efficient; reducing toxicity of waste generated and to ensure that environmental management is the basis for resource development. (x) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). Indonesia has ratified international agreement to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere as low as possible in order to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate.
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(xi) Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Indonesia has ratified international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting national programs in developed countries aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and determine the percentage of reduction targets for developed countries. (xii) Indonesia ratified the Paris Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance in October 2016.
(xiii)
D. Gaps between national requirements and international standards
37. The legal framework of the Republic of Indonesia does essentially correspond with the international regulations and safeguards. Gaps however do exist in enforcement of the regulations. There is still a considerable lack of institutional capacities for implementation, monitoring and evaluation. 38. In general, the ADB’s SPS requirements regarding environmental assessment and Indonesian national legal requirements address the same topics. However, ADB’s SPS requirements regarding environmental assessment are more detailed than Indonesian national legal requirements, for example in the following areas: (i) Identifying gender impacts and impacts on vulnerable groups within Identification of socioeconomic impacts (i) Considering of the no-project alternative (ii) The legal framework for EMP does not appear to require detailed information on proposed mitigation measures beyond references to “form” and “location” (iii) The legal framework requires monitoring plans but does not appear to specify reporting requirements (iv) The legal framework references the “environmental management institution” as a component of EMP but does not appear to require a description of institutional or organizational arrangements. (v) The legal framework does not appear require the EMP to specify proposed capacity development and training measures. (vi) The legal framework does not appear to require the EMP to specify its cost estimates. (vii) The legal framework does not appear require the EMP to address significant harm to third parties nor does it require application of the polluter pays principle (viii) The legal framework explicitly requires that NGOs be included in the consultation process (ix) There are no requirements regarding corrective actions or disclosure of monitoring reports in the legal framework. (x) The Indonesian legal framework does not directly define the areas of “critical habitat” apart from various categories of protected areas. However, the prohibitions applicable to protected areas reference
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“environmental function” unless otherwise defined, can be presumed to include habitat protection. The biodiversity guidelines for effective implementation of legislation are vague with much left to discretion. This appears to be a gap in legislation and capacity, and the Project EIA/IEE will have to follow ADB SPS 2009 and IFC Policies and Guidelines to address this gap. (xi) The Indonesian legal framework does not generally prohibit significant conversion or degradation of natural habitat outside of formally designated protected areas, but makes this subject to alternatives assessment, cost-benefit analysis or mitigation requirements. (xii) The use of a precautionary approach to develop and manage natural resources is not explicitly mentioned in the Indonesian legal framework.
ADB POLICY GOI LEGAL DOES NOT COVER PRINCIPLE EQUIVALENCE Screening Process Fully covered -- Environmental Fully covered -- Assessment Alternatives Fully covered -- Capacity development and training, cost Offset Adverse Impacts Partially covered estimates Ensuring women’s participation and Consultation Partially covered grievance redress mechanism Public disclosure of draft AMDAL and Disclose EMP Partially covered EMP Implement EMP & Public disclosure of EMP monitoring Partially covered Monitor results EMP for impact monitoring and Critical Habitats Partially covered Committee releasing recommendations to mitigate impacts IFC standards are more strict than Pollution Prevention Partially covered national standards Health & Safety Fully covered -- Cultural Resources Partially covered Provisions for ‘chance finds’
39. Summing up these considerations it appears that legal provisions of Indonesia’s safeguards country system are general in compliance with the requirements of ADB SPS 2009. The national requirements are fully or partially equivalent to the policy principles and key elements of ADB SPS 2009. However, the existing practice of implementation and enforcement of these provisions needs a substantial support.
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IV. Description of the Project
A. Project setting
1. Project location
40. The planned Kaltim Peaker 2 will be located in the Tanjung Batu Power plant complex at the bank of the Mahakam iver, approximately 1 km west of Tanjung Batu Village. 41. Administratively the Tanjung Batu power plant complex is located at Tanjung Batu Village, Tenggarong Sebrang district, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, about 25 km from the province capital Samarinda. 42. The project site is part of a 171 ha wide area owned by PLN. 20 ha at the northernmost part close to the bank of the Mahakam river are enclosed by fences and used for the existing power plants and related facilities such as substation, control room, storage facilities and office buildings. Security personnel guard the complex around the clock. 43. The project site for Kaltim Peaker 2 is directly bordering the existing Kaltim Peaker 1 site and the Tanjung Batu Power Station Complex area in the North (Figure 1).
Temporary jetty Existing jetty
Existing access road Tanjung Batu Village
Tanjung Batu PP
Kaltim Peaker 1 Extension access road
Kaltim Peaker 2
Figure 1: Location of the planned project site Kaltim Peaker 2 (marked in yellow), bordering the existing Kaltim 1 Peaker site and the Tanjung Batu Power Station Complex area in the North. 7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 IV-16
2. The project site
44. Five hectares of the 171 ha wide PLN area in the south will be used for the Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant site. One more hectare will be used outside the power plant site for the extension of the western access road and the temporary jetty. All land which will be used for the project is property of PLN and there is no need to acquire additional land. 45. The northern part of the Kaltim Peaker 2 site, about one quarter of the total plant site area, is a built-up area with two abandoned semi-permanent site office buildings, a small prayer hall and a toilet building previously used by the contractor that built Kaltim Peaker 1. These structures will be demolished at the beginning of the construction works. 46. About three quarters of the Kaltim Peaker 2 site is presently covered by secondary bush- and grassland with a few small trees interspersed (Figure 2). This land is not used by local residents but the site is already under heavy influence from human activities (disturbed soils, noise, pollution, traffic, moving persons).
Figure 2: Location of the planned project site Kaltim Peaker 2 (marked in yellow), bordering the existing Kaltim 1 Peaker site and the Tanjung Batu Power Station Complex area in the North
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Figure 3: View from the top of the Diesel tank within the Kaltim Peaker 1 site to the neighbouring Kaltim Peaker 2 site. At the left side of the picture, at the other side of the fence, the abandoned office buildings can be seen and in the far background the school building.
3. Access to the project site
47. The project site can be reached by plane via a local transit flight from Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, located in Balikpapan, to the Temindung Airport in Samarinda. 48. The project site can be reached from Jakarta (Soekarno-Hatta International Airport) through Balikpapan (Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, flight time 2 hours 15 minutes) and 124 km land travel to Samarinda (± 3 hours). From Samarinda the project location can be reached by land transportation over a distance of 25 km.
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Figure 4: Access from/to Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, Balikpapan
49. From the Temindung Airport in Samarinda the project site can be reached on the Murinin road in about 50 minutes and the distance is about 25 km. Access includes 15 km of provincial road and 10 km of regency road with ROW 7m. 50. The road conditions are quite good (asphalt road with two lanes) from the airport to the access road leading to the Tanjung Batu complex. 51. Access road from the airport to the site is shown in Figure 5 below:
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Figure 5: Murinin road from/to Temindung Airport, Samarinda, to/from the Tanjung Batu complex.
52. A tarred access road leads from the Murinin road to the Tanjung Batu complex, which will also be used as access road to the new plant site of Kaltim Peaker 2. Extension of the western access road and the temporary jetty will be done for the planned project.
B. Technical Description
1. Existing Tanjung Batu and Kaltim 1 Power Station Complex
53. The Tanjung Batu and Kaltim 1 Power Station Complex, which is directly adjacent to the planned project site of Kaltim Peaker 2, entered into operation in 2012. The existing power plant complex at the Kaltim site consists essentially of 2 major blocks comprising: (i) Kaltim 1 (operational): Presently, 2 x 80 MW open cycle gas turbines. There are plans to upgrade the facility to a combined cycle (2 x 80 MW + 80 MW steam cycle). Currently, the facility is only running at 2 x 50 MW on diesel due to limitations with the availability of gas. Completion of the combined cycle upgrade is scheduled for 2022. The operational mode will then be changed from Peaker to load-following. (ii) Tanjung Batu (operational): 60 MW combined cycle running as load follower (also running on HSD).
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Figure 6: Tanjung Batu Power Plant (Combined Cycle Gas Turbines, 60 MW)
Figure 7: Kaltim Peaker 1 Power Plant (Gas Turbines, 100 MW)
54. Two more small rental power plants have to be mentioned here for the sake of completeness, Kaltimex and Menamas. (i) PLTDMG PT. Kaltimex Energy is a rented gas turbine (operation since July 2008 up to July 2017). Capacity 9.2 MW, CF 80%. Single fuel gas, base load. Gas supply by PT. SEMCO. (ii) PT. Menamas has completed rent in 2016 and was closed down. 55. Both power plants are not considered in the EIA as they will be out of operation before the construction activities for Kaltim Peaker 2 will commence.
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2. Planned Technical Infrastructure for Kaltim Peaker 2
Project description 56. The main technical characteristics of the planned project relevant for the environmental assessment are briefly described as follows:
MECHANICAL 57. Kaltim 2 Gas Fired Power Plant Peaker (Gas Turbine) will be dual fuel type (based on PLN letter No. 0602/REN.00.01/DIVRET/2015), i.e. using natural gas as primary fuel and HSD fuel oil as secondary fuel. 58. Regarding MOM December 8, 2015, allocated gas for Kaltim GFPP Peaker 2 is 5 MMSCFD from PK 52 Muara Badak, then the gas will be delivered to Tanjung Batu Power Plant through a gas distribution pipeline. The natural gas supply will be covered under another project. The interconnection point is from gas distribution pipeline tapping point. The gas from Tanjung Batu Plant Facility will be utilized as a feed gas to Kaltim GFPP Peaker 2 in order to generate a Net Power Output capacity of 100 MW ±10%. 59. The configuration for Kaltim GFPP Peaker 2 for gas turbine will be minimum 2 (two) units of gas turbines.
ELECTRICAL 60. Busbar capacity shall be upgraded from 1250 A to 4000 A (September 30, 2015) to accommodate all additional power plants that will be connected to Embalut 150 kV S/S. The new Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant shall be connected to the 150 kV grid by overhead conductor. Therefore, it is required to extend the busbar of the existing Embalut substation. In order to ensure that Embalut 150 kV S/S can accommodate all of the existing and the power plant outputs capacity projected for the future, PLN has identified that an upgrading of the existing 150 kV Embalut Busbar with a capacity of 1250 A to 4000 A is needed and should be done with highest priority.
CIVIL 61. The size of the project site of the Kaltim Peaker 2 will be approx. 5 ha. The site will be fenced at the beginning of the construction works. Ground leveling will take place in this area to achieve a Final Ground Level of +10 m MSL, similar to the neighbouring Tanjung Batu Power Plant site.
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Project Layout
62. The proposed civil works are based on the overall plant layout. The new plant will be built at the southernmost corner of the existing compound. 63. The new project and all new project components will be located within the fenced area shown in Figure 8 below.
Figure 8: Layout plan of the planned project site Kaltim Peaker 2
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C. Project Associated facilities
64. For Kaltim Peaker 1, the following project-related infrastructure was already completed: (i) Access road (ii) Jetty (for diesel) (iii) Diesel storage (iv) Compressed natural gas receiving station (v) Power evacuation lines to the transmission system (vi) Cooling water supply (vii) Wastewater discharge
65. The associated facilities for the construction phase comprise: (i) additional Jetty for material transport north-west of the Kaltim power plant complex (ii) extension of the existing access road west of Kaltim 1 Peaker to Kaltim Peaker 2 (200 x 50 m). 66. A new gas pipeline will be built to supply gas to the existing power plants Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1. According to information from PLN the new pipeline will run for most of its length in parallel to an existing gas pipeline. Kaltim Peaker 2 will also be supplied by the new pipeline. As the pipeline will be built anyway for the supply of the already existing plants it is not regarded as an associated facility of Kaltim Peaker 2 and therefore not assessed in this EIA.
Jetty 67. According to information from PLN, the already existing jetty (Figure 1) for diesel supply and the diesel storage tank for Kaltim 1 will not be changed or expanded. PLN will be in control of the NG and diesel supply. PLN stated that no additional dredging activities associated with the Kaltim Peaker 2 project are planned in the Mahakam River. Therefore, in the context of the ADB’s SPS 2009 requirements, the jetty is not considered as an associated facility of the project Kaltim Peaker 2. 68. A major part of the heavy construction material and equipment for the Kaltim Peaker 1 was transported by ship and landed at a temporary jetty north- east of the existing power plant complex (Figure 1). This temporary jetty consisted of an artificial bay, which was excavated at the beginning of the construction works for Kaltim 1, and a jetty grounded on piles. After finalization of the construction works the jetty was dismantled.
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Figure 9: Excavated bay and remains of the temporary jetty for the disembarkation of construction material for Kaltim Peaker 1.
69. According to information received from the PLN staff during a site visit in March 2017, this temporary jetty will also be used for the material transport for Kaltim Peaker 2. For this purpose, the already existing bay, which has meanwhile been partially filled with sediments, will be excavated and a new temporary jetty will be constructed on piles. The temporary jetty is regarded as a project/associated facility and is a part of this project assessment. 70. After finalization of the construction works for Kaltim Peaker 2 the temporary jetty will be dismantled.
Access Road 71. The already existing, tarred access road to the Kaltim Power plant complex will be used for the construction and operation of Kaltim Peaker 2. Therefore, in the context of SPS 2009 the existing access road does not need to be considered as an associated facility of the project Kaltim Peaker 2. 72. The already existing access road (unpaved, overgrown dirt road) west of the power plant complex, which was used for material transport from the temporary jetty to Kaltim Peaker 1 will be extended by about 200 m. This road extension will take place in a swamp area. The filling material for the road extension will come from the levelling works of the Kaltim Peaker 2 site. Within this site there is presently a hill of about 15 m height. The road extension is regarded as a project/associated facility and will be part of this project assessment. 73. After finalization of the construction works for Kaltim Peaker 2, the access road including the extension will be abandoned and reclaimed.
Power supply, power evacuation and substation
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74. Power supply during construction will be provided through the existing infrastructure from the Kaltim Peaker 1 site. 75. The already existing power line for the evacuation of power from the operating Kaltim 1 Peaker will also be used for the power evacuation of Kaltim 2 Peaker. There may be additional stringing necessary (still to be clarified) but according to information from PLN the electrical transmission towers will not be changed. Thus, the power line is not considered as an associated facility of the project Kaltim 2 Peaker.
Fuel Supply
Existing Gas and HSD delivery system: 76. Originally gas for the Tanjung Batu power plant complex has been delivered by VICO Indonesia (Virginia Indonesia Company, LLC)3 using a ± 55 km overland pipeline from the Semberah gas field. Since 2013 gas production has declined so the existing power plants are mostly using HSD. 77. HSD is delivered every 4 days by a 6,000 dwt tanker through a jetty on the Mahakam riverbank and stored in fuel tanks on the complex. The minimum water depth at the jetty is 6.5 m.
Future gas and HSD delivery system: 78. To secure gas supply for both the existing plants and the planned power plant Kaltim Peaker 2, PLN will build a new gas pipeline Badak Export Manifold (BEM) - Electricity Centre Tanjung Batu of ca. 55 km, which is crossing 2 Local Government areas (Kutai Regency and Municipality of Samarinda). The pipeline will use the ROW of the existing pipelines of VICO and Pertamina EP.
Figure 10: Existing gas receiving facilities
3 VICO Indonesia or Virginia Indonesia Company, LLC (VICO) has been operating the Sanga-Sanga Production Sharing Contract (PSC), which is located in the Kutai Basin of East Kalimantan and covers an area of approximately 1,700 square kilometers, for more than 40 years. It has produced more than 12,6 TCF of gas and 0.4 billion barrels of liquid from the production fields in Badak, Mutiara, Semberah, Nilam, Pamaguan, Lampake and Beras. As the gas coordinator and operator of the East Kalimantan Pipeline Network system, VICO is responsible for over 1,000 km of pipelines, ranging in diameter from 6” to 42”, and for the transportation of almost 2 BCF of gas per day. Source: VICO Indonesia official website 7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 IV-26
79. The new pipeline, which was expected to be operational by October 2017, will be built and used to supply the already existing power plant complex at Kaltim and the Kaltim Peaker 2. Kaltim Peaker 2 will consume only a fraction of the gas, as the other plants will run as load follower, while Kaltim Peaker 2 is a peak load plant with a lower capacity factor. According to PLN, the pipeline will have been built anyway for the supply of the already existing power plants. The viability and existence of the new gas pipeline will therefore not depend exclusively on the planned project Kaltim Peaker 2. 80. Based on available information and in the context of the SPS 2009, this new gas pipeline is not considered as an associated facility of Kaltim Peaker 2 and will not be assessed under this project.
Water supply and wastewater discharge 81. No quantitative figures regarding water demand and wastewater effluents have been provided in the available documents and the following figures have been estimated based on previous, comparable projects. 82. With a diesel fired turbine system the water demand for Kaltim Peaker 2 is estimated to be 50 m3/d. This water consumption is due to the injection of cooling water into the combustion chamber to reduce the temperature within the chamber and thus the formation of NOx. The wastewater effluent from the Kaltim Peaker 2 is estimated to be up to 10 m3/d. This amount will result from general services and drinking and washing water for the power plant staff. Storm water from sealed areas will be directly discharged into the swamp area and the Mahakam river. 83. The existing raw water facilities will be upgraded to accommodate the Kaltim Peaker 2 especially for cooling water. Wastewater will be discharged via the already existing infrastructure of Kaltim Peaker 1. At present the collected wastewater from the power plant complex passes a sedimentation basin and an oil trap before it is discharged into the Mahakam river. The following figure shows the oil trap at the west side of the Tanjung Batu power plant.
Figure 11: Oil trap at the west side of the Tanjung Batu power plant
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Hazardous waste 84. According to information provided by PLN power plant staff, the Tanjung Batu power plant has already a permitted storage house, with sealed concrete floor and surrounding wall to contain eventual spills. The permit is valid for all types of hazardous wastes on site and a legally-compliant approach for its handling, transportation, and disposal. The permits are attached as Annex F to this Report. The existing system and facilities for handling and disposing hazardous waste is also used for Kaltim Peaker 1. According to information from PLN, Kaltim Peaker 2 will use the same system. 85. The following figure shows the hazardous waste storage facility at the western side of the power plant complex.
Figure 12: Storage of hazardous waste at Tanjung Batu power plant complex
Substation 86. The existing substation will be upgraded by changing the Busbar from 1,250 A to 4,000 A.
Control Room 87. The existing control room will be upgraded to accommodate the necessary equipment for Kaltim Peaker 2.
Construction infrastructure 88. The worker camp for Kaltim Peaker 2 will be located within the fenced project site. For material excavation or deposition in connection with the projects Kaltim Peaker 2, the planned project will use already existing facilities
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which have been used for the neighbouring power plants. It is not planned to open up new excavation or deposition sites just for the project Kaltim Peaker 2.
Summary of project associated facilities 89. The following table summarizes the environmentally relevant project associated facilities and their present status.
Project component Kaltim Peaker 2
Gas pipeline and Existing Compressed natural gas receiving station (shared with Kaltim Peaker 1) Access road east of the Kaltim Peaker 2 site Long existing and no modification Access road extension west of the Kaltim Peaker 2 site Planned project associated facility Existing Power evacuation lines (shared with Kaltim Peaker 1) Diesel jetty north-east of the power plant complex Existing (shared with others) Temporary jetty north-west of the power plant complex Planned project associated facility Existing Diesel storage (shared with others) Cooling water supply Existing (shared with Kaltim Peaker 1) Wastewater discharge Existing (shared with Kaltim Peaker 1) Table 4: Summary of the main project facilities
90. The existing related facilities for Kaltim 1 (and partly Tanjung Batu) like office building, water supply and discharge systems, access road, jetty (for diesel), diesel storage and transport on site, natural gas receiving station, and power evacuation lines to the island grid system) will also be used for Kaltim Peaker 2. They are therefore not considered as associated facilities of the project Kaltim Peaker 2 in the context of SPS 2009. 91. Beside the temporary jetty and the extension of the western access road there are no associated facilities outside the power plant site for Kaltim Peaker 2 which have to be considered in this impact assessment. 92. The existing infrastructure at the Tanjung Batu Power Station and Kaltim Peaker 1 will be used and eventually accommodated for Kaltim Peaker 2. These modifications will be executed within already existing facilities and no relevant environmental impacts are expected from these modifications.
D. Project variants
93. At the time when the EIA process for this project began, the bidding documents were already being compiled. At that time decisions about the project location and the project technology (dual fired power plant NG - HSD) had already been made. 94. In the bidding documents many decisions about detailed planning and construction lay within the responsibility of the EPC contractor and remain unclear at the present planning stage.
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95. For these reasons the possibilities for the environmental planners to participate in the planning process and to coordinate with the technical planners were quite limited in this specific planning case. 96. In case there was more than one technical possibility, worst case scenarios were assumed for impact forecast and assessment, following the usual procedures of international financing agencies. Mitigation measures were then built around to ensure that ADB SPS requirements are complied with. 97.
E. No-Project option
98. The planned Kaltim Peaker 2 project is just one piece in PLN’s planning in order to achieve a sufficient and reliable energy supply in Eastern Kalimantan. Without this project there will be a delay on the way to reaching this target. 99. The already existing Tujang Batu power plant complex and especially the coal fired power plant north-east of Tanjung Batu village already lead to a significant decline of the previously rich natural environment and also the human environment of the wider project area. 100. On this background the additional impacts resulting from the planned project are a negligible addition to the already existing and ongoing impacts from the operation of the already existing power energy infrastructure in the project area of influence. 101. With respect to analysis of alternatives for such a small peaker plant gas firing mode is most environmental friendly and cost effective. The site does not have potential for commercial exploitation of wind energy. Solar energy with out large battery storage can not play the role of peaking stations besides it needs large land area. Since use of planned transmission system was one of key economic reason to select the present site, solar energy was not a feasible option due to land constraint at the site. Gas turbines was the most suitable option to add a peaking capacity at Kaltim and was selected.
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V. Description of the Environment
A. Physical environment
103. Environmental components of the physical environment considered in this EIA are topography, geology and soils, seismicity, water, climate, air, and noise.
Topography
District 104. The topography of Kutai Kartanegara District consists of coastal and inland regions. The beach areas in the eastern district are in a height of 0-7 meters above sea level (masl). The total range of the beach area is 724,566 hectares or 26.58% of the district. 105. Areas with an altitude above sea level (7-25 m) cover 988,774 hectares or 36.63% of the district. This region is flat to gently sloping, hence sometimes partly inundated. However, ground water level is high enough from agricultural wetlands. With a height of more than 25 m above sea level the rest of the land area is about 1.00297 million hectares or 36.79% of the district. 106. Areas that can be developed for aquaculture have a low inclination and a height between 7-25 m above sea level, especially in areas along the Mahakam river basin. Project site 107. The project site of the planned Kaltim Peaker 2 is located on the banks of the Mahakam River with a quite plain topography beside one ca. 15 m high hill, which is partially located within the project site. 108. West of the project site there is a swamp area, which is ca. 2 - 3 m lower than the project site.
Geology and Soil 109. Geological Structure and Regional Land Areas at Study Site of Kaltim- 2 Gas Fired Power Plant (Peaker) are show 110. n in Figure 14. District 111. The Geological structure of Kutai Kartanegara Regency in the east i.e. the beach area and surrounding low areas, supposedly dates back between Tertiary to Quaternary. Comprehensive geological formation that above 10% is a formulation of Alluvium and Pemaluan Beds.
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No. Geological Formulation Spacious (km2) Percentage (%) 1. N. A 41.800,13 43,98 2. Alluvium 17.713,38 18,64 3. Young Vulcanic (Effusive) 261,17 0,27 4. Dumarin Beds (Limestone) 280,76 0,29 5. Kampung Baru Beds 1.658,42 1,74 6. Balikpapan Beds 3.062,20 3,22 7. Pulaubalang Beds 5.203,79 5,47 8. Pamaluan Beds 3.750,83 18,37 9. Paleogene 3.845,71 3,95 10. Pratertier 3.845,71 4,05 Table 5: Various Types of Geological Formations (Source: Agriculture and Horticulture Agency Kutai Kartanegara, 2010)
112. Table 3 below presents the various soil types of the Kutai Kartanegara Regency. The soil type is the most widespread of yellow-red podzolic complex types, latosol, and litosol the extensive reach 53,689.86 km2 or 54.49% of the area of the district. Soil Types Spacious (km2) Percentage (%) Organosol Gley Humus 7.926,48 8,34 Alluvial 4.002,41 4,21 Latosol 2.180,76 2,76 Complex, Podzolic Yellow Red, Latosol 53.689,86 54,49 and Litosol Podzolic Yellow Red 27.246,47 28,66 Table 6: Various Types of Soil (Source: Agriculture and Horticulture Agency Kutai Kartanegara, 2010)
Project site 113. Stratigraphically, unit at the project site are young alluvial deposits since the Holocene age with a still ongoing sedimentation process. 114. The project site material consists of coast and river sediments with loose clay, silt, sand, and gravel.
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Figure 13: Geological map of the Kutai Kartanegara Regency
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Figure 14: Geological map of the Kutai Kartanegara Regency, Section Kaltim area
Seismicity
Figure 15: Seismic Hazard Map of Indonesia
(Source:http://geology.about.com/od/seishazardmaps/ss/World-Seismic-Hazard- Maps.htm#step18
115. The largest Part of Kalimantan, including the project area belongs to a zone with low seismic hazard risks. The risk of plant damage due to earthquake 7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 V-34
therefore is considered low. The contractor however is to include structural safety features in structural design commensurate with the seismic risk of the project site.
Surface water
District 116. The hydrology potential of the Kutai Kartanegara District is immense due to the flow of the Mahakam River and its tributaries. The water from the huge catchment area follows Mahakam River and its tributaries and passes forest areas on its way to the sea. The main socio-economic significance of Mahakam River is providing water supply and fish for residents, and in deeper river parts also regional water transport possibilities. Project area 117. In spite of the fact that the project area is almost 100 km upstream the river mouth the average water level of the Mahakam river is around 2 m above sea level. The project area is still within the tidal range. From the result of site investigations (Feasibility Study, PLN 2016), the tidal study shows that the depth of the Mahakam river at the lowest point of LLWL to river bed is less than 40 cm (in coordinate X;505985,809 and Y;9957973,083; -2,4 m MSL). Due to its distance from coast, there is no risk of Tsunami wave impacting the project site. 118. Based on site investigation documents, water quality samples were taken from the Mahakam River at two sampling points, one upstream and one downstream of the Kaltim power plant complex. Sampling was conducted monthly. 119. Monitoring results from September 2015 to June 2016 show that Fe has exceeded 0.3 mg/l for all periods (0.434 – 1.243 mg/L). TSS has exceeded 50 mg/L (monitoring results reach 210.2 mg/L). Excess of TSS and Fe in the surface water exists both up- and downstream of the plant. Coal barge activity for a coal-fired power plant in a distance of ca. 2 km upstream the Tanjung Batu complex could be considered as a reason. Other parameters have fulfilled the water quality standards. The results of the water quality measurements for surface water are shown below (Table 4).
Ground water 120. Table 8 below gives a survey about the ground water quality in the wider project area. beside quite high Nitrate values, which may have natural reasons, the ground water quality is good. 121. According to the Feasibility Study (PLN 2016), the ground water level within the project site is about 2 m below the surface level. No specific data regarding ground water quality within the project site had been available. From the general inclination of the terrain it can be concluded that the general flow direction of the ground water is from south to north, i.e. from the Kaltim Peaker 2 site to the existing power plants and further on to Mahakam River. At the southern and south-western part a swamp borders the project sitearea. As no 7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 V-35
pollution source could be identified upstream the Kaltim Peaker 2 site it is assumed that the ground water within the site is natural and not contaminated.
Table 7: Summary of water quality measurements from the semi-annual monitoring Reports for the Tanjung Batu Power plant complex (average values).
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Table 8: Water quality data from the semi-annual monitoring Reports for the Tanjung Batu Power plant complex.
Figure 16: Location of a coal fired power plant in a distance of ca. 2 km upstream the existing Kaltim power plant complex
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Climate 122. Tenggarong District, Kutai Regency is a tropical region with two seasons, a rainy and a dry season.
District 123. The maximum annual rainfall is 2,894.90 mm is quite high, and, together with the tropical climate and fertile soils favourable for agriculture. The average monthly rainfall is 111 mm and the average daily rainfall 11 mm shown in Table 9.
No. Month Rainfall (mm) Rainy Day (hh)
1 January 243 22 2 February 158 12 3 March 197 13 4 April 99 17 5 May 38 15 6 June 224 17 7 July 74 6 8 August 54 5 9 September 0 0 10 October 23 5 11 November 72 13 12 December 153 9 Monthly/daily average 111.25 11 Table 9: Rainfall and Rainy Day by Month (Source: District of Tenggarong Seberang in Figures, 2016)
124. The yearly average air temperature is 22.6°C. The relative humidity in the district ranges from 43.0% up to 99.2%. 125. Dominant wind direction in the region is from North-West with the maximum wind speed of ± 22.9 knots (Kaltim 2, Gas Fired Power Plant (Peaker), PLN 2016). Project area: 126. Figure 17 presents the wind rose for the simulated year 2016 at the project site. It shows that the prevailing winds blow from northwest (NW), north (N), and northeast (NE), while most of the receptors are located to the northeast (NE) and south (S) of the plant. The wind rose also indicates that the more frequent wind speed is around 3 m/sec, which is equivalent, in the Beaufort scale, to the level “light breeze”.
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Figure 17: Wind rose for the year 2016 as simulated with the model WRF (Source: Kaltim Peaker 2 Power Plant Air Dispersion Calculation, Draft Report, Fichtner, April 2017).
Air quality and noise
Air quality 127. Air quality measurements are regularly undertaken in the area for purposes of reporting to the authorities. The measurements are made once per semester in 3 locations: (i) In front of the existing Plant’s Office; (ii) At the housing complex of the existing Plant workers; (iii) At Tanjung Batu Village.
128. The summarized results are shown in Table 12 as averages for the period 2014-2016 and for all locations. The measured concentrations correspond to 24-hour averages for all pollutants. However, the air quality standards are defined as well for other averaging periods, namely 10 minutes, 1 hour, 8 hours, and 1 year. Therefore, it is necessary to convert the 24-hour measurement results into the other averaging periods, so that the background concentrations can be added to the modeled results. For more details see Air Dispersion Calculation report for Kaltim Peaker 2 (Annex C). Based on EPA, 1992, the following multiplying factor may be applied to the 24 hr averages to convert them into 1 hr averages: Multiplying Factor - to convert 24 hr to 1 hr 2,5 Table 10: Multiplying factor to convert 24 hour concentrations to 1 hr concentrations (adapted from EPA, 1992)
129. After converting the 24 hr measurements to 1 hr concentrations using the above conversion factor, it is possible to convert these into other averaging periods as shown in Table 11.
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Averaging Multiplying Factors - to convert 1 hr to period other averaging periods 10 mins 1.65 * 8 hours 0.7 ** Annual 0.08 ** Table 11: Multiplying factors for point sources to convert 1 hour concentrations to other averaging periods (*OME, 2008, and **EPA, 1992)
Air Quality Averaging Air Quality Measured and Pollutant Standards [μg/m³] period Converted Data [μg/Nm3] NAAQS WHO 1 hour 2884.5 30,000 - CO 24 hours * 1153.8 10,000 - 10 minutes 41.3 - 500 (GL) 1 hour 25 900 - 125 SO2 (IT1) 24 hours * 10.0 365 50 (IT2) 20 (GL) 1 year 2.0 60 - 1 hour 32,6 400 200 (GL)
NO2 24 hours * 13.0 150 - 1 year 2.6 100 40 (GL) 150 (IT1) 100 24 hours N.A. 150 (IT2) 75 (IT3) PM10 50 (GL) 70 (IT1) 50 (IT2) 1 year N.A. - 30 (IT3) 20 (GL) 24 hours * 63.0 230 - TSP 1 year 12.6 90 - * Measured results; all other values are calculated using the factors shown in Table 10 and Table 11.
Standard is not exceeded Standard is exceeded Table 12: Air Quality measured and converted data in the project area (adapted from data directly received)
Table 12 shows that the measured and calculated concentrations are all well below the national and WHO standards.
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The Consultant had no access to a description of the quality assurance and control procedures undertaken during the collection of the air quality data shown. There is therefore no guarantee that the data collection has been made according to reference techniques and methods. Given this, the data is used in this report only for illustrative purposes. It may be noted that these observations on ambient air quality are insufficient for their use as baseline in EIA. Data for longer duration (at the minimum observations for 3, 24 hours periods in a week for two consecutive weeks) are required.
Noise 130. Measurement of noise levels in the monitoring reports was conducted by Sound Level Meter (iTEC Solution Indonesian), and refers to Regulation of the Minister of Environment Regulation No. 48/MENLH/11/1996 about noise level standards. The monitoring locations were Tanjung Batu office yard, PLN staffs housing south of the power plant complex, and Tanjung Batu Village. The following Table shows the results of the semi-annual noise measurements in the years 2014, 2015, and 2016.
PERIOD 2014 PERIOD 2015 PERIOD 2016 State No. CRITERIA SOURCES Quality I II I II I II Standards*)
Industrial Office 1 72.6 59.3 52.2 54.33 48 51.1 70 Area yard PLN Settlement 50.1 61 49.7 49.57 51.2 51.3 and Housing 2 55 Housing Tj. Batu 50.2 62.5 51 52.85 42.2 54.3 Area settlement
*) Minister of Environment Regulation No. 48/MENLH/11/1996, Noise Quality Standards Table 13: Results of the semi-annual noise measurements in the years 2014, 2015, and 2016
1. It may be noted that noise measurements presented in Table 10 are insufficient to establish baseline noise conditions, due to short time interval of observations (discussion from PLN staff indicate that these were spot measurements of noise) and also lack of description of time of observation. It is also not clarified at what capacity the plant was operating when observations were made. 2. Considering noise impacts are the most prominent impacts of the project, an additional short survey was conducted by the consultant on 22 February 2018. During this survey observations were made inside the plant as well as at all 5 points of interests (POIs). At the time of observations only Kaltim Peaker 1 was in operation with one turbine running at 60 MW. 3. The noise observations were made with a calibrated handheld noise meter for a period of 1 minute at “Max Hold” setting for each observation. During the observation if any extraneous noise in the vicinity of point of observation was noticed, such as a vehicle approaching, a person walking past or loud talking, the observation was discarded and noise observation was
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repeated for another 1 minute. Observation at Tanjung Batu village was made 20 meters away from nearest structure in the direction point to the power plant. 4. Following table presents the findings of this short survey conducted on February 22 between 14:00 to 16:00 hours:
POI Description of POI Noise Level Observation
1 School 54.2-56.9 Incest noise and bird activity caused the noise variations 2 Staff Housing 1 45.2 The staff housing is protected by a hill 3 Staff Housing 2 47.2
4 Farm House 44.2
5 Tanjung Batu Village 54 Observation at 20 m outside the village towards plant 6 Main 67.5 Entrance
Table: 10A Ambient Noise near Plant Site ( February 22, 2018, 14:00 to 16:00)
5. It is observed from Table 10A, that Tanjung Batu village although it is at relatively longer distance with respect to other POIs from the power complex, is most susceptible to the plant noise. This is due to relatively flat terrain between the plant and the villages which otherwise is significantly undulating. It may be noted that POI1 – the school has not been considered as sensitive receptor in this analysis because decision to shift the school to a distant location has already been taken. The noise levels at the village with plant operating with Kaltim peaker1 at 60 MW (one turbine) is 54 dB(A), marginally below that national standard for residential areas. The maximum noise levels, at the most susceptible location at the plant boundary (Main entrance where security guards are posted) were recorded at 67.5 d(B)A. Since at the time of operation, the plant was operating at less than half of its generation capacity, it is inferred that at full operations the national noise standards will be exceeded both for residential (55 dB(A)) and industrial land use ( 70 dB(A)).
B. Natural environment
Kutai Kartanegara regency
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Ecosystem Zones 6. Environmental components of the natural environment considered in this EIA are flora, fauna, habitats, with a special focus on rare, endangered and protected species and habitats. The ecosystem zones in the Kutai Kartanegara regency consist of: (i) Perepat Pidada Zone (Sonneratia caseolaris-Avicennia Sp) (ii) Mangrove Zone (Rhizophora sp) (iii) Mangrove Transition Zone (perepat, fires, mangroves, tancang) and Nipah (iv) Nipah Zone (v) Low Salinity Mangrove Forest Zone or Zona Dungun Nibung/Nipah (vi) Mix Freshwater Swamp Forest Zone or Zona Nibung-Waru (oncosperma Hibiscus sp-tilaceus) (vii) Mangrove Density.
Protected areas and species 7. The District Regulation of Kutai Kartanegara No. 9/2013 regarding the Spatial Planning of Kutai Kartanegara 2013 – 2033, stipulated that the protected forest area of approximately 218,664 hectares includes: (i) Kembang Janggut subdistrict; (ii) Marang Kayu subdistrict; (iii) Samboja subdistrict; and (iv) Tabang subdistrict. 8. Animal species that live in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency comprise various types of snakes, birds, deer, antelope, bear, bobcat, porcupines, orang utan, etc. The rare, endangered and protected species in the regency comprise: (i) Bornean Orangutans or Mawas (Pongo pygmaeus) Indonesia: critically endangered, IUCN: critically endangered (ii) Sunda Pangolin or Peusing (Manis javanica) Indonesia: critically endangered, IUCN: critically endangered (iii) Irrawaddy Dolphin - Pesut (Orcaella brevirostris) Indonesia: critically endangered, IUCN: critically endangered for inland Pesut and endangered for coastal Pesut (iv) False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelli) (v) Indonesia: endangered, IUCN: vulnerable (vi) Norther Grey Gibbon, Owa-owa or Kaliawat (Hylobates funereus) Indonesia: endangered, IUCN: endangered (vii) Proboscis monkey, Bekantan or Kahau (Nasalis larvatus) Indonesia: endangered, IUCN: endangered (viii) Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) Indonesia: endangered, IUCN: critically endangered
From these species only three species, Proboscis monkey, Irrawaddy dolphin, and the False Gharial have been reported in the wider project area and will
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therefore be discussed in this EIA Report. More details on these species are provided in Annex H.
Proboscis Monkey (Long-nosed Monkey, Nasalisis larvatus) 9. Based on information provided by PLN, a small population of 13 Proboscis Monkeys (Bekantan) is living in the forest area west of the PLN Tanjung Batu power plant complex. 10. This forest area, which is marked in red in Figure 18 below, is located within PLN property. It forms the eastern part of a larger Proboscis habitat which also comprises a wider forest area bordering PLN property in the west.
Kaltim Peaker 2
Figure 18: Proboscis habitat on PLN property (marked in red). Source: Presentation of Balitek KSDA (Ministry of Environment and Forestry) during a ADB mission to Tanjung Batu in August 2017 (Rencana Kegiatan Restorasi Habitat Bekantan di Areal PT. PLN (Persero), Balitek KSDA.
11. The current presence of the Proboscis monkeys (Bekantan) was confirmed by a field team from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, which visited the site and found traces of the recent presence of Proboscis monkeys within the area marked in red in Figure 18 above. It was also reported by PLN staff that recently an excavator operator has seen one of the Proboscis monkeys while clearing land for the demarcation of the western border of the PLN property. 12. Proboscis monkeys are endemic to Borneo, and they were originally found in all coastal areas of this island (Source: http://www.iucnredlist.org /details/14352/0). The following Figure 19 shows the distribution of Proboscis Monkeys in Kalimantan.
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Kaltim Peaker 2
Figure 19: Proboscis (Nasalis larvatus) - Distribution of this endemic species in Kalimantan (Source: http://maps.iucnredlist.org/map.html?id=14352)
13. Proboscis monkeys are categorized as “endangered” (IUCN A2cd, ver. 3.1), listed on CITES Appendix I, and this species is also protected by law throughout its range in Indonesia. In some portions of its range this legal protection suffers from governmental and institutional deficiencies, including lack of conservation funds and knowledge, and poor and inappropriate management4. 14. The habitat of this species west of the Tanjung Batu power plant complex is a natural habitat for this endemic species, following the description of ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 1, para. 26 and 28. 15. The Indonesian Proboscis populations range in size from over 1,000 to less than 100, depending on past and current threats5. In total, the Kalimantan population was at least 3,700 - though potentially even more than double that - in 2000. The population in the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, which is estimated to have numbered in the thousands up until the early 1990s, has now been decimated mainly due to conversion of the coastal swamps to shrimp farms. Loss of habitats is also caused by an increasing human population with logging, cultivation, and settlement activities. The 1997-1998
4 Meijaard, E. and V. Nijman. 2000. Distribution and conservation of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biol. Conserv. 92: 15–24. 5 Meijaard, E., Nijman, V. & Supriatna, J. 2008. Nasalis larvatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T14352A4434312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14352A4434312.en 7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 V-45
Bornean forest fires significantly contributed to the destruction of the remaining habitats of all primate species in Kalimantan. 16. Proboscis species is associated with riparian-riverine forests, coastal lowland forest, including mangroves, peat swamp, and freshwater swamp forest. It is rarely found far from its local habitat's waterway. The species is mostly folivorous and frugivorous, and prefers young leaves and unripen non- fleshy fruits. 17. Proboscis monkeys avoid areas with heavy deforestation, such as agricultural land6. Where there is no hunting, the species can persist in disturbed forests and secondary habitats. 18. The species is relatively lethargic and easily hunted; with little effort entire populations can be hunted to extirpation. Opportunistic hunting of Nasalis larvatus for food occurs; the species is also hunted for bezoar stones, an intestinal secretion used in traditional Chinese medicine. Hunting has been felt most significantly in the Bornean interior, but is increasing in coastal areas7. 19. According to field observations by Boonratana (2009) the home range size of a focal one-male group of Proboscis was 220.5 ha8. This species never entered agricultural lands, nor areas used intermittently as log dumps for logging operations carried out in the area before and during the study. 20. GIS evaluation of a recent satellite map showed, that the local Proboscis group presently seems to survive under already strained conditions with a maximum estimated habitat size of ca. 25 ha usable forest area, thereof ca. 8 ha located within PLN property. 21. The wide swamp area between the power plant complex and the Proboscis habitat is almost inaccessible and no site specific data about plant or animal species could be collected during the site visits. Theoretically the swamp area could provide habitats for rare and endangered species but due to the year-long influence of the operating power plants only species adapted to those conditions could be nowadays left. In any case the swamp area serves as a valuable natural barrier to hinder human access to the proboscis habitat. Mahakam River 22. The Mahakam River and its surrounding wetlands in the South East of Indonesian Borneo are ecologically important, providing breeding grounds for migrating birds and supporting a number of endangered species. 23. The Mahakam River is the largest river in East Kalimantan with a catchment area of approximately 77,100km2, and is also home of Indonesia´s population of Irrawaddy dolphins9 (Orcaella brevirostris).10
6 Salter, R. E. and N. A. Mackenzie. 1985. Conservation status of the proboscis monkey in Sarawak. Biol.Conserv. 33: 119–132. 7 Meijaard, E. and V. Nijman. 2000. Distribution and conservation of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biol. Conserv. 92: 15–24. 8 Boonratana, R. 2000. Ranging Behavior of Proboscis Monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in the Lower Kinabatangan, Northern Borneo. International Journal of Primatology. 21(3): 497-518 9 Irrawaddy dolphin also found at the Sesayap River at Kalimantan Utara Province. 10 http://whitleyaward.org/winners/conserving-indonesias-freshwater-dolphins/ 7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 V-46
24. A total of 147 indigenous freshwater fish species had been identified from the Mahakam River. 25. The Mahakam River hosts 298 bird species, among them 70 protected andfour endemic species: Borneo Whistler (Pachycephala hypoxantha), Bornean Paecockpheasant (Polyplectron schleiermacheri), Bornean Blue-Flycatcher (Cyornis superbus), and Bornean Bristlehead (Pityriasis gymnocephala).11 26. No protected bird habitat is located within or near the in project area of influence of the planned project.
Irrawaddy dolphins 27. The Irrawaddy Dolphin (Pesut) species is found in shallow, coastal waters of the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific and in major river systems like the Mahakam, Ayeyarwady, Mekong, where alarming declines in their numbers and ranges and ongoing and pervasive threats occurred in the past years. The habitats of these animals are increasingly modified and degraded by human activities, resulting in dramatic declines in the abundance and range of the Irrawaddy Dolphin. 28. The distribution of the dolphins in Eastern Kalimantan comprises river habitats as well as marine coastal areas12. These areas are shown in Figure 20 below. The river habitats are concentrated in a core area, where most of the dolphins had been observed and within this core area there are two focus areas. 29. According to surveys conducted on the Mahakam river in 2005, confined to the area between Muara Kaman (c. 180 km from the coast) and Datah Bilang (c. 480 km from the coast), it can be concluded that Irrawaddy Dolphins are moving between these two locations. 30. The number of these critically endangered dolphins in the Mahakam river is declining rapidly and the main reasons are the destruction and the depletion of the upstream rain forest. The river water of today is always loaded with suspended solids, even in the dry season, polluted with toxins (heavy metals, cyanide, acids) and garbage, and it has become the highway for the coal ships coming from the rainforest, causing noise and ongoing water pollution.
11 http://broom02.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Mahakam+River&item_type=topic&overlay=1 12 Estuarine habitat dolphin never going to the fresh water and fresh water dolphin never going to estuarine. this two type dolphin (sub species) also different in skin and skin color. 7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 V-47
Figure 20: Power plant location and main habitats of Irrawaddy dolphin populations in the Mahakam River.
31. Mercury and cyanide are running into the river from leaks in dams that retain wastes from large-scale gold mining operations and from small-scale mining activities along the river. Coal dust as well as runoff from coal deposits is also ending up in the Mahakam river. Toxic substances are more and more polluting the river and may have caused the occasionally observed changes in the skin pigment of the dolphins in this area.13 32. The numerous pollution sources along the Mahakam river are not only posing direct, but also indirect threats to the dolphins, e.g. by killing or poisoning their prey. The main threats on the Mahakam River causing death of dolphins are noise pollution, habitat destruction, chemical pollution, and decreasing fish resources. 33. Figure 20 shows that the project area is located outside the core habitats of the Irrawaddy Dolphins. The core habitat areas, where the dolphins reproduce, feed and mainly stay (marked by cross hatching) begin ca. 80 km upstream the project site.
Siamese Crocodiles 34. According to information from PLN and local villagers no Siamese Crocodiles have been observed in the past years in the Mahakam river section near the project site. Personal communication with PLN personnel also indicates the potential presence of False Gharial crocodile (Tomistoma scheillius) in the Mahakam River.
13 http://www.vantienhovenfoundation.com/uploads/Kreb%20Abundance%20survey%202005(2).pdf 7203F96/FICHT-19631702-v1 V-48
35. This power plant complex is located at a concave bank of the Mahakam river with strong currents and steep river banks, which does not provide favourable habitats for crocodiles. However, there is a possibility that the crocodiles may enter into the Tanjung Batu complex through the sloping access formed by the temporary jetty and use the swamp area located west of the existing power plants as a habitat. The wildlife monitoring program will address this opportunity and mitigation of construction activities will be provided to ensure no potential disturbance of wildlife.
Project site
Flora 36. The project site for Kaltim Peaker 2 is located within the Mix Freshwater Swamp Forest Zone. 37. A part of the project site is already a built-up area (ca. 25 %), with out- of function buildings, which will be demolished at the beginning of the construction activities. 38. The vegetation within the project site is secondary bushland and grassy areas, with common species, due to the previous and still ongoing human influence. No rare, endangered or protected plant species have been observed within the project site and none are expected.
Fauna 39. The already existing Kaltim power plant complex is fenced and a large part of this area is built-up or paved. The green areas between the buildings and roads are intensely cultivated with lawns, single trees and bushes. The part of the project site Kaltim Peaker 2, which is located outside the fence, is covered with secondary, mostly eutrophic vegetation. Considering the noise emissions and the strong human influence, the project site of Kaltim Peaker 2 only provides potential habitat for only common, synanthrope species (e.g. synanthrope birds).
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Protected areas and Critical Habitats 40. The following figure shows the protected areas in the wider surroundings of the planned project according to the Tropical Forest Conservation Act (TFCA) of 1998.
Project site Kaltim
Figure 21: Protected Areas of Kalimantan (KEHATI, http://tfcakalimantan.org/)
41. All these protected areas are located far outside, at least 20 km away from the project area of influence. 42. The proven presence of Proboscis monkeys in the forest area west of the Tanjung Batu complex leads to the conclusion that the habitat of this species has to be regarded a natural habitat for this endemic species, following the description of ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 1, para. 28. 43. According to information from PLN a “Bekantan conservation area” has been launched on May 2017, as part of the PLN commitment for “Proper Hijau (Green)”. A MoU has been signed between PLN Mahakam Sector and BKSDA (Balai Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam – Natural Resources Conservation Centre) for the protection of the Proboscis habitat on PLN Property, as marked in red in Figure 18 above. 44. As part of MoU between Natural Resources Conservation Centre and PLN, a sign has been installed on the western road along the PLN property to inform passers-by about the preparation of the new Proboscis conservation area. In addition, PLN has already planted around 200 fruit trees at the outer edge of the Bekantan conservation area as an initial activity to improve the food supply for Proboscis monkeys. 45. The project site Kaltim is located in the lowest range of the total Irrawaddy dolphin distribution area, more than 40 km downstream the next high density dolphin area.
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46. The Tanjung Batu power plant complex is located at a concave bank of the Mahakam river with strong currents and steep river banks, which does not provide core habitat conditions for crocodiles. 47. For these reasons the Mahakam river section within the project AoI is not regarded as critical habitats for Irrawaddy dolphins and Siamese crocodiles.
C. Human environment
48. Environmental components of the human environment considered in this EIA are population and human health, ethnic groups/minorities and gender issues, socio-economic aspects of the planned project, as well as cultural heritage.
1. Kutai Kartanegara District
Population 49. According to the result of “Population Census 2010”, population of Kutai Kartanegara in 2010 was 626,680 persons. The population growth at Kutai Kartanegara District was 2,48 % in 2015. In 2015, most of the Kutai Kartanegara population lived in the capital of Kutai Kartanegara District, “Tenggarong” (15.92%), and within Tenggarong most of the population lived in the subdistricts Tenggarong Seberang (9.96%), Samboja (8.84%), and Loa Janan (8,76%). The others were distributed in fourteen other sub districts. And the smallest population was found in Muara Wis (1.25%).
Human Health 50. Government made efforts to provide health services, which is reflected in the development of health facilities. In 2015, the number of hospitals recorded were 3 in Kutai Kartanegara District, the A.M. Parikesit Hospital in Tenggarong Seberang subdistrict, Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti in Samboja subdistrict and Dayaku Radja at Kota Bangun subdistrict. While the number of public health centres was 32, and public health sub centres 174. Altogether there were 69 doctors and 43 dentists providing services in public health centers.
Ethnic Groups/Minorities 51. The Kutai population consists of several parts that broadly can be divided into 2 groups, i.e. groups of Malays and Dayak. Groups of Malays 52. Kutai tribe or Tenggarong Kutai Malay is indigenous in the Kutai Kartanegara District. Kutai Culture started since the establishment of the Kutai Kingdom in the fourth century as the first Hindu kingdom in the archipelago with the famous king Mulawarman. It continued with the Kesultanan Kutai with and the last sultan is Aji Parikshit. Other tribes are Malays of Kutai Kota Bangun.
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Dayak groups 53. Dayak groups in Kutai consist of several tribes i.e. Dayak Tunjung, Bahau, Benuaq, Modang, Penihing, Busang, Bukat, Ohong and Bentang. (ix) Tunjung tribes inhabit the subdistricts of Melak Alas, Barong Tongkok, Muara Pahu (x) Bahau tribes inhabit the subdistricts of Long Iram and Long Bagun (xi) Benuaq tribes inhabit the subdistrict of Jempang, Muara Lawa, Damai, Muara Pahu (xii) Modang tribes inhabit the subdistricts of Muara and Muara Ancalong Wahau (xiii) Tribes of Penihing, Bukat, and Ohong inhabit the subdistricts of Long Apari (xiv) Busang tribes inhabit the subdistricts Long Pahangai (xv) Bentian tribes inhabit the subdistricts Bentian Large and Muaralawa.
54. In addition to these tribes, there are also other tribes i.e. Dayak Kenyah tribe, Punan, Basap and Kayan. (i) Kenyah are migrants from Apo Kayan, Kab.Bulungan. These tribes inhabit subdistricts of Ancalong Muara, Muara Wahau, tabang, Long Bagun, Pahangai Long, Long Iram and Samarinda Ilir. (ii) Punan Dayak tribes inhabit the wilderness forest in East Kalimantan from Bulungan area, Berau up to Kutai. They live in small groups in the caves of the rocks and trees. (iii) Basap tribes are said to be descendants of china people who married with Punan tribes. They inhabit the subdistricts of Bontang and Sangkulirang. (iv) Kayan tribe from Central Kalimantan is often called the Biaju tribe. They inhabit the subdistricts of Long Iram, Long Bagun and Muara Wahau.
Gender Aspects 55. Kutai Kartanegara through the People's Welfare Development Movement committed to implementing gender mainstreaming (PUG – pengarusutamaan gender) as one of the strategies towards the achievement of gender equality and equity in Kutai Kartanegara, through the program Rakyat Sejahtera Development Movement (King's Gate). There are some programs of improving gender mainstreaming i.e. through the facilities of institutional development, gender equity and equality in many areas of life and the protection of children, adolescents and women in all forms of discrimination and exploitation. Another program such as conduct socialization of design village for harmonious family King's Gate in 18 districts, as well as the healthy Kutai Kartanegara women's movement. 56. Current data of BKBP3A Kutai Kartanegara 2011, the IPG reached 61.84 point, and IDG (gender empowerment index) 55.77 points. There was an increase of 0.26 points compared to 2010 which only 55.51 points. By default UNDP, gender development index Kukar are in the middle position.
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Electricity and Transport Infrastructure 57. Electricity supply in Kutai Kartanegara District is still insufficient and insecure despite the fact that it is known as a producer of oil, gas and coal. Total there are 31 villages in seven subdistricts in Kutai Kartanegara which do not receive electricity from PLN. 58. These seven subdistricts are Muara Badak, Muara Kaman, Muara Muntai, Tabang, Kenohan, Muara Wis, and Kota Bangun. The population of the villages without serviced electricity in 2015 was 8,086 families (KK), 29,812 inhabitants. 59. The main transport infrastructure are the district roads in Kutai with a total length of 2,892.57 km. The status of the district road surface is mostly concrete (30.84%). Approximately 25.42% of the district roads in Kutai and 19.08% of the total district roads in Kutai Kartanegara still have dirt and gravel surface.
Cultural heritage 60. Erau is one of the oldest cultural festivals in the country. The term "Erau" comes from the word "Eroh" which in Malay means Tenggarong Kutai ria party crowd or in general can be interpreted as the party of the people. In the past, Erau was a big celebration for the Kutai and communities across the territory which now covers most areas of East Kalimantan. 61. It is believed that Erau has a very old history in the Kutai community. Erau is said to have started in the 12th century AD. Historical records mention Erau first place as Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti. He was later appointed as the first sultan Martadipura Kutai Ing. 62. According to the records the last Erau in Kutai was held in 1965. Then, at the initiative of the local government and the permission of the Sultanate, this tradition was revived in 1971. Since then the implementation Erau become an arena of cultural heritage preservation in Kutai and the various ethnicities which live in it. 63. Erau is always held to coincide with the anniversary of Tenggarong, i.e. every 29th of September. The festival comprises various arts, traditional ceremonies of the Dayak tribes, and traditional sport competitions.
2. Project site
64. The local residents in the settlements around the PLN property mainly belong to the Tenggarong majority, which can be broadly divided into Malays and Dayaks with a very complicated ethnic substructure within these groups. 65. PLN has acquired a total of 1,709,190 m2 (171 ha) of land in 1998. A copy of the related certificate (Buku Tanah Propinsi Kalimantan Timur Kabupaten Kutai No. 16-03-14-16-3-0001 2 April 1998). The certificate grants PLN the right to build (Hak Guna Bangunan) on the land for 30 years, i.e., until April 1st 2028. The certificate can be extended in due course.
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66. Of the 171 ha area owned by PLN, 20 ha at the northernmost part close to the bank of the Mahakam river are enclosed with fences and are used for the existing power plants and related facilities such as substation, control room, storage facilities and office building. 67. Security personnel guard the complex around the clock. Five hectares of this area will be used for the Kaltim Peaker 2 (three hectares for the power plant and two hectares for CNG), so there is no need to acquire additional land. On the plot designated for the new power plant, there are two abandoned semi- permanent site office buildings, a small prayer hall and a toilet building previously used by the contractor that built the Kaltim Peaker 1. These structures will be demolished. 68. Beside the school building there are no settlers or buildings unrelated to the PLN infrastructure within the project site of Kaltim Peaker 2 and near the power plant complex. PLN will support the relocation of the school building to an area outside the area of significant project impacts from air and noise emissions. No Customary Communities are present in the vicinity of the 171 ha wide PLN property. Consequently, no other resettlement or compensation issues than the relocation of the school building and the compensation of farmers have been identified. 69. During the meetings and discussions with local residents no complaints were made regarding noise and air emissions from the existing Kaltim power plant complex. However numerous complaints were made regarding noise and air emissions from the coal fired power plant north-east of Tanjung Batu village.
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VI. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures
A. Methodology
1. Scoping
70. The planned Kaltim 2 Peaker site borders the Kaltim 1 Peaker and Tanjung Batu PP and will share the following infrastructure that has been built as part of these already existing facilities: (i) Access road (ii) Jetty ( HSD supply) (iii) LNG re-gasification and storage (iv) Power evacuation line (interconnection to the Kalimantan transmission system) (v) Water intake and waste water treatment and discharge facilities (vi) Solid waste management and hazardous waste facilities 71. During the preparation of the EIA various environmental and social impacts on physical, biological, human environment have been identified and evaluated including cumulative impacts. 72. The assessment of environmental impacts is carried out through determination, description and impact assessment that the planned project has or could have during pre-construction, construction, operation and termination of the work regarding: (i) the physical environment (geology, soil, water, climate, air, noise), (ii) the natural environment (flora, fauna, habitats, protected areas and species), and (iii) the human environment (health, livelihood, income, infrastructure, cultural heritage) 73. The following chapters describe the expected impacts caused by the planned Kaltim Peaker 2 for the pre-construction phase, the construction phase, the operation phase, and the termination phase, based on the presently available information. 74. This chapter also describes the mitigation measures applicable to the parties involved in the project development. Together with the outline of an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan it is part of the documentation prepared to meet the requirements of the international financing agency ADB and the laws and regulations of Indonesia. 75. The outline of the EMP identifies the type of measures, where and when these measures are required and which party is responsible for implementation and supervision. The outline of the EMP cannot describe implementing details of the proposed measures, because this must be done by the implementing contractor, based on his detailed technical description and the specific local and actual demands.
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76. For a 100 MW thermal power plant like Kaltim Peaker 2 the most significant environmental impacts are usually air pollution and noise. At least for these two factors a sound prediction of environmental impacts, based on experts studies, is required. Therefore, separate expert studies have been conducted for air and noise emissions in the operation phase. These expert studies are attached as Annex C (Air Emission Report) and Annex D (Noise Emission Report) to this EIA.
2. Assessment criteria
77. During the preparation of an EIA the various environmental and social impacts have to be identified and evaluated according to the comprehensive analysis on the physical, biological, human environment including cumulative impacts. 78. The expected impacts caused by the planned project Kaltim Peaker 2 must be assessed for the construction phase and the operation phase, based on the base line information and information from the technical planners. 79. The criteria for the analysis of the characteristics of potential impacts will be described with regard to: (i) Extent of the impact (location and size of the affected area); (ii) Magnitude and complexity of the impact; (iii) Likelihood/Probability of the impact; (iv) Duration, frequency and reversibility of the impact.
80. Impacts can range from insignificant to highly significant, and from short-term to long-term. Once the assessment of potential impacts has been conducted, mitigating measures are described to prevent or reduce the potential significant impacts to acceptable levels. In practice, most of the impacts can be mitigated through the implementation of effective mitigation measures and by application of the best available technology. 81. Once the assessment of potential impacts has been completed, mitigating measures will be described to prevent or at least to reduce the potential significant impacts to acceptable levels. In practice most of the impacts can be mitigated through the implementation of effective mitigation measures and by the application of best available technology. 82. The best possible measures available to achieve mitigation will be identified on the basis of the principles of the hierarchy of mitigation. In order of preference this is: (i) Avoidance (ii) Reduction (iii) Compensation (iv) Remediation (v) Enhancement.
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83. For the construction and operation phases, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is prepared to define the necessary measures as well as activities, timing, and responsibilities. Environmental monitoring has to be carried out during the construction and operation phases in order to ensure that these mitigation measures will be practically implemented on site.
3. Cumulative impacts
84. Cumulative impacts are impacts that result from overlapping effects caused by planned project together with other past, present or reasonably foreseeable projects or activities within the area of influence of the planned project. Typically, the assessment of cumulative impacts of the project is only conducted when: (i) the project will result in a measurable, demonstrable or reasonably- expected residual environmental impact on a component of the biophysical or human environment; and (ii) the project-specific residual environmental impact on that component does, or is likely to, act in a cumulative fashion with the environmental impacts of other past or future projects and activities that are likely to occur”. 85. As stated in the ADB EIA Guidelines (2003) “In most cases, it will be beyond the scope of an environmental assessment to include a full- fledged cumulative impact assessment. However, it is important that environmental assessment, where appropriate, includes a preliminary assessment of the potential for cumulative effects and specific recommendations on the need for, and the conduct of, a cumulative impact assessment”. 86. There is no major construction or operation activities in the vicinity of the Kaltim 2 project other than potential development of Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 power plants that could have significant cumulative air or noise impact on Tanjung Batu village, the most sensitive receptors near the plant site14. , Therefore only these three facilities were selected for cumulative impact assessment.
14 PT Cahaya Fajar Kaltim coal fired power plant of 100MW installed capacity is located about 2 km from the plant site. Tanjung Bati village is approximately half way on a straight line connecting the two plants. Due to being located in diametrically opposite directions, the pollutants from either of the plants do not overlap over the village under any wind conditions. The generation capacities of these plants are relatively small and wind induced dispersion in the project area is sufficient to dilute the pollutants and rule out accumulation over changing wind directions. Noise levels at the gate of PT Cahaya Fajar Kaltim coal were measured at 60.7 dB(A). The noise from the plant does not carry to Tanjun Batu village to any perceptible level,
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87. There are no simultaneous construction activities envisaged at Tanjung Batu or Kaltim Peaker 1 to cause cumulative impacts with Kaltim Peaker 2 during the construction phase15. 88. In majority of cases, the proposed mitigation of impacts only relates to the Kaltim Peaker 2 project, since both Kaltim Peaker 1 and Tanjung Batu Power Plant are not ADB financed facilities and are already in operation. It is though evident that Kaltim Peaker 1 does not comply with national regulation on ambient noise and may require additional noise attenuation measures. This matter has been discussed in more details in later sections of this chapter.
B. Design Phase and Pre-Construction Impacts
89. In most projects the greatest opportunity to avoid or minimize environmental impacts is given during the technical planning phase. An environmentally sound technical planning, which demands a close cooperation between technical and environmental planners, can help to avoid big problems in the construction and operation phases. This approach following the principle „avoiding the emergence of problems from the beginning is better than repairing problems“ also proved to be beneficial in many projects regarding public acceptance of a project and also regarding saving costs for trying to repair impacts. 90. This approach however must be based on a sound data basis, especially sufficiently precise technical planning. In the present planning case options to reduce impacts already in the planning phase were very limited. Most technical descriptions made in the Feasibility Study were common and unspecific, because it was assumed that many decisions about technical specifications will be made by the contractor. In those cases, where technical specifications, which are essential for an environmental assessment and which were missing in the technical descriptions, worst case scenarios were assumed and assessed (e.g. for noise and air emissions). 91. The cumulative air quality impacts of the project are relatively minor because all three plants in power complex are expected to run on gas. Also, Indonesian regulations restrict the sulfur content in HSD to 0.25% that reduces the SO2 emission in flue gas significantly. In relation to noise, a technical study has been completed to provide realistic estimate of required noise abatement measures at the existing units. With these measures in place, it will be adequate that noise impacts of Kaltim Peaker 2 in a standalone mode are 3 dB(A) lower than the ambient national standards. This will also comply with the policy provision on noise for ADB. More details on this are provided in later sections of this chapter.
15 During 2017, the total annual tanker movement of (2000KL to 5000KL capacity) was 29. It is too low a number to have any cumulative impacts with a few and far between ship movements required to deliver heavy plant machinery for construction of Kaltim Peaker 2.
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92. Labor mobilization will be conducted by prioritizing local workers. This approach will increase the acceptability of the planned project by providing job opportunities and income. This approach also helps to avoid changes of social values and norms as a consequence of interaction between the local community members and outside workers. This must be anticipated properly in order to ensure public security and to avoid disturbances of the community life in the wider project area. 93. The specific instructions for the construction activities within the construction sites (clearing activities, cutting of trees, leveling, access road extension, temporary jetty, power plant, deposit sites, etc.) will be detailed in an Environment, Health and Safety Plan, which will be set up by the implementing contractor. The EHS measures must follow the General IFC Health and Safety Guidelines and the IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants. The EHS Plan will also include the operation phase. The EHS Plan must be verified and accepted by PLN before commencement of the construction works. 94. In the pre-construction phase a robust Biodiversity Action Plan for the Proboscis monkeys must be set up by a species expert in close consultation with the environmental authorities, PLN and local communities. 95. From the point of view of seismicity, the project is located in low seismic risk zone. The contractor is required to incorporate the seismic risks in while designing the structural features of the plant and ensure that national regulation in relation to seismic risks are complied with. The plant being located about 100km upstream the mouth of river Mahakam, no risk of damage at the project site due to a tsunami wave striking the coast near Samrinda is envisaged.
C. Construction Phase Impacts
1. Physical Environment
96. The Kaltim Peaker 2 construction activities will involve civil works, including: (i) earth moving, (i) concrete works, (ii) construction of the buildings, connecting roads, temporary jetty, and pipelines, (iii) equipment delivery, assembling and tests. The potential impacts caused by these construction phase activities are temporary. The construction phase impacts though are required to adopt good engineering practice as per the international standards.
Geology and soils
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Impacts: 97. Geology is not affected in any way by the planned project. 98. Soil can be affected in three primary ways: loss of topsoil and natural soil functions due to ground clearing and sealing for construction sites and roads, soil densification by heavy machinery and contamination from accidental spills. 99. Erosion must be expected at open, especially sloping areas, wherever the natural vegetation cover has been destroyed. Erosion could also occur at the banks of the Mahakam river, especially if the vegetation cover is removed. Given the small footprint of the project and relatively flat terrain of construction site soil erosion risk during the construction phase is considered low. Following mitigation measures have been included in the EMP in line of good engineering practice that further lower the impacts. Mitigation measures 100. Soil densification due to heavy machinery must be avoided outside of construction sites and access roads, in case of needs by warning signs and warning tapes. 101. Minimizing the area of the construction activities, especially at hillsides, near swamp areas, and at the Mahakam river banks. 102. Topsoil will be recovered from temporary or permanent project sites before the ground is disturbed and then stored until it is needed for rehabilitation measures at the end of the construction activities. A topsoil storage and management program must be developed by the contractor. 103. Incidents with unintended release of hazardous materials (e.g. fires, spillage of fuel, hydraulic oil, paints, etc.) may always occur. Spill kits must be available in all transport vehicles and at the construction site. A response plan must be set up by the contractor describing timely applied protection measures against spills. Training must be provided for all drivers and equipment operators. 104. Beginning erosion processes must be stopped at an early stage e.g. by immediate regreening of open areas with grass, stabilization of hillsides and river banks through slope stabilization measures e.g. plantation of deep rooting trees and bushes. 105. Sound construction and maintenance of construction roads, including drainage facilities.
Surface and Ground Water
Impacts: 106. Within the project site impacts on surface and ground water quality may be caused by demolition works, vegetation clearing activities, and land leveling. Outside the project site impacts may be caused by excavation works at the artificial bay of the temporary jetty, piling activities
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at the temporary jetty, the extension of the western access road, and soiling of the tarred access road from the Murinin road to the Tanjung Batu complex. 107. Waste and wastewater from the construction worker camp may also constitute a source of water pollution. 108. The impacts caused by these activities are temporary in nature (only during construction phase) and can be mitigated and recovered with proper measures applied. 109. Benchmark for measuring this impact is the quality standard of water quality based on Government Ordinance of the Republic of Indonesia No. 82 Year 2001 regarding water quality management and water pollution control16.
Mitigation and monitoring 110. Domestic wastewater from the worker camp must be collected in a septic chamber or using portable latrine. 111. Runoff from the construction site must be collected in sedimentation basins before the cleared water is released into a receiving water. 112. Minimizing the area of the construction activities, especially at hillsides, near swamp areas, and at the Mahakam river banks. 113. Incidents with unintended release of hazardous materials (e.g. fires, spillage of fuel, hydraulic oil, paints, etc.) may always occur. Contaminated soil should be safely put at the temporary Hazardous waste storage. Spill kits must be available in all transport vehicles and at the construction site. A response plan must be set up by the contractor describing timely applied protection measures against spills. Training must be provided for all drivers and equipment operators. 114. The contractor has to take care that the requirements of the national regulations regarding water quality (discharge of domestic waste water and runoff water from the construction sites) are met.
Air Quality and Noise Impacts: 115. Impairments of air quality will be caused by levelling activities as well as equipment and material transport during the construction phase of the project. Dispersion of dust generated by project vehicles and movement
16 There is a new regulation; Ministry decree standard for domestic waste No 68 year 2016 regarding domestic waste water
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of materials such as cement, sand, gravel, etc. cause decrease in quality of air in the vicinity of project location. Generally, there will be an increase of pollutants from vehicles in the form of CO (Carbon Monoxide), NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide), and SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide), HC (Hydro Carbon), and Dust (Particulate Matter). Benchmark for measuring this impact is the quality standard of air quality based on Government Regulation No. 41 of 1999. 116. Impact of increasing noise will be caused by heavy equipment handling, transportation of construction materials, land levelling activities as well as physical construction. Especially short-term and repeated loud noise emissions (hammering, piling works at the temporary jetty) may cause significant impacts for the natural and human environment. Benchmark for measuring noise impacts is the quality standard of noise level based on Decree Number KEP/48/MENLH/11/1996. 117. Vibration will be caused by movements of heavy vehicles as well as by construction activities, especially by the movement of heavy construction vehicles, vibrating machines in connection with road and concrete works, and hammering (piling works at the temporary jetty and the construction site). 118. All these impacts mentioned above are local and temporary in nature, which reduces the significance of these impacts. 119. If blasting is required during construction, it needs be a carefully controlled and planned activity due to proximity of Proboscis monkeys habitat. It also needs to provide adequate advanced warning to the near by community and take into account any activities that could be disturbed due to blast noise.
Mitigation and Monitoring measures 120. In dry periods during the construction phase, when dust emissions are frequent, dust control measures are required, including regular wetting of dirt roads and open construction areas without vegetation cover. The contractor has to provide adequate equipment and to take care that dust control measures are applied. 121. Vehicles and equipment burning fuel will cause exhaust emissions, especially soot. Using up-to date equipment and keeping engines in good condition will reduce emissions to the possible minimum. The contractor has to take care that the requirements of the national regulations and international standards regarding air quality and noise are met. 122. Proposed mitigation measures are: regular engine maintenance, speed limit (10 km/h within the construction site, 30 km/h on the tarred access road that leads from the Murinin road to the Tanjung Batu complex). The compliance of the actual speed of construction vehicles with the speed limit will be regularly checked by traffic controls. A traffic management plan is required, which will be set up by the contractor.
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123. Construction activities will be limited to daytime (6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.) The blasting activities will be restricted within the time window of 12 noon to 3 p.m. This restriction is important to minimize the impacts of blasting on Proboscis monkeys The charge size used for blasting should also follow the national guidelines. The blasting schedule should be informed to the community in advance and same time window should be followed for subsequent blasting on other days. Blasting should not be done when school is in session, specially during the time of exams, or at the time of community festivals.
2. Natural Environment
Impacts 124. The impacts during the construction phase are mainly connected to loss of modified habitats currently located at the project site, alteration of habitats (e.g. increase of turbidity in surface waters, dust and acid deposition, fragmentation), noise and air emissions, and direct mortality of small animals and plants within the construction area.
Impacts within the project site: 125. The project site for Kaltim Peaker 2, which is partly built-up, generally provides no habitats for rare, endangered or protected animal or plant species, due to the previous and still ongoing severe human influence. 126. The impacts during the construction phase are mainly connected to loss of secondary habitats, alteration of secondary habitats, noise and air emissions, and direct mortality or injuries of animals and plants. 127. The main environmental impact expected from the planned project within the project site will be the permanent loss of all natural soil functions caused by the sealing (covering with concrete and tar) of so far open areas.
Impacts within the project AoI: 128. The only semi-natural environment left in the project area of influence is the Mahakam River as well as the swamp and forest areas west of the power plant complex. These forest areas provide habitat for a small group of endemic and protected Proboscis monkeys (approximately 13 individuals) and they are therefore regarded as natural habitat. 129. There is a potential risk that especially the north-eastern tip of the Proboscis habitat will be disturbed during the construction phase, due to the reactivation of the temporary jetty for material transport. These disturbances are however restricted to the construction phase and only affect a very small lateral part of the overall Proboscis habitat. 130. There is a permanent risk of illegal hunting or disturbance of the Proboscis monkeys by people entering their habitat. The contractor and PLN will set up measures as outlined in the EMP below and take care that
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these measures are practically applied during construction and operation of the power plant. 131. Only a very small part (ca. 1 ha) of the total swamp area (ca. 50 ha) will be directly affected by the planned project for the extension (ca. 0,6 ha) of the already existing, overgrown access road and the temporary jetty area (ca. 0,4 ha). Within these small areas, directly adjacent to the existing power plant complex, significant impacts for eventually local existing rare, endangered or protected animal or plant species can be excluded, due to previous impacts and still ongoing disturbances from the existing power plants. In any case the swamp area serves as a natural and inaccessible barrier between the construction area and it is highly recommended that the swamp area remains as it is after the construction works for Kaltim Peaker 2 have been finalized. Filling up the swamp area or installation of a PV power plant would create significant impacts for the Proboscis habitat. 132. There are two other protected species in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency, that may be significantly affected in theory by the planned project. These species are living in the Mahakam river and comprise the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) and False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelli).
133. The Kaltim power plant complex is located at a concave bank of the Mahakam river with strong currents and steep river banks, which do not provide favourable habitats for crocodiles. For these reasons the impact of the planned project on the remaining Siamese Crocodile population is therefore regarded as „not significant“. 134. It cannot be excluded that single Irrawaddy dolphins may be impaired by the planned project, especially by the piling works (hammering) at the temporary jetty. The nearest location to the project site where Irrawaddy Dolphins were observed in the past years is Muara Kaman, which is 40.6 km river upstream the project site Kaltim. According to information collected during the site visits from local fishermen no dolphins have been observed in the wider area of the Kaltim power plant complex in the past years. Due to the heavy human influence (disturbances from the existing power plants, especially the coal fired power plant 2 km upstream the Kaltim power plant complex, ship movements, fishery) the probability is very low that dolphins are or will be present in the project area of influence during construction and operation of the new plant. Piling works at the temporary jetty will only be temporary (ca. one month) and not continuous. 135. For these reasons the impact of the planned project on the remaining Irrawaddy dolphin population is therefore regarded as „not significant“. 136. Construction activities will cause disturbances that may scare off birds during breeding seasons. The project affected habitat is already under strong human influence, as it is directly neighbouring existing power plants and no rare or endangered bird species have been observed or are expected in the project affected areas. Vegetation clearing could impair some bird habitats, especially near or within the swamp area. These
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disturbances are however only temporary, limited to the project site and 1 ha west of the power plant complex (access road, temporary jetty), and therefore do not constitute an existential threat to contingent populations of bird species.
Mitigation and Monitoring 137. The contractor and PLN will set up measures to protect the Proboscis monkeys and their habitat. Daily monitoring will be conducted during the whole construction phase that these measures are practically applied. These measures comprise: (i) Information of the construction workers about the Proboscis habitat and necessary protection measures (ii) prevention of access to the Proboscis habitat (fencing, road barriers) (iii) daily monitoring of human activities near or within the Proboscis habitat (iv) preservation of the swamp area between the power plant complex and the Proboscis habitat as a natural protection barrier. 138. Construction works will be limited to daytime (6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.). However, blasting will be restricted within a time window of 12 noon to 3 p.m. As the construction equipment noise levels are within 85 dB(A) no exceedance of national noise regulations are expected due to construction activities at sensitive receptors17. As a precautionary approach, noise monitoring at all sensitive receptors once in six months will be undertaken to assess the construction phase impacts and to introduce any additional measures, as necessary. In the event of complain by the community, additional noise abatement measures will be promptly implemented. In the interim, noise activities will be restricted to even shorter period in consultation with the community representatives. 139. Reducing of the area of the construction activities is a good industry practice. It is even more relevant due to nearby presence of swamp are that is also a habitat for Poboscis Moneys. Fencing of valuable areas and objects (trees, swamps, Mahakam river bank) in order to avoid unnecessary impacts. If tree cutting is required replacement of lost trees by new tree planting in a 1:2 ratio at least. 140. The contractor has to take care that the requirements of the national regulations and international standards regarding protection of the natural environment (H&S, water quality, noise and air emissions) are met.
17 It is observed that for a two noise sources of 97 dB(A) operating simultaneously (a the time of noise measurements on February 22, 2018), the noise levels at the village Tanjung Batu do not exceed the national noise regulations. The noise from construction equipment is at about 85 dB(A) which is much lower than the plant operating noise. Noise addition at Tanjung Batu village will not be perceptible to human ear. The noise levels at other sensitive receptors barring the schools are lower than the village because of ground contours. Elevated terrain between the receptors and the source, acts like a noise barrier and attenuates the noise.
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141. Temporarily stop the construction activity if/when an IUCN- classified ‘critically endangered’, ‘endangered’, or ‘vulnerable wildlife’ species approaches the construction site (e.g., Proboscis monkey, Crocodile). When wildlife approaches the construction site Contractor workers are not allowed to hunt, harass or chase the animals; 142. The contractor/PLN must report to government (BKSDA) if protected wildlife is encountered; Coordinate and consult with the Forest Department (BKSDA) for further impact mitigation, if wildlife trails or wildlife activity is noted at the construction site; 143. Forbid construction workers from poaching wildlife including fishing from using net/trap, poison, or explosives. 144. Contractor office and construction worker base camp area will be located at least 500 m away from Mahakam River bank within the planned power plant site.
3. Human Environment
Impacts: 145. The project will create job opportunities for local residents, which is the strongest positive impact for the local inhabitants. 146. The worker camp, which will be located within the project site. must be in accordance with the pollution, health and safety measures set out in the General IFC Health and Safety Guidelines (2007). The detailed design of the contractor needs to elaborate on the sanitation, welfare and medical facilities to be provided, including the ratio of toilets to workers 147. The establishment of work camps and the presence of workers from abroad can potentially disrupt existing social networks. There will be a temporary increase in population as workers will live in the area during construction phase. It is envisaged to hire local workers when they have the right skills, which can benefit the local economy. 148. Construction and transport activities will cause air and noise emissions and may impair the living conditions of local residents. 149. There is a school located at the access road on a hill, ca. 100 m from the south-eastern corner of the planned project site. Teachers and pupils at the school will be impaired by air pollution and noise from the construction site and the construction traffic on the access road. 150. The risk of accidents, especially on the access road from the Murinin road to the Tanjung Batu complex, will increase due to the construction traffic. 151. Foreign workers may disturb the way of life of the local population, due to the influx of money, transferrable diseases, behavior, cultural or religious differences, etc.
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152. There are no known archaeological, cultural heritage or religious sites in the areas, where physical impacts will occur during the construction works.
Mitigation and Monitoring: 153. Construction activities will be limited to daytime (6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Basting will be limited to a time window of 12 noon to 3 p.m.. 154. The contractor has to take care that the requirements of the national regulations and international standards regarding protection of the human environment (H&S, water quality, noise and air emissions) are met. An Environment, Health and Safety Plan must to be developed by the Contractor and approved by PLN before the construction activities begin. 155. There are numerous risks for human health at any construction site. The contractor has to regularly inform and train his staff regarding health and safety issues (PPE), emergency response (e.g. accidents, spills), transferrable diseases (e.g. HIV). 156. Considering the risks to which the workers may be exposed, the Contractor will assure that the necessary measures to prevent accidents and health injuries are properly planned and described in an Environment, Health and Safety Plan. The plan will be developed by the Contractor and must include, as a minimum, measures to guarantee lodging and food supply to the workers, adequate water supply, sanitation system, management of waste and wastewater and camp cleaning. The contractor is responsible that this Environment, Health and Safety Plan is practically applied during the construction phase. 157. The organization of environmental management and health & safety training for the workers is of vital importance to assure the minimization of incidents at the construction site. 158. It is recommended to perform medical checks of the construction workers before and regularly during the construction phase. 159. To reduce the risk of accidents due to construction related traffic, specific measures shall be included in the Environment, Health and Safety Plan. Also, awareness campaigns for the local population must be performed by the competent local authorities to prevent accidents. 160. To minimize the personal risks for the workers PPE equipment (ear muffs, safety boots, warning vests) must be provided by the contractor and the proper use of this equipment must be regularly supervised. 161. All foreign workers will live in a special worker camp, and health checks have to be made for all newly arriving workers as well as regular health checks for all workers in the worker camp. A functioning sanitary facility with at least two skilled health personnel and appropriate first aid equipment must be continuously available in the worker camp. 162. The camp will be fenced also in order to avoid uncontrolled entering of local people.
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163. To reduce the risk of accidents due to construction related traffic, specific measures (speed limits, warning signs, especially on the access road to the site) will be defined in the Environment, Health and Safety Plan. 164. The contractor has to set up a grievance redress mechanism, based on the social studies conducted for this project, where the local people must be informed how to address complaints. This grievance redress mechanism must be explained to the local residents during a public presentation at the beginning of the construction activities. 165. It is strongly recommended to relocate the school before the beginning of the construction activities, as the noise and air pollution problems will not be only temporary and restricted to the construction phase, as the noise and air pollution problems will even increase in the operation phase of the planned project. 166. In case archeological relicts are found during excavation works the construction activities must be stopped and the responsible authority has to be informed. The contractor has to include the respective contact data and the procedure in his Environment, Health and Safety Plan and during worker training.
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D. Operation Phase Impacts
1. Physical Environment
167. Environmental issues in thermal power plant operation primarily include the following: (i) Noise (ii) Air emissions and acid deposition (iii) Greenhouse gas emissions (iv) Water consumption and aquatic habitat alteration (v) Effluents (vi) Solid wastes, hazardous materials and oil.
Geology and soils
Impacts: 168. Geology is not affected in any way by the planned project. 169. Soil is not affected by the normal operation of Kaltim Peaker 2. 170. The Tanjung Batu power plant and the has already a permitted temporary warehouse for hazardous waste and, according to information provided by power plant staff, a legally-compliant approach for its handling, transportation, and disposal. The existing facilities and system for handling and disposing hazardous waste will also be used for Kaltim Peaker 1, and according to information from PLN Kaltim Peaker 2 will use the same system. 171. However, accidental spills with hazardous materials may occur outside these facilities during handling and transport. Mitigation measures 172. Incidents with unintended release of hazardous materials (e.g. fires, spillage of fuel, hydraulic oil, solvents, paints, etc.) may always occur. Spill kits must be available at the plant site. A response plan must be set up by the operator describing timely applied protection measures against spills. Training must be provided for all drivers and equipment operators. 173. Sound maintenance of construction roads, including drainage facilities must be ensured.
Surface and Ground Water
Impacts: 174. Within the project site impacts on surface and ground water quality may be caused by unintended release of hazardous materials (e.g. fires, spillage of fuel, hydraulic oil, solvents, paints, etc.).
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175. Ca. 60 m3/d water will be extracted from the Mahakam river as service water for the operation of Kaltim Peaker 2. Waste and wastewater from the Kaltim Peaker 2 site may constitute a source of water pollution in the Mahakam River. The wastewater will pass an oil screen before it is released into the Mahakam River via the existing infrastructure of the neighboring power plants. Compared to the 1,000 – 1,500 m3/second average water flow in the Mahakam River (Dutrieux, 1990), around 10 m3/d (0,12 l/s) of mainly domestic wastewater from the Kaltim Peaker 2 site is negligible. 50 m3/d will be used as cooling agent in the combustion chambers and will evaporate via the chimneys. 176. Tanjung Batu PLTGU has a Wastewater Disposal Permit No: 660.1/016/B.II.1/SK/BLHD/IV/2013, for PLN Regional East Kalimantan, Mahakam Sector; This permit has to be updated or PLN has to apply for a new permit to cover the wastewater releases from Kaltim Peaker 2. 177. The standard parameters for the semi-annual monitoring is based on the Local Regulation of East Kalimantan Province No. 2/2011, Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Management, Appendix I.37 and I.39; 178. Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant is a dual fuel single cycle turbine. Cooling mechanism of turbine is airflow based. The plant will not lead to any hot water discharge into the Mahakam river.
Mitigation measures 179. Domestic wastewater from the plant site must be collected in a septic chamber or a percolation system. 180. During construction runoff from the construction site must be collected in sedimentation basins, before the cleared water is released into the swamp area or the Mahakam River. 181. Considering that the Kaltim Peaker 2 will be a Single Cycle Power Plant there will be no significant water discharges from the power plant during the operation phase. The only discharges to be considered will be water from the sanitaries and the work shops. Wastewater from buildings and sealed areas from Kaltim Peaker 2 will be collected and disposed through the already existing infrastructure at the existing power plant complex. The collected wastewater will pass an oil trap before it is released into the Mahakam River. In addition to the national requirements regarding waste water releases the planned power plant must also comply with Table 5 of the IFC EHS Guidelines. Sanitary waste water releases must comply with the general IFC EHS guidelines on water, including faecal coliform. 182. Incidents with unintended release of hazardous materials (e.g. fires, spillage of fuel, hydraulic oil, solvents, paints, etc.) may always occur. Spill kits must be available at the plant site. A response plan must be set up by the operator describing timely applied protection measures against spills. Training must be provided for all drivers and equipment operators. 183. The plant operator has to take care that the requirements of the national regulations and international standards regarding water quality are
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met. Benchmark for wastewater quality is the quality standard of water quality based on Government Ordinance of the Republic of Indonesia No. 82 Year 2001 regarding water quality management and water pollution control.
Air Quality Impacts 184. Impairment of the air quality will be caused by air emissions (CO, NO2, SO2, and PM10) produced by the plant’s operation. If ambient air quality standards are routinely exceeded, degradation of soil and water quality caused as well as o health impacts on local residents specially children and elderly due to lung function impairment could be expected. 185. The impacts are continuous during plant operation and the significance of the impact depends on the concentration of the respective parameter at a specific receptor point. 186. The emission from the stacks shall comply with the Regulation of the Minister for Environment Number 21 of 2008 concerning Quality Standard of Emission from Immovable Sources for Thermal Power Plant Activities as well IFC EHS guidelines for gas and oil turbines. 187. An air dispersion calculation was conducted in order to calculate the impact of the air emissions from the relevant sources at the Kaltim power plant complex for the relevant parameters CO, NO2, SO2, and PM10. The expert report is attached as Annex C to this EIA Report. This expert report, however, considered use of HSD of 1.2% sulfur content. Indonesian regulation though restricts sulfur content in HSD to 0.25%. The modelling results presented in Annex C, therefore, were modified to represent air quality prediction for use of 0.25% Sulfur HSD by using suitable scaling factors. 188. Presence of sulfur in HSD is the only cause for flue gas content of SO2. During the combustion process sulfur in fuel gets oxidized under high temperature and gets converted into SO2. The flue gas SO2 levels are proportional to the sulfur content of the fuel. The expert study has used 1.2% sulfur, whereas Indonesian regulations require that sulfur content is HSD should be within 0.25%. The modelling results, from US EPA recommended AERMOD model application for the project, therefore were scaled down by about five folds to obtain the expected ground level concentrations (GLCs) for SO2. 189. Table 11 and 12 present the scaled down air quality results for averaging period of 10 minutes, 1 hour by applying the multiplication factors described in Table 8 (Chapter V) to hourly average modelling results. The GLCs are compared with national ambient air quality standards from the point of view of policy compliance for the averaging periods for which the national ambient air quality standards are defined, Additionally, as a good practice, modelled GLCs are also compared with WHO guidelines.
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190. Within a radius of 10 km, air quality impact area considered in the modelling study around the project site, the study focuses particularly on ambient air quality in areas where human presence exists, namely the neighboring settlements, school, staff housings and farm houses. Nine locations have been selected as representative receptor points: R1 = Direct vicinity of the site, village of Tanjung Batu. R2 = Direct vicinity of the site, school R3 = Direct vicinity of the site, staff housing 1 R4 = Direct vicinity of the site, staff housing 2 R5 = Direct vicinity of the site, farm house R6 = 6.5 km northeast from the site R7 = 5.5 km southeast from the site R8 = 8.5 km southwest from the site, village of Tenggarong R9 = 6.5 km northwest from the site 191. Error! Reference source not found. and Error! Reference source not found. below show the receptor points for the air dispersion calculation as defined by the air emission expert.
Figure 22: Location of the sensitive receptors (source of the satellite image: Google Earth TM) (R = Receptor)
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Figure 23: Closer view of the location of the sensitive receptors R1 to R5 (R = Receptor)
1. It is observed from the Table 11 that for 1 hour GLCs of SO2, there are no exceedance of national ambient air quality standard of 900 μg/m³. It is further observed that for Kaltim Peaker 2 alone, the maximum GLS outside the plant premises is below 15% of the national standard. No violations of standards are observed for cumulative impacts. 2. Table 2 below shows the calculated 10 minutes averages of SO2. The calculation was made by multiplying the 1 hr averages, as explained in the ADC Report (Annex C).
Air Quality Standards [μg/m³] SO maximum Time 2 Areas calculated period WHO GLC [μg/m³] NAAQS IT 1 IT 2 GL
SCENARIO A - Only Kaltim Peaker 2 Point with 900 - - - max. conc. 439.6 R1 32.9 900 - - - 1 hour R2 111.9 900 - - - R3 43.9 900 - - - R4 18.0 900 - - - R5 27.1 900 - - -
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Air Quality Standards [μg/m³] SO maximum Time 2 Areas calculated period WHO GLC [μg/m³] NAAQS IT 1 IT 2 GL R6 9.3 900 - - - R7 14.9 900 - - - R8 6.7 900 - - - R9 7.2 900 - - - SCENARIO B - Only existing plants Point with 900 - - - max. conc. 260.4 R1 64.9 900 - - - R2 68.2 900 - - - R3 32.6 900 - - - 900 - 1 hour R4 14.8 - - R5 63.0 900 - - - R6 8.7 900 - - - R7 14.1 900 - - - R8 6.7 900 - - - R9 7.1 900 - - - SCENARIO C - All plants Point with 900 - - - max. conc. 493.8 R1 64.5 900 - - - R2 148.7 900 - - - R3 72.4 900 - - - 900 - 1 hour R4 31.4 - - R5 63.1 900 - - - R6 17.3 900 - - - R7 27.8 900 - - - R8 12.9 900 - - - R9 13.7 900 - - -
Table 14: Maximum calculated 1 hour SO2 concentrations and comparison with the National ambient air quality standards
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Air Quality Standards [μg/m³] SO maximum Time 2 Areas calculated WHO period GLC [μg/m³] NAAQS IT 1 IT 2 GL
SCENARIO A - Only Kaltim Peaker 2 Point with 725.3 - - - 500 max. conc. - - - R1 54.2 - - - 500 R2 184.6 - - - 500 R3 72.4 - - - 500 10 mins R4 29.6 - - - 500 R5 44.8 - - - 500 R6 15.3 - - - 500 R7 24.5 - - - 500 R8 11.0 - - - 500 R9 11.8 - - - 500
SCENARIO B - Only existing plants
Point with 429.7 - - - 500 max. conc. R1 429.7 - - - 500 R2 115.4 - - - 500 R3 121.4 - - - 500 10 mins R4 58.0 - - - 500 R5 26.3 - - - 500 R6 112.1 - - - 500 R7 15.5 - - - 500 R8 25.0 - - - 500 R9 12.0 - - - 500
SCENARIO C - All plants
Point with 814.7 - - - 500 max. conc. R1 114.8 - - - 500 R2 264.5 - - - 500 R3 128.4 - - - 500 10 mins R4 55.9 - - - 500 R5 112.2 - - - 500 R6 30.8 - - - 500 R7 49.5 - - - 500 R8 23.0 - - - 500 R9 24.4 - - - 500
Standard is not exceeded Standard is exceeded
Table 12: Maximum calculated 10 minutes SO2 concentrations and comparison with the air quality standards
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3. It is observed from Table 12 that even for WHO standard for 10 min average SO2 concentration, there are no violation outside the plant premises. With the plant premises the standard is exceeded by about 80%. It is noteworthy that these simulations have been done for a 26m tall stack for Kaltim Peaker 1 as well as Kaltim Peaker 2. As good international implementation practice (GIIP), however for Kaltim Peaker 2, the stack height will be 50m. According to the model calculation presented in Annex C, this change in stack height will lead to over 10 times reduction in GLCs due to Kaltim Peaker 2. However, this will not address the exceedance of WHO standards in diesel operational mode due to low height of Katim Peaker 1 stack. To address the problem (though not a mandatory requirement for ADB), PLN as a leading corporate and energy sector leader in Indonesia will raise the stack height for Kaltim Peaker 1 to 50m which will entirely eliminate exceedance of WHO standards for any averaging period for diesel operation mode18. For Gas operations, the dominant mode of operation for Tanjung Batu power complex SO2 GLCs are not relevant.
4. 24 hours simulation for SO2 were performed but not presented here as the observed ground level concentration for cumulative impacts were below the guideline value of 20 μg/m³. This will further decrease when a higher stack height is considered for Kaltim Peaker 1 and along with 50m stack for Kaltim Peaker2.
5. For NO2 simulation, it was observed that the expert study had taken the emission data from the annual monitoring report provided by the plant. The emission levels in the range of about 35-40 μg/m³ were used for modelling. The frequency of stack monitoring at the plant was though too low to consider data rigorous enough for modelling purpose. To overcome this difficulty NO2 emissions typical for gas turbines of 50- 80MW which are in the range of about 80-85 μg/m³ were assumed to be the plant emission rate for NO2 and the modelled results presented in the Annex C were raised by a factor of 2. 6. Table 13 and 14 present the modified modeling results for NO2
Air Quality Standards [μg/m³] NO maximum Time 2 Areas calculated period WHO GLC [μg/m³] NAAQS IT 1 IT 2 GL
SCENARIO A - Only Kaltim Peaker 2 Point with 400 - - 200 1 hour max. conc. 186.5 R1 13.9 400 - - 200
18 Based on the modelling results, for low stacks, raising the stack height by 50% could lead to 5 to 10 times lowering of GLCs.
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Air Quality Standards [μg/m³] NO maximum Time 2 Areas calculated period WHO GLC [μg/m³] NAAQS IT 1 IT 2 GL R2 47.5 400 - - 200 R3 18.6 400 - - 200 R4 7.6 400 - - 200 R5 11.5 400 - - 200 R6 3.9 400 - - 200 R7 6.3 400 - - 200 R8 2.8 400 - - 200 R9 3.0 400 - - 200 SCENARIO B - Only existing plants Point with 400 - - 200 max. conc. 110.6 R1 29.8 400 - - 200 R2 33.0 400 - - 200 R3 28.6 400 - - 200 1 hour R4 23.4 400 - - 200 R5 38.2 400 - - 200 R6 27.8 400 - - 200 R7 40.4 400 - - 200 R8 26.0 400 - - 200 R9 24.4 400 - - 200 SCENARIO C - All plants Point with 400 - - 200 max. conc. 210.0 R1 29.8 400 - - 200 R2 68.0 400 - - 200 R3 33.6 400 - - 200 1 hour R4 25.8 400 - - 200 R5 41.0 400 - - 200 R6 31.8 400 - - 200 R7 46.8 400 - - 200 R8 28.8 400 - - 200 R9 27.4 400 - - 200
Table 13: Maximum calculated 1 hour NO2 concentrations and comparison with the National ambient air quality standards
7. It is observed from Table 13 that there are no exceedances of National 1 hour standard for NO2. For WHO guideline value for 1 hour, only marginal exceedance is for cumulative impacts - that too inside the
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plant premises. Even a minor increase in the stack heights (model considered 26m) will eliminate this exceedance.
8. In gas operational mode the NO2 emissions for Kaltim Peaker 2 will meet the IFC EHS standards of 51 mg/Nm3. This is lower emission rate than considered in the model and will reduce the impacts further in the gas operations mode. The exit flue gas temperature and velocities in gas and diesel mode are within 15% (diesel causing a higher flue gas temperature). This difference in buoyancy and momentum factors in plume rise could lead to slightly higher concentration of NO2 in gas operation mode, but the predicted values for diesel operations mode are well within the ambient standards to cause any concern of standards being violated even under cumulative operations. 9. Similar conclusions are drawn for 24 hours GLCs where also the predicted values are much below the standard. Annual values although calculated have not been presented in this EIA as those were much below even the guideline values of WHO for annual averages.
Air Quality Standards [μg/m³] NO maximum Time 2 Areas calculated period WHO GLC [μg/m³] NAAQS IT 1 IT 2 GL
SCENARIO A - Only Kaltim Peaker 2 Point with 150- - - - max. conc. 7.8 R1 0.8 150 - - - R2 2.4 150 - - - R3 1.2 150 - - - 24 hour R4 0.8 150 - - - R5 1.4 150 - - - R6 0.2 150 - - - R7 0.4 150 - - - R8 0.2 150 - - - R9 0.2 150 - - - SCENARIO B - Only existing plants Point with 150- - - - max. conc. 25.4 R1 7.0 150 - - - R2 6.6 150 - - - 24 hour R3 5.4 150 - - - R4 6.6 150 - - - R5 13.0 150 - - - R6 1.8 150 - - -
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Air Quality Standards [μg/m³] NO maximum Time 2 Areas calculated period WHO GLC [μg/m³] NAAQS IT 1 IT 2 GL R7 3.0 150 - - - R8 1.8 150 - - - R9 1.6 150 - - - SCENARIO C - All plants Point with 150- - - - max. conc. 25.4 R1 7.2 150 - - - R2 7.0 150 - - - R3 6.2 150 - - - 24 hour R4 7.2 150 - - - R5 14.0 150 - - - R6 2.0 150 - - - R7 3.4 150 - - - R8 2.2 150 - - - R9 1.8 150 - - -
Table 14: Maximum calculated 24 hour NO2 concentrations and comparison with the National ambient air quality standards
Mitigation and Monitoring 10. The operator must take care that the requirements of the national regulations regarding air quality (Emission Standards for stationary and /or thermal power generation Activities, Regulation of state Minister of Environment Republic of Indonesia, Number 21 Year 2008) and international standards as specified in IFC Environment Health and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants (December 2008) are met. 11. Fire the power plants at the site with gas instead of Diesel. Diesel shall be used only in rare emergency cases and not for the continuous operation of the power plants as it is done at present19. In case Diesel has to be used the sulphur content of the HSD must be below 0,25 % S, as required by the national regulation. This will also meet the IFC Guidelines mentioned in para above. 12. Relocate the school to a new site with acceptable air pollution concentrations. The relocation process must be conducted by PLN in close cooperation with the school, local authorities, the parents of the pupils, and other stakeholders concerned. The school relocation must be completed before the construction activities for Kaltim Peaker 2 commence.
19 Based on discussions with PLN, the downtime for a gas pipeline for maintenance is limited to a maximum of 7 days in a year but more normally to 3-4 days. With the gas supply pipeline in operation, the prolonged use of diesel is not anticipated. This will bring down SO2 emissions to near zero.
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13. Regular maintenance of the plant components contributes to good functioning of the plant, and consequently to reducing of hazardous emissions. 14. The contractor operator has to take care that the requirements of the national regulations and international standards regarding air quality are met. 15. PLN already has outsourced air quality monitoring within the plant premises. The monitoring is undertaken for 24 hours every six months. This data is though not sufficient to establish the air quality baseline for the project. PLN should augment the air quality monitoring effort (i) to include all sensitive receptors around the project site and to increase the monitoring effort to cover one full week with 24 hours observations at least for 3 days during that monitoring week. 16. Raise the stack height for Kaltim Peaker 1 to 50m to remove all exceedances of WHO ambient air quality standards as a good practice measure.
Greenhouse Gases Emissions GHG emission estimate 17. The direct (scope 1) GHG emission for operation of the power plant20 was calculated using the methodology described in the Guidelines for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Asian Development Bank Projects: Additional guidance for clean energy projects. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank (2017).
18. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary GHG associated with the combustion of fuel and is emitted in direct proportion to fuel consumption, with different emissions levels associated with different fuel types. Other GHGs include methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which together account for small percent of power generation GHG emissions. N2O and CH4 are not directly related to fuel consumption, but instead are dependent on operating conditions and emissions control technologies. In addition, HFCs are emitted from air conditioners and refrigeration used in some freight shipments; these emissions depend on factors such as the age of the equipment and how often air conditioners are used.
19. CO2 emissions from power generation can be calculated based on the amount of fuel (natural gas or diesel, and other fuels) used by power generation turbines or engines. The equations and parameters used to calculate the Project GHG emissions are provided below.
GHG Emissions = Eelec × EG
Eelec = (Efuel /Ƞ) × 3.6
20 The ADB SPS 2009 requires the borrower/client to quantify direct emissions from the facilities within the physical project boundary and indirect emissions associated with the off-site production of power used by the project.
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Eelec = electricity emission factor (for specific power plant/technology), tCO2/GWh EG = electricity produced, GWh
Efuel = emission factor of fuel used in power plant, tCO2/TJ Ƞ = thermal efficiency of power plants Conversion factor (Terajoule to Gigawatt): 3.6 TJ/GW
Parameter Diesel Natural gas
Electricity produced a year, GWh 876 876
Emission factor, tCO2/GWh 71.4 56.1
Thermal efficiency, open cycle % 39.5 39.5
Thermal efficiency, combined cycle % 60 60
GHG Emissions, tCO2 a year open cycle 570,043 447,891
GHG Emissions, tCO2 a year combined cycle 375,278 294,862
Table 15: equations and parameters used to calculate the Project GHG emissions
20. The calculations are performed with the assumption of 24 hours, 365 days a year operation of the plant. Operation as a Peaker (daily over a 5 hours period between 17:00 and 22:00) would decrease the GHG emission to 119,000t CO2 a year (open cycle, diesel fuel) and 93,000t CO2 a year (open cycle, natural gas fuel). Conversion to a combined cycle would further decrease the GHG emissions for the same level of power generation.
GHG emission monitoring, reduction and offset 21. The ADB SPS 2009 requires that for projects emitting 100,000 tons CO2eq or more (of direct sources and indirect sources associated with electricity purchased for own consumption) the borrower/client has to conduct quantification and monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions annually in accordance with internationally recognized methodologies. In addition, the borrower/client has to evaluate technically and financially feasible and cost-effective options to reduce or offset project-related greenhouse gas emissions during project design and operation, nd pursue appropriate options. 22. In the gas operational mode, Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant’s GHG emissions are within the ADB SPS 2009 recommended threshold of 100,000 tons/year. These emissions marginally exceed the threshold for HSD operations. Therefore, if the plant is operated for about 100 days in a year on HSD, the GHG emissions from the plant will exceed the ADB’s reporting threshold on GHG emissions.
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23. In case in a reporting year, the plant operates for 100 days or more on HSD, PLN will conduct quantification and monitoring of GHG emissions in accordance with internationally recognized methodologies and submit the report to ADB. Irrespective of GHG emissions from the plant, PLN will implement the environmental management plan to minimize leaks of natural gas and efficiently manage air conditioning equipment to minimize losses of HFC’s to the atmosphere.
Acid deposition
24. NO2 and SO2 emission from Power Plants may contribute to the formation of acid deposition in the area. The IFC Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants recommend use of appropriate air quality models to evaluate long-range and trans-boundary acid deposition if acid deposition is considered a potentially significant impact. 25. The dose-response relationships between acidic emissions, deposition load and damage to forests, crops, and lakes are complex and still not well understood. Modeling of acid deposition requires using the advanced models (e.g. CALPUF or Regional Lagrangian Acid Deposition) and the result depends on various parameters such as concentration of alkaline dust in the atmosphere (base cations), natural deposition of salt aerosol and buffer capacity of soils. Modeling of acid deposition is typically conducted in the broad geographic area, includes multiple sources (with total emission of more than thousand tons of SO2 and NOX a day) and performed as a framework/strategic assessment rather than part of individual project EIA. 26. An example of significance criteria for acid deposition is a setting of a „critical load“ to protect vulnerable ecosystems from the potential damage that may be caused by acid rain. The load, often calculated as Potential Acid Input (PAI), is expressed in keq H+/ha/year. PAI threshold could be set depending on the climate and local conditions of the area. For example, in Western Canada the PAI monitoring load has been set in the range of 0.17 keq H+/ha/year for sensitive areas to 0.70 keq H+/ha/year for low sensitivity areas. 27. Some regional acid deposition framework regulations consider the facility small if the emission of SO2 and NOX expressed as SO2 equivalents as acidifying effect is less than 10 tons/day. In this case the facility typically would not require any offset and its acid deposition impact deemed insignificant. The emission of both Kaltim 1 and Kaltim 2 Peakers as well as Tanjung Batu will be less than the threshold value of 10 tons/day. Use of natural gas as a primary fuel will likely bring the emission level down significantly (5-6 tons/day). In this case cumulative acid deposition from emissions of all three plants is not high enough to cause any long-range deposition impacts and will likely not cause any significant impact on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the project area. Noise
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Impacts 28. Operation of the various plant components such as gas turbines, generators, oil pumps, fuel gas station, transformers etc., will produce noise. The noise production will be present continuously during plant operation. The possible impacts can affect the health of local residents, as well as cause impairment of local animal species. 29. The standard for monitoring and measuring this impact is the noise level standard based on Decree of the Minister for Environment Number 48 of 1996. 30. A noise emission expert study was conducted in order to calculate the noise emissions from the relevant sources at the Kaltim power plant complex. The expert report is attached as Annex D to this EIA Report. 31. The noise emission experts have defined the following 5 receptor points (Points of emissions - POI), which mainly comprise residential houses/areas and the school building. POI 1 – School POI 2 – Staff houses 1 POI 3 – Staff houses 2 POI 4 – Farm house POI 5 – Fishermen village 32. The first step in the modelling was to compare the modelling results with the site observations made of Feb 22, 2018 and tune the model with respect to source strength ( at the time of observation only Kaltim Peaker 1 was operating). More realistic ground attenuation and atmospheric attenuation representing the site (as admissible from the literature) were used. Following Table presents the comparison of model results with the observations:
POI Description of POI Noise Level Model Prediction Observed 1 School 54.2-56.9 62.7
2 Staff Housing 1 45.2 53.5
3 Staff Housing 2 47.2 50.3
4 Farm House 44.2 46.5
5 Tanjung Batu Village 54 53.9
Table 13: Predicted and observed ambient for plant observation at the time of observation ( February 22, 2018, 14:00 to 16:00)
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33. It is observed from the Table 13 that the model over predicts noise at all locations other than POI 5 , Tanjung Batu Village. One important reason for such model behavior could be the undulating nature of terrain. For example, the staff house 1 is at a lower elevation behind a hill and difference in predicted and observed values is among the highest at this location i.e. 8.3 dB(A). The model however provides a very good match at Tanjung Batu village that is the most important location for the project, from the point of view of noise impacts. The model therefore was considered to be a good representation of observation and was used for developing the noise scenarios under different plant combinations of pant operations.
34. Following Table 14 presents the noise level at the POIs when Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 are operating without additional noise mitigation (it may be noted that both plants have a stack silencer installed). This is worst case situation with present generation capacity. The Table also presents the noise levels with in-plat noise control measures that is the most cost-effective method of controlling industrial noise.
POI Description of POI Noise Level without Noise levels with mitigation mitigation measures measures 1 School 66.7 62.3
2 Staff Housing 1 57.4 54.7
3 Staff Housing 2 54.3 52.2
4 Farm House 51.0 50.6
5 Tanjung Batu Village 59.0 55.8
Table 14: Predicted noise for Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 without and with noise control (in-plant mitigation measures)
35. It Is observed from the above Table, that with the proposed noise control measures, noise levels at all POIs will be within the national ambient noise quality standards. It may be noted that POI5 indicates slightly above standards noise levels but these noise levels are 20 m from the village boundary facing towards the plant. As one moves closer to the village and inside the village, additional noise attenuation is achieved by the presence of houses and other structures in the path of noise. 36. Figure 26 below presents the Noise contours for ‘worst case’ without mitigation. It also presents the POIs on map showing the project surroundings.
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Figure 24: A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for Kaltim Peaker 1 and Tanjung Batu in operation (without mitigation measures)
37. Following Table presents the noise level at the POIs when Kaltim Peaker 2 is operating in standalone mode at full capacity. It also presents the noise level when Kaltim Peaker 2 operates together with Tanjung Batu as Kaltim Peaker 1 at full capacity with the recommended mitigation measures. The second is the noise scenario that will be achieved when the Tanjung Batu Power Complex (TBPC) dispatches power at its maximum installed capacity, in future operations. POI Description of POI Noise Level due to Kaltim Noise levels at full capacity of Peaker 2 alone TBPC with mitigation measures 1 School 63.2 66,1
2 Staff Housing 1 53.9 57.8
3 Staff Housing 2 51.0 54.6
4 Farm House 49.1 53.2
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5 Tanjung Batu Village 53.2 57.2
Table 15: Predicted noise for Kaltim Peaker 2 and for Tanjung Batu Power Complex and Full Capacity (with mitigation measures)
Figure 25: A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for Tanjung Batu Power Complex at full capacity
.
38. It can be seen from and Table 14 Table 15 (4rth column in both tables) that at the POI5, Kaltim Peaker 2 only adds 1.4 dB(A) to ambient noise caused by the operation of Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 operating together at full capacity (with mitigation measures). The project with the recommended mitigation measures therefore complies with the national as well as international standards for ambient noise21. Mitigation and Monitoring
21 The modelling results do indicate a exceedance of ambient standards at staff housing 1. This appears to be due to lack of precision of actual terrain elevations in model inputs. The violations of standards are not expected at this location. Otherwise additional mitigation measures to address the problem will be identified and implemented.
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39. It is necessary that PLN installs additional noise controls as presented in the noise study (Annex D) at Tanjung Batu as well as Kaltim Peaker 1 power plants. It is further required that Kaltim Peaker 2 also installs the noise recommended noise control measures indicated in Annex D (stack silencer and silencer at gas turbine air Intake opening). Please note that the stack silencer is already installed at Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1. 40. If the EPC Contractor deviates from the installation of noise abatement measures as recommended in this EIA, the contractor has to submit an updated noise emission assessment to demonstrate that his specific PP design does not add to ambient noise by more than 3dB(A) and seek clearance from PLN (and ADB) before commencement of construction activities.
41. In case the noise limits are exceeded by more than 3 dB(A) at any of the sensitive receptor, the contractor has to provide primary noise protection measures at the plant site, and/or secondary noise protection measures (e.g. noise protection walls or fences) near sensitive receptors. 42. Relocate the school from the present place to a new site with acceptable noise levels. 43. A monitoring program is already executed for the existing power plants. It is assumed that Kaltim Peaker 2 will be included in this ongoing monitoring program. The monitoring program for Kaltim Peaker 2 will be set up by the Environmental Authority, following the national requirements, and usually comprises semi-annual field measurements of water quality, air emissions, and noise. Regular noise monitoring must be conducted at least at the site boundary, the nearest individual receptor and the nearest village.
2. Natural Environment
Impacts: 44. The project site of Kaltim Peaker 2 itself, which is partly built-up, generally provides no habitats for rare, endangered or protected animal or plant species, due to the previous and still ongoing severe human influence. 45. There is a permanent risk of illegal hunting or disturbance of the Proboscis monkeys by people entering their habitat. The contractor and PLN will set up measures as outlined in the EMP below and take care that these measures are practically applied during construction and operation of the power plant. 46. Local wildlife, especially the Proboscis monkeys, might be impaired by noise and air emissions from the power plant. It is known from other projects that some sensitive plant species in the project area of influence may suffer from air emissions or even vanish, due to acidification caused by wet deposition of NOx and SO2. Those areas, where high concentrations of these parameters are expected (compare air emission
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calculation maps for NOx and SO2 in Annex C to this EIA) are either swampland or secondary vegetation north-east or south-west of the power plant complex. The Proboscis habitat is not significantly affected by air emissions from the power plant complex, especially if only gas is used for the operation of the power plants. Considering the fact that the annual precipitation is almost 3,000 mm, the risk for acidification of the proboscis habitat due to emissions from the power plant complex is assessed as not significant. 47. From the protected species in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency two species in the Mahakam river could be significantly affected in theory by the planned project. These species comprise the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) and False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelli). 48. The Kaltim power plant complex is located at a concave bank of the Mahakam river with strong currents and steep river banks, which do not provide favourable habitats for crocodiles. 49. For these reasons the impact of the planned project on the remaining False Gharial population is therefore regarded as „not significant“. 50. It cannot be excluded that single Irrawaddy dolphins may be impaired by the planned project, especially by the piling works (hammering) at the temporary jetty. The nearest location to the project site where Irrawaddy Dolphins were observed in the past years is Muara Kaman, which is 40.6 km river upstream the project site Kaltim. According to information collected during the site visits from local fishermen and PLN no dolphins have been observed in the wider area of the Kaltim power plant complex in the past years. 51. Unnatural sources of noise pollution cause the dolphins to dive significantly longer when the noise sources are within 300m distance. Also, the dolphins may change their swimming direction when encountering a source of noise pollution. Strong noise affects the acoustic sonar system of the dolphins and impairs orientation and hunting. 52. Due to the heavy human influence (disturbances from the existing power plants, especially the coal fired power plant 2 km upstream the Kaltim power plant complex, ship movements, fishery) the probability is very low that dolphins are or will be present in the project area of influence during construction and operation of the new plant. Piling works at the temporary jetty will only be temporary (one month). 53. For these reasons the impact of the planned project on the remaining Irrawaddy dolphin population is therefore regarded as „not significant“. 54. The loss of naturally structured soils and habitats can facilitate the colonization of invasive animal species or neophytes which can impair the habitats of native species.
Mitigation and Monitoring
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55. The plant operator has to take care that the requirements of the national regulations and international standards regarding protection of the natural environment (H&S, water quality, noise and air emissions) are met. 56. The operator has to take care that workers are not illegally poaching or fishing (e.g. with explosives or poison). Entering of the Proboscis habitat will be prohibited for all workers. The Contractor has to take care that this commitment is strictly obeyed. 57. PLN has to report to government (BKSDA) if protected wildlife is encountered; and to coordinate and consult with the Forest Department (BKSDA) for further impact mitigation, if wildlife, trails or wildlife activity is noted at the Tanjung Batu Power plant complex 58. The inaccessible swamp land between the power plant complex and the Proboscis habitat serves as a natural barrier and thus protects the eastern border of the habitat. It is important that this swamp land will not be filled up or used a PV site to maintain this barrier function. The extension of the already existing access road at the western border of the power plant complex does not impair the barrier function of the swamp. 59. Appropriate measures against the colonization of Invasive neophyte’s species (replanting with autochthonous vegetation at the earliest possible time, cutting/removing of invasive species etc.) will be taken within and in the vicinity of the project site. 60. Noise has to be monitored at key locations (residential houses and areas), and actions will have to be taken to reduce noise, if levels are excessive. 61. During construction works for the temporary jetty (hammering of the piles) monitoring of eventual presence of Irrawaddy dolphins must be conducted. In case dolphins are observed the piling works must be stopped.
3. Human Environment
Impacts and benefits: 62. Employment opportunities for operating the power plant and other related services will be created for limited surrounding workforce during the operational phase, which is an important positive impact. The employment opportunities will generate various benefits for local people’s income, particularly on the households whose family members are employed long- term, i.e. also during the operation of Kaltim Peaker 2. 63. Foreign plant staff may disturb the way of life of the local population, due to the influx of money, transferrable diseases, behavior, cultural or religious differences, etc. 64. Operation of the planned power plant as well as transport and maintenance activities will cause air and noise emissions and may impair the living conditions of local residents.
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65. Transport of HSD from the jetty to the storage tanks near Kaltim Peaker 1 is presently conducted in an existing pipeline; Storage of the oil in obviously well-maintained tanks surrounded by an intact collecting basin, as observed during the site visits. The distance between the tanks and the next resident houses is ca. 500 m, so that the risk for local residents is assessed to be low. According to information from PLN Safety Plans for the existing facilities are in place and regular training is conducted. 66. There is a school located at the access road on a hill, ca. 100 m from the south-eastern corner of the planned project site. Teachers and pupils at the school will be heavily impaired by air pollution (SO2) and noise from the operating plant. 67. No known protected buildings, sacred or cultural heritage, or archaeological relict sites are located within the project site or in its vicinity.
Mitigation and Monitoring 68. Operation activities shall be limited to daytime (6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.) to reduce noise impacts on local residents. 69. The operator has to take care that the requirements of the national regulations and international standards regarding protection of the human environment (H&S, water quality, noise and air emissions) are met. 70. The air quality needs to be monitored regularly at defined receptor points, as it might impair community health (details of the monitoring routine are described in the EMP). Since the power plant will be operated as a Peaker, the impact will be intermittent. The ambient air quality standards will refer to Government Regulation Number 41 of 1999 for ambient air quality and to the IFC EHS General Guidelines (April 2007). 71. In Indonesia the usual procedure for monitoring of thermal power plants is to conduct semi-annual measurements as specified in the UKL- UPL and to summarize these findings in form of Monitoring Reports, which are handed over to the responsible environmental authorities. 72. The operator has to set up a grievance redress mechanism, based on the social studies conducted for this project, where the local people must be informed how to address complaints. This grievance redress mechanism must be explained to the local residents during a public presentation at the beginning of the operation activities. 73. The operator has to regularly inform and train his staff regarding health and safety issues (e.g. PPE), emergency response (e.g. accidents, spills), and transferrable diseases (e.g. HIV). 74. PLN will relocate the school to a new site where the ambient noise and the air quality meet the state standards. It is strongly recommended to relocate the school before the beginning of the construction activities, as the noise and air pollution problems will not be only temporary and restricted to the construction phase; on the contrary, these are expected to increase in the operation phase of the planned project.
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75. Hazardous substances must be stored in safe locations and emergency programs will be set up by the contractor how to address spillage of hazardous substances. 76. During the construction phase, especially during the site clearing and excavation works, the contractor staff must pay attention to eventual archaeological findings. In case those findings are made the contractor must inform PLN. PLN has to inform the responsible authorities and they will ensure proper excavation and recording of potential archaeological artifacts etc.
E. Cumulative impacts
77. Cumulative Impacts are impacts that result from overlapping effects caused by impacts from the planned project together with other past, present or reasonably foreseeable projects or activities within the area of influence oft he planned project. 78. Significant cumulative impacts in connection with thermal power plants are usually air pollution, noise, and water pollution, especially when other industrial plants are already operating in the vicinity of a planned project. 79. Cumulative impacts from the parallel operation of the existing plant sites Tanjung Batu Power Station Complex and Kaltim 1 together with Kaltim Peaker 2 are assessed in this EIA report in order to determine if the H&S standards especially for noise and air quality are met. 80. As a sound basis for an assessment of noise and air emissions expert studies with noise and air emission calculations were conducted, which are considering the overlapping effects of the relevant noise and air emission sources from the already existing Power Plant facilities as well as the forecasted emissions from the planned Kaltim Peaker 2. Wherever more than one project option exists “worst case scenarios” were used for the emission calculations and the impact assessment. The results of these calculations have been addressed in the discussion of the operation impacts above. 81. Three facts are important for the assessment of cumulative impacts of the project on the investigation factor water: (i) Already heavy and ongoing pollution of the Mahakam River mainly due to deforestation, mining, and industrial activities (ii) The wastewater composition from the plant site, which is mainly runoff from the construction site or domestic wastewater from the operating plant site. (iii) Runoff from the construction site will pass sedimentation basins and wastewater from the operating plant will pass an oil screen before the cleared water will be released to natural surface waters. 82. The amount of wastewater releases into the Mahakam river during operation will be a maximum of 10 m3/d (diluted in 1,000 to 1,500 m3/s of
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Mahakam River water. In the operation phase PLN will regularly monitor the wastewater quality and take care that the state standards regarding wastewater are fulfilled. Summing up these facts the environmental impact of the wastewater releases from the project site are negligible. VII. Public participation
83. During the EIA process numerous meetings were held with various stakeholders (project developer, local residents, authorities, community leaders). A compilation of all meetings conducted by the environmental and the social team is attached as Annex B to this report. 84. The main purpose of these meetings was to inform local stakeholders about the planned project, to collect base line data, and to find out the attitude of the local stakeholders towards the planned project. 85. The general attitude of the local communities towards the planned project was positive, mostly because new job opportunities will be created and more money is flowing into this remote region through the spending power of local and foreign workers. 86. No complaints were made by local residents regarding the operation of the already existing power plant complex Tanjung Batu. Questions regarding complaints against neither air pollution nor noise from this site were always negated. 87. Numerous complaints however were made regarding the coal fired power plant, which is located around 1 km north-east of Tanjung Batu village. Since this power plant started operation the fish catches in the Mahakam river downstream the plant declined significantly. There were also complaints regarding air pollution, especially ash and coal dust from the CFPP site. 88. The following wishes were expressed by local stakeholders: (i) Employment of preferably local residents during construction and operation of the planned power plant (ii) Rehabilitation of the tarred access road, built by PLN, that leads from the Murinin road to the Tanjung Batu complex (iii) Providing water supply to the local communities (the head of Forum Adat informed that there is no CSR from PLN Tanjung Batu sector) (iv) Involve preferably local people as workers during construction and operation of the planned power plant (e.g. unskilled workers, security) (v) Safe handling and no ”wild“ disposal of waste and hazardous materials from the power plant complex. Waste disposal shall be conducted in coordination with local communities. (vi) PLN shall continue its support of the school also after it has been relocated.
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VIII. Grievance Redress Mechanism
89. A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is a systematic process to receive, evaluate, and address the project-related grievances of affected persons (AP) and/or groups. For the sector loan the GRM shall be established for each subproject (districts level). However, there shall be an escalation possibility to involve PLN at headquarter for complaints unresolved at subproject level. The GRM and PLN headquarter shall be set up the latest with sub-project approval for ADB funding and prior to handing over the site to construction contractor. 90. The GRM will be setup in consultation with relevant stakeholders and the contact information will be posted publicly on the project website with outreach for all project areas. An information disclosure mechanism in Bahasa will also be in place at district level to ensure that the local communities are aware of GRM and their potential involvement and responsibilities in the project activities. PLN will ensure a culturally and gender sensitive GRM to receive and address, in coordination with provincial authorities, project related concerns and to resolve the Affected Person (AP) and Affected Household (AH) related disputes that may arise during project implementation. It is anticipated that all grievances related to benefits and other assistance will be resolved at the PLN level. 91. Grievances related to any aspects of the Project will be handled through negotiation with the aim to achieve consensus. The procedures to be followed in resolving complaints on the affected assets, the level of compensation offered by the government will be defined. All administrative levels, will be employed in the effort to resolve any complaint. No cost shall be borne to the APs in relation with the grievance redress mechanism. 92. The following procedure shall be applied to grievances related all aspects of the Project: 93. An aggrieved AP/AH may bring any complaint either directly to PLN project office or contractor or to the customary leader in the village/sub-village level, who will bring the grievance to the Contractor or PLN Office, in the first instance to seek resolution. The PLN / contractor / customary leaders have 14 days to settle the complaints. 94. If the grievance cannot be resolved, PLN shall provide a written rejection of the complaint, but shall name PLN sub district office as institution for the next escalation. The AP/AHs may convey the grievance or bring to the customary community in the sub district to get resolution. The sub district has 14 days to settle the complaint. 95. If the grievance cannot be resolved, PLN shall provide a written rejection of the complaint, but shall name PLN district office as institution for the next escalation. The AP/AH may convey the grievance to the district office for resolution. The district has 14 days to settle the complaint. 96. If the aggrieved party is not satisfied with the final decision, she/he may file the complaint to the court for adjudication.
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97. Grievance mechanism amongst customary communities shall follow their internal mechanism (if any) or any mechanism provided by local government based on community request. The APs may bring their complaints to the village leaders and/or customary leaders. The complaint may bring it to the officers in project’s field office or sub-project site office. 98. Several procedures for allowing the register of grievances for the projects are suggested as follows: (i) Nomination of a Community Liaison Officer (CLO); (i) Suggestion boxes; (ii) Contacts list; (iii) The PLN’s webpage. (iv) All grievances shall be answered, even those which may be considered non-reasonable or not project related. The answer shall always be given using the same medium as the complainant used to place the grievance, but at least one written medium (fax, letter or e-mail) is mandatory. (v) A record shall be made of all complaints, as well as of the answer given to those. The record should contain: (vi) the name of the individual or organization (if the grievance has not been made anonymously); (vii) the date and nature of the complaint; (viii) any follow-up actions taken; (ix) the final result; and (x) how and when this decision was communicated to the complainant. 99. The grievance management system will include in addition a reporting procedure to the local authority to document that the complaint was identified, noted, managed and solved. The responsible authorities at the community level shall be identified prior to the start of the construction activities or prior to the mobilization to the site. The reporting procedure shall be discussed and agreed together with the administrative authority.
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IX. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
100. The EIA defines measures to mitigate or prevent or minimize negative environmental and social impacts from the planned project. 101. Based on the results of the impact assessment, especially regarding mitigation measures and monitoring requirements, an EMP has been prepared in form of tables, separately for the construction and the operation phase. 102. The EMP covers the following aspects: (i) The environmental factor that is likely to be impacted; (ii) A brief summary of the potential impact and/or likely issue; (iii) The identified mitigation actions that aim to eliminate and/or reduce the potential impact to acceptable levels; (iv) Monitoring actions to ensure that the identified mitigation measures are implemented. Monitoring actions include: inspections, review of reports/plans, reporting, and the undertaking of certain monitoring measures; (v) The frequency for implementing the monitoring actions, which include: once, continuously throughout the construction/operation period (depending on the mitigation measure identified this could include daily, weekly, or monthly), or upon occurrence of a certain issue; and (vi) The responsible entity for implementing the mitigation measures and monitoring actions identified. 103. The EMP is a key document that lists the environmental requirements and details the procedures necessary for managing the significant environmental issues connected to proposed project activities. The EMP is developed specifically to provide flexibility in the nature and exact location of operations, while ensuring all potential impacts are identified and properly mitigated and monitored throughout the later stages of the Project. 104. This EMP can be used as a stand-alone document during the different phases of the Project by the EPC Contractor, the Project Operator, the governmental authorities, and other responsible parties. 105. The EMP does not set out all the implementing details of the proposed measures, because several of the measures identified must be developed in detail by the implementing contractor. 106. The EMP is a “living document“ which will be updated by the contractor, based on the then available detailed engineering, at the beginning of the construction phase. In addition, the EMP shall be updated once per year, if necessary, in order to include new issues, which were not or not sufficiently considered in the EMP so far. 107. Monitoring must commence as soon as loan effectiveness date, as it includes monitoring of pre-construction measures and is required to establish baseline for some of the environmental components such as air
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quality and noise in a more comprehensive manner. Semi-annual monitoring reports must be provided, even if to confirm that no works commenced, etc.
A. Institutional Framework and Procedural Arrangements for Environmental Compliance
108. Generally, two main pillars govern the successful implementation of any EMP: (i) Proper identification of responsibilities for the entities involved; and (ii) Effective control of the process 109. Generally, the EMP identifies where and when measures are required and which organization is responsible for taking care that the measures are implemented and supervised. 110. All management practices are interlinked, and this section describes how these two pillar criteria could be fulfilled, which in turn helps ensure that the overall objectives of the EMP are met. 111. Control processes mainly include training and awareness for entities involved, control of non-conformances that might occur throughout the process, and the permitting (clearance) requirements throughout the Project implementation phase. The objective is to ensure that the EMP recommendations are implemented in practice during construction and operation, and assess how environmental resources are affected. 112. Generally, a self compliance approach is advocated, whereby the body responsible for the causative action will ensure that the objectives and requirements stipulated within the EMP are met. The Regulator will be responsible for undertaking compliance monitoring to ensure that the responsible Entity is adhering to the EMP requirements 113. The EMP in this EIA EMP must be updated by the contractor in the pre-construction phase, based on his specific technical design. The contractor has to adduce evidence, based on his specific project design, that emissions from the planned power plant do not exceed applicable national and international standards. For control of noise from Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant, if the contractor differs from recommended abatement measures in this EMP, the contractor needs to provide noise modelling based justification for those deviations. In case of any significant variation from the design assessed in the EIA, the contractor will provide technical details relevant to environmental impacts and seek clearance from ADB through PLN..
B. Self-monitoring and external auditing
114. Generally self-monitoring is a basic requirement to show the compliance of the facility with the standards as outlined in the EMP and
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represents a suitable basis for the successful realization of the required auditing procedures. 115. In addition, self controlling is an appropriate method of conservation of evidence in case of an accident or emergency situation. All data from the monitoring program during construction and operation as requested by the EMP will be reported. Summarized data will be submitted by the contractor monthly and quarterly to PLN as the project developer. PLN will then forward the quarterly information to the BLH for assessment and follow up. Besides the internal self-monitoring, the auditing of the implementation of the mitigation and monitoring measures for the proposed Project will be done by external entities (contracted environmental consultants) or staff from PLN. In case PLN conducts the monitoring an external monitor must be appointed to verify the monitoring undertaken by PLN. The following Auditing Plan has been developed in this sense. Table 16: Suggestion of an External Auditing Plan for the Kaltim Peaker 2
Action Auditing Project Phase Auditing Actions Reporting Schedule/ Party Status
Semi-annual site inspections will be First inspection Pre-construction performed to ensure Environmental at start of To PLN and that the mitigation Consultant / PLN construction and Headquarters Construction and monitoring Tanjung Batu from then every measures are being 6 months taken into account.
Annual audits to ensure that the First audit one mitigation and month after start Environmental To PLN Operation monitoring measures of operation and Consultant / PLN Headquarters are fulfilled. These from then every audits will be year performed quarterly.
116. In the following two tables outlines of an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Kaltim Peaker 2 for Pre-Construction and Construction phase (Table 13), as well as Operation phase (Table 14) are presented.
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Table 17: Outline of an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Kaltim Peaker 2 - Pre-Construction and Construction phase
Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Mitigation and monitoring actions Location Action Party frequency
Physical Environment
Visual inspection of all construction areas regarding Regularly during erosion, sedimentation, and pollution during daily All working areas Contractor construction works construction observation. Appropriate grass mixtures will be planted to initially Immediately after stabilize open construction areas; afterwards, the soils All working areas completion of Contractor will be landscaped with native plants common to the construction works area.
All the potentially dangerous products that can Regularly during contaminate the soil during the construction works must All working areas Contractor construction works be stored, disposed or recovered safely. Soil erosion, degradation of water quality by physical and chemical changes, and Dredging works must be performed in a way to minimize Regularly during Temporary jetty area Contractor the river flow landslides and surface erosion. construction works
No dumping of dredged or excavated material on river Regularly during Mahakam River Contractor banks or in tributaries to the Mahakam river. construction works
Where excavation or dredging is carried out, landscape Construction site and Regularly during Contractor works will be performed. Mahakam River bank construction works
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Mitigation and monitoring actions Location Action Party frequency
Slope stabilization and landscape works must be Previous and performed in endangered construction or transport Mahakam River bank regularly during Contractor areas. construction works
Visual inspections to verify the rehabilitation of the soils Regularly during All working areas Contractor in the temporary jetty and construction areas construction works
Monitor the application of the waste management Regularly during All working areas Contractor procedures (handling, storage, disposal) construction works
Disposal operations must be conducted so as to prevent Regularly during any unnecessary destruction, scarring or defacing of the Disposal areas Contractor construction works soils Soil pollution by waste Develop a Waste Management Plan (within the HSE deposition Management Plan) contains measures such as: Coordinate with the Municipality or hire a Pollution of the surface competent private contractor for the collection of waters by sediments, solid solid waste from the site to the municipal Pre-construction and liquid waste, oil leaks approved landfill. Distribute appropriate number of properly Before the contained litter bins and containers properly All construction and construction works marked for the different types of waste, such as: surrounding areas commence Contractor, PLN recyclable, hazardous, for landfill, etc. Risk of groundwater Maintain records and manifests that indicate Regularly during pollution with oil, fuels or volume of waste generated onsite, collected by construction works waste contractor, and disposed of. The numbers within the records are to be consistent to ensure no illegal dumping at the site or other areas The construction waste shall be recycled as much as possible on site
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Mitigation and monitoring actions Location Action Party frequency Any construction debris generated will be removed from the site immediately after the completion of construction activities Portable toilets must be made available in the workers camps and the waste water originated must be properly disposed. Enforce prohibition of littering Developing and implementing a general soil erosion and sedimentation control plan New and well maintained vehicles will be used The maintenance of the vehicles will only be done in areas located away from the water resources. Ensure that a minimum of 1,000 liters of general purpose spill absorbent is available at hazardous material storage facility. If spillage occurs, spill must be immediately contained, cleaned-up, and contaminated soil disposed as hazardous waste.
Design of appropriate temporary drainage system to accommodate storm water runoff and to protect the construction site from erosion-causing runoff, the use of appropriate structural measures to prevent erosion, etc. Run-off with sediments must be buffered in a sedimentation basin before release into the swamp or the Mahakam river. If drainage water is contaminated, it must be drained into appropriate facilities (such as sumps and pits). Before disposal in Mahakam river, it is to be treated to comply with surface water discharge standards.
Monitoring will include:
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Mitigation and monitoring actions Location Action Party frequency Visual inspection of the works and the soil Verify the suitability of the storage areas for materials and waste Verification on-site of the procedures for waste management Review of manifests to ensure consistency Review the contract with the company in charge of the waste transportation Collection and treatment of waste water leaving the Regularly during Pollution of downstream Worker camp Contractor water due to the discharge worker camp. construction works of wastewater from the Filtering, collection or diversion of silty water leaving the All working areas, construction camp; Regularly during Contractor construction site; construction of drainage channels. Mahakam River processing of aggregates. construction works Perform regular water sampling to identify relevant water Upstream/downstream the Prior to and during pollution sources and to develop measures to avoid or project site, Mahakam Contractor construction phase Effluent of pollutants, reduce pollution. River, south bank muddy water, and nutrients from the project site Upstream Monitoring of the water quality parameters Downstream Quarterly Contractor of Construction site Augment duration of air quality monitoring for a Sensitive receptors and minimum of three days extending over one week every Semi-annual PLN/Contractor project site six months Before and regularly Cover the internal pathways and the working area with Construction areas during construction Contractor non pulverulent material (gravel, grit, concrete, bitumen) All transport routes Air pollution due to works emissions of particulates Water the non paved pathways and working areas, All working areas Regularly during and gases from Contractor especially in windy and dry days. All transport routes construction works construction operations and Cover the load of every truck transporting pulverulent All working areas Regularly during circulation and usage of Contractor equipment and vehicles materials with adequate screens. All transport routes construction works Store the pulverulent materials in closed compartments; Regularly during Construction areas Contractor whenever this is not feasible, water these materials. construction works
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Mitigation and monitoring actions Location Action Party frequency All working areas During construction Use of new vehicles with good conservation status. Contractor All transport routes works Rehabilitation of the tarred access road, built by PLN, Murinin Road Before, during and Contractor that leads from the Murinin road to the Tanjung Batu after construction complex Do not place pulverulent materials in non protected During construction areas situated upstream of the wind direction from All working areas Contractor works residential areas. Set fences with enough height to separate the Previous to All working areas Contractor construction site from the outside areas. construction works Inform the local residents about the duration of the Prior to and construction works and whenever an activity that Residential areas regularly during Contractor generates high levels of particulates is to be performed. construction works Regardless of the size or type of vehicle, fleet owners / All working areas Regularly during operators will implement the manufacturer Contractor All transport routes construction works recommended engine maintenance programs. Drivers will be instructed on the benefits of driving Prior to and All working areas practices that reduce both the risk of accidents and fuel regularly during Contractor All transport routes consumption, within safe speed limits. construction works Vehicles will have emissions control devices, such as All working areas Prior to and during Contractor catalytic converters. All transport routes construction works Prior to and during Selection of equipment with lower sound power levels. All working areas Contractor construction works Blasting shall take place during a time window of 12:00 noon to 3:00 p.m. The charge size will be minimised and blasting will not take place on weekends, during school exam periods or on public holidays. Single blasts with All working areas During construction Contractor minimum time interval of 60 minutes will be preferred to numerous small blasts.
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Mitigation and monitoring actions Location Action Party frequency
All working areas During construction Use of properly maintained equipment and vehicles. Contractor All transport routes works Install acoustic bafflers in the structures housing noise Prior to construction All working areas Contractor generating machinery. works Noise nuisance due to During construction Perform the construction activities only during day time. All working areas Contractor construction operations and works circulation and usage of Inform the population in case there is a need to perform Prior to and during equipment and vehicles Residential areas Contractor activities during the night hours construction works If generators are used, locate them far from the Previous and during residential areas; in case this is not possible, sound All working areas Contractor construction works barriers will be installed. Noise will be monitored at six monthly intervals at the At commencement sensitive receptors. In case of complaints by residents, Monitoring points defined of the construction Contractor noise control measures at construction sites will be in the EIA works enhanced to address the complaint. If the EPC Contractor deviate from the installation of noise abatement measures recommended in this EIA, Consideration of operation the contractor has to submit an updated noise emission Contractor and Monitoring points defined Pre-construction noise in the detailed PP assessment to demonstrate that with his specific PP PLN (for ADB in the EIA phase design design does not add to ambient noise by more than approval) 3dB(A) and seek clearance from PLN before commencement of construction activities. Immediately after Changes in landscape as a Remove all the waste and leftover materials All working areas completion of Contractor result of excavation works, construction works withdrawal and disposal of Re-cultivate and re-vegetate the access roads and Immediately after materials All working areas transport temporary construction sites that will no longer be completion of Contractor routes needed, with local plant types and soil cover construction works
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Mitigation and monitoring actions Location Action Party frequency Including landscape architecture competences into the Prior to construction detailed project design to optimize harmonious N.A. Project designers works integration of the infrastructure into the landscape Using natural materials e.g. for the enforcements of river During construction banks for erosion protection instead of concrete in order Mahakam River Contractor works to maintain the character of the landscape Delimitation of valuable biotopes and habitats before During construction construction activities begin with signal bands - if All construction areas Contractor works necessary
Natural Environment
The contractor will hire species experts who have to conduct a Biodiversity Action Plan for the Proboscis Project area of influence Pre-construction monkeys. The BAP must be set up by in close Contractor as defined in the EIA phase consultation with the protected species management authorities, PLN and with local communities Information of all contractor workers about the Proboscis Previous and during Worker camp Contractor Disturbance of the habitats and the protection measures to be applied construction works Proboscis habitat and All Proboscis habitat, Restriction of access to the Proboscis habitat (fencing, During construction Siamese Crocodile especially west of the Contractor road barriers) works temporary jetty Monitoring of human activities near or within the Daily during Contractor/PLN Proboscis and habitat construction works Preservation of the swamp area between the power During construction plant complex and the Proboscis habitat as a natural All swamp area Contractor/PLN works protection barrier Restriction of all construction activities to absolutely All working areas and their Previous and during Contractor Disturbance of biotopes necessary areas. vicinities construction works and habitats Signage of areas, worker instructions and site All working areas and their Previous and during Contractor supervision vicinities construction works
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Mitigation and monitoring actions Location Action Party frequency Survey of the fish life downstream of the construction site Mahakam River Forbid construction workers from poaching wildlife During construction downstream the Contractor including fishing from using net/trap, poison, or works construction site explosives
Temporarily stop the construction activity if/when an IUCN-classified ‘critically endangered’, ‘endangered’, or ‘vulnerable wildlife’ species approaches the construction site (e.g., Proboscis monkey, False Gharial). When All working areas and their Daily during Contractor wildlife approaches the construction site Contractor vicinities construction work workers are not allowed to hunt, harass or chase the animals
The contractor/PLN must report to government (BKSDA) if protected wildlife is encountered; Coordinate and consult with the Forest Department (BKSDA) for further Immediately on N.A. Contractor/PLN impact mitigation, if wildlife trails or wildlife activity is detection noted at the construction site
Mahakam River banks Survey of the natural and the agricultural vegetation and During construction downstream the Contractor cultural trees downstream of the construction site works Changes in flora and fauna construction site If tree cutting is required replacement of lost trees by All working areas and their Previous and during Contractor new tree planting in a 1:2 ratio at least. vicinities construction works
Human Environment
Guarantee of lodging and food supply to the workers, Exposure of workers and During construction adequate water supply, sanitation system, management Worker camp Contractor local people to hazards at works the construction site of rubbish and camp cleaning. (pollution, accidents, Providing personal health protection equipment for the All working areas Prior to and during Contractor
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Mitigation and monitoring actions Location Action Party frequency diseases) workers construction works Use of appropriate vehicles for the transport of During construction All transport routes Contractor hazardous materials. works Prior to and during Implementation of road safety measures All transport routes Contractor construction works Prior to and during Use of appropriately designed storage facilities All working areas Contractor construction works During construction Implementation of safe handling procedures. All working areas Contractor works Prior to construction Clean-up plans for spill of hazardous substances All working areas Contractor works Prior to and Organization of environmental management, safety and All working areas regularly during Contractor health training and awareness construction works Installation of suitable signage around the project areas All working areas Prior to construction Contractor and access routes All transport routes works Prior to construction Mount general safety advice and warnings All working areas Contractor works Regularly during Drainage of stagnant water All working areas Contractor construction works Prior to and Performance of medical checks of the construction All working areas regularly during Contractor workers construction works Construction of the camp to accommodate the workers Prior to construction All working areas Contractor outside the village limits. works Health problems in the Preparation and application of an awareness health Prior to construction Health authorities population due to the Project area program works PLN project implementation
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Mitigation and monitoring actions Location Action Party frequency (transferable diseases and Provide access to skilled medical personal to the During construction Health authorities psychological stress) Project area population affected by the project works PLN Definition of a representative of the project responsible organizations or authorities; this person or a Prior to and during Project area PLN representative must be permanently on site in order to construction works gather complaints of the people affected by the project.
Enhancing the employment of the maximum possible Prior to and during All working areas Contractor number of local community members. construction works
Prior to / at Preferably employment of local residents, wherever All working areas beginning of Contractor possible construction works Prior to / at Accommodating the foreign workers in a worker camp All working areas beginning of Contractor outside the limits of existing villages construction works Social stress between the local residents and the Definition of a representative of the project responsible organizations or authorities; this person or a foreign workers Construction site of the Continuously during representative must be permanently on site in order to PLN project construction works gather complaints of the people to be affected by the project. Limit the construction activities strictly to absolutely During construction required areas - usage of agricultural land, even if All working areas PLN, Contractor works temporary, has to be avoided. Have a share in the benefits of the project, e.g. by Prior to and during providing relocation of the school, free energy to the Affected communities PLN construction works schools, the hospital, or public buildings. Loss of access to infrastructures Provide the new communities with material, social and administrative infrastructure and services in such a way Prior to and during Affected communities PLN that the population is able to compensate losses or construction works hardships
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Mitigation and monitoring actions Location Action Party frequency All working areas, areas PLN/Competent Preparation and implementation of an emergency and Prior to construction downstream the project local and state rescue plan in case of a natural disaster works site authorities Complaints can be personally addressed to an Continuously during Complaints and problems ombudsman, who is permanently present in the project Project site the first 3 years of PLN/Contractor with the local population area the operation phase
Cultural Heritage
Implement appropriate measures for chance find Site preparation activities procedures (should archeological remains be discovered could potentially disturb in the ground during construction activities) which mainly /damage archaeological include that construction activities be halted and the All working and Upon occurrence Contractor remains which could be area fenced, while immediately notifying the responsible surrounding areas present within the Project authorities. No additional work will be allowed before the site. authorities assess the found potential archaeological site. All working areas: Construction site, disposal sites, access roads, workers camps
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Table 18: Outline of an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Kaltim Peaker 2 - Operation phase
Timing and Action Issue / Potential Impact Monitoring and mitigation actions Location frequency Party
Physical Environment
Develop and apply a Waste Management Plan (within the HSE Management Plan) contains measures such as: Coordinate with the Municipality or hire a competent private contractor for the collection of solid waste from the site to the municipal approved landfill. Distribute appropriate number of properly contained litter bins and containers properly marked for the different types of waste, such as: recyclable, hazardous, for landfill, etc. Maintain records and manifests that indicate volume of waste generated onsite, collected by contractor, Soil pollution by waste Regularly during Plant and disposed of. The numbers within the records are Power plant deposition operation operator to be consistent to ensure no illegal dumping at the site or other areas.
Monitoring will include: Visual inspection of the soil Verify the suitability of the storage areas for materials and waste Verification on-site of the procedures for waste management Review of manifests to ensure consistency Review the contract with the company in charge of the waste transportation
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Timing and Action Issue / Potential Impact Monitoring and mitigation actions Location frequency Party
Detailed design Use low-emission technology
Before the stack exit Regularly during Use LNG as main fuel and HSD with a Sulphur content of operation <0.0.25% S only as a back-up for emergency situations
Undertake air quality monitoring covering a minimum of Plant site and Semi-annual three days over a period of one week every six months Sensitive receptors
The operation of the plant PLN/ contributes to the degradation of the air quality and emissions Plant Get the sulfur content in HSD tested by an internationally of GHG in the project area HSD supply tanker at Operator accredited testing laboratory selected in consultation with Once in six months Plant Jetty ADB
Monitor the air emissions of the plant and verify compliance For air emissions: with national and international standards as follows: Regularly during Continuous monitoring of: NOx, CO, PM10, PM2.5, operation following Total PM, and SO2 At the stack exit the requirements of Annual monitoring of: NOx, CO, PM10, PM2.5, Total the UKL - UPL PM, SO2, and heavy metals
For GHG: Annually Monitor and quantify the direct and indirect emissions of
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Timing and Action Issue / Potential Impact Monitoring and mitigation actions Location frequency Party GHG following ADB’s SPS (2009)
At all identified Monitor the air quality in the area as follows: sensitive receptors Seasonal air quality sampling (1 week per season) at (see Air Dispersion 1 week per season all identified sensitive receptors. Calculation Report in Annex C). Evaluate the impact of the project in the air quality at the Plant receptors. If the contribution of the project for the air quality At the location of Operator in the area is >25% of the applicable national and maximum GLC and at international standards, then: the sensitive receptor Continuously two continuous ambient air quality monitors need to where the GLC are be installed, one at the location of maximum GLC higher. and one at the sensitive receptor where the GLC are higher.
Biological Environment
Develop and apply a Waste Management Plan (within the HSE Management Plan) Regularly during The air and noise emissions, operation the water discharges and the Adapt the planning of the plant in such a way that the Contractor, solid waste deposition as well eventually impacted areas are kept below the national Power Plant Continuously during Plant as the power supply lines might standards for noise. This must be proved by a noise Outlet of the plant operation operator be stressor factors for local emission calculation, based on the contractor´s detailed animals, plants and habitats design Before the final design of the plant Treat the waste water to a level corresponding to its final
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Timing and Action Issue / Potential Impact Monitoring and mitigation actions Location frequency Party destination (irrigation or discharge into the water courses)
Monitoring measures shall include: Visual inspection of the soil Verify the suitability of the storage areas for materials and waste Verification on-site of the procedures for waste management Review of manifests to ensure consistency Review the contract with the company in charge of the waste transportation Monitor the water quality parameters according to the national law Review the final design. In addition to the national requirements regarding industrial waste water releases, the planned power plant must also comply with Table 5 of the IFC EHS Guidelines on Thermal Power Plants, including temperature. Sanitary waste water releases must comply with the general IFC EHS guidelines on water, including faecal coliform.
Regularly during Information of all workers about the Proboscis habitat and PLN Power plant Plant operation the protection measures to be applied complex operator
Impacts on habitats and local Provide financial and logistical support to enable an effective wildlife, especially disturbance “Bekantan conservation area”, as part of the PLN commitment for “Proper Hijau (Green)”, in collaboration with Continuously during of the Proboscis habitat Proboscis habitat on BKSDA (Balai Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam – Natural operation PLN PLN Property Resources Conservation Centre) for the protection of the Proboscis habitat on PLN Property.
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Timing and Action Issue / Potential Impact Monitoring and mitigation actions Location frequency Party Continuously during Restriction of access to the Proboscis habitat (fencing, road PLN, Plant All Proboscis habitat operation barriers) operator
Continuously during Monitoring of human activities near or within the Proboscis PLN, Plant All Proboscis habitat operation habitat operator
Preservation of the swamp area between the power plant Continuously during PLN, Plant complex and the Proboscis habitat as a natural protection All swamp area operation operator barrier Wider project area especially in and Regularly during Survey of the flora and fauna developing; e.g. through around the operation PLN scientific research e.g. by local universities construction sites and at the plant site Disturbance of habitats and loss of local wildlife Regularly during Plant Leisure time activities of the local workers will not include Wider project area operation Operator poaching or impair valuable habitats
Human Environment
During design, Plant Enclosure of noise producing installations Power Plant construction and Operator operation phase Provide noise protection measures to comply with requirements regarding noise levels in settlements and Noise generating Noise nuisance due to the Detailed design and housing areas (55dB) and industrial areas (70dB). Power Plant Contractor operation of the power plant during construction Avoid night-time operation between 10 p.m. and 07 a.m., Components when the limit of 45 dB for residential areas apply. Maintenance of the noise protection measures to comply Noise generating Regularly during Plant with requirements regarding noise levels in settlements and Power Plant operation phase Operator housing areas (55dB) and industrial areas (70dB) Components Health risks Limit the access to the dangerous areas Plant site During operation Plant
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Timing and Action Issue / Potential Impact Monitoring and mitigation actions Location frequency Party Downstream phase Operator Develop a EHS Plan for the plant and related infrastructures
Appropriated PPE for the workers must be assured
Emergency response procedures will be defined and put in place
Organization of environmental management and safety During the operation of the training for the workers power plant, the workers might Power Plant and Continuously during Plant be subject to hazards like All visitors to the site will receive appropriate H&S related infrastructures operation operator electrical shocks, burns, fires, instructions and personal equipment explosions, etc.
Accompany the definition and application of training programs
Visual inspection of the workers and their daily tasks
Analysis of the EHS reports, timely corrective actions, if necessary
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X. Costs of EMP Implementation
117. In this specific planning case the EMP does not include all environmental components of construction or rehabilitation costs, as these measures still have to be defined based on the detailed planning by the contractor. This detailed planning was not available at the time when this EIA Reports was compiled. 118. The contractor has to take care that the EMP and the SMP for the construction period are practically applied at the construction site during the whole construction period. 119. For this reason, a local environmental and social expert will be employed by the contractor and must be present at the construction site to conduct continuous environmental and social site supervision, and to write down relevant findings in his daily, weekly, and monthly site supervision reports. 120. The findings of the monthly reports from the contractor will be summarized in form of quarterly or semi-annual construction site reports which will be prepared by PLN or environmental experts contracted by PLN. 121. During the operation phase it is the duty of the project operator to take care that the national environmental laws and regulations are met and that the EMP is practically applied. 122. PLN or contracted environmental experts have to conduct regular mentoring according to the AMDAL amendment and RKL-RPL for the planned project Kaltim Peaker 2. These monitoring activities in Indonesia are usually taking place twice per year. 123. Based on statements from the PLN staff the approximative costs are as follows: (i) Annual costs of an Indonesian environmental expert employed by PLN/Contractor during the construction period: IDR 30,000,000 - 40,000,000 per month
(ii) Costs for the semi-annual monitoring of the operating plant, overall costs, including sampling and analyses, for the Monitoring Report: IDR 40,000,000 per half-year
(iii) Costs for the relocation of the school building: IDR 2,500,000 per m2 (this amount has been included in the bidding documents for the contractor). The existing building has an approximate building area of 350 m2, so that the total costs will add up to IDR 875,000,000.
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XI. Overall Findings and Recommendations
124. The impacts caused by the planned standalone project Kaltim Peaker 2 are assessed as not -significant after application of the proposed mitigation measures. 125. As the land acquisition process was completed long ago, the Project will only use land owned by PLN. The certificate grants PLN the right to build (Hak Guna Bangunan) on the land for 30 years, i.e., until April 1st 2028. No resettlement of residential houses is necessary for the planned project. 126. A part of the project site is already a built-up area (ca. 25 %), with out- of-function buildings, which will be demolished at the beginning of the construction activities. 127. The vegetation within the project site is secondary bushland and grassy areas, with common species, due to the previous and still ongoing, strong human influence. No rare, endangered or protected plant species have been observed within the project site and none are expected. 128. The already existing Kaltim power plant complex is fenced and consists in most parts of built-up areas. The green areas between the buildings and roads are under intense human influence with lawns, single trees and bushes. The part of the project site Kaltim Peaker 2, which is located outside the fence, is covered with secondary, mostly eutrophic vegetation. Together with the noise emissions and the strong human influence only a few common, synanthrope species (e.g. synanthrope birds) can use the project area as habitats. 129. The wide swamp area west of the power plant complex could provide habitat for rare and endangered species but due to the year-long influence of the operating power plants only species adapted to those conditions could be nowadays left. 130. Beside the small-scale and inevitable physical impairments of the remaining flora, fauna, and habitats within the construction area, caused by the construction of the Kaltim Peaker 2, the major environmental issues in connection with a gas and Diesel fired power plant are air emissions, noise emissions, and emissions of wastewater into the aquatic environment. 131. From the protected species in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency a small population of the Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) has been verified within the project AoI (noise, gaseous emissions, disturbances by humans) in a forest area, which begins ca. 500 m east of the planned project site. The eastern part (ca. 8 ha) of the overall proboscis habitat is located on PLN property and according to the available information it is used by the monkeys mainly as food habitat. The whole proboscis habitat area has to be regarded as natural habitat for this endemic species, following the description of ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 1, para. 26 and 28. The local Proboscis group presently seems to survive under already strained conditions, with a limited habitat size and under constant threat of illegal hunting and human disturbances. Around 8 ha of the habitat is located on PLN property and this area is hard to access, as it is bordering swamp land at its eastern side. PLN already took steps to protect the area.
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132. There are two more rare and endangered species in the Mahakam River, that could be affected significantly in theory by the planned project, the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) and False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelli). 133. The river section, which could be affected theoretically by the planned project, is not critical habitat, as it does not belong to the core habitats of these species. A core habitat is a habitat which is essential and irreplaceable for a local population e.g. for reproduction, feeding, or residence. Neither the temporary impacts in the construction phase (hammering of the piles for the temporary jetty) nor the small volumes of water releases from the planned project site into the Mahakam river during operation of the Kaltim Peaker 2 can be regarded as significant risks to Irrawaddy dolphin or false Gharial. 134. As a sound basis for an assessment of noise and air emissions expert studies with noise and air emission calculations were conducted, which are considering the overlapping effects of the relevant noise and air emission sources from the already existing Power Plant facilities as well as the forecasted emissions from the planned Kaltim Peaker 2. 135. The results of these calculations showed that, of the investigated air pollution parameters CO, NOx, SO2, and PM10 / TSP, only NO2 showed some exceedances of the WHO guideline values with plant premises in a few instances. PLN however will raise the stack height for Kaltim Peaker 1 to 50 m that will provide further dilution of pollutants and will eliminate any exceedance of international air quality standards. 136. Regarding noise, as expert noise study has been completed for the project and mitigation measures for existing (Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 2) have been recommended. Kaltim Peaker 2 will also have in-plant noise control to ensure compliance of national and international noise standards, 137. Summing up the findings above, the noise contribution of the planned Kaltim Peaker 2 to the overall noise level in the surroundings of the power plant complex is barely audible for a normal hearing person. The only exception is the school, where the noise increase will be clearly noticeable. Therefore, the school will be re-located to a quieter location, which has been agreed between PLN and the representatives of the school and the community. 138. The following commitments are necessary to reduce environmental and social impacts to an acceptable level: (i) Relocation of the school building before the beginning of the construction activities to an area, which is not severely affected by the planned and the already operating power plants (ii) Normal operation of the Kaltim Peaker 2 and the neighbouring plants with gas and only in emergency cases and short-term with HSD of low sulfur content according to Indonesian standards. (iii) Adoption of recommended noise control measures in the plant design by the contractor. Otherwise, the contractor need to satisfy PLN and ADB that by design-specific noise emission calculation that the noise emission standards are kept (National and IFC standard 55 dB(A) and do not lead to exceedance of up to 3 dB to ambient noise levels at Tanjung Batu village.
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(iv) In case the noise limits are exceeded by more than 3 dB(A) the contractor has to provide primary noise protection measures at the plant site, and/or secondary noise protection measures (e.g. noise protection walls or fences) near sensitive receptors. Blasting should be carefully controlled to minimum necessary and should be undertaken during the time window of 12 noon to 3:00 p.m. This measure is of special significance to Proboscis monkeys having a natural habitat besides the project.
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XII. References
AMDAL Approval No 3758/0115/SJ.T/1996, September 23rd 1996
AMDAL Approval for Kaltim-1 (2X50 MW) No. KAKK/34/AMDAL/PLN/XI/2010, December 28th 2010.
Dutrieux, E., 1990. Mahakam Biological Studies. Final Report IARE (Institut des Dutrieux, E., 1990. Mahakam Biological Studies. Final Report IARE (Institut des Amenagements Regionaux et de l’Environnement), Monpellier.171 p.
Bezuijen, M., Simpson, B., Behler, N., Daltry, J. & Tempsiripong, Y. 2012. Crocodylus siamensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T5671A3048087. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T5671A3048087.en. Downloaded on 12 February 2018
Bezuijen, M.R., Shwedick, B., Simpson, B.K., Staniewicz, A. & Stuebing, R. 2014. Tomistoma schlegelii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T21981A2780499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014- 1.RLTS.T21981A2780499.en. Downloaded on 12 February 2018.
Emission Standards for stationary and /or thermal power generation Activities, Regulation of state Minister of Environment Republic of Indonesia, Number 21 Year 2008
EMP Approval No 2399/41/SJN.T/1998, July 9th 1998
EmoP Approval No 2399/41/SJN.T/1998, July 9th 1998
Feasibility Study Kaltim-2 Gas Fired Power Plant (Peaker), PT PLN (PERSEO), 2016
Guidelines for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Asian Development Bank Projects, ADB, 2017
IFC General Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, April 30, 2007
Involuntary Resettlement and Customary Communities Due Diligence Report, Draft for Consultation, PLN, December 2016
Jefferson, T.A., Karczmarski, L., Kreb, D., Laidre, K., O’Corry-Crowe, G., Reeves, R., Rojas-Bracho, L., Secchi, E., Slooten, E., Smith, B.D., Wang, J.Y. & Zhou, K. 2008. Orcaella brevirostris (Mahakam River subpopulation) (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T39428A98842174. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39428A10237530.en. Downloaded on 12 February 2018.
Meijaard, E. and V. Nijman. 2000. Distribution and conservation of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biol. Conserv. 92: 15–24
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Minton, G., Smith, B.D., Braulik, G.T., Kreb, D., Sutaria, D. & Reeves, R. 2017. Orcaella brevirostris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T15419A50367860. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15419A50367860.en. Downloaded on 12 February 2018.
Rapid_Environmental_Assessment_Report_Final, Fichtner, November 2016
SMEC, 2010: Roseires Dam Heightening project - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, Draft report, Volume 1, SMEC and DIU, July 2010
U.S. EPA, 1992: Screening Procedures for Estimating the Air Quality Impact of Stationary Sources. EPA-454/R-92-019. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
WHO, 1995: Occupational Exposure to Noise: Evaluation, Prevention and Control,
WHO, 1999: Hazard prevention and control in the work environment: Airborne Dust, WHO, Geneva, August 1999
.
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Annexes
A. Maps of the project site and the investigation area
B. Public Participation and Meetings
C. Air Emission Expert Study
D. Noise Emission Expert Study
E. Land Certificate
F. Hazardous Waste Permits
G. Noise control for power plants, Short overview of basic principles and examples
H. Biodiversity Study
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A. Maps of the project site and the investigation area
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B. Public Participation and Meetings
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C. Air Emission Expert Study
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D. Noise Emission Expert Study
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E. Land Certificate
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F. Hazardous Waste Permits
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G. Noise control for power plants, Short overview of basic principles and examples
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H. Biodiversity Study
Irrawaddy Dolphin
Danielle Kreb (researcher who studies Irrawaddy dolphin for more than 20 years), concluded that the Orcaella brevirostris found in the Mahakam river is an isolated sub-population (Kreb, personal communication, August 2017). The Mahakam fresh water dolphin classified as IUCN: Critically endangered. The population of wild dolphins based on 2005 estimate is less than 70 individuals. In the early 1980s, dolphins were found in Samarinda, and since early 1990s the dolphins only found upriver about 180 km from the coast around Muara Kaman and Datah Bilang. Dolphin hunts their prey in the upstream of Mahakam River and its tributaries. River pollution and intensive fishing using gill net, as well as conversion of wet land forest to palm plantation caused the destruction of fish habitat.
Based on the results of the dolphin mortality data collected by Kreb from 1995 to 2005 there were 48 deaths documented consisting of adults (81%), juveniles (15%) and calves (4%). Most dolphins (66%) died as a result of gillnet entanglement with mesh sizes of 10 -17.5 cm, other causes of death were: hit by a boat, trapped in shallow waters, killed by electro and hook fishing as shown in the graph below.
Dolphin mortality data 1995 to 2005 (Kreb 2005)
Recently there have been some reports of people watching fresh water dolphins downstream of Muara Kaman, and RASI foundation will follow up the report by conducting survey for dolphin downstream of Muara Kaman. (Kreb, personal communication, August 2017)
At present the Irrawaddy Dolphin were observed at Muara Kaman of about 42 km upstream of the planned project. According to Kreb the dolphins may be found downstream of Muara Kaman although the probability is very low that dolphins will be present in the project area of the influence.
Construction activities that may affect Irrawaddy dolphin are: a) Workers catching fish using gillnet, hooks and poison. Considering the river body is very wide and the time available for workers for fishing is likely very limited. b) Solid waste, gray water and black water from construction operations. Solid wastes and liquid wastes (black and gray water) will be produced in a small volume compared to the discharge of the Mahakam river therefore the influence on the dolphin is minimal.
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For these reasons, the impact of the planned activity on Irrawaddy dolphin is categorized as not significant.
Crocodile There are three types of Crocodiles in the Mahakam River namely:
Crocodylus porosus (IUCN Lease Concern and protected by Indonesia law) lives in river estuary, brackish swamp, sometime in the river; Tomistoma schlegelii, False Gharial (IUCN vulnerable and protected by Indonesian law). Freshwater crocodiles live in rivers, tributaries and swamp forests, and lakes. Crocodylus siamensis IUCN critically endangered and protected by Indonesian law. Fresh water crocodile lives in rivers, tributaries and swamp forests of freshwater
The Yayasan Konservasi Katulistiwa Indonesia (Conservation Equator Indonesia Foundation), an NGO that conducts observations and research of crocodiles in the Mahakam River, collected reports from peoples who saw the appearance of crocodiles in the Mahakam river around Perjiwa village (<7 km from project site) and Rempanga villages (< 13 km from project site) in 2017. This crocodile is identified from photo as Crocodilus porosus. Estuary Crocodile which entering to the upstream of Mahakam river. (Soimah, Personal communication September 2017) as shown in picture below
Crocodile appears at Mahakam river (left at Perjiwa, Right at Rempanga), August 2017
Important Habitat for Crocodilus siamensis, and Tomistoma schlegelii is Mesangat Lake where these two species of fresh water crocodile frequently seen (Kurniati. H, 2007). Mesangat lake located up stream of Mahakam River about 100 Km from the project site. There is no data regarding appearance of Crocodilus siamensis in the Mahakam River around the project area. In August 2017, a security person from Tanjung Batu Power Plant Complex reported sighting a 1.5 m crocodile at Mahakam river from the jetty. The security person also informed about the likely presence of crocodiles at the swampy (pond) area at east of the Tanjung Batu Power Plant Complex but the reporter could not identify the crocodile species.
Along the Mahakam river there are some small scale crocodile breeder farm kept by the villagers and two large commercial breeders, the number of Crocodilus siamensis in captivity are about 360 crocodiles (Kurniati. H 2007). These breeders
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also have Crocodilus porosus and Tomistoma schlegelii, but the total number unknown. The NGO, Yayasan Konservasi Khatulistiwa Indonesia, also suspected the appearance of crocodile in the downstream Mahakam from the crocodile breeder that escaped or detached. Last August 2017, a Tomistoma schlegelii was caught in fisherman fishnet at Jembayan village < 25 km down stream of the project area.
The appearance of the crocodiles near Tanjung Batu Power Plant Complex and the surrounding villages does not exclude a possibility for the crocodile to enter the Tanjung Batu complex through the sloping access at temporary Jetty and to use the swamp west of the existing power plants as a habitat. During Operation there no activities at temporary Jetty nor the access road, thus having no potential impact to wildlife in the swamp area.
For these reasons the impact of the planned project on Crocodile including the remaining Siamese Crocodile and False Gharial populations are regarded as not significant.
Proboscis Monkey The monkey Nasalis larvatus is endemic animal of Borneo island. Endangered conservation status (IUCN, 2008), included in Appendix I CITES. This species with limited habitat in mangrove forests, the riparian forest, and peat swamp forest.
A group or sub group of proboscis monkey, found at northern west fringes of Tanjung Batu Power Plant Complex, was using the area around 6 ha of shrubs and trees for food foraging in the morning and afternoon. During the site visit in August 2017, no direct observation of proboscis monkeys were made throughout the area.
In the wild daily range of Proboscis monkey is around 200 - 1.100 m and maximum distant from river bank are around 50 - 400 m. During daily activities, especially during foraging for food, the Proboscis monkey form subgroups with the number of 5 - 11 individuals, to aims efficiently in time and group movement in utilizing the source of food in the home range area. The subgroups scattered within 50 - 150m of each other. The subgroups can be scattered within the 1 ha area (Salter et al., 1985) and during the night at the site of the overnight stay at a shore by scattering within 50 m (Rajanathan and Bennett, 1990; Bismark, 1994).
Proboscis monkeys have a habit of changing trees that are used for sleeping generally one tree is only used for four times in succession then move to another tree. These are ways to reduce the likelihood of a predator attack at night. Sleeping on trees with broad canopy with resting positions scattered around the edges and crown top is an anti-predator strategy that is to facilitate in detecting the presence of predators and ease to jump. Predators that may attack the Proboscis in the sleeping tree is a type of snake and lizards.
Home range of Proboscis monkey from 13 ha to 900 ha. Differences in the size of the home range can be caused by a variety of factors, including: a) differences in availability, distribution, and abundance of feed sources, b) available food quality, c) habitat structure, d) habitat fragmentation, e) social organization, f) population density, and g) presence of predators.
The existing six hectares of land at Tanjung Batu Power Plant Complex seem to be not sufficient to support three groups of Proboscis monkey although the monkeys are
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not territorial and their daily activity can be overlapping. Intensive habitat management to provide food and sufficient trees for shelter will be needed and coordination with another Proboscis conservation area will be needed to reduce population pressures caused by transfer proboscis monkey sub group to other conservation area.
Based on the information provided by BKSDA (Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Natural Resources Conservation office) Kutai Kartanegara, there are 6 proboscis monkey group around the planned project. One group lives in the area of Tanjung Batu Power Plant Complex. Two groups of Proboscis monkey from the neighboring coal mine likely going to move into habitat at the Tanjung Batu complex due to cover mining operation (see figure below).
Distribution of Proboscis monkey showing the potential move of 2 groups into Tanjung Batu Power plant complex area. Source: BKSDA Kutai Kartanegara 2017
PLN Wilayah works with BKSDA to restore six hectares the proboscis habitat at Tanjung Batu Complex. The restoration focuses on improving habitat carrying capacity through removing invasive species and adding more food trees to the area.
The impact of the planned activity on Proboscis monkey is categorized as not insignificant if the proper mitigation and enhancement of their habitat is implemented.
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