DOCSLIB.ORG

Full Text in Pdf Format

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Full Text in Pdf Format MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 135: 109-122, 1996 Published May 17 ' Mar Ecol Prog Ser 1 Use of marine sponges as stress indicators in marine ecosystems at Algeciras Bay (southern Iberian Peninsula) J. L. Carballo*, S. A. Naranjo, J. C. Garcia-Gomez Laboratorio de Biologia Marina, Dpto de Fisiologia y Biologia Animal, Facultad de Biologia, Apdo 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain ABSTRACT Infrallttoral sponge fauna was studied as part of a multidisciplinary investigation of ben- thic communities in Algeciras Bay On a monthly basis over 1 year, a senes of environmental vanables were measured (hydrodynamlsm, silting, suspended solids, dissolved organic matter % orgamc matter In silt) The only abiotic vanable that was significantly correlated wlth beta diversity was hydrody- namism, with a linear iegression model between the 2 variables showing a correlatlon coefficient of 0 66 The distributional pattern of the sponges (based on the relative abundance matrix) was correlated with the environmental vanables by matchlng sample simllanties uslng the Spearman rank correlatlon thus showing that the variable combination that best explalns the patterns of distribution is hydrody- namlsm/organlc matter ~n silt (p, = 0 6) Of the species considered, Phorbas fictit~us,Cliona celata, Cl~onav~ndis, Crella elegans. Oscarelld lobular~s,Dysidea fragilis were among those show~ngthe greatest adaptive plast~cityin their relatlonshlp to environmental variables, depth, and selection by substrate, and are categorized as eurytoplc specles present in areas subject to great environmental stress Other species such as Phorbas tenacior, Ren~erafulva Renjera mucosa Cliona rhodensis proved to be much more sensitive to these vanables and were categonzed as stenotop~cspecies lndi- cators of normal conditions Due to the part~cularenvironmental cond~tionswhere it is located, A4ycale rnicracanthoxea was categonzed as a good ind~catorspecies in port environments Others such as Dysidea avara, Halichondna bower bank^ 01 Crella elegans presented morphological differentiations which have permitted them to adapt to sedimentary environments KEY WORDS. Sponge communit~es. Abiotic environment . Bioindicator species. Stress. Port environ- ments INTRODUCTION rera 1987, Muricy 1989, 1991, Carballo et al. 1994). There is now widespread recognition that chemical Sponges are dominant members of many benthic monitoring alone is not enough and that pollution IS communities and, from the autoecological point of essentially a biological phenomenon because its im- view, individual sponge species can have very specific pact is on hving organisms (Mlright et al. 1994). Stress requirements for substrate quality, food particles, light, operates on individual organisms, but its effects may current regime (Reiswig 1971, Wilkinson & Vacelet be recognised at population and ecosystem levels. 1979). Moreover, sponges are strongly associated with Stress induces qualitative and quantitative changes in the abiotic environment and are therefore very sensi- the structure of communities which can usually be tive to environmental stress, which is why some assessed by analysing diversity, relative abundance authors have suggested them as useful tools for envi- (Hawkins et al. 1994). ronmental monitoring (Alcolado 1978, Alcolado & Her- Sponge communities can provide us with important information about the temporal behaviour of the abi- otic factors which affect them; hence, it is feasible to interpret the environment by studying this ecological O Inter-Research 1996 Resale of full article not permitted Mar Ecol Prog Ser 135: 109-122, 1996 structure (Alcolado & Herrera 1987).However, the use codes which permitted us to objectively compare the of sponges in monitoring studies is still limited by the information obtained at the various sampling stations little knowledge available on biotic and abiotic factors (Table 1). Coding usually tends to have the effect of affecting the structure of these communities. normalising data, and subsequent transformation is Algeciras Bay, Spain, is characterised by a great then unnecessary (Field et al. 1982). patchwork of small homogeneous environments, and In order to monitor water quality we analysed hydro- along its 30 km coastline there are important industrial dynamism, dissolved organic matter, suspended solids, areas with chemical industries, refineries, thermal silting and % organlc matter in the silt gathered in col- power plants, ironworks, paper mills, and shipyards, lecting bottles (SOM]. These parameters were mea- along with a major port. All of this activity may in some sured on a monthly basis for l yr at 8 of the 12 stations. way influence the sessile benthic organisms found in To measure silting and hydrodynamism a set of bot- the bay. The amount of urban sewage corresponds to a tom-mounted frames was placed along the Algeciras population of approximately 205000 inhabitants; in- Bay littoral, each one having 6 sediment collecting bot- dustrial contamination corresponds to 150000 inhabi- tles (Moore 1972), which remained for a month at each tants (Wait et al. 1990). Into the bay's center flow 2 sampling station (Carballo et al. 1994). To estimate the rivers, the Palmones and the Guadarranque, each with water movement we used the method of plaster disso- an amount of sewage corresponding to 15000 inhabi- lution described by Gambi et al. (1989). The hydrody- tants, and industrial contamination corresponding to namism was calculated in water speed equivalents (V) 15000 inhabitants for the former and 2500 for the latter according to the formula suggested by Bailey-Brock (Wait et al. 1990). (1979).The suspended solids, dissolved organic matter The composition and abundance of the benthic com- and SOM (silt which remained in the sediment traps) munities situated in Algeciras Bay are conditioned by were measured using methods described by Strickland their level of adaptation to general environmental & Parsons (1960).All environmental variables were log factors and to factors of a more local character, such transformed to normality, the latter confirmed by as organic material, contamination, and deep water means of a chi-squared test. movement. These physico-chemical factors generally Similarities among the sampling stations were estab- have a great influence on the distribution of the major- lished by means of a classification analysis, using as ity of filtering sessile invertebrates. In this sense, we variables the species present in the established zones. have related the distnbution patterns of sponges to a The similarity matrix for the classification was calcu- series of abiotic variables (water movement, sus- lated by means of the Bray-Curtis index (Bray & Curtis pended solids), which are considered by the majority 1957). This index was chosen as it does not consider of authors as responsible, along with a series of other biotic factors (type of substrate, epibiotic relationships, symbiosis, etc.), for the presence/absence of a species in a given habitat (Sara & Vacelet 1973, Wilkinson & Cheshire 1989). MATERIAL AND METHODS The sampling stations inside Algeciras Bay were cho- sen on the basis of the heterogeneity of the environ- ment at depths between 5 and 30 m. In this way, sta- tions were set up at the main port constructions, .,,,,,,-, shipyards, piers, natural rock formations, etc. Fig. 1 ,!?:E;=:) shows the various sampling areas. The specimens were D (R.&S-C-J E (%awld vrlfi~lr& collected by SCUBA diving along permanent transects wide he pan d ,q~rru) D in order to ensure sampling reproducibility. Each tran- ~,~u~,~~~ioal,b,nhehmour R sect (approximately 50 m long) was sampled at least ~.dmd.lbrthrm~mpr~~) L ISaluml ad .ntTmrl nxks m rhr rd* hubour) 4 times a year with a similar immersion time at all the N (c,,, ~b,~, stations (there were no replicates on each occasion).All g :~~~y-&~"~&ludr~~,huhvhovl sponges sighted at a distance of 1 m at either side of the R Eu-) transects were collected and/or photographed. We _)B used semi-quantitative sampling, which is more appro- priate for our subject, and we established abundance Fig. 1. Locatlon of the sampling stations in the study area Carballo et al.. Marine sponges as stress indicators 111 double absences, frequently found in our data base, in its calculations. The results were then graphically de- scribed using dendrogranls with the UPGMA ('un- weighted pair-group method using centroids') aggre- gation algorithm (Sneath & Sokal 1973). The species mainly responsible for the dissimilarity between sam- pling stations were determined using the computer program SIMPER (Clarke 1993). The ordination analyses were carried out by means of an MDS ('non-metric multi-dimensional scaling pro- gram') based on the similarity matrix between stations. In order to individually relate environmental variables to sampling stations, the letters of the stations, propor- tional in size to the numerical value of each variable, were superimposed on a 2-dimensional MDS configu- Fig 2. Beta diversity (P,,) of sponge comlnunities at sampling ration to provide a 'visual correlation' (Field et al. Stns A to R 1982). In this manner we were able to study the influ- ence of different environmental variables on the vari- tion of the common species showed 3 basic distiibu- ous areas of study. In addition we carried out a factor- tional patterns: ial analysis in order to explore the relationship patterns - Species found throughout the Bay: Cliona celata, which group the various species together. Cliona viridis, Crambe crarnbe, Crella
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix: Some Important Early Collections of West Indian Type Specimens, with Historical Notes
    Appendix: Some important early collections of West Indian type specimens, with historical notes Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 between 1841 and 1864, we gain additional information concerning the sponge memoir, starting with the letter dated 8 May 1855. Jacob Gysbert Samuel van Breda A biography of Placide Duchassaing de Fonbressin was (1788-1867) was professor of botany in Franeker (Hol­ published by his friend Sagot (1873). Although an aristo­ land), of botany and zoology in Gent (Belgium), and crat by birth, as we learn from Michelotti's last extant then of zoology and geology in Leyden. Later he went to letter to van Breda, Duchassaing did not add de Fon­ Haarlem, where he was secretary of the Hollandsche bressin to his name until 1864. Duchassaing was born Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, curator of its cabinet around 1819 on Guadeloupe, in a French-Creole family of natural history, and director of Teyler's Museum of of planters. He was sent to school in Paris, first to the minerals, fossils and physical instruments. Van Breda Lycee Louis-le-Grand, then to University. He finished traveled extensively in Europe collecting fossils, especial­ his studies in 1844 with a doctorate in medicine and two ly in Italy. Michelotti exchanged collections of fossils additional theses in geology and zoology. He then settled with him over a long period of time, and was received as on Guadeloupe as physician. Because of social unrest foreign member of the Hollandsche Maatschappij der after the freeing of native labor, he left Guadeloupe W etenschappen in 1842. The two chief papers of Miche­ around 1848, and visited several islands of the Antilles lotti on fossils were published by the Hollandsche Maat­ (notably Nevis, Sint Eustatius, St.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptome Sequencing, Characterization and Overview of the Gene Expression Along Three Life Cycle Stages
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC Molecular Ecology Resources (2013) doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12085 A NGS approach to the encrusting Mediterranean sponge Crella elegans (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida): transcriptome sequencing, characterization and overview of the gene expression along three life cycle stages A. R. PEREZ-PORRO,*† D. NAVARRO-GOMEZ,† M. J. URIZ* and G. GIRIBET† *Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), c/Acces a la Cala St. Francesc 14, Girona, Blanes 17300, Spain, †Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Abstract Sponges can be dominant organisms in many marine and freshwater habitats where they play essential ecological roles. They also represent a key group to address important questions in early metazoan evolution. Recent approaches for improving knowledge on sponge biological and ecological functions as well as on animal evolution have focused on the genetic toolkits involved in ecological responses to environmental changes (biotic and abiotic), development and reproduction. These approaches are possible thanks to newly available, massive sequencing tech- nologies–such as the Illumina platform, which facilitate genome and transcriptome sequencing in a cost-effective manner. Here we present the first NGS (next-generation sequencing) approach to understanding the life cycle of an encrusting marine sponge. For this we sequenced libraries of three different life cycle stages of the Mediterranean sponge Crella elegans and generated de novo transcriptome assemblies. Three assemblies were based on sponge tissue of a particular life cycle stage, including non-reproductive tissue, tissue with sperm cysts and tissue with larvae.
    [Show full text]
  • Ereskovsky Et 2018 Bulgarie.Pd
    Sponge community of the western Black Sea shallow water caves: diversity and spatial distribution Alexander Ereskovsky, Oleg Kovtun, Konstantin Pronin, Apostol Apostolov, Dirk Erpenbeck, Viatcheslav Ivanenko To cite this version: Alexander Ereskovsky, Oleg Kovtun, Konstantin Pronin, Apostol Apostolov, Dirk Erpenbeck, et al.. Sponge community of the western Black Sea shallow water caves: diversity and spatial distribution. PeerJ, PeerJ, 2018, 6, pp.e4596. 10.7717/peerj.4596. hal-01789010 HAL Id: hal-01789010 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01789010 Submitted on 14 May 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Sponge community of the western Black Sea shallow water caves: diversity and spatial distribution Alexander Ereskovsky1,2, Oleg A. Kovtun3, Konstantin K. Pronin4, Apostol Apostolov5, Dirk Erpenbeck6 and Viatcheslav Ivanenko7 1 Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France 2 Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology,
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptome Sequencing, Characterization and Overview of the Gene Expression Along Three Life Cycle Stages
    Molecular Ecology Resources (2013) doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12085 A NGS approach to the encrusting Mediterranean sponge Crella elegans (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida): transcriptome sequencing, characterization and overview of the gene expression along three life cycle stages A. R. PEREZ-PORRO,*† D. NAVARRO-GOMEZ,† M. J. URIZ* and G. GIRIBET† *Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), c/Acces a la Cala St. Francesc 14, Girona, Blanes 17300, Spain, †Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Abstract Sponges can be dominant organisms in many marine and freshwater habitats where they play essential ecological roles. They also represent a key group to address important questions in early metazoan evolution. Recent approaches for improving knowledge on sponge biological and ecological functions as well as on animal evolution have focused on the genetic toolkits involved in ecological responses to environmental changes (biotic and abiotic), development and reproduction. These approaches are possible thanks to newly available, massive sequencing tech- nologies–such as the Illumina platform, which facilitate genome and transcriptome sequencing in a cost-effective manner. Here we present the first NGS (next-generation sequencing) approach to understanding the life cycle of an encrusting marine sponge. For this we sequenced libraries of three different life cycle stages of the Mediterranean sponge Crella elegans and generated de novo transcriptome assemblies. Three assemblies were based on sponge tissue of a particular life cycle stage, including non-reproductive tissue, tissue with sperm cysts and tissue with larvae. The fourth assembly pooled the data from all three stages.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogenies Confirm the Presence of Two Cryptic Hemimycale
    Molecular phylogenies confirm the presence of two cryptic Hemimycale species in the Mediterranean and reveal the polyphyly of the genera Crella and Hemimycale (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) Maria J. Uriz, Leire Garate and Gemma Agell Department of Marine Ecology, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Girona, Spain ABSTRACT Background: Sponges are particularly prone to hiding cryptic species as their paradigmatic plasticity often favors species phenotypic convergence as a result of adaptation to similar habitat conditions. Hemimycale is a sponge genus (Family Hymedesmiidae, Order Poecilosclerida) with four formally described species, from which only Hemimycale columella has been recorded in the Atlanto-Mediterranean basin, on shallow to 80 m deep bottoms. Contrasting biological features between shallow and deep individuals of Hemimycale columella suggested larger genetic differences than those expected between sponge populations. To assess whether shallow and deep populations indeed belong to different species, we performed a phylogenetic study of Hemimycale columella across the Mediterranean. We also included other Hemimycale and Crella species from the Red Sea, with the additional aim of clarifying the relationships of the genus Hemimycale. Methods: Hemimycale columella was sampled across the Mediterranean, and Adriatic Seas. Hemimycale arabica and Crella cyathophora were collected from Submitted 19 November 2016 the Red Sea and Pacific. From two to three specimens per species and locality Accepted 4 January 2017 were extracted, amplified for Cytochrome C Oxidase I (COI) (M1–M6 partition), Published 7 March 2017 18S rRNA, and 28S (D3–D5 partition) and sequenced. Sequences were aligned using Corresponding author Clustal W v.1.81. Phylogenetic trees were constructed under neighbor joining (NJ), Maria J.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptomic Analysis of Differential Host Gene
    Riesgo et al. BMC Genomics 2014, 15:376 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/15/376 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Transcriptomic analysis of differential host gene expression upon uptake of symbionts: a case study with Symbiodinium and the major bioeroding sponge Cliona varians Ana Riesgo1,2†, Kristin Peterson3,4, Crystal Richardson3,5,TylerHeist3,BrianStrehlow3,6, Mark McCauley3,7, Carlos Cotman3, Malcolm Hill3*† and April Hill3*† Abstract Background: We have a limited understanding of genomic interactions that occur among partners for many symbioses. One of the most important symbioses in tropical reef habitats involves Symbiodinium. Most work examining Symbiodinium-host interactions involves cnidarian partners. To fully and broadly understand the conditions that permit Symbiodinium to procure intracellular residency, we must explore hosts from different taxa to help uncover universal cellular and genetic strategies for invading and persisting in host cells. Here, we present data from gene expression analyses involving the bioeroding sponge Cliona varians that harbors Clade G Symbiodinium. Results: Patterns of differential gene expression from distinct symbiont states (“normal”, “reinfected”,and“aposymbiotic”) of the sponge host are presented based on two comparative approaches (transcriptome sequencing and suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH)). Transcriptomic profiles were different when reinfected tissue was compared to normal and aposymbiotic tissue. We characterized a set of 40 genes drawn from a pool of differentially expressed
    [Show full text]
  • Article Sencer
    Butll. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat., 47 (Sec. Zool., 4): 5-59. 1981 ESTUDI FAUNISTIC DEL LITORAL DE BLANES (GIRONA), II. SISTEMATICA D'ESPONGES Rebut: desembre 1980 * Maria-Antonia Bibiloni ABSTRACT Faunistic study of the Blanes ( Girona , Spain ) littoral , II. Porifera systematics. been The benthic communities of a little area in the Blanes littoral (Girona, Spain) have 12 m studied for two years. They belong to the upper infralittoral level, between 3 and sam- deep, and have been studied from 40 inventories obtained from punctual underwater as- ples and from a general survey of the macroflora and macrofauna. Three bionomic pects with minor differences have been observed in this area: A, well lighted and surf- beaten zones with a population of photophilous species; B, poor lighted and surf-beaten zones, with more sciaphilous forms, and C, poor lighted and less disturbed zones, of coralligenous character. This paper deals with the study of the Porifera species found in the abovemen- tioned survey, of which a systematic list is presented. Thirty-nine species of sponges have been obtained; 7 of them are recorded for the first time in the Catalan coast, and of these 5 are new citations for the Iberian Peninsula littoral. The in vivo and spicular descriptions of each species, data on their habitat, geographic distribution, substrate, depth and bionomic facies are given. Some general ecological remarks are also made from the abundance distribution of each species in the bionomic zones of the area. INTRODUCCIO Aquests estudis van portar a terme l'e- laboracio d'una monografia (BIBILON, Durant dos anys s'han estudiat, amb 1980) d'on s'han extret una serie de tre- I'ajut do l'escafrandre autonom, les co- balls sistematics, ecologics i bionomics munitats bentoniques d'una petita zona (BIBILONI, 1981; BIBILONI & CORNET, 1981a, del litoral de Blanes (Girona) correspo- 1981b; BIBILONI et al., 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Sponge Ecology in the Molecular Era
    Sponge Ecology in the Molecular Era Maria J. Uriz1 and Xavier Turon Depatment of Marine Ecology Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC) Crta. Accés Cala St Francesc, 14 17300 Blanes (Girona). Spain 1 [email protected], Corresponding author [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Where molecular markers alert us about hidden sponge diversity: cryptic speciation and its ecological repercussions 2.1 Role of molecular markers in the discovery of cryptic sponge species. 2.2. Representative case examples 2.3. Conclusions 3. Population genetics and phylogeography 3.1. Choice of variable molecular markers at the intraspecies level 3.2. Genetic differentiation at large and regional geographical scales 3.3. Small-scale genetic structure 3.4. Temporal genetic structure 3.5. Conclusions 4. Contribution of asexual phenomena to population structure: clonality and chimerism in sponges. 4.1. Sponge asexual propagules 4.2. Clonality in sponge populations 1 4.3. Sponge chimerism 4.4. Conclusions 5. Differential expression of functional genes 5.1. Genetic and environmental regulators of sponge biomineralization 5.2. Pollutants, stress, and gene expression 5.3. Symbioses and horizontal gene transfer 5.4. Expression of other sponge genes with ecological implications. 5.5. Conclusions 6. Forthcoming trends in sponge molecular ecology: hopes and prospects 7. Acknowledgements 8. References Abstract Knowledge of the functioning, health state, and capacity for recovery of marine benthic organisms and assemblages has become essential to adequately manage and preserve marine biodiversity. Molecular tools have allowed an entirely new way to tackle old and new questions in conservation biology and ecology, and sponge science is following this lead.
    [Show full text]
  • Cytonuclear Interactions in the Evolution of Animal Mitochondrial Trna Metabolism
    GBE Cytonuclear Interactions in the Evolution of Animal Mitochondrial tRNA Metabolism Walker Pett1,2 and Dennis V. Lavrov1,* 1Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University 2Present address: Laboratoire de Biome´trieetBiologieE´volutive CNRS UMR 5558, Universite´ Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted: June 22, 2015 Data deposition: Raw genomic sequencing data for Corticium candelabrum have been deposited at the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under the accession SRR2021567. The Corticium candelabrum genome assembly and phylogenetic profiling sequence alignments have been placed on FigShare, doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1412684. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from Crella elegans and Petrosia ficiformis have been deposited at GenBank under the accessions KR911862 and KR911863, respectively. Abstract The evolution of mitochondrial information processing pathways, including replication, transcription and translation, is characterized by the gradual replacement of mitochondrial-encoded proteins with nuclear-encoded counterparts of diverse evolutionary origins. Although the ancestral enzymes involved in mitochondrial transcription and replication have been replaced early in eukaryotic evolution, mitochondrial translation is still carried out by an apparatus largely inherited from the a-proteobacterial ancestor. However, variation in the complement of mitochondrial-encoded molecules involved in translation, including transfer RNAs (tRNAs), provides evidence for the ongoing evolution of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Here, we investigate the evolution of the mitochondrial translational machinery using recent genomic and transcriptomic data from animals that have experienced the loss of mt-tRNAs, including phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora, as well as some representatives of all four classes of Porifera. We focus on four sets of mitochondrial enzymes that directly interact with tRNAs: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, glutamyl-tRNA amidotransferase, tRNAIle lysidine synthetase, and RNase P.
    [Show full text]
  • Sponge Community of the Western Black Sea Shallow Water Caves: Diversity and Spatial Distribution
    Sponge community of the western Black Sea shallow water caves: diversity and spatial distribution Alexander Ereskovsky1,2, Oleg A. Kovtun3, Konstantin K. Pronin4, Apostol Apostolov5, Dirk Erpenbeck6 and Viatcheslav Ivanenko7 1 Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France 2 Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 3 Hydrobiology and General Ecology Department, Marine Research Station, Odessa National I. I. Mechnikov University, Odessa, Ukraine 4 Physical and Marine Geology Department, Odessa National I. I. Mechnikov University, Odessa, Ukraine 5 Burgas University, Burgas, Bulgaria 6 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences & GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany 7 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia ABSTRACT Marine caves possess unique biocoenotic and ecological characteristics. Sessile benthic species such as sponges associated with cave habitats typically show a marked zonation from the cave entrance towards the end of the cave. We describe three semi-submerged karstic caves of 50 to 83 m length and 936 to 2,291 m3 volume from the poorly explored cavernicolous fauna of North-East Bulgaria. We surveyed sponge diversity and spatial variability. Eight demosponge species were identified based on morphological and molecular data, of which six are known from the adjacent open sea waters of the Black Sea. Two species, Protosuberites denhartogi van Soest & de Kluijver, 2003 and Halichondria bowerbanki Burton, 1930, are reported from the Black Sea for the first time. The spatial sponge distribution inside the caves is in general similar, but shows some differences in species composition and distribution depending on cave relief and Submitted 22 December 2017 hydrodynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Sterol and Genomic Analyses Validate the Sponge Biomarker Hypothesis
    Sterol and genomic analyses validate the sponge biomarker hypothesis David A. Golda, Jonathan Grabenstattera, Alex de Mendozab, Ana Riesgoc, Iñaki Ruiz-Trillob,d, and Roger E. Summonsa,1 aDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; bInstitut de Biologia Evolutiva (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientÍficas-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; cDepartment of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum of London, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; and dInstitut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain Edited by Katherine H. Freeman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved January 21, 2016 (received for review June 26, 2015) Molecular fossils (or biomarkers) are key to unraveling the deep the oldest evidence for animals in the geologic record. Sub- history of eukaryotes, especially in the absence of traditional sequently, this biomarker is commonly used as a calibration point fossils. In this regard, the sterane 24-isopropylcholestane has been when estimating molecular clocks (5–8) and in the interpretation proposed as a molecular fossil for sponges, and could represent of Precambrian fossils and geology (9–11). However, several the oldest evidence for animal life. The sterane is found in rocks recent papers have challenged the sponge affinity of this bio- ∼650–540 million y old, and its sterol precursor (24-isopropylcholes- marker (12, 13), arguing that (i) pelagophyte algae also produce terol, or 24-ipc) is synthesized today by certain sea sponges. How- 24-ipc, meaning they or their ancestors could be responsible for ever, 24-ipc is also produced in trace amounts by distantly related the sterane, and (ii) there is a general lack of information pelagophyte algae, whereas only a few close relatives of sponges about the distribution of C30 sterols within the eukaryotes.
    [Show full text]
  • Demospongiae Incertae Sedis)
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/793372; this version posted October 4, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Phylogenetic relationships of heteroscleromorph demosponges and the affinity of the genus Myceliospongia (Demospongiae incertae sedis) Dennis V. Lavrova, Manuel Maldonadob, Thierry Perezc, Christine Morrowd,e aDepartment of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University bDepartment of Marine Ecology, Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC) cInstitut M´editerran´een de la Biodiversit´e et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universit´e, IRD, Avignon Universit´e dZoology Department, School of Natural Sciences & Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway eIreland and Queen’s University Marine Laboratory, 12–13 The Strand, Portaferry, Northern Ireland Abstract Class Demospongiae – the largest in the phylum Porifera (Sponges) – encompasses 7,581 accepted species across the three recognized subclasses: Keratosa, Verongimorpha, and Heteroscleromorpha. The latter subclass con- tains the majority of demosponge species and was previously subdivided into subclasses Heteroscleromorpha sensu stricto and Haploscleromorpha. The current classification of demosponges is the result of nearly three decades of molecular studies that culminated in a formal proposal of a revised taxon- omy (Morrow and Cardenas, 2015). However, because most of the molecular work utilized partial sequences of nuclear rRNA genes, this classification scheme needs to be tested by additional molecular markers. Here we used sequences and gene order data from complete or nearly complete mitochon- drial genomes of 117 demosponges (including 60 new sequences determined for this study and 6 assembled from public sources) and three additional par- tial mt-genomes to test the phylogenetic relationships within demosponges in general and Heteroscleromorpha sensu stricto in particular.
    [Show full text]